AGGREGATE-FREE URATE OXIDASE FOR PREPARATION OF NON-IMMUNOGENIC POLYMER CONJUGATES

Abstract

A naturally occurring or recombinant protein, especially a mutein of porcine urate oxidase (uricase), that is essentially free of large aggregates can be rendered substantially non-immunogenic by conjugation with a sufficiently small number of strands of polymer such that the bioactivity of the protein is essentially retained in the conjugate. Such conjugates are unusually well suited for treatment of chronic conditions because they are less likely to induce the formation of antibodies and/or accelerated clearance than are similar conjugates prepared from protein preparations containing traces of large aggregates.

Claims

1. Purified urate oxidase (uricase) substantially free of aggregates larger than octamers.

2. The uricase of Claim I, wherein the uricase is mammalian uricase

3. The uricase of claim 2, wherein the uricase is porcine liver, bovine liver or ovine liver uricase.

4. The uricase of claim 1, wherein the uricase is recombinant.

5. The uricase of claim 4, wherein the uricase has substantially the sequence of porcine, bovine, ovine or baboon liver uricase.

6. The uricase of claim 4, wherein the uricase is chimeric.

7. The uricase of claim 6, wherein the chimeric uricase contains portions of porcine liver and baboon liver uricase.

8. The uricase of claim 7, wherein the chimeric uricase is PKS uricase.

9. The uricase of claim 4, wherein the uricase has substantially the sequence of baboon liver uricase in which tyrosine 97 has been replaced by histidine.

10. The uricase of claim 4, wherein the uricase comprises an amino terminal and a carboxy terminus, and wherein the uricase is truncated at one terminus or both termini.

11. The uricase of claim 1, wherein the uricase is a fungal or microbial uricase.

12. The uricase of claim 11, wherein the fungal or microbial uricase is isolated from Aspergillus flavus, Arthrobacter globiformis, Bacillus sp. or Candida utilis, or is a recombinant enzyme having substantially the sequence of one of said uricases.

13. The uricase of claim 1, wherein the uricase is an invertebrate uricase.

14. The uricase of claim 13, wherein she invertebrate uricase is isolated from Drosophila melanogaster or Drosophila pseudoobscura, or is a recombinant enzyme having substantially the sequence of one of said uricases.

15. The uricase of claim 1, wherein the uricase is a plant uricase.

16. The uricase of claim 15, wherein the plant uricase is isolated from root nodules of Glycine max or is a recombinant enzyme having substantially the sequence of said uricase.

17. The uricase of claim 1 conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide), wherein the uricase in said conjugate is substantially free of aggregates larger than octamers.

18. The uricase conjugate of claim 17, wherein said polyethylene glycol) is monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol).

19. The uricase of claim 17, wherein said uricase is conjugated to said polyethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) via a linkage selected from the group consisting of urethane (carbamate), secondary amine and amide.

20. The uricase conjugate of claim 17, wherein said poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) has a molecular weight between about 5 kDa and 30 kDa.

21. The uricase conjugate of claim 20, wherein said poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) has a molecular weight between about 10 kDa and 20 kDa.

22. The uricase conjugate of claim 17, wherein the average number of strands of said poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) strands is between about 2 and 12 per uricase subunit.

23. The uricase conjugate of claim 22, wherein the average number of strands of said poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) strands is between about 6 and 10 per uricase subunit.

24. The uricase conjugate of claim 23, wherein the average number of strands of said poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) is between about 7 and 9 per uricase subunit.

25. The uricase conjugate of claim 17, wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) or polyethylene oxide) is linear.

26, The uricase conjugate of claim 17, wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) is branched.

27. A pharmaceutical composition for lowering uric acid levels in a body fluid or tissue, comprising the conjugate of claim 17 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein said composition is stabilized by lyophilization and dissolves upon reconstitution to provide solutions suitable for parenteral administration.

29. A method for purifying uricase having reduced immunogenicity, comprising the step of separating uricase aggregates larger than octamers in uricase fractions, and excluding such aggregates from the purified uricase.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein said separating step is selected from the group consisting of ion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography and ultrafiltration.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein said separating step comprises the step of detecting aggregates larger than octamers in uricase fractions and excluding said fractions containing said aggregates.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein said detecting step comprises measurement of light scattering.

33. Isolated uricase prepared by the method of claim 29.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates uricase activity, total protein and salt concentrations in fractions from a Pharmacia Biotech Mono Q (110 cm) anion exchange column. Uricase activity was measured at room temperature by monitoring the decrease in absorbance at 292 nm of 100 M uric acid in 200 mM sodium borate, pH 9.2. Total protein was determined from the area under the curve of the absorbance peak of uricase in size-exclusion HPLC analyses. Salt concentrations were calculated from the conductivities at room temperature using a standard curve for NaCl in the same buffer.

[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates size-exclusion HPLC analysis on a Pharmacia Superdex 200 column (130 cm) of the load and selected fractions from a preparative Mono Q chromatography of porcine uricase containing the mutations R291K and T301S (PKS uricase) showing data obtained by a light-scattering detector at 90 C. (upper curves) and by absorbance at 276 nm (lower curves). The different signal strengths of the tetrameric, octameric and more highly aggregated forms of uricase in the unfractionated sample (load) and the various fractions are evident. The load was diluted with Mono Q column buffer, fraction 5 was diluted and fraction 6 was diluted 1/9. Fractions 5 and 6 were combined to form the low salt pool.

[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates size-exclusion analyses of fractions from the Mono Q column in FIG. 1, showing data obtained by a light-scattering detector at 90 and by absorbance at 276 nm, as in FIG. 2. The fractions shown in this figure were used to form the high salt pool, from which PEG conjugates were prepared and injected into BALB/c mice. The resultant serum activities and immunologic responses in BALB/c mice are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates octamer content, determined by absorbance at 276 nm and by light scattering at 90, calculated from the data in FIGS. 2 and 3, of unfractionated PKS uricase and of selected fractions from the preparative MonoQ column chromatography of PKS uricase (FIG. 1).

[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates UV assays, as in FIG. 1, of uricase activity after a 4-hour incubation at 37 C., in sera drawn 24 hours after each of six weekly injections of 610-kDa PEG conjugates of PKS uricase or of pools from Mono Q column fractions.

[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates ELISA analyses of IgG antibody formation against PEG conjugates of PKS uricase and against PEG conjugates of the pools of fractions from the Mono Q column shown in FIG. 1, in sera drawn 24 hours after each of six weekly injections of female BALB/c mice with 0.2 mg of uricase protein per 20 grains of body weight. For each mouse, data from bleedings 24 hours after the first through sixth injections are shown from left to right. The assay conditions are described in Example 6. Data for the eight mice in each group were arranged in order of increasing immune response, from left to right.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0021] Previous studies have shown that when a significant reduction in the immunogenicity and/or antigenicity of uricase is achieved by conjugation with PEG (PEGylation), it is invariably associated with a substantial loss of uricolytic activity. The present invention includes the observation that traces of aggregates of urate oxidases larger than octamers substantially contribute to immunogenicity and the induction of accelerated clearance of PEG-uricase conjugates. This discovery is most likely applicable to proteins other than uricases, including interferons and growth factors.

[0022] The safety, convenience and cost-effectiveness of biopharmaceuticals are all adversely impacted by decreases in their potencies and the resultant need to increase the administered dose. Thus, there is a need for a safe and effective alternative means for lowering elevated levels of uric acid in body fluids, including blood and urine. The present invention provides a method for producing uricase that excludes uricase aggregates larger than octamers for use in the synthesis of PEG-uricase. This PEG-uricase retains all or nearly all of the uricolytic activity of the unmodified enzyme. The present invention also provides purified uricase substantially free of aggregates larger than octamers. The term substantially free indicates that the purified uricase comprises no more than about 2%, and preferably no more than about 1% of aggregates larger than octamers.

[0023] The present invention provides s method for purifying uricase such that aggregates larger then octamers are excluded from the purified preparation. Because these larger aggregates are highly immunogenic, their presence in the purified uricase preparation is undesirable. The method involves monitoring column fractions by light scattering rather than or in addition to ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm, because the aggregates may be too dilute to be detected by ultraviolet absorbance. The purified uricase is then conjugated to water-soluble polymers, preferably poly(ethylene glycols) or poly(ethylene oxides) as described in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/370,084, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0024] The removal of aggregated uricase from a preparation consisting predominantly of tetrameric uricase can be accomplished by any of the methods know to those skilled in the art, including size-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration through a microporous membrane and centrifugation, including ultracentrifugation. The separation method may include separation and analysis of fractions and the rejection or exclusion of those fractions containing excessive quantities of large aggregates. The resultant uricase preparation is better suited for the synthesis of substantially non-immunogenic conjugates of uricase than is the unfractionated uricase. For chronic administration, it is important that PEG conjugates of proteins, e.g. PEG-uricase, have low immunogenicity and do not provide progressively more rapid clearance from the bloodstream after repeated doses.

[0025] The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions of the polymer-uricase conjugates. These conjugates are substantially non-immunogenic and retain at least 75%, preferably 85%, and more preferably 95% or more of the uricolytic activity of the unmodified enzyme. Uricases suitable for conjugation to water-soluble polymers include naturally occurring urate oxidases isolated from bacteria, fungi and the tissues of plants and animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as recombinant forms of uricase, including mutated, hybrid, and/or truncated enzymatically active variants of uricase. Water-soluble polymers suitable for use in the present invention include linear and branched poly(ethylene glycols) or poly(ethylene oxides), all commonly known as PEGs. Examples of branched PEG are the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,575. One preferred example of linear PEG is monomethoxyPEG, of the general structure CH.sub.3O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.nH, where n varies from about 100 to about 2,300.

[0026] One embodiment of the present invention is a conjugate of urate oxidase (uricase) that retains at least about 75% of the uricolytic activity of unconjugated uricase and has substantially reduced immunogenicity. The uricase of this aspect of the invention may be recombinant. Whether recombinant or not, the uricase may be of mammalian origin. In one aspect of this embodiment, the uricase may be porcine, bovine or ovine liver uricase. In another aspect of this embodiment, the uricase may be chimeric. The chimeric uricase may contain portions of porcine liver and/or baboon liver uricase. For example, the chimeric uricase may be porcine uricase containing the mutations R291K and T301S (PKS uricase). Alternatively, the uricase may be baboon liver uricase in which tyrosine 97 has been replaced by histidine, whereby the specific activity of the uricase may be increased, by at least about 60%. The uricase of the invention, whatever the origin, may also be in a form that is truncated, either at the ammo terminal, or at the carboxyl terminal, or at both terminals. Likewise, the uricase may be fungal or microbial uricase. In one aspect of this embodiment, the fungal or microbial uricase may be a naturally occurring or recombinant form of uricase from Aspergillus flavus. Arthrobacter globiformis, Bacillus sp. or Candida utilis. Alternatively, the uricase may be an invertebrate uricase, such as, for example, a naturally occurring or recombinant form of uricase from Drosophila melanogaster or Drosophila pseudoobscura. The uricase of the invention may also be a plant uricase, for example, a naturally occurring or recombinant form of uricase from soybean root nodule (Glycine max). The PEG may have an average molecular weight between about 5 kDa and 100 kDa; preferably the PEG may have an average molecular weight between about S kDa and 60 kDa; more preferably, the PEG may have an average molecular weight between about 10 kDa and about 40 kDa, such as, for example, 10 to 20 kDa. The average number of covalently coupled strands of PEG may be 2 to 12 strands per uricase subunit; preferably, the average number of covalently coupled strands may be 6 to 10 per subunit; more preferably, the average number of strands of PEG may be 7 to 9 per subunit. In one aspect of this embodiment, the uricase may be tetrameric. The strands of PEG may be covalently linked to uricase via urethane (carbamate) linkages, secondary amine linkages, and/or amide linkages. When the uricase is a recombinant form of any of the uncases mentioned herein, the recombinant form may have substantially the sequence of the naturally occurring form.

[0027] One preferred mammalian uricase is recombinant pig-baboon chimeric uricase, composed of portions of the sequences of pig liver and baboon liver uricase, both of which were first determined by Wu, et al., (1989). One example of such a chimeric uricase contains the first 288 amino acids from the porcine sequence (SEQ ED NO: 1) and the last 16 amino acids from the baboon sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2). Since the latter sequence differs from the porcine sequence at only two positions, having a lysine (K) in place of arginine at residue 291 and a serine (S) in place of threonine at residue 301, this mutant is referred to as pig-K-S or PKS uricase (SEQ ID NO: 3). PKS uricase has one more lysine residue and, hence, one more potential site of PEGylation than either the porcine or baboon sequence.

[0028] The cDNAs for various mammalian uricases, including PKS uricase, were subcloned and the optimal conditions were determined for expression in E. coli, using standard methods. See Erlich, H A, (Ed.) (1989) PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification. New York: Stockton Press; Sambrook, J, et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. The recombinant uricases were extracted, purified and their stability and activity were assessed using a modification of standard assays. See Fridovich, I, (1965) J Biol Chem 240:2491-2494; Nishimura, et al., (1979), and Examples 1 and 5.

[0029] In one embodiment of the invention, uricase may be conjugated via a biologically stable, nontoxic, covalent linkage to a relatively small number of strands of PEG. Such linkages may include urethane (carbamate) linkages, secondary imine linkages, and amide linkages. Various activated PEGs suitable for such conjugation are available commercially from Shearwater Polymers, Huntsville, Ala.

[0030] For example, urethane linkages to uricase may be formed by incubating uricase in the presence of the succinimidyl carbonate (SC) or p-nitrophenyl carbonate (NPC) derivative of PEG. SC-PEG may be synthesized using the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,460, which is hereby incorporated by reference. NPC-PEG may be synthesized by reacting PEG with p-nitrophenyi chloroformate according to methods described in Veronese, F M, et al., (1985) Appl Biochem Biotechnol 11:141-152, and in U.S. Patent 5,286,637, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The methods described in the '637 patent are adapted to PEGs of higher molecular weight by adjusting the concentrations of the reactants to maintain similar stoichiometry. An alternative method of synthesis of NPC-PEG is described by Bttner, W, et al., East German Patent Specification DD 279 486 A1.

[0031] Amide linkages to uricase may be obtained using an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of a carboxylic acid derivative of PEG (Shearwater Polymers). Secondary amine linkages may be formed using 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl PEG (tresyl PEG; Shearwater Polymers) or by reductive alkylation using PEG aldehyde (Shearwater Polymers) and sodium cyanoborohydride.

[0032] In conjugates containing PEG with a molecular weight of 10 kDa, the maximum number of strands of PEG that were coupled per subunit, while retaining at least 75% of the uricolytic activity of the unmodified enzyme, was about 12 strands for mammalian uricases (e.g. PKS uricase, a mutein of porcine uricase; see assay conditions in Example 5). The latter extent of PEGylation corresponds to about 40% of the total amino groups. In one embodiment of the invention, the average number of strands of PEG coupled per uricase subunit is between about 2 and 12. In a preferred embodiment, the average number of strands of PEG coupled per uricase subunit is between about 6 and 10. In a more preferred embodiment, the average number of covalently linked strands of PEG per uricase subunit is between about 7 and 9. In another embodiment, the molecular weight of PEG used for the coupling reaction is between about 5 kDa and 30 kDa, preferably between about 10 kDa and 20 kDa.

[0033] There are several factors that may affect the choice of the optimal molecular weight and number of strands of PEG for coupling to a given form of uricase. In general, the reduction or elimination of immunogenicity without substantial loss of uricolytic activity may require the coupling of relatively more strands of PEG of lower molecular weight, compared to relatively fewer strands of PEG of higher molecular weight. Likewise, each different form of uricase may have a different optimum with respect to both the size and number of strands. The optimal number of strands of PEG and PEG molecular weight can be readily determined using the methods described herein.

[0034] When PEG conjugates of mammalian uricase were prepared from the purified tetrameric and octameric forms of the enzyme (containing four or eight subunits of approximately 35 kDa), they displayed profoundly reduced immunogenicity in mice, in contrast to the moderate immunogenicity of PEG conjugates of uncase preparations containing large aggregates (see FIG. 6) and the very high immunogenicity of the unmodified enzyme.

[0035] Purified preparations of naturally occurring and recombinant uricases usually contain a mixture of very large aggregates of the enzyme, in addition to the tetrameric (140-kDa) and the octameric (280-kDa) forms. The percentage of each uricase preparation that is in either the tetrameric or octameric form generally varies from about 20% to 95% (see FIGS. 2-4). Despite evidence that unPEGylated aggregates of several other proteins are highly immunogenic (see, e.g., Moore, W V, et al., (1980) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:691-697), previous studies of PEG-uricase do not describe any efforts to limit the content of aggregates, suggesting that the potential immunogenicity of the PEG-modified aggregates was not considered. On the basis of the observations of the present inventors, it appears likely that such aggregates were present in the enzyme preparations used for previous syntheses of PEG-uricase. Their presence may have rendered the task of preparing non-immunogenic conjugates more difficult. It also appears that the large losses of uricolytic activity observed in previous efforts to PEGylate uricase were related to the large number of strands of low molecular weight PEG that were coupled. On the other hand the methods of uricase purification and PEGylation described herein permit the covalent attachment of as many as 12 strands of PEG per subunit while retaining more thin 75% of the uricolytic activity, at least for certain uricases, e.g., PKS uricase (a mutein of porcine uricase) and the enzyme from thermophilic Bacillus sp.

[0036] In another preferred embodiment, substantially all large aggregates of the enzyme may be removed by ion-exchange chromatography (FIGS. 1-3) or size-exclusion chromatography at a pH between about 9 and 10.5, preferably 10.2, prior to conjugation of the resulting substantially aggregate-free preparation of uricase to PEG. The molecular weight of the uricase in each fraction from the preparative column may be monitored by any size-dependent analytical technique, including, for example, HPLC, conventional size-exclusion chromatography, centrifugation, light scattering, capillary electrophoresis or gel electrophoresis a non-denaturing buffer. For aggregate-free uricase isolated using size-exclusion chromatography, fractions containing only the 140-kDa and 280-kDa forms of the enzyme may be pooled and used for conjugation to PEG. For tetrameric plus octameric uricase isolated using ion-exchange chromatography, fractions from the ion-exchange column may be analyzed with respect to size to determine which fractions contain substantial amounts of the tetrameric and octameric forms without the large aggregates detected by light scattering. In the purified product, the undesirable large aggregates may thus constitute as little as about 1%, or less, of the total uricase.

[0037] The results presented herein indicate that, even when extensively PEGylated, forms of PKS uricase larger than the octamer provoke accelerated clearance (FIG. 5) and are somewhat immunogenic in mice (FIG. 6). In contrast, conjugates prepared from uricase that is essentially free of large aggregates (detectable by light scattering) could be reinjected at least six times at one-week intervals with much less evidence of accelerated clearance rates (FIG. 5) and without the detectable formation of antibodies, as measured by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (FIG. 6). The use of highly purified tetrameric or octameric uricase further distinguishes the improved conjugates of the present invention from the PEG-uricase preparations described previously. In contrast, the presence of a significant content of large aggregates in the uricase preparations used by some previous investigators may have led them to couple large numbers of strands of PEG in efforts to suppress the immunogenicity. Consequently, the enzymatic activity of the resultant conjugates was decreased substantially.

[0038] The PEG-uricase conjugates of the present invention are useful for lowering the levels of uric acid in the body fluids and tissues of mammals, preferably humans, and can thus be used for treatment of elevated uric acid levels associated with conditions including gout, tophi, renal insufficiency, organ transplantation and malignant disease. PEG-uricase conjugates may be injected into a mammal having excessive uric acid levels by any of a number of routes, including intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular and intraperitoneal routes. Alternatively, they may be aerosolized and inhaled. See Patton, J S, (1996) Adv Drug Delivery Rev 19:3-36 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,135. The effective dose of PEG-uricase of the present invention will depend on the level of uric acid and the size of the individual. In one embodiment of this aspect of the invention, PEG-uricase is administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or diluent in an amount ranging from about 10 g to about 1 g. In a preferred embodiment, the amount administered is between about 100 g and 500 mg. More preferably, the conjugated uricase is administered in an amount between 1 mg and 100 mg, such, as, for example, 5 mg, 20 mg or 50 mg. Masses given for dosage amounts of the embodiments refer to the amount of protein in the conjugate.

[0039] Pharmaceutical formulations containing PEG-uricase can be prepared by conventional techniques, e.g., as described in Gennaro, A R (Ed.) (1990) Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Co. Suitable excipients for the preparation of injectable solutions include, for example, phosphate buffered saline, lactated Ringer's solution, water, polyols and glycerol. Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous liquids, dispersions, suspensions, or emulsions as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. These formulations may contain additional components, such as, for example, preservatives, solubilizers, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, buffers, antioxidants arid diluents.

[0040] PEG-uricase may also be provided as controlled-release compositions for implantation into an individual to continually control elevated uric acid levels in body fluids. For example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, regenerated collagen, poly-L-lysine, sodium alginate, gellan gum, chitosan, agarose, multilamellar liposomes and many other conventional depot formulations comprise bioerodible or biodegradable materials that can be formulated with biologically active compositions. These materials, when implanted or injected, gradually break down and release the active material to the surrounding tissue. For example, one method of encapsulating PEG-uricase comprises the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,653,974, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The use of bioerodible, biodegradable and other depot formulations is expressly contemplated in the present invention. The use of infusion pumps and matrix entrapment systems for delivery of PEG-uricase is also within the scope of the present invention. PEG-uricase may also advantageously be enclosed in micelles or liposomes. Liposome encapsulation technology is well known in the art. See, e.g., Lasic, D, et al., (Eds.) (1995) Stealth Liposomes. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

[0041] The PEG-uricase pharmaceutical compositions of the invention will decrease the need for hemodialysis in patients at high risk of urate-induced renal failure, e.g., organ transplant recipients (see Venkataseshan, V S, et al., (1990) Nephron 56:317-321) and patients with some malignant diseases. In patients' with large accumulations of crystalline urate (tophi), such pharmaceutical compositions will improve the quality of life more rapidly than currently available treatments.

[0042] The following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way, illustrate the various aspects disclosed above. These examples describe PEG-uricases prepared by coupling activated PEG (e.g., the p-nitrophenyl carbonate derivative) to a mutein of porcine uricases. These examples provide guidance to one of ordinary skill in the art for producing substantially non-immunogenic conjugates of uricase that retain al least about 75% of the uricolytic activity of the unmodified enzyme and are well suited for chronic administration.

Example 1

Preparative Ion-exchange Chromatography of Uricase

[0043] Preparative ion-exchange chromatography was performed on a Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) apparatus (Amersham Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). The Mono Q column (110 cm, Amersham Pharmacia) was eluted with a gradient of 50 mM sodium carbonate, pH 10.3, 0.1 M NaCl (Buffer A) to 50 mM sodium carbonate, pH 10.3, 0.6 M NaCl (Buffer B) at a How rate of 0.5 ml/min. except that the sample was loaded at a lower flow-rate. This technique was used to fractionate 25 mL of a solution of PKS uricase (pH 10.3). PKS uricase was obtained from Bio-Technology General Limited (Rehovot, Israel). The latter is recombinant porcine uricase in which one residue of lysine (K) and one residue of serine (S) have replaced one residue of arginine and one residue of threonine, respectively, in the parental porcine sequence (Lee et al. (1988) Science 239:1288-1291; Wu et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86::9412-9416). After the sample was loaded, the column was washed with 100 mL of Buffer A. The peak of uricase began to elute at the end of a 31-mL linear gradient of 0 to 26% Buffer B. Most of the uricase was eluted isocratically by 7 mL of buffer containing 26% Buffer B. The remainder of the recovered please was eluted by a linear 89-mL gradient of 26% to 100% buffer B. Fractions of 4 mL or 6 mL were collected. Aliquots of Fractions #4-11 were assayed for uricase, total protein and NaCl concentration (FIG. 1) and were analyzed by size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described in Example 2 (FIGS. 2 and 3). The remaining portions of Fractions #5-10 were coupled to PEG, as described in Example 3. Based on the results of the analyses in Example 2, the PEG conjugates of Fractions #5 and 6 were combined as the Low-Salt Pool and the PEG conjugates of Fractions #7-10 were combined as the High-Salt Pool, as indicated in FIG. 1.

Example 2

Size-exclusion Chromatography of Uricase Monitored by Light Scattering and Ultraviolet Absorbance

[0044] Size-exclusion HPLC was performed at room temperature on a Superdex 200 column (30 cm, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) on unfractionated PKS uricase and on selected fractions from. the preparative Mono Q chromatography of PKS uricase of Example 1. The eluate from the absorbance monitor (UV 2000) of the Thermo Separations HPLC (Sunnyvale, Calif.) was analyzed by light scattering at 90 to the incident light, using a MiniDawn detector from Wyatt Technologies (Santa Barbara, Calif.).

[0045] The results shown in FIGS. 2-4 illustrate the resolution among the tetramer, octamer and larger aggregates of the uricase subunit and the different proportions of the signals detected from these forms of uricase in the various samples. Unlike the absorbance signal, which is directly proportional to the concentration, the light scattering signal is proportional to the product of the concentration times the size of the light scattering unit. The resultant sensitivity of the light scattering detector to very small amounts of highly aggregated uricase revealed the presence of the largest aggregates, which are eluted at or near the void volume (approximately 7 mL).

Example 3

Synthesis of PEG-uricase Conjugates

[0046] Unfractionated PKS uricase (from Bio-Technology General Limited) and the uricase in fractions from the Mono Q column of Example 1 were coupled to 10-kDa PEG using the p-nitrophenyl carbonate derivative of PEG (NPC-PEG) obtained from Shearwater Polymers (Huntsville, Ala.). The preparation of NPC-PEG from PEG using phenylchloroformates has been described in several reports (e.g. Veronese, F M. et al., (1985) Appl Biochem Biotechnol 11:141-152; Kito, M, et al., (1996) J Clin Biochem Nutr 21:101-111) and NPC-PEG has been used for the synthesis of PEG-protein conjugates by previous investigators including the present inventors (e.g. Veronese et al., supra; Sherman, M R, et al., in J M Harris, et al., (Eds.) Poly(ethylene glycol) Chemistry and Biological Applications. ACS Symposium Series 680 (pp. 155-176) Washington, D C: American Chemical Society). The number of strands of 10-kDa PEG coupled to each subunit of uricase was determined to be six by the method described by Kunitani, M, et al., (1991) J Chromatogr 588:125-137.

Example 4

In Vivo Serum Persistence and Immunogenicity of Uricase and PEG-uricase

[0047] PEG conjugates of recombinant mammalian, uncases, prepared according to the method of Example 3, were adjusted to 1 mg protein/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, for injection. Samples were frozen and stored until analyzed or injected. Samples were warmed to 37 C. for up to 1 hour prior to injection into groups of eight BALB/c female mice. The groups of mice had mean weights in the range of 18-22 g at the start of the studies.

[0048] The weights of all mice were monitored and evidence of adverse reactions to the injections or other evidence of ill health was recorded. Twenty-four hours after each of six weekly injections, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine and 100-200 L of blood was obtained retro-orbitally, except at sacrifice (exsanguination, when a larger volume was collected. Serum was prepared from blood that had clotted for between 4 and 32 hours at 2-8 C. Sera were stored at 20 C. Sera were analyzed for uricolytic activity as described in Example 5 and analyzed for antibodies against uricases as described in Example 6.

Example 5

Uricolytic Activity Assays of PEG-uricase in Sera from Mice Injected with PEG-uricase

[0049] An activity assay based on ultraviolet light absorbance (UV assay) was performed with 100 M uric acid as the substrate in 200 mM sodium borate, pH 9.2, in a microplate adaptation of the method of I. Fridovich (J Biol Chem. (1965) 240:2491-2494). The decrease in absorbance at 292 nm was monitored for 15 minutes at room temperature in a 96-well plate with a UV-transparent bottom (Costar, Coming, N.Y.), using a SpectraMAX 250 microplate reader from Molecular Devices (Sunnyvale, Calif.). The data were analyzed by finding the maximum slope (in milli-absorbance units per minute) of absorbance measurements made during the interval v. rule between 10 and 40% of the substrate was oxidized. Results obtained with this assay are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5.

[0050] The mean half-life in sera of mice injected for the first time with PKS uricase coupled to six strands of 10-kDa PEG per submit (610-kDa PEG PKS) was 294 hours, based on data from sera obtained 24 and 72 hours after the injection.

[0051] In separate experiments, it was established chat the detectable uricolytic activity in the sera of mice injected with PEG-uricase declines during storage at 20 C. and that maximal recovery of this activity is obtained by a 4-hour incubation at 37 prior to assay. FIG. 5 shows that the recovery of uricolytic activity after repeated weekly injections of 610-kDa PEG PKS uricase was greatest when the enzyme was purified by Mono Q column chromatography, as in Example 1, prior to PEGylation according to the method of Example 3. Recovery was highest after the injection of conjugates prepared from the high-salt eluate pool of Example 1 (see FIG. 1), which has the smallest content of the very large aggregates (see the light scattering profiles of Fractions 7-10 in FIG. 3). Intermediate recovery was obtained with conjugates prepared from the low-salt eluate pool from the Mono Q column of Example 1, and the poorest recovery was obtained with conjugates made from unfractionated PKS uricase, which has the highest content of very large aggregates (see FIG. 2). The same order of relative activities recovered in sera after repeated injections (high salt pool >low salt pool >unfractionated uricase) was observed regardless of whether the UV assay described above or a colorimetric assay adapted from P. Fossati et al. (J Clin Chem (1980) 26:227-231), was used and regardless of whether the sera were incubated at 37 C. before they were assayed.

Example 6

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) of Sera from Mice Injected with PEG-uricase

[0052] Non-competitive ELISA analyses were performed with porcine uricase bound to 96-well Immulon 2 plates (Dynex Technology, from VWR Scientific, San Francisco, Calif.) The primary antisera were from mice injected with uricase or 610-kDa PEG conjugates prepared according to the method of Example 3. The secondary antibody was goat anti-mouse IgG coupled to horseradish peroxidase (Calbiochem-Novabiochem #401 253, La Jolla, Calif.) and the substrate was o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (Sigma P-9187, St. Louis, Mo.), as described by B. Porstmann et al. (J Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. (1981) 19:435-440).

[0053] FIG. 6 illustrates the results of the non-competitive ELISA analyses. The results demonstrate that the 610-kDa PEG PKS uricase synthesized according to the method of Example 3 from the high-salt eluate from the Mono Q column of Example 1 (shown, in FIG. 1) did not produce detectable immune responses in any of the eight mice that received weekly injections for six weeks. A few mice injected with conjugates prepared from unfractionated PKS uricase according to the method of Example 3 showed low but detectable immune responses. The highest incidence of immune responses was in mice injected with conjugates prepared according to the method of Example 3 from the low-salt eluate pool from the Mono Q column of Example 1.

[0054] Without the benefit of the light scattering detector for the size-exclusion HPLC analyses, as described in Example 2, it would not have been apparent that the presence of the largest aggregates, not of the octameric form of uricase, is associated with progressively decreased recovery of PEG-uricase conjugates after repeated injections, as observed in Example 5 (FIG. 5) and with an increase in immunogenicity in BALB/c mice, as observed in Example 6 (FIG. 6). These results have important implications for the specifications of the uricase used as a starting material for the production of PEG-uricase for clinical use.

[0055] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the an in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of that which is described and claimed.