Pre-Cooling of Natural Gas by High Pressure Compression and Expansion

Abstract

A method of producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) is disclosed. A natural gas is compressed in at least two serially arranged compressors to a pressure of at least 2,000 psia and cooled to form a cooled compressed natural gas stream. The cooled compressed natural gas stream is additionally cooled to a temperature below an ambient temperature to form an additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream, which is expanded in at least one work producing natural gas expander to a pressure that is less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream. The chilled natural gas stream is liquefied by indirect heat exchange with a refrigerant to form liquefied natural gas and a warm refrigerant. The cooled compressed natural gas stream is additionally cooled using the warm refrigerant.

Claims

1. A method of producing liquefied natural gas (LNG), the method comprising: providing a natural gas stream from a supply of natural gas; compressing the natural gas stream in at least two serially arranged compressors to a pressure of at least 2,000 psia to form a compressed natural gas stream; cooling the compressed natural gas stream by indirect heat exchange with an ambient temperature air or water to form a cooled compressed natural gas stream; additionally cooling the cooled compressed natural gas stream to a temperature below the ambient temperature to form an additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream; expanding, in at least one work producing natural gas expander, the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure that is less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream; and liquefying the chilled natural gas stream by indirect heat exchange with a refrigerant to form liquefied natural gas and a warm refrigerant; wherein the cooled compressed natural gas stream is additionally cooled using the warm refrigerant.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein liquefying the chilled natural gas stream is performed in one or more single mixed refrigerant (SMR) liquefaction trains.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein liquefying the chilled natural gas stream is performed in one or more expander-based liquefaction modules, and wherein the expander-based liquefaction module is one of a nitrogen gas expander-based liquefaction module and a feed gas expander-based liquefaction module.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module is an open loop feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, and wherein a recycle refrigerant stream of the open loop feed gas expander-based process is combined with the natural gas stream prior to the compressing step.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the chilled natural gas stream is a first chilled natural gas stream, and further comprising: separating the first chilled natural gas stream into a second chilled natural gas stream, a first refrigerant stream, and a second refrigerant stream; discharging a first cooling stream from a warm-end expander forming part of the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, the first cooling stream having a first temperature; and discharging a second cooling stream from a cold-end expander forming part of the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, the second cooling stream having a second temperature; wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: expanding the first refrigerant stream in the warm-end expander to produce the first cooling stream; and expanding the second refrigerant stream in the cold-end expander to produce the second cooling stream.

7. The method of claim 4, further comprising: discharging a first cooling stream from a warm-end expander forming part of the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, the first cooling stream having a first temperature; discharging a two-phase stream from a cold-end expander forming part of the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, the two-phase stream having a second temperature, wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature; expanding the first refrigerant stream in the warm-end expander to produce the first cooling stream; expanding the second refrigerant stream in the cold-end expander to produce the two-phase stream; and separating the two-phase stream into a second cooling stream and a first pressurized LNG stream.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein a pressure of the first cooling stream is one of: the same or similar to a pressure of the second cooling stream, or higher than a pressure of the second cooling stream.

9. The method of claim 5, wherein the liquefying step comprises cooling the second chilled natural gas stream to form a second pressurized LNG stream by exchanging heat with the first cooling stream and the second cooling stream to form a first warm cooling stream and a second warm cooling stream.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second pressurized LNG stream is mixed with the first pressurized LNG stream prior to expanding the second pressurized LNG stream.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: reducing a pressure of the second pressurized LNG stream such that the second pressurized LNG stream undergoes at least one stage of pressure reduction; separating the reduced-pressure second pressurized LNG stream into an end-flash gas stream and an LNG stream; and cooling the second pressurized LNG stream and the second chilled natural gas stream using the end-flash gas stream.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: after cooling the second pressurized LNG stream and the second chilled natural gas stream using the end-flash gas stream, compressing the end-flash gas stream and mixing the compressed end-flash gas stream with one or more recycling refrigerant streams.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: after cooling the second pressurized LNG stream and the second chilled natural gas stream using the end-flash gas stream, compressing the end-flash gas stream and using the compressed end-flash gas stream as fuel.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the first warm cooling stream is used as the warm refrigerant to additionally cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream to form the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein the second warm cooling stream is used as the warm refrigerant to additionally cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream to form the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream.

16. The method of claim 3, wherein the expander-based liquefaction module comprises: a first expanded refrigerant within a first gas phase refrigeration cycle; and a second expanded refrigerant within a second gas phase refrigeration cycle.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first expanded refrigerant is feed gas.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the first gas phase refrigeration cycle is a closed loop refrigeration cycle.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein the second expanded refrigerant is nitrogen.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the second gas phase refrigeration cycle is a closed loop refrigeration cycle.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two compressors compress the natural gas stream to a pressure greater than 3,000 psia.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural gas expander is a work producing expander that expands the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure less than 2,000 psia.

23. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing the compressing, cooling, additionally cooling, expanding, and liquefying steps on a topside of a floating LNG structure.

24. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream is less than 30 C.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream is less than 15 C.

26. An apparatus for the liquefaction of natural gas, comprising: at least two serially arranged compressors configured to compress a natural gas stream to a pressure greater than 2,000 psia, thereby forming a compressed natural gas stream; a cooling element configured to cool the compressed natural gas stream, thereby forming a cooled compressed natural gas stream; a heat exchanger configured to further cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream to a temperature below an ambient temperature to thereby produce an additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream; at least one work-producing expander configured to expand the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream; and a liquefaction train configured to liquefy the chilled natural gas stream; wherein a warm refrigerant used by the liquefaction train is directed to the heat exchanger to further cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the liquefaction train comprises one of a nitrogen gas expander-based liquefaction module and an open loop feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, and further comprising, when the liquefaction train comprises an open loop feed gas expander-based module, a recycle refrigerant stream of the open loop feed gas expander-based module that is combined with the natural gas stream prior to the natural gas stream being compressed by the two or more serially-arranged compressors, wherein the chilled natural gas stream is a first chilled natural gas stream that is separated into a second chilled natural gas stream, a first refrigerant stream, and a second refrigerant stream.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module comprises: a warm-end expander configured to expand the first refrigerant stream to form a first cooling stream discharged therefrom, the first cooling stream having a first temperature; and a cold-end expander configured to expand the second refrigerant stream to form one of a second cooling stream and a two-phase stream discharged therefrom, the second cooling stream having a second temperature; wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature.

29. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the natural gas expander is a work producing expander configured to expand the cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure less than 2,000 psia.

30. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least two serially arranged compressors, the cooling element, the heat exchanger, the at least one work-producing expander, and the liquefaction train are disposed on a floating LNG structure.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the at least two serially arranged compressors, the cooling element, the heat exchanger, and the at least one work-producing expander are disposed within a single module on a topside of the floating LNG structure.

32. A floating LNG structure, comprising: at least two serially arranged compressors configured to compress a natural gas stream to a pressure greater than 2,000 psia, thereby forming a compressed natural gas stream; a cooling element configured to cool the compressed natural gas stream, thereby forming a cooled compressed natural gas stream; a heat exchanger configured to further cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream to a temperature below an ambient temperature to thereby produce an additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream; at least one work-producing expander configured to expand the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream; and a liquefaction train configured to liquefy the chilled natural gas stream; wherein a warm refrigerant used by the liquefaction train is directed to the heat exchanger to further cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a high pressure compression and expansion (HPCE) module according to disclosed aspects.

[0019] FIG. 2 is a graph shown a heating and cooling curve for an expander-based refrigeration process.

[0020] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an arrangement of single-mixed refrigerant (SMR) liquefaction modules according to known principles.

[0021] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an arrangement of SMR liquefaction modules according to disclosed aspects.

[0022] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an HPCE module according to disclosed aspects.

[0023] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an HPCE module and a feed gas expander-based liquefaction module according to disclosed aspects.

[0024] FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method of liquefying natural gas to form LNG according to disclosed aspects.

[0025] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a high pressure compression and expansion (HPCE) module according to disclosed aspects.

[0026] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an HPCE module and a feed gas expander-based liquefaction module according to disclosed aspects.

[0027] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an HPCE module and a feed gas expander-based liquefaction module according to disclosed aspects.

[0028] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an HPCE module and a feed gas expander-based liquefaction module according to disclosed aspects.

[0029] FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a method of liquefying natural gas to form LNG according to disclosed aspects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] Various specific aspects, embodiments, and versions will now be described, including definitions adopted herein. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such aspects, embodiments, and versions are exemplary only, and that the invention can be practiced in other ways. Any reference to the invention may refer to one or more, but not necessarily all, of the embodiments defined by the claims. The use of headings is for purposes of convenience only and does not limit the scope of the present invention. For purposes of clarity and brevity, similar reference numbers in the several Figures represent similar items, steps, or structures and may not be described in detail in every Figure.

[0031] All numerical values within the detailed description and the claims herein are modified by about or approximately the indicated value, and take into account experimental error and variations that would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.

[0032] As used herein, the term compressor means a machine that increases the pressure of a gas by the application of work. A compressor or refrigerant compressor includes any unit, device, or apparatus able to increase the pressure of a gas stream. This includes compressors having a single compression process or step, or compressors having multi-stage compressions or steps, or more particularly multi-stage compressors within a single casing or shell. Evaporated streams to be compressed can be provided to a compressor at different pressures. Some stages or steps of a cooling process may involve two or more compressors in parallel, series, or both. The present invention is not limited by the type or arrangement or layout of the compressor or compressors, particularly in any refrigerant circuit.

[0033] As used herein, cooling broadly refers to lowering and/or dropping a temperature and/or internal energy of a substance by any suitable, desired, or required amount. Cooling may include a temperature drop of at least about 1 C., at least about 5 C., at least about 10 C., at least about 15 C., at least about 25 C., at least about 35 C., or least about 50 C., or at least about 75 C., or at least about 85 C., or at least about 95 C., or at least about 100 C. The cooling may use any suitable heat sink, such as steam generation, hot water heating, cooling water, air, refrigerant, other process streams (integration), and combinations thereof. One or more sources of cooling may be combined and/or cascaded to reach a desired outlet temperature. The cooling step may use a cooling unit with any suitable device and/or equipment. According to some embodiments, cooling may include indirect heat exchange, such as with one or more heat exchangers. In the alternative, the cooling may use evaporative (heat of vaporization) cooling and/or direct heat exchange, such as a liquid sprayed directly into a process stream.

[0034] As used herein, the term expansion device refers to one or more devices suitable for reducing the pressure of a fluid in a line (for example, a liquid stream, a vapor stream, or a multiphase stream containing both liquid and vapor). Unless a particular type of expansion device is specifically stated, the expansion device may be (1) at least partially by isenthalpic means, or (2) may be at least partially by isentropic means, or (3) may be a combination of both isentropic means and isenthalpic means. Suitable devices for isenthalpic expansion of natural gas are known in the art and generally include, but are not limited to, manually or automatically, actuated throttling devices such as, for example, valves, control valves, Joule-Thomson (J-T) valves, or venturi devices. Suitable devices for isentropic expansion of natural gas are known in the art and generally include equipment such as expanders or turbo expanders that extract or derive work from such expansion. Suitable devices for isentropic expansion of liquid streams are known in the art and generally include equipment such as expanders, hydraulic expanders, liquid turbines, or turbo expanders that extract or derive work from such expansion. An example of a combination of both isentropic means and isenthalpic means may be a Joule-Thomson valve and a turbo expander in parallel, which provides the capability of using either alone or using both the J-T valve and the turbo expander simultaneously. Isenthalpic or isentropic expansion can be conducted in the all-liquid phase, all-vapor phase, or mixed phases, and can be conducted to facilitate a phase change from a vapor stream or liquid stream to a multiphase stream (a stream having both vapor and liquid phases) or to a single-phase stream different from its initial phase. In the description of the drawings herein, the reference to more than one expansion device in any drawing does not necessarily mean that each expansion device is the same type or size.

[0035] The term gas is used interchangeably with vapor, and is defined as a substance or mixture of substances in the gaseous state as distinguished from the liquid or solid state. Likewise, the term liquid means a substance or mixture of substances in the liquid state as distinguished from the gas or solid state.

[0036] A heat exchanger broadly means any device capable of transferring heat energy or cold energy from one medium to another medium, such as between at least two distinct fluids. Heat exchangers include direct heat exchangers and indirect heat exchangers. Thus, a heat exchanger may be of any suitable design, such as a co-current or counter-current heat exchanger, an indirect heat exchanger (e.g. a spiral wound heat exchanger or a plate-fin heat exchanger such as a brazed aluminum plate fin type), direct contact heat exchanger, shell-and-tube heat exchanger, spiral, hairpin, core, core-and-kettle, printed-circuit, double-pipe or any other type of known heat exchanger. Heat exchanger may also refer to any column, tower, unit or other arrangement adapted to allow the passage of one or more streams therethrough, and to affect direct or indirect heat exchange between one or more lines of refrigerant, and one or more feed streams.

[0037] As used herein, the term indirect heat exchange means the bringing of two fluids into heat exchange relation without any physical contact or intermixing of the fluids with each other. Core-in-kettle heat exchangers and brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers are examples of equipment that facilitate indirect heat exchange.

[0038] As used herein, the term natural gas refers to a multi-component gas obtained from a crude oil well (associated gas) or from a subterranean gas-bearing formation (non-associated gas). The composition and pressure of natural gas can vary significantly. A typical natural gas stream contains methane (C.sub.1) as a significant component. The natural gas stream may also contain ethane (C.sub.2), higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, and one or more acid gases. The natural gas may also contain minor amounts of contaminants such as water, nitrogen, iron sulfide, wax, and crude oil.

[0039] Certain embodiments and features have been described using a set of numerical upper limits and a set of numerical lower limits. It should be appreciated that ranges from any lower limit to any upper limit are contemplated unless otherwise indicated. All numerical values are about or approximately the indicated value, and take into account experimental error and variations that would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.

[0040] All patents, test procedures, and other documents cited in this application are fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with this application and for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation is permitted.

[0041] Aspects disclosed herein describe a process for pre-cooling natural gas to a liquefaction process for the production of LNG by the addition of a high pressure compression and high pressure expansion process to the feed gas. More specifically, the invention describes a process where a pretreated natural gas is compressed to pressure greater than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), or more preferably greater than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa). The hot compressed gas is cooled by exchanging heat with the environment to form a compressed pretreated gas. The cooled compressed gas is additionally cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature to form an additionally cooled compressed pretreated gas stream. The additionally cooled compressed pretreated gas stream is near-isentropically expanded to a pressure less than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa), or more preferably to a pressure less than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa) to form a chilled pretreated gas, where the pressure of the chilled pretreated gas is less than the pressure of the compressed pretreated gas. The chilled pretreated gas may be directed to one or more SMR liquefaction trains, or the chilled pretreated gas may be directed to one or more expander-based liquefaction trains where the gas is further cooled to form LNG. Aspects described herein may be related to and/or further described in one or more of the following patent applications: U.S. Patent Publication number 2017/0167788 titled Method and System for Separating Nitrogen from Liquefied Natural Gas Using Liquefied Nitrogen; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2017/0167785 titled Expander-Based LNG Production Processes Enhanced With Liquid Nitrogen; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2017/0167787 titled Method of Natural Gas Liquefaction on LNG Carriers Storing Liquid Nitrogen; and U.S. Patent Publication 2017/0167786, titled Pre-cooling of Natural Gas by High Pressure Compression and Expansion; all having a common assignee and filed on Nov. 10, 2016, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0042] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an aspect of the pre-cooling process. The pre-cooling process is referred to herein as a high pressure compression and expansion (HPCE) process 100. The HPCE process 100 may comprise a first compressor 102 which compresses a pretreated natural gas stream 104 to form an intermediate pressure gas stream 106. The intermediate pressure gas stream 106 may flow through a first heat exchanger 108 where the intermediate pressure gas stream 106 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled intermediate pressure gas stream 110. The first heat exchanger 108 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled intermediate pressure gas stream 110 may then be compressed within a second compressor 112 to form a high pressure gas stream 114. The pressure of the high pressure gas stream 114 may be greater than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), or more preferably greater than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa). The high pressure gas stream 114 may flow through a second heat exchanger 116 where the high pressure gas stream 114 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled high pressure gas stream 118. The second heat exchanger 116 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled high pressure gas stream 118 may then be expanded within an expander 120 to form a chilled pretreated gas stream 122. The pressure of the chilled pretreated gas stream 122 may be less than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa), or more preferably less than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), and the pressure of the chilled pretreated gas stream 122 is less than the pressure of the cooled high pressure gas stream 118. In a preferred aspect, the second compressor 112 may be driven solely by the shaft power produced by the expander 120, as indicated by the dashed line 124.

[0043] In an aspect, the SMR liquefaction process may be enhanced by the addition of the HPCE process upstream of the SMR liquefaction process. More specifically, in this aspect, pretreated natural gas may be compressed to a pressure greater than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), or more preferably greater than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa). The hot compressed gas is then cooled by exchanging heat with the environment to form a compressed pretreated gas. The compressed pretreated gas is then near-isentropically expanded to pressure less than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa), or more preferably to a pressure less than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa) to form a chilled pretreated gas, where the pressure of the chilled pretreated gas is less than the pressure of the compressed pretreated gas. The chilled pretreated gas is then directed to multiple SMR liquefaction trains where the chilled pretreated gas is further cooled to form LNG.

[0044] The combination of the HPCE process with SMR trains has several advantages over the conventional SMR process where pretreated natural gas is sent directly to the SMR liquefaction trains. For example, the precooling of the natural gas using the HPCE process allows for an increase in LNG production rate within the SMR trains for a given horsepower within the SMR trains. As described with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4, SMR trains that are each powered by a gas turbine having an output of about 50 megawatts (MW) can be reduced from five trains producing LNG at 1.5 MTA each to four trains with an increased capacity of 1.9 MTA each. For this given example, the HPCE module has effectively replaced one of the SMR modules. The replacement of one SMR module for an HPCE module is advantageous since the HPCE module is expected to be smaller, of less weight, and having significantly lower cost than the SMR module. Like the SMR module, the HPCE module may have an equivalent size gas turbine to provide compression power, and it will also have an equivalent amount of air or water coolers. Unlike the SMR module, however, the HPCE module does not have an expensive main cryogenic heat exchanger. The vessels and pipes associated with the refrigerant flow within an SMR module are eliminated in the HPCE module. Furthermore, there are no expensive cryogenic pipes in the HPCE module and all the fluid streams remain in a single phase in the HPCE module.

[0045] Another advantage is that the required storage of refrigerant is reduced since the number of SMR trains has been reduced by one. Also, since a large fraction of the warm temperature cooling of the gas occurs in the HPCE module, the heavier hydrocarbon components of the mixed refrigerant can be reduced. For example, the propane component of the mixed refrigerant may be eliminated without any significant reduction in efficiency of the SMR process.

[0046] Another advantage is that for the SMR process which receives chilled pretreated gas from the HPCE process, the volumetric flow rate of the vaporized refrigerant of the SMR process can be more than 25% less than that of a conventional SMR process receiving warm pretreated gas. The lower volumetric flow of refrigerant may reduce the size of the main cryogenic heat exchanger and the size of the low pressure mixed refrigerant compressor. The lower volumetric flow rate of the refrigerant is due to its higher vaporizing pressure compared to that of a conventional SMR process.

[0047] Known propane-precooled mixed refrigeration processes and dual mixed refrigeration (DMR) processes may be viewed as versions of an SMR process combined with a pre-cooling refrigeration circuit, but there are significant differences between such processes and aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the known processes use a cascading propane refrigeration circuit or a warm-end mixed refrigerant to pre-cool the gas. Both these known processes have the advantage of providing 5% to 15% higher efficiency than the SMR process. Furthermore, the capacity of a single liquefaction train using these known processes can be significantly greater than that of a single SMR train. The pre-cooling refrigeration circuit of these technologies, however, comes at the cost of added complexity to the liquefaction process since additional refrigerants and a substantial amount of extra equipment is introduced. For example, the DMR's disadvantage of higher complexity and weight may outweigh its advantages of higher efficiency and capacity when deciding between and DMR process and SMR process for an FLNG application. The known processes have considered the addition of a pre-cooling process upstream of the SMR process as being driven principally by the need for higher thermal efficiencies and higher LNG production capacity for a single train. The HPCE process combined with the SMR process has not been realized previously because it does not provide the higher thermal efficiencies that the refrigerant-based precooling process provides. As described above, the thermal efficiency of the HPCE process with SMR is about the same as a standalone SMR process. The disclosed aspects are believed to be novel based at least in part on its description of a pre-cooling process that aims to reduce the weight and complexity of the liquefaction process rather than increase thermal efficiency, which in the past has been the biggest driver for the addition of a pre-cooling process for onshore LNG applications. For the newer applications of FLNG, footprint, weight, and complexity of the liquefaction process may be a bigger driver of project cost. Therefore the disclosed aspects are of particular value.

[0048] In an aspect, an expander-based liquefaction process may be enhanced by the addition of an HPCE process upstream of the expander-based process. More specifically, in this aspect, a pretreated natural gas stream may be compressed to pressure greater than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), or more preferably greater than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa). The hot compressed gas may then be cooled by exchanging heat with the environment to form a compressed pretreated gas. The compressed pretreated gas may be near-isentropically expanded to a pressure less than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa), or more preferably to a pressure less than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa) to form a chilled pretreated gas, where the pressure of the chilled pretreated gas is less than the pressure of the compressed pretreated gas. The chilled pretreated gas is directed to an expander-based process where the gas is further cooled to form LNG. In a preferred aspect, the chilled pretreated gas may be directed to a feed gas expander-based process.

[0049] FIG. 2 shows a typical temperature cooling curve 200 for an expander-based liquefaction process. The higher temperature curve 202 is the temperature curve for the natural gas stream. The lower temperature curve 204 is the composite temperature curve of a cold cooling stream and a warm cooling stream. As illustrated, the cooling curve is marked by three temperature pinch-points 206, 208, and 210. Each pinch point is a location within the heat exchanger where the combined heat capacity of the cooling streams is less than that of the natural gas stream. This imbalance in heat capacity between the streams results in reduction in the temperature difference between the cooling streams to the minimally acceptable temperature difference which provides effective heat transfer rate. The lowest temperature pinch-point 206 occurs where the colder of the two cooling streams, typically the cold cooling stream, enters the heat exchanger. The intermediate temperature pinch-point 208 occurs where the second cooling stream, typically the warm cooling stream, enters the heat exchanger. The warm temperature pinch-point 210 occurs where the cold and warm cooling streams exit the heat exchanger. The warm temperature pinch-point 210 causes a need for a high mass flow rate for the warmer cooling stream, which subsequently increases the power demand of the expander-based process.

[0050] One proposed method to eliminate the warm temperature pinch-point 210 is to precool the feed gas with an external refrigeration system such as a propane cooling system or a carbon dioxide cooling system. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,386,996 eliminates the warm temperature pinch-point by using a pre-cooling refrigeration process comprising a carbon dioxide refrigeration circuit in a cascade arrangement. This external pre-cooling refrigeration system has the disadvantage of significantly increasing the complexity of the liquefaction process since an additional refrigerant system with all its associated equipment is introduced. Aspects disclosed herein reduce the impact of the warm temperature pinch-point 210 by precooling the feed gas stream by compressing the feed gas to a pressure greater than 2,000 psia (12,790 kPa), cooling the compressed feed gas stream, and expanding the compressed gas stream to a pressure less than 3,000 psia (20,690 kPa), where the expanded pressure of the feed gas stream is less than the compressed pressure of the feed gas stream. This process of cooling the feed gas stream results in a significant reduction in the in the required mass flow rate of the expander-based process cooling streams. It also improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the expander-based process without significantly increasing the equipment count and without the addition of an external refrigerant.

[0051] In a preferred aspect, the expander-based process may be a feed gas expander-based process. The feed gas expander-based process may be an open loop feed gas process where the recycling loop comprises a warm-end expander loop and a cold-end expander loop. The warm-end expander may discharge a first cooling stream and the cold-end expander may discharge the second cooling stream. The temperature of the first cooling stream is higher than the temperature of the second cooling stream. In an aspect, the pressure of the first cooling stream is higher than the pressure of the second cooling stream. In another aspect, the cold-end expander discharges a two-phase stream that is separated into a second cooling stream and a second pressurize LNG stream. Specifically, a produced natural gas stream may be treated to remove impurities, if present, such as water, heavy hydrocarbons, and sour gases, to make the natural gas suitable for liquefaction. The treated natural gas may be directed to the HPCE process where it is compressed to a pressure greater than 2,000 psia (12,790 kPa), or more preferably greater than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa). The hot compressed gas may then be cooled by exchanging heat with the environment to form a compressed treated natural gas. The compressed treated natural gas may be near-isentropically expanded to a pressure less than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa), or more preferably to a pressure less than 2,000 psia (12,790 kPa) to form a chilled treated natural gas, where the pressure of the chilled treated natural gas is less than the pressure of the compressed treated natural gas. The chilled treated natural gas may be completely liquefied by indirect exchange of heat with the first cooling stream and the second cooling stream to produce a first pressurized LNG stream. The first pressurized LNG stream may be mixed with the second pressurized LNG stream to form a pressurized LNG stream. The pressurized LNG stream may be directed to at least one two-phase separation stage where the pressure of the pressurized LNG stream is reduced and the resulting two-phase stream is separated into a flash gas stream and an LNG product stream. The flash gas stream may to exchange heat with the pressurized LNG stream and the chilled treated natural gas stream prior to being compressed for fuel gas and/or compressed to mix with the recycling second cooling stream.

[0052] The combination of the HPCE process with the feed gas expander-based process has several advantages over a conventional feed gas expander-based process. Including the HPCE process therewith may increase the efficiency of the of the feed gas expander-based process by 20 to 25%. Thus, the feed-gas expander process of this invention has an efficiency approaching that of an SMR process while still providing the advantages of no external refrigerant use, ease of operation, and reduced equipment count. Furthermore, the refrigerant flow rates and the size of the recycle compressors are expected to be significantly lower for the expander-base process combined with the HPCE process. For these reasons, the production capacity of a single liquefaction train according to disclosed aspects may be greater than 50% above the production capacity of a similarly sized conventional expander-based liquefaction process.

[0053] FIG. 3 is an illustration of an arrangement of SMR liquefaction modules on a FLNG 300. Natural gas 302 that is pretreated or otherwise suitable for liquefaction may be distributed evenly between five identical or near identical SMR liquefaction modules or trains 304, 306, 308, 310, 312. As an example, each SMR liquefaction module may receive approximately 50 MW of compression power from either a gas turbine or an electric motor (not shown) to drive the compressors of the SMR liquefaction modules. Each SMR liquefaction module may produce approximately 1.5 MTA of LNG for a total stream day production of approximately 7.5 MTA of LNG for the FLNG application.

[0054] FIG. 4 is an illustration of an arrangement of an HPCE module 404 with the SMR liquefaction modules or trains 406, 408, 410, 412 on a FLNG 400 according to disclosed aspects. Natural gas 402 that is pretreated or otherwise suitable for liquefaction may be directed to the HPCE module 404 to produce a chilled pretreated gas stream 405. The HPCE module 404 may receive approximately 50 MW of compression power, for example, from either a gas turbine or an electric motor (not shown) to drive one or more compressors within the HPCE module 404. The chilled pretreated gas may be distributed evenly between the four identical or near identical SMR liquefaction modules 406, 408, 410, 412. Each SMR liquefaction module may receive approximately 50 MW of compression power from either a gas turbine or an electric motor (not shown) to drive the compressors of the respective SMR liquefaction modules. Each SMR liquefaction module may produce approximately 1.9 MTA of LNG for a total stream day production of approximately 7.6 MTA of LNG for the FLNG application.

[0055] FIG. 5 is an illustration of an aspect of the HPCE module 500 referenced in FIG. 4. A natural gas stream 502 that has been pretreated to remove impurities, or is otherwise suitable for liquefaction, is fed into a first compressor 504 to form a first intermediate pressure gas stream 506. The first intermediate pressure gas stream 506 may flow through a first heat exchanger 508 where the first intermediate pressure gas stream 506 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled first intermediate pressure gas stream 510. The first heat exchanger 508 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled first intermediate pressure gas stream 510 may then be compressed within a second compressor 512 to form a second intermediate pressure gas stream 514. The second intermediate pressure gas stream 514 may flow through a second heat exchanger 516 where the second intermediate pressure gas stream 514 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled second intermediate pressure gas stream 518. The second heat exchanger 516 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled second intermediate pressure gas stream 518 may then be compressed within a third compressor 520 to form a high pressure gas stream 522. The pressure of the high pressure gas stream 522 may be greater than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), or more preferably greater than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa). The high pressure gas stream 522 may flow through a third heat exchanger 524 where the high pressure gas stream 522 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled high pressure gas stream 526. The third heat exchanger 524 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled high pressure gas stream 526 may then be expanded within an expander 528 to form a chilled pretreated gas stream 530. The pressure of the chilled pretreated gas stream 530 may be less than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa), or more preferably less than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), and the pressure of the chilled pretreated gas stream 530 may be less than the pressure of the cooled high pressure gas stream 526. In an aspect, the third compressor 520 may be driven solely by the shaft power produced by the expander 528, as illustrated by line 532.

[0056] FIG. 6 is an illustration of an HPCE process 601 combined with a feed gas expander-based LNG liquefaction process 600. Natural gas may be treated to remove impurities, if present, such as water, heavy hydrocarbons, and sour gases, to produce a treated natural gas stream 602 that is suitable for liquefaction. The treated natural gas stream 602 may be mixed with a recycled refrigerant gas stream 604 to form a combined stream 606. The combined stream 606 may be directed to the HPCE process 601 where the combined streams 606 are compressed within a first compressor 608 to form an intermediate pressure gas stream 610. The intermediate pressure gas stream 610 may flow through a first heat exchanger 612 where the intermediate pressure gas stream 610 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled intermediate pressure gas stream 614. The first heat exchanger 612 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled intermediate pressure gas stream 614 may then be compressed within a second compressor 616 to form a high pressure gas stream 618. The pressure of the high pressure gas stream 618 may be greater than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), or more preferably greater than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa). The high pressure gas stream 618 may flow through a second heat exchanger 620 where the high pressure gas stream 618 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled high pressure gas stream 622. The second heat exchanger 620 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled high pressure gas stream 622 may then be expanded within an HPCE expander 624 to form a chilled pretreated gas stream 626. The pressure of the chilled pretreated gas stream 626 is less than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa), or more preferably less than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), and where the pressure of the chilled pretreated gas stream 626 is less than the pressure of the cooled high pressure gas stream 622. In an aspect, the second compressor 616 may be driven solely by the shaft power produced by the expander 624, as represented by the dashed line 628.

[0057] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the chilled pretreated gas stream 626 leaves the HPCE process 601 and is directed to a feed gas expander-based process 600. The chilled pretreated gas stream 626 may be separated into a second chilled pretreated gas stream 630, a first refrigerant stream 632, and a second refrigerant stream 634. The first refrigerant stream 632 may be expanded in a first expander 636 to produce a first cooling stream 638. The first cooling stream 638 enters at least one cryogenic heat exchanger 640 where it exchanges heat with the second chilled pretreated gas stream 630 and the second refrigerant stream 634 to cool said streams. The first cooling stream 638 exits the at least one cryogenic heat exchanger 640 as a first warm stream 642. The second refrigerant stream 634, after being cooled in the at least one cryogenic heat exchanger 640, may be expanded in a second expander 644 to produce a two-phase stream 646. The pressure of the two-phase stream 646 may be the same or may be lower than the pressure of the first cooling stream 638. The two-phase stream 646 may be separated into its vapor component and its liquid component in a first two-phase separator 648 to form a second cooling stream 650 and a second pressurized LNG stream 652. The temperature of the first cooling stream 638 is higher than the temperature of the second cooling stream 650. The second cooling stream 650 enters the at least one cryogenic heat exchanger 640 where it exchanges heat with the second chilled pretreated gas stream 630 and the second refrigerant stream 634 to cool said streams. The second cooling stream 650 exits the at least one heat exchanger 640 as a second warm stream 654. The second chilled pretreated natural gas stream 630 exchanges heat with the first cooling stream 638 and the second cooling stream 650 to produce a first pressurized LNG stream 656. The first pressurized LNG stream 656 may be reduced in pressure in a hydraulic turbine 658 after exiting the at least one heat exchanger 640. The first pressurized LNG stream 656 may be mixed with the second pressurized LNG stream 652 to form a combined pressurized LNG stream 660. The combined pressurized LNG stream 660 may be directed to a second two-phase separator 662 where the pressure of the combined pressurized LNG stream 660 is reduced, and the resulting two-phase stream is separated into an end flash gas stream 664 and a product LNG stream 667. The end flash gas stream 664 may exchange heat with the first pressurized LNG stream 656 within an end flash gas heat exchanger 668 prior to directing the first pressurized LNG stream 656 to the hydraulic turbine 658. Additionally, the end flash gas stream 664 may enter the at least one cryogenic heat exchanger 640 to exchange heat with the second chilled pretreated gas stream 630 and the second refrigerant stream 634 to cool said streams. The end flash gas stream 664 exits the at least one heat exchanger 640 as a third warm stream 670. The third warm stream 670 may be compressed in a first recycle gas compressor 672 and may exchange heat with the environment in a first recycle heat exchanger 674 to form a first recycle gas stream 676. The first recycle gas stream 676 may be combined with the second warm stream 654 and, together, may be compressed in a second recycle gas compressor 678, and may exchange heat with the environment in a second recycle heat exchanger 680 to form a second recycle gas stream 682. The second recycle gas stream 682 may be combined with the first warm stream 642 and, together, may be compressed in third and fourth recycle gas compressors 684, 686 and may exchange heat with the environment in a third recycle heat exchanger 688 to form the recycle refrigerant gas stream 604. The third recycle gas compressor 684 may be driven solely by the shaft power produced by the first expander 636, as shown by the dashed line 690. The fourth recycle gas compressor 686 may be driven solely by the shaft power produced by the second expander 644, as shown by the dashed line 692.

[0058] FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 of producing LNG according to disclosed aspects. At block 702 a natural gas stream may be provided from a supply of natural gas. At block 704 the natural gas stream may be compressed in at least two serially arranged compressors to a pressure of at least 2,000 psia to form a compressed natural gas stream. At block 706 the compressed natural gas stream may be cooled to form a cooled compressed natural gas stream. At block 708 the cooled compressed natural gas stream may be expanded in at least one work producing natural gas expander to a pressure that is less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream. At block 710 the chilled natural gas stream may be liquefied.

[0059] FIG. 8 is an illustration of another HPCE process 800 according to disclosed aspects. As with HPCE process 100 shown in FIG. 1, HPCE process 800 may comprise a first compressor 802 which compresses a pretreated natural gas stream 804 to form an intermediate pressure gas stream 806. The intermediate pressure gas stream 806 may flow through a first heat exchanger 808 where the intermediate pressure gas stream 806 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled intermediate pressure gas stream 810. The first heat exchanger 808 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled intermediate pressure gas stream 810 may then be compressed within a second compressor 812 to form a high pressure gas stream 814. The pressure of the high pressure gas stream 814 may be greater than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), or more preferably greater than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa). The high pressure gas stream 814 may flow through a second heat exchanger 816 where the high pressure gas stream 814 is cooled by indirectly exchanging heat with the environment to form a cooled high pressure gas stream 818. The second heat exchanger 816 may be an air cooled heat exchanger or a water cooled heat exchanger. The cooled high pressure gas stream 818 may then be directed to a high pressure heat exchanger 826, where it is further cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature by exchanging heat with one or more refrigerant streams 828 from a process external to the HPCE process 800. In one aspect, the one or more refrigerant streams are refrigerant streams that have cryogenically cooled, chilled, and/or liquefied the chilled, pretreated natural gas stream 822 after it has exited the HPCE process 800. These refrigerant streams may still be cold enough, even after liquefying natural gas, to cool the cooled high pressure gas stream 818. The cooled high pressure gas stream 818 exits the high pressure heat exchanger 826 at a temperature below 30 degrees C. or below 20 degrees C. or below 15 degrees C. and is expanded within an expander 820 to form the chilled pretreated gas stream 822. The pressure of the chilled pretreated gas stream 122 may be less than 3,000 psia (20,680 kPa), or more preferably less than 2,000 psia (13,790 kPa), and the pressure of the chilled pretreated gas stream 822 is less than the pressure of the cooled high pressure gas stream 818. In a preferred aspect, the second compressor 812 may be driven solely by the shaft power produced by the expander 820, as indicated by the dashed line 824.

[0060] FIG. 9 depicts an implementation of an HPCE process 901, similar to HPCE process 601, and combined with a feed gas expander-based LNG liquefaction process 900. Those elements in FIG. 9 identified by reference numbers found in FIG. 6 (e.g., 636, 644, 668) perform identical or similar functions to the previously described elements and for the sake of brevity will not be further described. HPCE process 901 includes a high pressure heat exchanger 905 that exchanges heat between the cooled high pressure gas stream 622 and the first warm stream 642 that has exited the at least one cryogenic heat exchanger 640. After passing through the high pressure heat exchanger 905, the first warm stream 642 is combined with the second recycle gas stream 682 and compressed in the third and fourth recycle gas compressors 684, 686 as previously described.

[0061] FIG. 10 depicts another implementation of an HPCE process 1001, similar to HPCE process 601, and combined with a feed gas expander-based LNG liquefaction process 1000. Those elements in FIG. 10 identified by reference numbers found in FIG. 6 (e.g., 636, 644, 668) perform identical or similar functions to the previously described elements and for the sake of brevity will not be further described. HPCE process 1001 includes a high pressure heat exchanger 1005 that exchanges heat between the cooled high pressure gas stream 622 and the second warm stream 654 that has exited the at least one cryogenic heat exchanger 640. After passing through the high pressure heat exchanger 1005, the second warm stream 654 is combined with the first recycle gas stream 676 and compressed in the second recycle gas compressor 678 as previously described.

[0062] FIG. 11 depicts another implementation of an HPCE process 1101, similar to HPCE process 601, and combined with a feed gas expander-based LNG liquefaction process 1100. Those elements in FIG. 11 identified by reference numbers found in FIG. 6 (e.g., 636, 644, 668) perform identical or similar functions to the previously described elements and for the sake of brevity will not be further described. HPCE process 1101 includes a high pressure heat exchanger 1105 that exchanges heat between the cooled high pressure gas stream 622 and both the first warm stream 642 and the second warm stream 654 that have exited the at least one cryogenic heat exchanger 640. After passing through the high pressure heat exchanger 1105, the first warm stream 642 is combined with the second recycle gas stream 682 and compressed in the third and fourth recycle gas compressors 684, 686 as previously described. After passing through the high pressure heat exchanger 1105, the second warm stream 654 is combined with the first recycle gas stream 676 and compressed in the second recycle gas compressor 678 as previously described.

[0063] The disclosed aspects that include a high pressure heat exchanger in the HPCE module (i.e., FIGS. 8-11) take advantage of refrigerant streams are still cold enough, after an initial use, to increase the pre-cooling of a natural gas stream in the HPCE module. An advantage of using such a high pressure heat exchanger in the HPCE module is that the efficiency of the overall liquefaction process shown in FIG. 9, for example, may improve as much as approximately 3% compared to the efficiency of the liquefaction process shown in FIG. 6.

[0064] FIG. 12 is a method 1200 of producing LNG according to disclosed aspects. At block 1202 a natural gas stream may be provided from a supply of natural gas. At block 1204 the natural gas stream may be compressed in at least two serially arranged compressors to a pressure of at least 2,000 psia to form a compressed natural gas stream. At block 1206 the compressed natural gas stream may be cooled to form a cooled compressed natural gas stream. At block 1208 the cooled compressed natural gas stream is additionally cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature to form an additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream. At block 1210 the cooled compressed natural gas stream may be expanded in at least one work producing natural gas expander to a pressure that is less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream. At block 1212 the chilled natural gas stream may be liquefied.

[0065] Disclosed aspects may include any combinations of the methods and systems shown in the following numbered paragraphs. This is not to be considered a complete listing of all possible aspects, as any number of variations can be envisioned from the description above.

[0066] 1. A method of producing liquefied natural gas (LNG), the method comprising:

[0067] providing a natural gas stream from a supply of natural gas;

[0068] compressing the natural gas stream in at least two serially arranged compressors to a pressure of at least 2,000 psia to form a compressed natural gas stream;

[0069] cooling the compressed natural gas stream by indirect heat exchange with an ambient temperature air or water to form a cooled compressed natural gas stream;

[0070] additionally cooling the cooled compressed natural gas stream to a temperature below the ambient temperature to form an additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream;

[0071] expanding, in at least one work producing natural gas expander, the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure that is less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream; and

[0072] liquefying the chilled natural gas stream by indirect heat exchange with a refrigerant to form liquefied natural gas and a warm refrigerant;

[0073] wherein the cooled compressed natural gas stream is additionally cooled using the warm refrigerant.

[0074] 2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein liquefying the chilled natural gas stream is performed in one or more single mixed refrigerant (SMR) liquefaction trains.

[0075] 3. The method of paragraph 1, wherein liquefying the chilled natural gas stream is performed in one or more expander-based liquefaction modules, and wherein the expander-based liquefaction module is one of a nitrogen gas expander-based liquefaction module and a feed gas expander-based liquefaction module.

[0076] 4. The method of paragraph 3, wherein the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module is an open loop feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, and wherein a recycle refrigerant stream of the open loop feed gas expander-based process is combined with the natural gas stream prior to the compressing step.

[0077] 5. The method of paragraph 4, wherein the chilled natural gas stream is a first chilled natural gas stream, and further comprising:

[0078] separating the first chilled natural gas stream into a second chilled natural gas stream, a first refrigerant stream, and a second refrigerant stream;

[0079] discharging a first cooling stream from a warm-end expander forming part of the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, the first cooling stream having a first temperature; and

[0080] discharging a second cooling stream from a cold-end expander forming part of the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, the second cooling stream having a second temperature;

[0081] wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature.

[0082] 6. The method of paragraph 5, further comprising:

[0083] expanding the first refrigerant stream in the warm-end expander to produce the first cooling stream; and

[0084] expanding the second refrigerant stream in the cold-end expander to produce the second cooling stream.

[0085] 7. The method of paragraph 4, further comprising:

[0086] discharging a first cooling stream from a warm-end expander forming part of the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, the first cooling stream having a first temperature;

[0087] discharging a two-phase stream from a cold-end expander forming part of the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, the two-phase stream having a second temperature, wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature;

[0088] expanding the first refrigerant stream in the warm-end expander to produce the first cooling stream;

[0089] expanding the second refrigerant stream in the cold-end expander to produce the two-phase stream; and

[0090] separating the two-phase stream into a second cooling stream and a first pressurized LNG stream.

[0091] 8. The method of any of paragraphs 5-7, wherein a pressure of the first cooling stream is one of

[0092] the same or similar to a pressure of the second cooling stream, or

[0093] higher than a pressure of the second cooling stream.

[0094] 9. The method of any of paragraphs 5-7, wherein the liquefying step comprises cooling the second chilled natural gas stream to form a second pressurized LNG stream by exchanging heat with the first cooling stream and the second cooling stream to form a first warm cooling stream and a second warm cooling stream.

[0095] 10. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the second pressurized LNG stream is mixed with the first pressurized LNG stream prior to expanding the second pressurized LNG stream.

[0096] 11. The method of paragraph 9, further comprising:

[0097] reducing a pressure of the second pressurized LNG stream such that the second pressurized LNG stream undergoes at least one stage of pressure reduction;

[0098] separating the reduced-pressure second pressurized LNG stream into an end-flash gas stream and an LNG stream; and

[0099] cooling the second pressurized LNG stream and the second chilled natural gas stream using the end-flash gas stream.

[0100] 12. The method of paragraph 11, further comprising:

[0101] after cooling the second pressurized LNG stream and the second chilled natural gas stream using the end-flash gas stream, compressing the end-flash gas stream and mixing the compressed end-flash gas stream with one or more recycling refrigerant streams.

[0102] 13. The method of paragraph 11, further comprising:

[0103] after cooling the second pressurized LNG stream and the second chilled natural gas stream using the end-flash gas stream, compressing the end-flash gas stream and using the compressed end-flash gas stream as fuel.

[0104] 14. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the first warm cooling stream is used as the warm refrigerant to additionally cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream to form the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream.

[0105] 15. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the second warm cooling stream is used as the warm refrigerant to additionally cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream to form the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream.

[0106] 16. The method of paragraph 3, wherein the expander-based liquefaction module comprises:

[0107] a first expanded refrigerant within a first gas phase refrigeration cycle; and

[0108] a second expanded refrigerant within a second gas phase refrigeration cycle.

[0109] 17. The method of paragraph 16, wherein the first expanded refrigerant is feed gas.

[0110] 18. The method of paragraph 16 or paragraph 17, wherein the first gas phase refrigeration cycle is a closed loop refrigeration cycle.

[0111] 19. The method of any of paragraphs 16-18, wherein the second expanded refrigerant is nitrogen.

[0112] 20. The method of any of paragraphs 16-19, wherein the second gas phase refrigeration cycle is a closed loop refrigeration cycle.

[0113] 21. The method of any of paragraphs 1-20 wherein the at least two compressors compress the natural gas stream to a pressure greater than 3,000 psia.

[0114] 22. The method of any of paragraphs 1-21, wherein the natural gas expander is a work producing expander that expands the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure less than 2,000 psia.

[0115] 23. The method of any of paragraphs 1-22, further comprising:

[0116] performing the compressing, cooling, additionally cooling, expanding, and liquefying steps on a topside of a floating LNG structure.

[0117] 24. The method of any of paragraphs 1-23, wherein the temperature of the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream is less than 30 C.

[0118] 25. The method of any of paragraphs 1-24, wherein the temperature of the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream is less than 15 C.

[0119] 26. An apparatus for the liquefaction of natural gas, comprising:

[0120] at least two serially arranged compressors configured to compress a natural gas stream to a pressure greater than 2,000 psia, thereby forming a compressed natural gas stream;

[0121] a cooling element configured to cool the compressed natural gas stream, thereby forming a cooled compressed natural gas stream;

[0122] a heat exchanger configured to further cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream to a temperature below an ambient temperature to thereby produce an additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream;

[0123] at least one work-producing expander configured to expand the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream; and

[0124] a liquefaction train configured to liquefy the chilled natural gas stream;

[0125] wherein a warm refrigerant used by the liquefaction train is directed to the heat exchanger to further cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream.

[0126] 27. The apparatus of paragraph 26, wherein the liquefaction train comprises one of a nitrogen gas expander-based liquefaction module and an open loop feed gas expander-based liquefaction module, and further comprising, when the liquefaction train comprises an open loop feed gas expander-based module, a recycle refrigerant stream of the open loop feed gas expander-based module that is combined with the natural gas stream prior to the natural gas stream being compressed by the two or more serially-arranged compressors, wherein the chilled natural gas stream is a first chilled natural gas stream that is separated into a second chilled natural gas stream, a first refrigerant stream, and a second refrigerant stream.

[0127] 28. The apparatus of paragraph 27, wherein the feed gas expander-based liquefaction module comprises:

[0128] a warm-end expander configured to expand the first refrigerant stream to form a first cooling stream discharged therefrom, the first cooling stream having a first temperature; and

[0129] a cold-end expander configured to expand the second refrigerant stream to form one of a second cooling stream and a two-phase stream discharged therefrom, the second cooling stream having a second temperature;

[0130] wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature.

[0131] 29. The apparatus of any of paragraphs 26-28, wherein the natural gas expander is a work producing expander configured to expand the cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure less than 2,000 psia.

[0132] 30. The apparatus of any of paragraphs 26-29, wherein the at least two serially arranged compressors, the cooling element, the heat exchanger, the at least one work-producing expander, and the liquefaction train are disposed on a floating LNG structure.

[0133] 31. The apparatus of paragraph 30, wherein the at least two serially arranged compressors, the cooling element, the heat exchanger, and the at least one work-producing expander are disposed within a single module on a topside of the floating LNG structure.

[0134] 32. A floating LNG structure, comprising:

[0135] at least two serially arranged compressors configured to compress a natural gas stream to a pressure greater than 2,000 psia, thereby forming a compressed natural gas stream;

[0136] a cooling element configured to cool the compressed natural gas stream, thereby forming a cooled compressed natural gas stream;

[0137] a heat exchanger configured to further cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream to a temperature below an ambient temperature to thereby produce an additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream;

[0138] at least one work-producing expander configured to expand the additionally cooled compressed natural gas stream to a pressure less than 3,000 psia and no greater than the pressure to which the at least two serially arranged compressors compress the natural gas stream, to thereby form a chilled natural gas stream; and

[0139] a liquefaction train configured to liquefy the chilled natural gas stream;

[0140] wherein a warm refrigerant used by the liquefaction train is directed to the heat exchanger to further cool the cooled compressed natural gas stream.

[0141] While the foregoing is directed to aspects of the present disclosure, other and further aspects of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.