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Ionic Liquid, Lubricant, and Magnetic Recording Medium

20180226094 ยท 2018-08-09

    Inventors

    Cpc classification

    International classification

    Abstract

    A lubricant which includes an ionic liquid including a conjugate acid and a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base, wherein the conjugate acid has a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and a pKa of an acid that is a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile is 10 or less.

    Claims

    1. A lubricant comprising: an ionic liquid including a conjugate acid and a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base, wherein the conjugate acid has a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and a pKa of an acid that is a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile is 10 or less.

    2. The lubricant according to claim 1, wherein the ionic liquid is represented by General Formula (1) below, ##STR00021## where, in General Formula (1), B.sup.+ is the conjugate acid and n is 1 or greater but 15 or less.

    3. The lubricant according to claim 1, wherein the conjugate acid is represented by General Formula (A) below, ##STR00022## where, in General Formula (A), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each a hydrogen atom or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may form a benzene ring together with carbon atoms to which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded; R.sup.3 is a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms; and R.sup.4 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group.

    4. The lubricant according to claim 1, wherein the conjugate acid is represented by General Formula (B), ##STR00023## where, in General Formula (B), R is a group bonded to a bicyclic ring and including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

    5. A magnetic recording medium comprising: a non-magnetic support; a magnetic layer disposed on the non-magnetic support; and the lubricant according to claim 1, disposed on the magnetic layer.

    6. An ionic liquid comprising: a conjugate acid; and a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base, wherein the conjugate acid has a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and a pKa of an acid that is a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile is 10 or less.

    7. The ionic liquid according to claim 6, wherein the ionic liquid is represented by General Formula (1) below, ##STR00024## where, in General Formula (1), B.sup.+ is the conjugate acid and n is 1 or greater but 15 or less.

    8. The ionic liquid according to claim 6, wherein the conjugate acid is represented by General Formula (A) below, ##STR00025## where, in General Formula (A), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each a hydrogen atom or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may form a benzene ring together with carbon atoms to which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded; R.sup.3 is a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms; and R.sup.4 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group.

    9. The ionic liquid according to claim 6, wherein the conjugate acid is represented by General Formula (B), ##STR00026## where, in General Formula (B), R is a group bonded to a bicyclic ring and including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

    Description

    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

    [0047] FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating thermally-assisted magnetic recording.

    [0048] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one example of a hard disk according to one aspect of the present invention.

    [0049] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one example of a magnetic tape according to one aspect of the present invention.

    [0050] FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating a pin-on-disk tester.

    [0051] FIG. 5 depicts the friction test results.

    DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

    [0052] Embodiments of the present invention are specifically described with reference to drawing hereinafter in the following order.

    1. Lubricant and ionic liquid
    2. Magnetic recording medium

    3. Examples

    1. LUBRICANT AND IONIC LIQUID

    [0053] The lubricant, which is one embodiment of the present invention, includes an ionic liquid including a conjugate acid and a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base.

    [0054] The conjugate base, which is one embodiment of the present invention, includes a conjugate acid and a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base.

    [0055] In the ionic liquid, the conjugate acid has a group including a hydrocarbon group. The hydrocarbon group is a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

    [0056] In the ionic liquid, a pKa of an acid that is a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile is 10 or less.

    [0057] Since the ionic liquid of the present embodiment includes a conjugate acid a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base, and a pKa of an acid that is a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile is 10 or less, excellent thermal stability can be exhibited. Since the cation site has a group including a hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, moreover, excellent lubricity can be obtained in combination with the thermal stability.

    [0058] In the present specification, pKa is an acid dissociation constant, and is an acid dissociation constant in acetonitrile.

    [0059] The pKa is 10 or less, which is a strong acid, and is preferably 6.0 or less. The lower limit of the pKa is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but the pKa is preferably 5.0 or greater.

    <<Conjugate Base>>

    [0060] The conjugate base has 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base, and preferably has 2 anions in a molecule of the conjugate base.

    [0061] Examples of the conjugate base include conjugate bases represented by General Formula (X) below.


    .sup.ZYZ.sup.General Formula (X)

    [0062] In General Formula (X), Z.sup. and Z.sup. are each independently an anionic functional group; and Y is a linking group bonded to Z.sup. and Z.sup. with covalent bonds to link Z.sup. and Z.sup..

    [0063] Examples of the anionic functional group include anionic functional groups represented by structural formulae and a general formula below.

    ##STR00009##

    [0064] In General Formula (Z-1), m is 1 or greater but 10 or less, and is preferably 1 or greater but 6 or less.

    [0065] Note that, a bond in each structural formula and the general formula is bonded to Y.

    [0066] Y is preferably a fully fluorinated hydrocarbon group. Examples of the fully fluorinated substituted include groups represented by General Formula (Y-1) below.


    CF.sub.2.sub.nGeneral Formula (Y-1)

    In General Formula (Y-1), n is 1 or greater but 15 or less, and preferably 1 or greater but 10 or less.

    [0067] Examples of the conjugate base include conjugate bases represented by General Formula (X-1) below, conjugate bases represented by General Formula (X-2) below, conjugate bases represented by General Formula (X-3) below, conjugate bases represented by General Formula (X-4) below, and conjugate bases represented by General Formula (X-5) below.

    ##STR00010##

    [0068] In General Formulae (X-1) to (X-5), n is each independently 1 or greater but 15 or less, preferably 1 or greater but 10 or less; and m is each independently 1 or greater but 10 or less, preferably 1 or greater but 6 or less.

    [0069] In General Formula (X-4), C.sub.nF.sub.2n is preferably (CF.sub.2).sub.n.

    <<Conjugate Acid>>

    [0070] The conjugate acid has a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

    [0071] The upper limit of the number of carbon atoms in the straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or greater carbon atoms is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. The upper limit of the number of carbon atoms is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 25 or less, and particularly preferably 20 or less in view of availability of raw materials. When the hydrocarbon group has a long chain, lubricity can be improved, with reducing a coefficient of friction.

    [0072] The group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms is preferably a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

    [0073] The hydrocarbon group may be a saturated hydrocarbon group, or an unsaturated hydrocarbon group partially including a double bond, or an unsaturated branched hydrocarbon group partially including a branched structure, as long as the hydrocarbon group is a straight-chain hydrocarbon group. Among the above-listed examples, an alkyl group, which is a saturated hydrocarbon group, is preferably in view of abrasion resistance. Moreover, the hydrocarbon group is preferably a straight-chain hydrocarbon group that does not include a branched structure even at part.

    [0074] The conjugate acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. The conjugate acid is preferably conjugate acids represented by General Formula (A) below and conjugate acids represented by General Formula (B) below.

    ##STR00011##

    [0075] In General Formula (A), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each a hydrogen atom or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may form a ring (e.g. a benzene ring) together with carbon atoms to which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded; R.sup.3 is a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms; and R.sup.4 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group.

    [0076] Note that, the conjugate acid represented by General Formula (A) may have another resonance structure (intrinsic structure). Specifically, the conjugate acid represented by General Formula (A) may have a resonance structure (intrinsic structure) where a nitrogen atom to which R.sup.4 is bonded is positively charged and a hydrogen atom is bonded to the nitrogen atom. In the present invention, the conjugate acid having the above-described resonance structure (intrinsic structure) is also included in the conjugate acid represented by General Formula (A). It is the same in General Formula (A-1), General Formula (A-2), and General Formula (2) below.

    [0077] The upper limit of the number of carbon atoms of the straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms for R.sup.3 is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. In view of readily availability of raw materials, the upper limit is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 25 or less, and particularly preferably 20 or less. Since the hydrocarbon group is a long chain, a friction coefficient can be reduced and lubricity can be improved.

    [0078] R.sup.3 is preferably the straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

    [0079] The hydrocarbon group of R.sup.3 is not limited as long as the hydrocarbon group is a straight chain. The hydrocarbon group of R.sup.3 may be a saturated hydrocarbon group, an unsaturated hydrocarbon group having a double bond at part, or an unsaturated branched hydrocarbon group having a branched chain at part. Among the above-listed examples, the hydrocarbon group is preferably an alkyl group that is a saturated hydrocarbon group in view of abrasion resistance. Moreover, the hydrocarbon group is also preferably a straight-chain hydrocarbon group that does not a branched chain at any part.

    [0080] The hydrocarbon group of R.sup.4 is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. The hydrocarbon group of R.sup.4 is preferably a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms. The straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms is preferably the hydrocarbon group described related to R.sup.3.

    [0081] The conjugated acid represented by General Formula (A) is preferably any of conjugated acids represented by General Formula (A-1) and General Formula (A-2) below.

    ##STR00012##

    [0082] In General Formula (A-1) and General Formula (A-2), R.sup.3 is a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms; and R.sup.4 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group. Examples of R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are identical to the examples of R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 in General Formula (A).

    ##STR00013##

    [0083] In General Formula (B), R is a group bonded to a bicyclic ring and including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

    [0084] Note that, the conjugate acid represented by General Formula (B) may have another resonance structure (intrinsic structure). Specifically, the conjugate acid represented by General Formula (B) may have a resonance structure (intrinsic structure) where H is bonded to another nitrogen atom. In the present invention, the conjugate acid having the above-described resonance structure (intrinsic structure) is also included in the conjugate acid represented by General Formula (B). It is the same in General Formula (B-1) and General Formula (3) below.

    [0085] The upper limit of the number of carbon atoms of the straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms for R is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. In view of readily availability of raw materials, the upper limit is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 25 or less, and particularly preferably 20 or less. Since the hydrocarbon group is a long chain, a friction coefficient can be reduced and lubricity can be improved.

    [0086] R is preferably the straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

    [0087] The hydrocarbon group of R is not limited as long as the hydrocarbon group is a straight chain. The hydrocarbon group of R may be a saturated hydrocarbon group, an unsaturated hydrocarbon group having a double bond at part, or an unsaturated branched hydrocarbon group having a branched chain at part. Among the above-listed examples, the hydrocarbon group is preferably an alkyl group that is a saturated hydrocarbon group in view of abrasion resistance. Moreover, the hydrocarbon group is also preferably a straight-chain hydrocarbon group that does not a branched chain at any part.

    [0088] The conjugate acid represented by General Formula (B) is preferably a conjugate acid represented by General Formula (B-1) below.

    ##STR00014##

    [0089] In general formula (B-1), R is a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms. Examples of R are identical to the examples of R in General Formula (B).

    <<Preferable Examples of Ionic Liquid>>

    [0090] The ionic liquid is preferably an ionic liquid represented by General Formula (1) below, more preferably an ionic liquid represented by General Formula (2) below or an ionic liquid represented by General Formula (3) below.

    ##STR00015##

    [0091] In General Formula (1), B.sup.+ is the conjugate acid and n is 1 or greater but 15 or less.

    ##STR00016##

    [0092] In General Formula (2), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each a hydrogen atom or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may form a benzene ring together with carbon atoms to which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded; R.sup.3 is a group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms; R.sup.4 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group; and n is 1 or greater but 15 or less. Note that, two of R.sup.1, two of R.sup.2, two of R.sup.3, and two of R.sup.4 may be the same or different.

    ##STR00017##

    [0093] In General Formula (3), R is each independently a group bonded to a bicyclic ring and including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms; and n is 1 or greater but 15 or less.

    [0094] Examples of the substituents, examples of the repeating units, and preferable ranges of the repeating units in General Formulae (1) to (3) are identical to the examples and preferable ranges of the above-described conjugate acid and conjugate base.

    [0095] A synthesis method of the ionic liquid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, various types of the ionic liquid can be synthesized with reference to the method disclosed in Examples below.

    [0096] The ionic liquid of the present embodiment may be used alone as the lubricant, or the ionic liquid may be used in combination with a conventional lubricant.

    [0097] Examples of the lubricant used in combination include long-chain carboxylic acid, long-chain carboxylic acid ester, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid ester, perfluoroalkyl carboxylate, perfluoroalkyl perfluoroalkylcarboxylate, and a perfluoropolyether derivative.

    [0098] Moreover, an extreme pressure agent may be used in combination at a mass ratio of about 30:70 to about 70:30 in a mass ratio in order to maintain a lubricating effect under severe conditions. The extreme pressure agent reacts with a surface of a metal with friction heat generated when the lubricant is partially in contact with the metal in a boundary lubrication region, and forms a coating film of a reaction product. As a result, friction and abrasion are prevented. As the extreme pressure agent, for example, any of a phosphorus-based extreme pressure agent, a sulfur-based extreme pressure agent, a halogen-based extreme pressure agent, an organic metal-based extreme pressure agent, or a complex extreme pressure agent can be used.

    [0099] Moreover, an anti-rust agent may be optionally used in combination. The anti-rust agent may be any anti-rust agent typically used for this kind of magnetic recording media. Examples of the anti-rust agent include phenols, naphthols, quinones, heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom, heterocyclic compounds containing an oxygen atom, and heterocyclic compounds containing a sulfur atom. Moreover, the anti-rust agent may be mixed with the lubricant. Alternatively, the anti-rust agent and the lubricant may be deposited as two or more layers by forming a magnetic layer on a non-magnetic support, and applying an anti-rust agent layer on the upper part of the magnetic layer, followed by applying a lubricant layer.

    [0100] As a solvent of the lubricant, for example, a single use or a combination of alcoholic solvents, such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and ethanol, can be used. For example, a mixture of a hydrocarbon-based solvent, such as normal-hexane, and a fluorine-based solvent can be used.

    2. MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIUM

    [0101] Next, a magnetic recording medium using the above-described lubricant is described. A magnetic recording medium described as one embodiment of the present invention includes at least a magnetic layer on a non-magnetic support, and the above-described lubricant is held on the magnetic layer.

    [0102] The lubricant of the present embodiment can be applied for so-called a thin film-metal-type magnetic recording medium, in which a magnetic layer formed on a non-magnetic support by a method, such as vapor deposition and sputtering. Moreover, the lubricant can be also applied for a magnetic recording medium having a structure, in which a base layer is disposed between a non-magnetic support and a magnetic layer. Examples of such a magnetic recording medium include a magnetic disk, and a magnetic tape.

    [0103] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one example of a hard disk. The hard disk has a structure, in which a substrate 11, a base layer 12, a magnetic layer 13, a protective carbon layer 14, and a lubricant layer 15 are sequentially laminated.

    [0104] Moreover, FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one example of a magnetic tape. The magnetic tape has a structure, in which a back-coating layer 25, a substrate 21, a magnetic layer 22, a protective carbon layer 23, and a lubricant layer 24 are sequentially laminated.

    [0105] In the magnetic disk illustrated in FIG. 2, each of the substrate 11 and the base layer 12 corresponds to the non-magnetic support. In the magnetic tape illustrated in FIG. 3, the substrate 21 corresponds to the non-magnetic support. In the case where a rigid substrate, such as an Al alloy plate, and a glass plate, is used as the non-magnetic support, a surface of the substrate may be made hard by forming an oxidized film, such as anodizing or a NiP coating on the surface of the substrate.

    [0106] Each of the magnetic layers 13 and 22 is formed as a continuous film by a method, such as plating, sputtering, vacuum deposition, and plasma CVD. Examples of the magnetic layers 13 and 22 include: longitudinal magnetic recording metal magnetic films formed of metals (e.g., Fe, Co, and Ni), CoNi-based alloys, CoPt-based alloys, CoNiPt-based alloys, FeCo-based alloys, FeNi-based alloys, FeCoNi-based alloys, FeNiB-based alloys, FeCoB-based alloys, or FeCoNiB-based alloys; and perpendicular magnetic recording metal magnetic thin films, such as CoCr-based alloy thin films, and CoO-based thin films.

    [0107] In the case where a longitudinal magnetic recording metal magnetic thin film is formed, particularly, a non-magnetic material, such as Bi, Sb, Pb, Sn, Ga, In, Ge, Si, and Tl, is formed as a base layer 12 on a non-magnetic support in advance, and a metal magnetic material is deposited through vapor deposition or sputtering in a perpendicular direction to diffuse the non-magnetic material into the magnetic metal thin film, to thereby improve a coercive force as well as eliminating orientation to assure in-plane isotropy.

    [0108] Moreover, a hard protective layer 14 or 23, such as a carbon film, a diamond-formed carbon film, a chromium oxide film, and SiO.sub.2 film, may be formed on a surface of the magnetic layer 13 or 22.

    [0109] Examples of a method for applying the above-mentioned lubricant to such a metal thin film magnetic recording medium include a method for top-coating a surface of the magnetic layer 13 or 22, or a surface of the protective layer 14 or 23 with the lubricant, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. A coating amount of the lubricant is preferably from 0.1 mg/m.sup.2 to 100 mg/m.sup.2, more preferably from 0.5 mg/m.sup.2 to 30 mg/m.sup.2, and particularly preferably from 0.5 mg/m.sup.2 to 20 mg/m.sup.2.

    [0110] As illustrated in FIG. 3, moreover, a metal thin film magnetic tape may optionally have a back-coating layer 25, other than a metal magnetic thin film, which is the magnetic layer 22.

    [0111] The back-coating layer 25 is formed by adding a carbon-based powder for imparting conductivity, or an inorganic pigment for controlling a surface roughness to a resin binder, and applying the resin binder mixture. In the present embodiment, the above-described lubricant may be internally added to the back-coating layer 25, or applied to the back-coating layer 25 as top coating. Moreover, the above-described lubricant may be internally added to both the magnetic layer 22 and the back-coating layer 25, or applied to both the magnetic layer 22 and the back-coating layer 25 as top coating.

    [0112] As another embodiment, moreover, the lubricant can be applied for a so-called coating-type magnetic recording medium, in which a magnetic coating film is formed as a magnetic layer by applying a magnetic coating material onto a surface of a non-magnetic support. In the coating-type magnetic recording medium, the non-magnetic support, a magnetic powder constituting the magnetic coating film, and the resin binder for use can be selected from any of those known in the art.

    [0113] Examples of the non-magnetic support include: polymer substrates formed of polymer materials, such as polyesters, polyolefins, cellulose derivatives, vinyl-based resins, polyimides, polyamides, and polycarbonate; metal substrates formed of aluminium alloys, or titanium alloys; ceramic substrates formed of alumina glass; and glass substrates. Moreover, a shape of the non-magnetic support is not particularly limited, and may be any form, such as a tape, a sheet, and a drum. Furthermore, the non-magnetic support may be subjected to a surface treatment to form fine irregularities in order to control surface properties of the non-magnetic support.

    [0114] Examples of the magnetic powder include: ferromagnetic iron oxide-based particles, such as -Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, cobalt-coated -Fe.sub.2O.sub.3; ferromagnetic chromium dioxide; ferromagnetic metal-based particles formed of a metal, such as Fe, Co, and Ni, or an alloy containing any of the above-listed metals; and hexagonal ferrite particles in the form of hexagonal plates.

    [0115] Examples of the resin binder include: polymers, such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinylidene chloride, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid ester, styrene, butadiene, and acrylonitrile; copolymers combining two or more selected from the above-listed polymers; polyurethane resins; polyester resins; and epoxy resins. In order to improve dispersibility of the magnetic powder, a hydrophilic polar group, such as a carboxylic acid group, a carboxyl group, and a phosphoric acid group, may be introduced into any of the above-listed binders.

    [0116] Other than the magnetic powder and the resin binder, additives, such as a dispersing agent, an abrasive, an antistatic agent, and an anti-rust agent, may be added to the magnetic coating film.

    [0117] As a method for retaining the above-described lubricant in the coating-type magnetic recording medium, there are a method where the lubricant is internally added to the magnetic layer constituting the magnetic coating film formed on the non-magnetic support, a method where the lubricant is applied on a surface of the magnetic layer as top coating, and a combination of the above-listed methods. In the case where the lubricant is internally added into the magnetic coating film, the lubricant is added in an amount of from 0.2 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the resin binder.

    [0118] In the case where a surface of the magnetic layer is top-coated with the lubricant, moreover, a coating amount of the lubricant is preferably from 0.1 mg/m.sup.2 to 100 mg/m.sup.2, and more preferably from 0.5 mg/m.sup.2 to 20 mg/m.sup.2. As a deposition method in the case where the lubricant is applied as top coating, the ionic liquid is dissolved in a solvent, and the obtained solution may be applied or sprayed, or a magnetic recording medium may be dipped in the solution.

    [0119] The magnetic recording medium, to which the lubricant of the present embodiment is applied, exhibits excellent running performances, abrasion resistance, and durability because of a lubricating effect, and can further improve thermal stability.

    EXAMPLES

    3. Examples

    [0120] Specific examples of the present invention are explained below. In the examples, ionic liquids were synthesized, and lubricants including the ionic liquids were produced. Then, magnetic disks and magnetic tapes were produced using the lubricants lubricant, and durability of each of the disks and durability of each of the tapes were evaluated. Production of a magnetic disk, a durability test of the disk, production of a magnetic tape, and a durability test of the tape were performed in the following manner. Note that, the present invention is not limited to these examples.

    <Production of Magnetic Disk>

    [0121] A magnetic thin film was formed on a glass substrate to produce a magnetic disk as illustrated in FIG. 2, for example, according to International Patent Publication No. WO2005/068589. Specifically, a chemically reinforced glass disk, which was formed of aluminium silicate glass and had an outer diameter of 65 mm, an inner diameter of 20 mm, and a disk thickness of 0.635 mm, was prepared, and a surface of the glass disk was polished so that Rmax of the surface was to be 4.8 nm, and Ra of the surface was to be 0.43 nm. The glass substrate was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning for 5 minutes each in pure water and in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) having the purity of 99.9% or greater, and the washed glass substrate was left to stand in saturated IPA steam for 1.5 minutes, followed by drying. The resultant glass substrate was provided as a substrate 11.

    [0122] On the substrate 11, a NiAl alloy (Ni: 50 mol %, Al: 50 mol %) thin film in the thickness of 30 nm as a seed layer, a CrMo alloy (Cr: 80 mol %, Mo: 20 mol %) thin film in the thickness of 8 nm as a base layer 12, and a CoCrPtB alloy (Co: 62 mol %, Cr: 20 mol %, Pt: 12 mol %, B: 6 mol %) thin film in the thickness of 15 nm as a magnetic layer 13 were sequentially formed by DC magnetron sputtering.

    [0123] Subsequently, a 5 nm-thick protective carbon layer 14 formed of amorphous diamond-like carbon was formed by plasma CVD, and the resultant disk sample was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning for 10 minutes in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) having the purity of 99.9% or greater inside a cleaner to remove impurities on a surface of the disk, followed by drying. Thereafter, an IPA solution of an ionic liquid was applied on a surface of the disk by dip coating in the environment of 25 C. and 50% in relative humidity (RH), to form about 1 nm of a lubricant layer 15.

    <Measurement of Thermal Stability>

    [0124] In the TG/DTA measurement, the measurement was performed by means of EXSTAR6000 available from Seiko Instruments Inc. at a temperature range of from 30 C. to 600 C. at a heating rate of 10 C./min with introducing air at a flow rate of 200 mL/min.

    <Disk Durability Test 1 (Pin-On-Disk Test)>

    [0125] By means of a pin-on-disk tester illustrated in FIG. 4, friction force caused against the arm was detected by a strain gauge under the following measurement conditions.

    [Measurement Conditions]

    [0126] Load: 15 g [0127] Sliding speed: 1.7 mm/sec (100 mm/min) [0128] Contact area: 3 mm in diameter, steel ball [0129] Sliding distance: 20 mm [0130] Sliding times: 100 times

    <Disk Durability Test 2>

    [0131] A CSS durability test was performed by means of a commercially available strain-gauge-type disk friction-abrasion tester in the following manner. A hard disk was mounted on a rotatable spindle with tightening torque of 14.7 Ncm. Thereafter, a head slider was attached on the hard disk in a manner that a center of an air bearing surface at the inner circumference side of the head slider relative to the hard disk was 17.5 mm from a center of the hard disk. The head used for the measurement was an IBM3370-type inline head, a material of the slider was Al.sub.2O.sub.3TiC, and the head load was 63.7 mN. In the test, the maximum value of friction force was monitored per CSS (contact, start, and stop) in the environment of 100 in cleanliness, 25 C., and 60% RH. The number of times when a coefficient of friction was greater than 1.0 was determined as a result of the CSS durability test. When a result of the CSS durability test was greater than 50,000 times, the result was represented as >50,000. Moreover, a CSS durability test was similarly performed after performing a heating test for 3 minutes at a temperature of 300 C. or 350 C., in order to study heat resistance.

    <Production of Magnetic Tape>

    [0132] A magnetic tape having a cross-sectional structure as illustrated in FIG. 3 was produced. First, Co was deposited on a substrate 21 formed of a 5 m-thick MICTRON (aromatic polyamide) film available from TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. by oblique deposition to form a magnetic layer 22 formed of a ferromagnetic metal thin film having a film thickness 100 nm. Next, a protective carbon layer 23 formed of a 10 nm-thick diamond-like carbon was formed on a surface of the ferromagnetic metal thin film by plasma CVD, followed by cutting the resultant into a strip having a width of 6 mm. An ionic liquid dissolved in IPA was applied onto the protective carbon layer 23 in a manner that a film thickness of the ionic liquid solution was about 1 nm. In this manner, a lubricant layer 24 is formed on the magnetic layer to thereby produce a sample tape.

    <Tape Durability Test>

    [0133] Each sample tape was subjected to a measurement of still durability in an environment having a temperature of 5 C. and in an environment having a temperature of 40 C. and 30% RH, and measurements of a coefficient of friction and shuttle durability in an environment having a temperature of 5 C. and in an environment having a temperature of 40 C. and 90% RH. The still durability was evaluated by a decay time of an output in a paused state decayed by 3 dB. The shuttle resistant was evaluated by the number of shuttles taken until an output was reduced by 3 dB when repeated shuttle run was performed for 2 minutes per time. Moreover, a durability test was similarly performed after performing a heating test for 10 minutes at a temperature of 100 C., in order to study heat resistance.

    [0134] The ionic liquid of the present embodiment includes a conjugate acid and a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base, and a pKa of an acid that is a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile is 10 or less. Moreover, the cation site preferably has a group including a hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms. Thermal stability of such an ionic liquid and durability of a magnetic recording medium using the ionic liquid were studied.

    Example 1A

    Synthesis of 1,3-bis(1-octadecyl-2-heptadecylimidazolium)hexafluoropropanedisulfonate

    [0135] Synthesis of 1,3-bis(1-octadecyl-2-heptadecylimidazolium)hexafluoropropanedisulfonate was prepared according to the following scheme.

    ##STR00018##

    [0136] A raw material, 2-heptadecylimidazole, was used after recrystallizing a product obtained from SHIKOKU CHEMICALS CORPORATION with ethanol. Since thermal stability improved by improving the purity from 93% to 98.5% through the recrystallization, the purified product through recrystallization was used as the 2-heptadecyl imidazole used below as a synthesis raw material.

    [0137] The purified 2-heptadecylimidazole (9.18 g), 9.99 g of octadecyl bromide, and 1.68 g of potassium hydroxide were added to a mixture including 100 mL of acetonitrile and 100 mL of toluene, and the resultant was heated to reflux for 3 hours. The reaction solution was filtered to remove the generated salt, and the solvent was removed by an evaporator. Unreacted raw materials were separated by column chromatography with a solvent of n-hexane/ethyl acetate=9/1 to thereby obtain 14.5 g of 1-octadecyl-2-heptadecylimidazole, which was a target, with the gas chromatography purity of 98% or higher.

    [0138] In ethanol, 5.94 g of 1-octadecyl-2-heptadecylimidazole was dissolved. To the resultant solution, a solution in which 1.66 g of perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid was diluted with ethanol was added. After allowing the resultant solution to react at room temperature for 1 hour, the resultant was heated to reflux for 1 hour. After cooling the resultant to room temperature, the ethanol was removed. After sufficiently washing the resultant with water, recrystallization was performed with ethanol to thereby obtain 6.10 g of a product. The yield after recrystallization was 81%.

    [0139] In the present specification, the measurement of FTIR was performed by means of FT/IR-460 available from JASCO Corporation according to a transmission method using KBr plates or KBr pellets. The resolution of the measurement was 4 cm.sup.1.

    [0140] The .sup.1H-NMR and .sup.13C-NMR spectra were measured by means of Varian Mercury Plus 300 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (available from Varian, Inc.). A chemical shift of .sup.1H-NMR was represented with ppm comparing with an internal standard (TMS at 0 ppm or deuterated solvent peak). Splitting patterns were presented by denoting a singlet as s, a doublet as d, a triplet as t, a multiplet as m, and a broad peak as br.

    [0141] The FTIR absorption of the generated product and the assignment are presented below.

    [0142] Symmetric stretching vibrations of SO.sub.2 were observed at 1,153 cm.sup.1, symmetric stretching vibrations of CF.sub.2 were observed at 1,269 cm.sup.1, asymmetric stretching vibrations of a SO.sub.2 bond were observed at 1,353 cm.sup.1, bending vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 1,469 cm.sup.1, symmetric stretching vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 2,848 cm.sup.1, asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 2,916 cm.sup.1, and stretching vibrations of NH were observed at 3,086 cm.sup.1 and 3,153 cm.sup.1.

    [0143] Moreover, peaks of a proton (.sup.1H)NMR and a carbon (.sup.13C)NMR in deuterated chloroform are presented below.

    [0144] .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3, ppm); 0.850 (12H, t/J=6.9 Hz), 1.100-1.450 (m, 116H), 1.680-1.830 (m, 8H), 2.896 (4H, t/J=7.5 Hz), 3.985 (4H, t/J=7.5 Hz), 7.135-7.148 (m, 2H), 7.2407-7.264 (m, 2H), 13.379 (brs, 2H)

    [0145] .sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3, ppm); 14.085, 22.663, 24.525, 26.388, 27.303, 28.998, 29.349, 29.425, 29.516, 29.608, 29.700, 30.112, 31.898, 47.634, 119.126, 120.881, 147.012

    [0146] The generated product was determined as 1,3-bis(1-octadecyl-2-heptadecylimidazolium)hexafluoropropanedisulfonate from the spectra above.

    [0147] Note that, in 1,3-bis(1-octadecyl-2-heptadecylimidazolium)hexafluoropropanedisulfonate, a pKa of an acid [1,3-disulfonic acid perfluoropropane] that is a source of a conjugate base is 0.7 in acetonitrile.

    Example 2A

    Synthesis of 1,3-bis[6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium]hexafluoropropanedisulfonate

    [0148] Synthesis of 1,3-bis[6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium]hexafluoropropanedisulfonate was performed according to the following scheme.

    ##STR00019##

    [0149] According to the method proposed by Murayama et al. (Non-Patent Literature N. Matsumura, H. Nishiguchi, M. Okada, and S. Yoneda, J. Heterocyclic Chem. pp. 885-887, Vol. 23, Issue 3 (1986)), 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene was synthesized. Specifically, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene (DBU) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, the resultant solution was cooled to 0 C. To the cooled solution, butyl lithium was added by dripping with stirring for 1 hour at 0 C. To the solution, a THF solution of equimolar octadecyl bromide was added. After completing the reaction, the resultant reaction solution was turned acidic with dilute hydrochloric acid, followed by extraction with diethyl ether. The aqueous solution was turned alkaline with sodium hydroxide, followed by extraction with diethyl ether. The combined diethyl ether layer was washed with water, followed by drying the resultant with anhydrous magnesium sulfate to remove the solvent. Thereafter, purification was performed by silica gel column chromatography to thereby obtain 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene. The yield was 75%.

    [0150] In ethanol, 3.73 g of 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene was dissolved. To the resultant solution, a solution obtained by diluting 1.83 g of a 78.7% perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid aqueous solution with ethanol was added, and the mixture was allowed to react for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by heating the resultant to reflux for 1 hour. After cooling the resultant, the solvent was removed, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, and the resultant was sufficiently washed with water. Thereafter, the resultant was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove the solvent, to thereby obtain 4.85 g of 1,3-bis[6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium]hexafluoropropanedisulfonate. The yield was 87%.

    [0151] The FTIR absorption of the generated product and the assignment are presented below.

    [0152] Symmetric stretching vibrations of SO.sub.2 were observed at 1,132 cm.sup.1, symmetric stretching vibrations of CF.sub.2 were observed at 1,244 cm.sup.1, bending vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 1,468 cm.sup.1, stretching vibrations of CN were observed at 1,574 cm.sup.1, symmetric stretching vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 2,850 cm.sup.1, asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 2,918 cm.sup.1, and stretching vibrations of NH were observed at 3,288 cm.sup.1 and 3,134 cm.sup.1.

    [0153] Moreover, peaks of a proton (.sup.1H)NMR and a carbon (.sup.13C)NMR in deuterated methanol are presented below.

    [0154] .sup.1H-NMR (deuterated methanol, ppm); 0.894 (6H, t/J=7.0 Hz), 1.228-1.400 (m, 64H), 1.499-1.615 (m, 4H), 1.645-1.900 (m, 12H), 1.948-2.098 (m, 4H), 2.818 (m, 2H), 3.362 (4H, t/J=5.7 Hz), 3.510-3.800 (m, 8H)

    [0155] .sup.13C-NMR (deuterated methanol, ppm); 14.468, 20.351, 23.740, 26.950, 27.067, 28.425, 30.059, 30.486, 30.562, 30.608, 30.715, 30.791, 33.081, 39.567, 44.253, 50.450, 54.617, 169.105

    [0156] The generated product was determined as 1,3-bis[6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium]hexafluoropropanedisulfonate from the spectra above.

    [0157] Note that, in 1,3-bis[6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium]hexafluoropropanedisulfonate, a pKa of an acid [perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid] that is a source of a conjugate base is 0.7 in acetonitrile.

    Comparative Example 1A

    Synthesis of 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumheptadecafluorooctanesulfonate

    [0158] Synthesis of 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumheptadecafluorooctanesulfonate was performed according to the following scheme.

    ##STR00020##

    [0159] In ethanol, 3.13 g of 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene synthesized in the same manner as in Example 2A was dissolved. To the resultant solution, a solution obtained by diluting 3.87 g of heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid with ethanol was added, and the resultant was allowed to react for 1 hour at room temperature. Thereafter, the resultant was heated to reflux for 1 hour. After cooling the resultant, the solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in a dichloromethane, and the resultant was sufficiently washed with water, followed by drying the resultant with anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove the solvent, to thereby obtain 6.15 g of 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumheptadecafluorooctanesulfonate. The yield was 88%.

    [0160] The FTIR absorption of the generated product and the assignment are presented below.

    [0161] Symmetric stretching vibrations of CF.sub.2 were observed at adjacent to 1,252 cm.sup.1, bending vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 1,467 cm.sup.1, stretching vibrations of CN were observed at 1,643 cm.sup.1, symmetric stretching vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 2,851 cm.sup.1, asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH.sub.2 were observed at 2,920 cm.sup.1, and stretching vibrations of NH were observed at the range of 3,178 cm.sup.1 to 3,410 cm.sup.1.

    [0162] Moreover, peaks of a proton (.sup.1H)NMR and a carbon (.sup.13C)NMR in deuterated chloroform are presented below.

    [0163] .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3, ppm); 0.843 (6H, t/J=7.0 Hz), 1.205-1.287 (m, 32H), 1.544-1.800 (m, 8H), 1.975-2.033 (m, 2H), 2.792-2.816 (m, 1H), 3.440-3.559 (m, 6H), 8.713 (brs, 1H)

    [0164] .sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3, ppm); 14.024, 19.336, 22.633, 25.121, 26.311, 27.181, 28.311, 29.028, 29.303, 29.425, 29.532, 29.608, 29.654, 31.882, 38.491, 43.375, 49.725, 53.785, 168.029

    [0165] The generated product was determined as 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumheptadecafluorooctanesulfonate from the spectra above.

    [0166] Note that, in 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumheptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, a pKa of an acid [heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid] that is a source of a conjugate base is 0.7 in acetonitrile.

    Example 1B

    <Thermal Stability Measurement Results>

    [0167] The 5% weight reduction temperature, 10% weight reduction temperature, and 20% weight reduction temperature of 1,3-bis(1-octadecyl-2-heptadecylimidazolium)hexafluoropropanedisulfonate synthesized in Example 1A were 347.7 C., 368.3 C., and 387.9 C., respectively. The endothermic decomposition temperature was 400.5 C. It could be found that the weight reduction temperatures were higher by 150 C. or more compared to the commercially available perfluoropolyether Z-DOL (Comparative Example 2B) that was presented as Comparative Example and was generally known as a lubricant for magnetic recording media, and were higher by 100 C. or more compared to Z-TETRAOL (Comparative Example 3B).

    Example 2B

    <Thermal Stability Measurement Results>

    [0168] The 5% weight reduction temperature, 10% weight reduction temperature, and 20% weight reduction temperature of 1,3-bis[6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium]hexafluoropropanedisulfonate synthesized in Example 2A were 362.0 C., 383.1 C., and 407.1 C., respectively. The endothermic decomposition temperature was 421.5 C. The 5% weight reduction temperature, 10% weight reduction temperature, 20% weight reduction temperature, and the endothermic decomposition temperature were all higher compared to 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumheptadecafluorooctanesulfonate of Comparative Example 1A, which was monoanion. It was assumed that the higher weight reduction temperatures and endothermic decomposition temperature were owing to the effect of dianion.

    [0169] Moreover, it could be understood that the thermal stability was significantly improved compared to the commercially available perfluoropolyether Z-DOL (Comparative Example 2B) or Z-TETRAOL (Comparative Example 3B).

    Comparative Example 1B

    <Thermal Stability Measurement Results>

    [0170] The 5% weight reduction temperature, 10% weight reduction temperature, and 20% weight reduction temperature, and the endothermic decomposition temperature of 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumheptadecafluorooctanesulfonate that was synthesized in Comparative Example 1A and was a monoanion ionic liquid were 361.9 C., 382.7 C., 403.5 C., and 417.2 C., respectively. Since the 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumheptadecafluorooctanesulfonate was the ionic liquid, the thermal stability was significantly higher than the commercially available perfluoropolyether.

    Comparative Example 2B

    <Thermal Stability Measurement Results>

    [0171] Perfluoropolyether (Z-DOL), which was a commercial product, was generally used as a lubricant for magnetic recording media, has a hydroxyl group at a terminal, and has a molecular weight of about 2,000, was used as a lubricant of Comparative Example 2B. The 5% weight reduction temperature, 10% weight reduction temperature, and 20% weight reduction temperature of Z-DOL were 165.0 C., 197.0 C., and 226.0 C., respectively. The weight reduction was caused by evaporation.

    Comparative Example 3B

    <Thermal Stability Measurement Results>

    [0172] Perfluoropolyether (Z-TETRAOL), which was a commercial product, was generally used as a lubricant for magnetic recording media, had several hydroxyl groups at terminals, and had a molecular weight of about 2,000, was used as a lubricant of Comparative Example 3B. The 5% weight reduction temperature, 10% weight reduction temperature, and 20% weight reduction temperature of Z-TETRAOL were 240.0 C., 261.0 C., and 282.0 C., respectively. Similarly to Z-DOL, the weight reduction was caused by evaporation.

    [0173] The results of Examples 1B to 2B and Comparative Examples 1B to 3B are summarized in Table 2.

    TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Endothermic Weight reduction decomposition Synthesis temperature ( C.) temperature Example Example Compound name 5% 10% 20% ( C.) Ex. 1B Ex. 1A 1,3-bis(1-octadecyl-2- 347.7 368.3 387.9 400.5 heptadecylimidazolium) hexafluoropropane disulfonate Ex. 2B Ex. 2A 1,3-bis[6-octadecyl-1,8- 362.0 383.1 407.1 421.5 diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7- undecenium]hexafluoro propanedisulfonate Comp. Comp. 6-octadecyl-1,8-diaza 361.9 382.7 403.5 417.2 Ex. 1B Ex. 1A bicyclo[5.4.0]-7- undeceniumheptadeca fluorooctanesulfonate Comp. Z-DOL 165.0 197.0 226.0 Ex. 2B Comp. Z-Tetraol 240.0 261.0 282.0 Ex. 3B

    [0174] As described above, it could be understood that the ionic liquid-based lubricants had excellent thermal stability compared to the commercially available perfluoropolyether of Comparative Examples 2B and 3B.

    [0175] Moreover, it was found from the comparison between Example 2B and Comparative Example 1B that the dianion ionic liquid having 6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium in the cation site had improved thermal stability, which demonstrated the effect of the dianion.

    Example 1C

    <Disk Durability Test 1>

    [0176] A friction test was performed on a lubricant including the ionic liquid of Example 1A by means of the pin-on-disk tester illustrated in FIG. 4. The result is presented in FIG. 5.

    Example 2C

    <Disk Durability Test 1>

    [0177] A friction test was performed on a lubricant including the ionic liquid of Example 2A in the same manner as in Example 1C. The result is presented in FIG. 5.

    Comparative Example 1C

    <Disk Durability Test 1>

    [0178] A friction test was performed on a lubricant including the ionic liquid of Comparative Example 1A in the same manner as in Example 1C. The result is presented in FIG. 5.

    Comparative Example 2C

    <Disk Durability Test 1>

    [0179] A friction test was performed on Z-DOL that was a commercially available lubricant in the same manner as in Example 1C. The result is presented in FIG. 5.

    [0180] As demonstrated in Comparative Example 2C, the friction coefficient of Z-DOL that was the commercially available lubricant was stably low in the pin-on-disk test. Moreover, the friction coefficient was stably low also in Comparative Example 1C because the ionic liquid-based lubricant was used.

    [0181] As demonstrated in Example 1C, however, the friction coefficient of 1,3-bis(1-octadecyl-2-heptadecylimidazolium)hexafluoropropanedisulfonate that was the dianion lubricant was stable and the lowest in the tested examples, and was lower than the commercial product Z-DOL in Comparative Example 2C among the results of the return sliding of 100 times.

    [0182] As demonstrated in Example 2C, moreover, the friction coefficient of 1,3-bis[6-octadecyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium]hexafluoropropanedisulfonate was also lower than the commercially available Z-DOL in Comparative Example 2C among the results of the return sliding of 100 times. Moreover, the friction coefficient was lower compared to the monoanion demonstrated in Comparative Example 1C, which demonstrated the effect of dianion.

    [0183] As described above, the friction coefficient of the ionic lubricant that originally had a low friction coefficient could be further reduced by using dianion, and the friction coefficient could be made lower than the friction coefficients of the commercial products.

    [0184] The friction coefficients after 100 times are summarized in Table 3.

    TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Friction coefficient Sample after 100 times Ex. 1C Ex. 1A 0.072 Ex. 2C Ex. 2A 0.114 Comp. Comp. 0.133 Ex. 1C Ex. 1A Comp. Z-DOL 0.133 Ex. 2C

    Example 1D

    <Disk Durability Test 2>

    [0185] The above-described magnetic disk was produced using a lubricant including the ionic liquid of Example 1A. As presented in Table 4, the CSS measurement of the magnetic disk was greater than 50,000 times, and the CSS measurements after the heat tests of 300 C. and 350 C. were also greater than 50,000 times, hence excellent durability was exhibited.

    Example 2D

    <Disk Durability Test 2>

    [0186] The above-described magnetic disk was produced using a lubricant including the ionic liquid of Example 2A. As presented in Table 4, the CSS measurement of the magnetic disk was greater than 50,000 times, and the CSS measurements after the heat tests of 300 C. and 350 C. were also greater than 50,000 times, hence excellent durability was exhibited.

    Comparative Example 1D

    <Disk Durability Test 2>

    [0187] The above-described magnetic disk was produced using a lubricant including the ionic liquid of Comparative Example 1A. As presented in Table 4, the CSS measurement of the magnetic disk was greater than 50,000 times, the CSS measurement after the heat test of 300 C. was also greater than 50,000 times, and excellent durability was exhibited. However, the durability was deteriorated after heating at 350 C.

    Comparative Example 2D

    <Disk Durability Test 2>

    [0188] The above-described magnetic disk was produced using a lubricant including Z-DOL. As presented in Table 4, the CSS measurement of the magnetic disk was greater than 50,000 times, but the CSS measurement after the heat test of 300 C. was 12,000 times and the durability was significantly deteriorated by the heating test of 350 C.

    Comparative Example 3D

    <Disk Durability Test 2>

    [0189] The above-described magnetic disk was produced using a lubricant including Z-TETRAOL. As presented in Table 4, the CSS measurement of the magnetic disk was greater than 50,000 times, but the CSS measurement after the heat test of 300 C. was 36,000 times and the durability was significantly deteriorated by the heating test of 350 C.

    [0190] The results of Examples 1D to 2D and Comparative Examples 1D to 3D are summarized in Table 4.

    TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 CSS durability CSS durability after heating at after heating at Lubricant CSS durability 300 C. 350 C. Ex. 1D Ex. 1A 25 C., >50,000 25 C., >50,000 25 C., >50,000 60% RH 60% RH 60% RH Ex. 2D Ex. 2A 25 C., >50,000 25 C., >50,000 25 C., >50,000 60% RH 60% RH 60% RH Comp. Comp. 25 C., >50,000 25 C., >50,000 25 C., 36,000 Ex. 1D Ex. 1A 60% RH 60% RH 60% RH Comp. Z-DOL 25 C., >50,000 25 C., 12,000 25 C., 1,500 Ex. 2D 60% RH 60% RH 60% RH Comp. Z-Tetraol 25 C., >50,000 25 C., 36,000 25 C., 2,200 Ex. 3D 60% RH 60% RH 60% RH

    [0191] Next, examples where lubricants including novel dianion-based ionic liquids of Examples 1A to 2A, a lubricant of the monoanion-based ionic liquid of Comparative Example 1A, and Z-DOL and Z-TETRAOL of the commercial products are applied for magnetic tapes will be described.

    Examples 1E to 2E and Comparative Examples 1E to 3E

    [0192] After producing magnetic tapes using lubricants including the ionic liquids of Examples 1A to 2A, the ionic liquid of Comparative Example 1A, Z-DOL, and Z-TETRAOL, respectively. Then, the following measurements were performed. The results are presented in Table 5.

    [0193] Coefficient of friction of magnetic tape after shuttle run of 100 times:

    [0194] In the environment having a temperature of 5 C., or in the environment having a temperature of 40 C. and relative humidity of 90%.

    [0195] Still durability test: [0196] In the environment having a temperature of 5 C., or in the environment having a temperature of 40 C. and relative humidity of 30%.

    [0197] Shuttle durability test:

    [0198] In the environment having a temperature of 5 C., or in the environment having a temperature of 40 C. and relative humidity of 90%.

    [0199] Coefficient of friction of magnetic tape after shuttle run of 100 times after heating test:

    [0200] In the environment having a temperature of 5 C., or in the environment having a temperature of 40 C. and relative humidity of 90%.

    [0201] Still durability test after heating test:

    [0202] In the environment having a temperature of 5 C., or in the environment having a temperature of 40 C. and relative humidity of 30%.

    [0203] Shuttle durability test after heating test:

    [0204] In the environment having a temperature of 5 C., or in the environment having a temperature of 40 C. and relative humidity of 90%.

    [0205] The results of Examples 1E to 2E and Comparative Examples 1E to 3E are summarized in Table 5.

    TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Friction Still Shuttle Friction Still Shuttle coefficient durability durability coefficient durability/ durability/ after 100 runs after heating/ after heating/ Compound after 100 runs min times after heating min times Ex. 1E Ex. 1A 5 C. 0.15 5 C. >60 5 C. >200 5 C. 0.15 5 C. >60 5 C. >200 40 C., 0.16 40 C., >60 40 C., >200 40 C., 0.16 40 C., >60 40 C., >200 90% 30% 90% 90% 30% 90% RH RH RH RH RH RH Ex. 2E Ex. 2A 5 C. 0.18 5 C. >60 5 C. >200 5 C. 0.19 5 C. >60 5 C. >200 40 C., 0.19 40 C., >60 40 C., >200 40 C., 0.19 40 C., >60 40 C., >200 90% 30% 90% 90% 30% 90% RH RH RH RH RH RH Comp. Comp. 5 C. 0.22 5 C. >60 5 C. >200 5 C. 0.23 5 C. >60 5 C. >200 Ex. 1E Ex. 1A 40 C., 0.23 40 C., >60 40 C., >200 40 C., 0.24 40 C., >60 40 C., >200 90% 30% 90% 90% 30% 90% RH RH RH RH RH RH Comp. Z-DOL 5 C. 0.25 5 C. 12 5 C. 59 5 C. 0.32 5 C. 12 5 C. 46 Ex. 2E 40 C., 0.30 40 C., 48 40 C., 124 40 C., 0.35 40 C., 15 40 C., 58 90% 30% 90% 90% 30% 90% RH RH RH RH RH RH Comp. Z-TETRAOL 5 C. 0.22 5 C. 25 5 C. 65 5 C. 0.28 5 C. 23 5 C. 55 Ex. 3E 40 C., 0.26 40 C., 35 40 C., 156 40 C., 0.32 40 C., 31 40 C., 126 90% 30% 90% 90% 30% 90% RH RH RH RH RH RH

    [0206] In Table 5, >60 of the still durability denotes greater than 60 minutes.

    [0207] In Table 5, >200 of the shuttle durability denotes greater than 200 times.

    [0208] The following facts were confirmed.

    [0209] It was found that the magnetic tapes to which the lubricants including the ionic liquids of Examples 1A to 2A were applied had excellent friction properties, still durability, and shuttle durability.

    [0210] It was found that the magnetic tape to which the lubricant including the ionic liquid of Comparative Example 1A was applied had excellent friction properties, still durability, and shuttle durability. It was exhibited that the lubricant of Comparative Example 1A gave excellent magnetic tape durability.

    [0211] It was found that the magnetic tape to which Z-DOL was applied had a significant deterioration in still durability and shuttle durability.

    [0212] It was found that the magnetic tape to which Z-TETRAOL was applied had a significant deterioration in still durability and shuttle durability.

    [0213] It was found from Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 that excellent heat resistance and pin-on-disk resistance, and excellent durability of a magnetic tape and magnetic disk could be obtained by using a lubricant of an ionic liquid that included a conjugate acid and a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base, where a pKa of an acid that was a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile was 10 or less.

    [0214] As it was clear from the descriptions above, the lubricant of the ionic liquid that included a conjugate acid and a conjugate base having 2 or more anions in a molecule of the conjugate base, where a pKa of an acid that was a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile was 10 or less had high decomposition temperature, and 5%, 10%, and 20% weight reduction temperatures, and had excellent thermal stability. It was found that use of the conjugate base having 2 or more anions in the molecule realized excellent heat resistance and friction resistance, particularly excellent durability after heating, compared to monoanion. Moreover, the lubricant could maintain excellent lubricity even under high temperature conditions compared to conventional perfluoropolyether, and lubricity could be maintained over a long period. Accordingly, a magnetic recording medium using the lubricant including the above-described ionic liquid could obtain extremely excellent running performances, abrasion resistance, and durability.

    REFERENCE SINGS LIST

    [0215] 11: substrate [0216] 12: base layer [0217] 13: magnetic layer [0218] 14: carbon protective layer [0219] 15: lubricant layer [0220] 21: substrate [0221] 22: magnetic layer [0222] 23: carbon protective layer [0223] 24: lubricant layer [0224] 25: back-coating layer