Abstract
The invention relates to a composite (100), containing as mutually superimposed layers of a series of layers a) a substrate (101), and b) a first layer (102);
wherein the first layer (102) contains i) a first layer surface (103), ii) a polymer, and iii) a plurality of electrically conductive particles;
wherein the first layer surface (103) is adjacent to the substrate (101); wherein at least in a first region, (104) the first layer (102) at a first distance (105) from the first layer surface (103) is characterized by a first content (403) of the electrically conductive particles; wherein at least in the first region (104), the first layer (102) at a further distance (106) from the first layer surface (103) is characterized by a further content of the electrically conductive particles; wherein the first content is less than the further content; and wherein the first distance (105) is less than the further distance (106). The invention further relates to an apparatus (600), a method (800), an electrical component (1200), an electrical device (1201), a 3D printer (1100) and a use.
Claims
1. A composite comprising as mutually superimposed layers of a series of layers a) a substrate, and b) a first layer; wherein the first layer comprises i) a first layer surface, ii) a polymer, and iii) a plurality of electrically conductive particles; wherein the first layer surface is adjacent to the substrate; wherein at least in a first region, the first layer at a first distance from the first layer surface is characterized by a first content of the electrically conductive particles; wherein at least in the first region, the first layer at a further distance from the first layer surface is characterized by a further content of the electrically conductive particles; wherein the first content is less than the further content; and wherein the first distance is less than the further distance.
2. The composite according to claim 1, wherein at least in the first region, the first layer at a second distance from the first layer surface is characterized by a second content of the electrically conductive particles; wherein the second content is less than the further content and more than the first content; and wherein the second distance is less than the further distance and more than the first distance.
3. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the first layer in the first region is characterized in that a content of the electrically conductive particles increases from the first distance to the further distance.
4. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the first layer further comprises a further layer surface opposite the first layer surface, wherein the first layer in the first region is characterized in that a content of the electrically conductive particles along a straight line from the first layer surface to the further layer surface is a monotonically increasing function of a distance from the first layer surface.
5. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the first layer on the first layer surface is characterized by a content of the electrically conductive particles in a range of 0 to 5% based on the first layer surface.
6. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive particles comprise a substance selected from the group of gold, silver, palladium, platinum, carbon, and a combination of at least two thereof.
7. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is selected from the group composed of silicone, an electrically conductive polymer, a lacquer, a polyaromatic, a thermoplastic, a resin, and a combination of at least two thereof.
8. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a substance selected from the group of a plastic, a plastic mixture, and a metal, and a combination of at least two thereof.
9. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is contained by one selected from the group composed of a medical device, a medical aid, an electrical device, and a combination of at least two thereof.
10. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group composed of a tube, a catheter, a wire, a needle, a probe, an implant, a film, a cannula, a lead, and a combination of at least two thereof.
11. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the composite is selected from the group composed of a medical device, a medical aid, a plug, a socket, and a combination of at least two thereof.
12. An apparatus containing a substrate and a coating, wherein the substrate contains a substrate surface; wherein the coating a) comprises a first surface and a further surface, wherein the first surface is adjacent to the substrate surface, and wherein the further surface faces away from the substrate; b) comprises a polymer and a plurality of electrically conductive particles; c) is characterized on the first surface by a content of the electrically conductive particles in a range of 0 to 20% based on the first surface; d) comprises a first partial volume; and e) is characterized in the first partial volume by a content of the electrically conductive particles in a range of 1 to 100 vol.-% based on the volume of the coating in the first partial volume; wherein in a first region of the coating, i) the coating is characterized in that along a straight line from the first surface to the further surface, a content of the electrically conductive particles in the coating is a function of a position on the straight line with at least one first local maximum, wherein the first local maximum is contained by the first partial volume, and wherein the function decreases continuously or in at least 2 steps from the first local maximum to one adjacent minimum each in the direction of the first surface and in the direction of the further surface; and ii) the coating on the further surface is characterized by a content of the electrically conductive particles in a range of 0 to 20% based on the further surface.
13. A method comprising as method steps a) providing a substrate and n compositions; wherein the substrate contains a substrate surface, wherein each of the n compositions contains a polymer and a plurality of electrically conductive particles in a particle content based on the weight of the respective composition, and wherein the n compositions are characterized in that the respective particle contents of the n compositions differ from one another; and b) superimposing on the substrate surface of at least one first portion each of the n compositions, wherein the superimposing of least the first portions of the n compositions takes place successively, wherein after each superimposing of at least the first portion of one of the n compositions, the at least one first portion is cured, wherein at least the first portions of the n compositions are superimposed in a series of increasing particle contents, wherein a first series of layers is obtained containing from the substrate surface in a layer sequence direction a first to an n.sup.th layer of mutually superimposed layers, and wherein n is a natural number greater than 1.
14. An apparatus obtained by the method according to claim 13.
15. An electrical component comprising a composite according to claim 1.
16. An electrical device comprising a composite according to claim 1.
17. A 3D printer configured to produce a composite according to claim 1.
18. The use of a composition comprising a polymer and a plurality of electrically conductive particles, for electrical contacting of a coating superimposed on a substrate.
19. An electrical component comprising an apparatus according to claim 12.
20. An electrical device comprising an apparatus according to claim 12.
21. An electrical device comprising an electrical component according to claim 15.
22. A 3D printer configured to produce an apparatus according to claim 12.
Description
[0161] The figures show the following:
[0162] FIG. 1 a diagrammatic sectional view of a composite according to the invention;
[0163] FIG. 2 a diagrammatic sectional view of a further composite according to the invention;
[0164] FIG. 3 a diagrammatic sectional view of a further composite according to the invention;
[0165] FIG. 4 a graphic representation of the content of electrically conductive particles of the composite in FIG. 3;
[0166] FIG. 5 a diagrammatic sectional view of a further composite according to the invention;
[0167] FIG. 6 a diagrammatic sectional view of an apparatus according to the invention with a graphic representation of a content of electrically conductive particles;
[0168] FIG. 7 a diagrammatic sectional view of a further apparatus according to the invention;
[0169] FIG. 8 a flow chart of a method according to the invention;
[0170] FIG. 9 a flow chart of a further method according to the invention;
[0171] FIG. 10 a flow chart of a further method according to the invention;
[0172] FIG. 11 a diagrammatic view of a 3D printer according to the invention;
[0173] FIG. 12A a diagrammatic view of an electrical component according to the invention;
[0174] FIG. 12B a diagrammatic view of an electrical device according to the invention;
[0175] FIG. 13 a diagrammatic sectional view of a further apparatus according to the invention;
[0176] FIG. 14 a diagrammatic view of a lead with a composite according to the invention;
[0177] FIG. 15A a diagrammatic view of section A-A in FIG. 14;
[0178] FIG. 15B a diagrammatic view of section B-B in FIG. 14;
[0179] FIG. 15C a diagrammatic view of section C-C in FIG. 14; and
[0180] FIG. 16 a diagrammatic view of longitudinal section D-D in FIG. 14.
[0181] FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic sectional view of a composite 100 according to the invention. The composite 100 contains a substrate 101 on which a first layer 102 is superimposed. The first layer 102 is composed of a polymer, here PMMA, and a plurality of electrically conductive particles, here a plurality of silver nanowires. Moreover, the first layer 102 contains a first layer surface 103, which is directly adjacent to the substrate 101. In a first region 104 of the first layer 102, the first layer 102 at a first distance 105 of 2 m from the first layer surface 103 is characterized by a first content 403 of the electrically conductive particles of 2% based on a section 107 through the first layer 102 at the first distance 105. Moreover, in the first region 104, the first layer 102 at a further distance 106, which is equal to a thickness of the first layer 102 of 4 m, is characterized by a further content of the electrically conductive particles of 50% based on a layer surface of the first layer 102, which is located at the further distance 106 from the substrate 101. Accordingly, the first content 403 is 48% less than the further content 404, and the first distance 105 is 2 m less than the further distance 106. The substrate 101 is composed of poly(para-xylylene), also referred to a parylene N.
[0182] FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic sectional view of a further composite 100 according to the invention. The composite 100 according to FIG. 2 is configured like the composite 100 according to FIG. 1, wherein the first distance 105 of the composite 100 according to FIG. 2 is 0 m and thus lies on the first layer surface 103. The first content 403 of the electrically conductive particles is 0% based on the first layer surface 103. Furthermore, the first layer 102 of the composite 100 according to FIG. 2 at a second distance 201 of 2 m is characterized by a second content 406 of the electrically conductive particles of 30% based on a section through the first layer 102 at the second distance 201.
[0183] FIG. 3 shows a diagrammatic sectional view of a further composite 100 according to the invention. The composite 100 according to FIG. 3 is configured like the composite 100 according to FIG. 2, wherein the polymer is PE and the electrically conductive particles are carbon nanotubes. In the first region 104 of the first layer 102, the first layer 102 at the first distance 105 of 0 m from the first layer surface 103 is characterized by a first content 403 of the electrically conductive particles of 0% based on the first layer surface 103. Moreover, in the first region 104, the first layer 102 at the further distance 106, which is equal to a thickness of the first layer 102 of 12 m, is characterized by a further content of the electrically conductive particles of 80% based on a further layer surface 405. Accordingly, the first content 403 is 80% less than the further content 404, and the first distance 105 is 12 m less than the further distance 106. Furthermore, the first layer 102 of the composite 100 according to FIG. 3 at the second distance 201 of 2 m is characterized by a second content 406 of the electrically conductive particles of 30% based on a section through the first layer 102 at the second distance 201. Moreover, the first layer 102 of the composite 100 according to FIG. 3 is characterized at a third distance of 6 m by a third content of the electrically conductive particles of 40% based on a section through the first layer 102 at the third distance; is characterized at a fourth distance of 8 m by a fourth content of the electrically conductive particles of 50% based on a section through the first layer 102 at the fourth distance; and is characterized at a fifth distance of 10 m by a fifth content of the electrically conductive particles of 60% based on a section through the first layer 102 at the fifth distance. In the first region 104, a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles from the first distance 105, i.e. from the first layer surface 103, increases over the second distance 201, the third distance, the fourth distance, and the fifth distance until the further distance 106 is reached. Here, the further distance 106 is equal to a thickness of the first layer 102 of 12 m and is thus on a further layer surface 405 opposite the first layer surface 103. The carbon nanotubes are characterized by a diameter of 12 nm and a length of 30 m. A graph of a function of the content 401 of the electrically conductive particles in the first layer 102 from a distance 402 from the first layer surface 103 is shown in FIG. 4.
[0184] FIG. 4 shows a graphic representation of the content 401 of the electrically conductive particles in the first layer 102 of the composite 100 in FIG. 3 over the distance 402 from the first layer surface 103. FIG. 4 shows that the content 401 of the electrically conductive particles along a straight line from the first layer surface 103 to the further layer surface 405 is a monotonically increasing function of the distance 402 from the first layer surface 103. Here, the function has 5 steps.
[0185] FIG. 5 shows a diagrammatic sectional view of a further composite 100 according to the invention. The composite 100 according to FIG. 5 is configured like the composite 100 according to FIG. 3, wherein the composite 100 further contains an additional layer 501. The additional layer 501 is superimposed on the first layer 102 in a first partial area 507 of the first layer 102. Here, the additional layer 501 contains an additional first layer surface 502, which is adjacent to the further layer surface 405 of the first layer 102. The additional layer 501 is composed of the polymer, PE, and an additional plurality of the electrically conductive particles, the above-described carbon nanotubes. In a further region 506 of the additional layer 501, the additional layer 501 at an additional first distance 504 from the additional first layer surface 502 is characterized by an additional first content of the electrically conductive particles of 60% based on a section through the additional first layer 501 at the additional first distance 504. The additional first distance 504 is 2 m. Moreover, the additional layer 501 in the further region 506 at an additional second distance of 4 m from the additional first layer surface 502 is characterized by an additional second content of the electrically conductive particles of 50% based on a section through the additional first layer 501 at the additional second distance. Furthermore, the additional layer 501 in the further region 506 at an additional third distance of 6 m from the additional first layer surface 502 is characterized by an additional third content of the electrically conductive particles of 10% based on a section through the additional first layer 501 at the additional third distance. In addition, the additional layer 501 in the further region 506 at an additional further distance 505 of 8 m from the additional first layer surface 502 is characterized by an additional further content of the electrically conductive particles of 0% based on a section through the additional first layer 501 at the additional further distance 505. In this case, the additional further distance 505 lies on an additional further layer surface 503 of the additional layer 501. The additional further layer surface 503 lies opposite the additional first layer surface 502. The additional further distance 505 is thus equal to a thickness of the additional layer 501. The additional further layer surface is electrically deactivated. In a further partial area 508 adjacent to the first partial area 507 of the first layer 102, a contacting layer 509 is superimposed on the first layer 102 such that the contacting layer 509 is adjacent to the further layer surface 405. The contacting layer 509 is composed of the polymer and the carbon nanotubes, wherein the contacting layer 509 has a content of 90 vol.-% of the carbon nanotubes based on the total volume of the contacting layer 509. On a surface 510 of the contacting layer 509 facing away from the first layer 102, the contacting layer 509 is thus characterized by a lower contact resistance than the additional layer 501. The contacting layer 509 is composed of two areas separated from each other by the additional layer 501, both of which electrically contact the further layer surface 405 of the first layer 102 and thus constitute electrodes for electrical contacting.
[0186] FIG. 6 shows a diagrammatic sectional view of an apparatus 600 according to the invention with a graphical representation of a content 401 of electrically conductive particles. The apparatus 600 contains a substrate 101 and a coating 602. The substrate 101 contains a substrate surface 601 and is composed of silicone. The coating 602 contains a first surface 603 and a further surface 604 lying opposite the first surface 603. Here, the coating 602 is superimposed on the substrate 101 such that the first surface 603 is adjacent to the substrate surface 601. The further surface 604 accordingly faces away from the substrate 101. The coating 602 is composed of a polymer and a plurality of electrically conductive particles. The polymer is PEDOT. The electrically conductive particles are longitudinally extended gold wires with a diameter of 75 nm and a length of 15 m. The coating 602 is characterized on the first surface 603 by a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles of 0% based on the first surface 603. Moreover, the coating contains a first partial volume 605, which is characterized by a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles of 80 vol.-% based on the volume of the coating 602 in the first partial volume 605. In a first region 606 of the coating 602, the coating 602 is characterized in that along a straight line 607 running from the first surface 603 to the further surface 604, a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles in the coating 602 is a function 609 of a position 608 on the straight line 607 with at least one first local maximum 610. For illustrative purposes, FIG. 6 shows a diagram with a graph of the function 609 at the right next to the representation of the apparatus. The first local maximum 610 is contained by the first partial volume 605 and is accordingly at 80 vol.-%. The function 609 decreases in 3 steps 612 from the first local maximum 610 to one global minimum 611 each adjacent in the direction of the first surface 603 and in the direction of the further surface 604 respectively. Moreover, the coating 602 on the further surface 604 is characterized by a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles of 0% based on the further surface 604. The first partial volume 605 is configured in sheetlike fashion and extends perpendicularly to the image plane of FIG. 6.
[0187] FIG. 7 shows a diagrammatic sectional view of a further apparatus 600 according to the invention. The apparatus 600 according to FIG. 7 is configured like the apparatus 600 of FIG. 6, wherein the apparatus 600 of FIG. 7 contains the first partial volume 605 and a further partial volume 701. In the first partial volume 605, the function 609 has the first local maximum 610 at 0 vol.-% based on the total volume of the first partial volume 605, and in the further partial volume 701, the function 609 has a further local maximum at 80 vol.-% based on the total volume of the further partial volume 701. Moreover, the total further partial volume 701 is characterized by a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles in a range of 80 vol.-% based on the volume of the coating 602 in the further partial volume 701. The function 609 decreases in 3 steps from the further local maximum to one minimum 611 each adjacent in the direction of the first surface 603 and in the direction of the further surface 604 respectively. A minimum 611 of the function 609 is thus located between the first partial volume 605 and the further partial volume 701. In this minimum 611, the content 401 of the electrically conductive particles is 0% based on a section through the coating 602. The further partial volume 701 is thus electrically insulated from the first partial volume 605. Analogously to the first partial volume 605, the further partial volume 701 is configured in sheetlike fashion and extends perpendicularly to the image plane of FIG. 7. The first partial volume 605 and the further partial volume 701 respectively form electrical conductors inside the coating 602. The coating 602 is therefore a two-phase electrical conductor.
[0188] FIG. 8 shows a flow chart of a method 800 according to the invention. The method 800 contains as a method step a) 801 the provision of a substrate 101 and 3 compositions. The substrate 101 in turn contains a substrate surface 601 Each of the 3 compositions contains a polymer, here PEDOT:PSS, and a plurality of electrically conductive particles, here silver flakes, in a particle content based on the weight of the respective composition. The 3 compositions are characterized in that the respective particle contents differ from one another. Composition 1 has a particle content of 0 vol.-% based on the total volume of composition 1. Composition 2 has a particle content of 30 vol.-% based on the total volume of composition 2. Composition 3 has a particle content of 60 vol.-% based on the total volume of composition 3. In a method step b) 802 downstream of the method step a) 801, the substrate surface 601 is first immersed in the composition 1 and thus wetted with a portion of composition 1. This portion of the composition 1 is then cured by heating to 100 C., thus obtaining a first layer that is superimposed on the substrate surface 601. After this, a surface of the first layer is immersed in the composition 2 and thus wetted with a portion of the composition 2. This portion of the composition 2 is then in turn cured by heating to 100 C., thus obtaining a second layer that is superimposed on the substrate surface 601 and the first layer. Furthermore, a surface of the second layer is immersed in the composition 3 and thus wetted with a portion of composition 3. This portion of the composition 3 is in turn cured by heating to 100 C., thus obtaining a third layer that is superimposed on the substrate surface 601, the first layer and the second layer. Moreover, a surface of the third layer is in turn immersed in the composition 3 and thus wetted with a portion of the composition 3. This portion of the composition 3 is then in turn cured by heating to 100 C., thus obtaining a fourth layer that is superimposed on the substrate surface 601, the first layer, the second layer and the third layer.
[0189] FIG. 9 shows a flow chart of a further method 800 according to the invention. The method 800 according to FIG. 9 contains the method steps a) 801 and b) 802 according to the method 800 of FIG. 8, as well as a method step c) 901. In the method step c) 901, a surface of the fourth layer is immersed in composition 2 and thus wetted with a further portion of composition 2. This portion of composition 2 is then cured by heating to 100 C., thus obtaining a further second layer. Furthermore, a surface of the further second layer is immersed in composition 1 and thus wetted with a further portion of the composition 1. This portion of the composition 1 is then cured by heating to 100 C., thus obtaining a further first layer.
[0190] FIG. 10 shows a flow chart of a further method 800 according to the invention. The method 800 according to FIG. 10 contains the method steps a) 801, b) 802 and c) 901 according to the method 800 of FIG. 9, as well as a method step d) 1001. In the method step d) 1001, a surface of the further first layer is electrically deactivated. This is carried out by partial halogenation of the surface.
[0191] FIG. 11 shows a diagrammatic view of a 3D printer 1100 according to the invention. The 3D printer 1100 is configured to produce the apparatus 600 according to FIG. 7. For this purpose, the 3D printer 1100 contains a nozzle 1101 with a nozzle opening 1102 having a diameter of 500 nm.
[0192] FIG. 12A shows a diagrammatic view of an electrical component 1200 according to the invention. The electrical component 1200 is a capacitor containing the apparatus 600 according to FIG. 7.
[0193] FIG. 12B shows a diagrammatic view of an electrical device 1201 according to the invention containing 3 electrical components 1200 according to the invention.
[0194] FIG. 13 shows a diagrammatic sectional view of a further apparatus 600 according to the invention. The apparatus 600 contains a substrate 101 and a coating 602. The substrate 101 contains a substrate surface 601 and is composed of polycarbonate. The coating 602 contains a first surface 603 and a further surface 604 opposite the first surface 603. Here, the coating 602 is superimposed on the substrate 101 such that the first surface 603 is adjacent to the substrate surface 601. The further surface 604 accordingly faces away from the substrate 101. The coating 602 is composed of a polymer and a plurality of electrically conductive particles. The polymer is SU-8. The electrically conductive particles are carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 12 nm and a length of 30 m. The coating 602 is characterized on the first surface 603 by a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles of 0% based on the first surface 603. Moreover, the coating contains a first partial volume 605, which is characterized by a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles of 80 vol.-% based on the volume of the coating 602 in the first partial volume 605. In a first region 606 of the coating 602, the coating 602 is characterized in that along a straight line 607 that runs from the first surface 603 to the further surface 604, a content 401 of the electrically conductive particles in the coating 602 is a function 609 of a position 608 on the straight line 607 with at least one first local maximum 610. The first local maximum 610 is contained by the first partial volume 605 and accordingly is at 80 vol.-%. The function 609 decreases in 5 steps 612 from the first local maximum 610 to one global minimum 611 each adjacent in the direction of the first surface 603 and in the direction of the further surface 604 respectively. Here, the minima 611 are on the first surface 603 and the further surface 604 respectively. On the further surface 604, the coating 602 is characterized by a content 401 of electrically conductive particles of 0% based on the further surface. In FIG. 13, the coating 602 contains a further region 1301 into which the first partial volume 605 extends. In the further region 1301, the first partial volume 605 contains the further surface 604 of the coating 602. The first partial volume 605 can thus be electrically contacted on the further surface 604 in the further region 1301.
[0195] FIG. 14 shows a diagrammatic view of a lead 1400 with a composite 100 according to the invention. Such leads 1400 are used for example in implantable cardiac pacemakers as a flexible electrical connecting element between the pulse generator and the electrodes. In this case, the lead extends from the implantation site of the cardiac pacemaker, frequently under the collar bone, to the cardiac tissue to be stimulated. Such leads 1400 are multiphase electrical conductors that must be biocompatible, corrosion-resistant, flexible, mechanically strong, and show extremely good electrical conductivity. Here, the lead 1400 contains a substrate 101 of the composite 100. The substrate 101 is mechanically flexible and is composed of silicone. Moreover, sections A-A, B-B, C-C and D-D are depicted in the figure. Views of these sections are shown in FIGS. 15a) through c) and FIG. 16. One end of the lead 1400 is configured as a plug 1401. By means of this plug 1401, the lead 1400 can be connected to an analysis device, and measurement parameters such as pressure, temperature, current or a position of the lead 1400 can be measured and read out.
[0196] FIG. 15A shows a diagrammatic view of section A-A in FIG. 14. In this section, successive layers 1501, 1502, 1503 are superimposed in that order on the substrate 101 as follows: a layer 1501 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 0 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1501; a layer 1502 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 50 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1502; a layer 1503 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 80 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1503. Each of the layers 1501, 1502 and 1503 consists of a polymer and the electrically conductive particles in the contents given above respectively. The layers 1501, 1502 and 1503 thus form a first layer 102 according to the composite 100 of the invention. For all of the layers 1501, 1502 and 1503 in FIGS. 14 through 16, the polymer is silicone and the electrically conductive particles are silver flakes.
[0197] FIG. 15B shows a diagrammatic view of section B-B in FIG. 14. In this section, successive layers 1501, 1502, 1503 are superimposed in that order on the substrate 101 as follows: a layer 1501 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 0 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1501; a layer 1502 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 50 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1502; a layer 1503 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 80 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1503; a further layer 1502; a further layer 1501; a further layer 1502; a further layer 1503; a further layer 1502; a further layer 1501; a further layer 1502; a further layer 1503; a further layer 1502 and a further layer 1501. The layers 1501, 1502 and 1503 respectively consist of a polymer and the electrically conductive particles in the contents given above respectively. The layers 1501, 1502, 1503 closest to the substrate 101 thus form a first layer 102 according to the composite 100 of the invention. Moreover, the layers 1502 and 1501 following the first layer 102 form an additional layer 501 according to the composite 100 of the invention. In an upper area of the section of FIG. 15B, a further partial area 508 according to the invention can be seen, in which a contacting layer 509 is superimposed on the first layer 102. The contacting layer 509 is composed of the polymer and a content of 80 vol.-% of the electrically conductive particles. The electrically conductive layers 1503 can thus be electrically contacted from outside of the lead 1400 via the contacting layer 509. Moreover, the layers 1501, 1502 and 1503 in FIG. 15B form an apparatus 600 according to the invention. Here, all of the layers 1501, 1502, 1503 form a coating 602. The innermost layer 1503 forms a first partial volume 605, and the more external layers 1503 respectively form a further partial volume 701.
[0198] FIG. 15C shows a diagrammatic view of section C-C in FIG. 14. In this section, successive layers 1501, 1502, 1503 are superimposed in that order on the substrate 101 as follows: a layer 1501 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 0 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1501; a layer 1502 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 50 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1502; a layer 1503 with a content of electrically conductive particles of 80 vol.-% based on the total volume of the layer 1503; a further layer 1502; a further layer 1501; a further layer 1502; a further layer 1503; a further layer 1502; a further layer 1501; a further layer 1502; a further layer 1503; a further layer 1502 and a further layer 1501. The layers 1501, 1502 and 1503 respectively consist of a polymer and the electrically conductive particles in the contents given above respectively. The layers 1501, 1502, 1503 closest to the substrate 101 thus form a first layer 102 according to the composite 100 of the invention. Moreover, the layers 1502 and 1501 following the first layer 102 form an additional layer 501 according to the composite 100 of the invention. Moreover, the layers 1501, 1502 and 1503 in FIG. 15C form an apparatus 600 according to the invention. Here, all of the layers 1501, 1502, 1503 form a coating 602. The innermost layer 1503 forms a first partial volume 605, and the more external layers 1503 respectively form a further partial volume 701.
[0199] FIG. 16 shows a diagrammatic view of longitudinal section C-C in FIG. 14. The figures shows a longitudinal section through the plug 1401 of the lead 1400. The layers 1501, 1502, 1503 are also shown. These are the same layers shown in FIG. 15C. Moreover, each of the layers 1503 is electrically contactable via electrical contacts 1601 of the plug 1401.
LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS
[0200] 100 Composite according to the invention
[0201] 101 Substrate
[0202] 102 First layer
[0203] 103 First layer surface
[0204] 104 First region
[0205] 105 First distance
[0206] 106 Further distance
[0207] 107 Section
[0208] 201 Second distance
[0209] 401 Content of electrically conductive particles
[0210] 402 Distance from the first layer surface
[0211] 403 First content of electrically conductive particles
[0212] 404 Further content of electrically conductive particles
[0213] 405 Further layer surface
[0214] 406 Second content of electrically conductive particles
[0215] 501 Additional layer
[0216] 502 Additional first layer surface
[0217] 503 Additional further layer surface
[0218] 504 Additional first distance
[0219] 505 Additional further distance
[0220] 506 Further region
[0221] 507 First partial area
[0222] 508 Further partial area
[0223] 509 Contacting layer
[0224] 510 Surface of the contacting layer
[0225] 600 Apparatus according to the invention
[0226] 601 Substrate surface
[0227] 602 Coating
[0228] 603 First surface
[0229] 604 Further surface
[0230] 605 First partial volume
[0231] 606 First region of the coating
[0232] 607 Straight line
[0233] 608 Position on the straight line
[0234] 609 Function
[0235] 610 First local maximum
[0236] 611 Minimum
[0237] 612 Step of the function
[0238] 701 Further partial volume
[0239] 800 Method according to the invention
[0240] 801 Method step a)
[0241] 802 Method step b)
[0242] 901 Method step c)
[0243] 1001 Method step d)
[0244] 1100 3D printer according to the invention
[0245] 1101 Nozzle
[0246] 1102 Nozzle opening
[0247] 1200 Electrical component according to the invention
[0248] 1201 Electrical device according to the invention
[0249] 1301 Further region of the coating
[0250] 1400 Lead
[0251] 1401 Plug
[0252] 1501 Layer with 0 vol.-% electrically conductive particles
[0253] 1502 Layer with 40 vol.-% electrically conductive particles
[0254] 1503 Layer with 80 vol.-% electrically conductive particles
[0255] 1601 Electrical contacts
