OFF-AXIS EPITAXIAL LIFT PROCESS

Abstract

Embodiments described herein provide processes for forming and removing epitaxial films and materials from growth wafers by epitaxial lift off (ELO) processes. In some embodiments, the growth wafer has edge surfaces with an off-axis orientation which is utilized during the ELO process. The off-axis orientation of the edge surface provides an additional variable for controlling the etch rate during the ELO process and therefore the etch front may be modulated to prevent the formation of high stress points which reduces or prevents stressing and cracking the epitaxial film stack. In one embodiment, the growth wafer is rectangular and has an edge surface with an off-axis orientation rotated by an angle greater than 0 and up to 90 relative to an edge orientation of <110> at 0.

Claims

1. A growth wafer, comprising: a single substrate having a crystalline lattice structure, wherein: the single substrate has multiple edges that are non-parallel and non-perpendicular to a cleave plane, and the single substrate has a facial surface with a <001> orientation, off by up to 12.

2. The growth wafer of claim 1, wherein the edges being non-parallel and non-perpendicular to the cleave plane corresponds to the edges having an off-axis orientation that is rotated from the cleave plane by an angle from 0 to 90.

3. The growth wafer of claim 1, wherein the edges being non-parallel and non-perpendicular to the cleave plane corresponds to the edges having an off-axis orientation that is rotated from the cleave plane by an angle from 30 to 60.

4. The growth wafer of claim 1, wherein the edges being non-parallel and non-perpendicular to the cleave plane corresponds to the edges having an off-axis orientation that is rotated from the cleave plane by a 45 angle.

5. The growth wafer of claim 1, wherein the growth wafer has a rectangular shape or square shape, and the edges correspond to the sides of the rectangular shape or the square shape.

6. The growth wafer of claim 1, wherein the growth wafer is cut or diced from a circular growth wafer.

7. The growth wafer of claim 6, wherein the circular growth wafer has a flat cut or a notch that indicates the cleave plane.

8. The growth wafer of claim 1, wherein the cleave plane is a <110> orientation.

9. The growth wafer of claim 1, wherein the single substrate includes elements from Group III, Group IV, or Group V.

10. The growth wafer of claim 1, wherein the single substrate is configured to have a sacrificial layer deposited on the single substrate, and the sacrificial layer is configured to have an epitaxial film stack formed on the sacrificial layer.

11. A sacrificial layer for an epitaxial lift off process, comprising: a layer formed on a single substrate having a crystalline lattice structure, wherein: the single substrate has multiple edges that are non-parallel and non-perpendicular to a cleave plane, and the single substrate has a facial surface with a <001> orientation, off by up to 12, wherein the layer is configured to have an epitaxial film stack formed on the layer and to be etched away to separate the epitaxial film stack from the single substrate.

12. The sacrificial layer of claim 11, wherein the edges being non-parallel and non-perpendicular to the cleave plane corresponds to the edges having an off-axis orientation that is rotated from the cleave plane by an angle from 0 to 90.

13. The sacrificial layer of claim 11, wherein the edges being non-parallel and non-perpendicular to the cleave plane corresponds to the edges having an off-axis orientation that is rotated from the cleave plane by an angle from 30 to 60.

14. The sacrificial layer of claim 11, wherein the edges being non-parallel and non-perpendicular to the cleave plane corresponds to the edges having an off-axis orientation that is rotated from the cleave plane by a 45 angle.

15. The sacrificial layer of claim 11, wherein the growth wafer has a rectangular shape or square shape, and the edges correspond to the sides of the rectangular shape or the square shape.

16. The sacrificial layer of claim 11, wherein the growth wafer is cut or diced from a circular growth wafer.

17. The sacrificial layer of claim 16, wherein the circular growth wafer has a flat cut or a notch that indicates the cleave plane.

18. The sacrificial layer of claim 11, wherein the cleave plane is a <110> orientation.

19. The sacrificial layer of claim 11, wherein the single substrate includes elements from Group III, Group IV, or Group V.

20. The sacrificial layer of claim 11, wherein the layer includes edges that correspond to the edges of the single substrate, and wherein corners between the edges of the layer etch faster during the epitaxial lift off process than the sides of the edges of the layer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The accompanying drawings are incorporated in and form a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments. Together with the description, the drawings serve to explain the principles of the embodiments.

[0010] FIG. 1 shows a prior art on-axis oriented wafer.

[0011] FIG. 2 shows a prior art on-axis orientation of a wafer as it is being etched.

[0012] FIG. 3 shows an off-axis oriented wafer.

[0013] FIG. 4 shows an off-axis orientation of a wafer as it is being etched.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] Embodiments described herein provide processes for forming and removing epitaxial films and materials from growth wafers by epitaxial lift off (ELO) processes. In some embodiments, the growth wafer has edge surfaces with an off-axis orientation which is utilized during the ELO process. Off-axis pertains to the rotation of an edge of the wafer from the nearest <110> orientation. The off-axis orientation of the edge surface provides an additional variable for controlling the etch rate during the ELO processand therefore the etch front may be modulated to prevent the formation of high stress points between the epitaxial film stack and the growth wafer which reduces or prevents stressing and cracking the epitaxial film stack.

[0015] FIG. 3 shows an off-axis orientation of a wafer 301. The circular wafer 301 has a flat cut 302 that indicates its crystallographic orientation. Sometimes a notch will be used to indicate the crystallographic orientation of the circular wafer 301. This circular wafer is diced or cut into a rectangle or square 303, upon which the ELO process is performed. Alternatively, a rectangular or square crystal growth wafer 303 is diced out of the crystal boule. In other words, the edges of the rectangular or square growth wafer 303 are non-parallel and non-perpendicular to the cleavage plane as identified by the primary flat cut 302 or notch. The growth wafer has an edge that is oriented in a direction other than the natural cleavage plane. In the currently preferred embodiment, the rectangle or square growth wafer has edges at a 45 degree angle relative to the inherent crystallographic orientation as indicated by the flat cut 302. By dicing the growth wafer at an angle different from that of its natural, inherent crystallographic orientation, the orientation of the growth wafer can be controlled to take advantage of the different etch rates. In particular, the area(s) more susceptible to stresses and cracking can be oriented towards the faster etch rates. For rectangles and squares, the corners can be oriented to point towards the faster etch fronts.

[0016] FIG. 4 shows a growth wafer having corners that experience relatively faster etch rates and edges that experience relatively slower etch rates. The square growth wafer 401 is off-axis by approximately 45 degrees. By virtue of this off-axis configuration, the corners are etched at a faster rate relative to its edges. In the currently preferred embodiment, the goal is to have corner etch rate of at least 1.4 times that of the edge etch rate. Because the corners are etched away faster, they become more rounded. The rounded corners of the sacrificial layer 402 are far more desirable than the narrower, more pointed corners of the prior art because the rounded corners induce less stress during the lift-off process and the epitaxial layer is less susceptible to cracking. This improves the yield.

[0017] In embodiment herein, the method includes growing a sacrificial layer over a growth wafer, forming an epitaxial film stack over the sacrificial layer, and exposing the sacrificial layer to a wet etch solution during the ELO process. The ELO process includes etching the sacrificial layer, forming a crevice between the growth wafer and the epitaxial film stack, and separating the growth wafer from the epitaxial film stack.

[0018] The ELO etch process is a lateral etch process and the geometry or shape of the etch front may be modulated as a function of multiple variables including the crystalline lattice orientation, etch chemistry (e.g. solution composition), etch conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure), and curvature of the crevice (e.g., dynamic clamping). The growth wafers described herein have been specifically designed and created in order to have control of the lattice orientation at specified locations on the substrate. An off-axis orientation having a predetermined angle may be used to change the etch rate at the corners and sides of the sacrificial layer during the ELO process. For example, the off-axis orientation of the growth substrate provides faster etching planes at the corners of the sacrificial layer. Therefore, the corners may be etched at a faster rate than the sides of the sacrificial layer in order to provide that the etch front, coming from the corners and sides having corner and side fronts, to converge near the center of the substrate around the same time while forming a singularity between the epitaxial film stack and the growth wafer.

[0019] The growth wafers described herein which have edge surfaces with an off-axis orientation rotated by a predetermined angle may be manufactured or otherwise formed from a variety of different growth wafers. A crystalline wafer may contain various elements, including from Groups III, IV, and V, and initially may have a variety of different crystalline orientations.

[0020] In one example, a rectangular growth wafer is cut off-axis from a circular, crystalline, gallium arsenide wafer having a facial orientation of <001>.

[0021] The predetermined angle for the rotated off-axis orientation is measured from the <110> flat. The round wafer may be cut with a saw, such as a dice saw, or other cutting or slicing device used to cut crystalline wafers. The growth wafer is cut from the round wafer at the predetermined angle relative to the edge flat, such that the previously axis orientation is now rotated by the predetermined angle. The predetermined angle is greater than 0 and less than 90.

[0022] In embodiments herein, the method includes exposing the sacrificial layer to a wet etch solution during the ELO process. The ELO process includes etching the sacrificial layer, forming a crevice between the growth wafer and the epitaxial film stack, and separating the growth wafer from the epitaxial film stack.

[0023] In another embodiment, the method further includes forming an etch front by exposing the sacrificial layer to the wet etch solution, wherein the etch front encompasses the sacrificial layer at the interface of the wet etch solution and the sacrificial layer. Prior to being exposed to the wet etch solution, the sacrificial layer has side edges and corners which form a rectangular geometry (e.g., rectangle or square). Once the sacrificial layer is exposed to the wet etch solution, the etch front advances towards the center of the growth wafer within the crevice while etching the sacrificial layer during the ELO process. The etch geometry of the sacrificial layer may be controlled to transitions to have substantially octagonal geometry and then to have substantially rounded geometry.

[0024] The etch front may have a rectangular geometry, conformal to the sacrificial layer when initially exposed. However, as the etching process progressed, the etch front generally forms an octagonal geometry containing alternating sides of side edge fronts and corner edge fronts. The growth wafer, as described herein having an edge surface with an off-axis orientation rotated by an angle greater than 0 and up to 90, is utilized to etch the sacrificial layer at the corner edge fronts at a faster etch rate than at the side edge fronts. Therefore, the side edge fronts may be longer than the corner edge fronts during an initial duration of the ELO process, but subsequently, the side edge fronts and the corner edge fronts have the same length or substantially the same length during a later duration of the ELO process. The geometry of the etch front or the sacrificial layer are controlled and modulated between transitions during the ELO process. The geometry of the etch front or the sacrificial layer may transition from a substantially rectangular geometry, to a substantially octagonal geometry, and then to a substantially rounded geometry, such as a rounded singularity. In some examples, the substantially octagonal geometry of the etch front or the sacrificial layer transitions from a non-equilateral octagonal geometry to an equilateral or substantially equilateral octagonal geometry.

[0025] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.