Means for Controlling the Progression of Myopia

Abstract

A contact lens for use in controlling or retarding the progression of myopia in an eye has a central optical zone approximating the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye that gives clear central vision at distance for the wearer. An annular peripheral optical zone that is substantially outside the diameter of the pupil is formed around the central optical zone with greater refractive power than that of the central zone so that oblique rays entering the eye through the peripheral optical zone will be brought to focus at a focal plane that is substantially on or anterior to the peripheral region of the retina. Preferably, the rear surface of the lens is shaped to conform to the cornea of the eye and the front surface of the lens is shaped to provide—in conjunction with the rear surface—the desired optical properties of the central and peripheral optical zones. The front surface is also preferably contoured to form a smooth transition between the junction of the central optical zone and the peripheral optical zone, with or without designed optical properties such as progressive power.

Claims

1. A contact lens comprising: a central optical zone having a dimension substantially approximating the normal diameter of the pupil of an eye when the lens is worn by a wearer on said eye, said central optical zone having a central zone refractive power adapted to provide the wearer with clear distance vision in a central region of the retina of the eye; and a peripheral optical zone disposed radially outward from said central zone, said peripheral optical zone lying substantially outside the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye when the lens is worn by the wearer, said peripheral optical zone having a peripheral optical zone refractive power that is greater than said central optical zone refractive power by an amount sufficient to focus off-axis rays that enter the eye through said peripheral optical zone when the lens is worn onto points on or anterior to a peripheral region of the retina located around said central region of the retina.

2. The contact lens according to claim 1 wherein: the peripheral optical zone refractive power is at least approximately 1 Diopter greater than the central optical zone refractive power.

3. The contact lens according to claim 1 wherein: the peripheral optical zone refractive power is between approximately 2.5 Diopters and 8 Diopters greater than the central optical zone refractive power.

4. The contact lens according to claim 1 wherein: the dimensions of the central optical zone are selected so the minimum dimension of said central optical zone is at least 3 mm and not more than 1 mm less than the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye.

5. The contact lens according to claim 2 wherein: the dimension of the central optical zone are selected so the minimum dimension of said central optical zone is at least 3 mm and not more than 1 mm less than the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye.

6. The contact lens according to claim 3 wherein: the dimension of the central optical zone are selected so the minimum dimension of said central optical zone is at least 3 mm and not more than 1 mm less than the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye.

7. The contact lens according to claim 1, wherein: said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone have differently curved adjoining front surfaces, and a transition zone formed between said adjoining front surfaces, said transition zone shaped to smoothly blend said adjoining differently curved front surfaces of said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone.

8. The contact lens according to claim 2 wherein: said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone have differently cured adjoining front surfaces, and a transition zone formed between said adjoining front surfaces, said transition zone shaped to smoothly blend said adjoining differently curved front surfaces of said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone.

9. The contact lens according to claim 3 wherein: said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone have differently cured adjoining front surfaces, and a transition zone formed between said adjoining front surfaces, said transition zone shaped to smoothly blend said adjoining differently curved front surfaces of said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone.

10. The contact lens according to claim 4 wherein: said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone have differently cured adjoining front surfaces, and a transition zone formed between said adjoining front surfaces, said transition zone shaped to smoothly blend said adjoining differently curved front surfaces of said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone.

11. The contact lens according to claim 1, further comprising: a transition zone between said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone, said transition zone providing a gradation of refractive power between the refractive power of the central optical zone and the refractive power of the peripheral optical zone.

12. The contact lens according to claim 2, further comprising: a transition zone between said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone, said transition zone providing a gradation of refractive power between the refractive power of the central optical zone and the refractive power of the peripheral optical zone.

13. The contact lens according to claim 3, further comprising: a transition zone between said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone, said transition zone providing a gradation of refractive power between the refractive power of the central optical zone and the refractive power of the peripheral optical zone.

14. The contact lens according to claim 4, further comprising: a transition zone between said central optical zone and said peripheral optical zone, said transition zone providing a gradation of refractive power between the refractive power of the central optical zone and the refractive power of the peripheral optical zone.

15. A contact lens for use in reducing the progression of myopia in an eye of a wearer comprising: a transparent material having front and rear surfaces, wherein the rear surface provides a base-curve adapted to fit the eye; and wherein the front surface comprises: a central optical zone curved so that, together with the base-curve, said central optical zone produces a central optical zone refractive power adapted to provide the wearer with clear distance vision in a central region of the retina of the eye, the central optical zone being substantially circular in shaper of the least 3 mm in diameter but not more than 1 mm less than the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye; and and annular peripheral optical zone surrounding said central zone and curved so that, together with the base-curve, said peripheral zone is adapted to produce a peripheral optical zone refractive power, when the lens is worn, that is greater than said central optical zone refractive power by an amount greater than 1 Diopter and sufficient to focus off-axis rays that enter the eye through said peripheral zone onto a focal plan that is substantially on, or anterior to, the retina in a peripheral region of the retina located around said central region.

16. The contact lens according to claim 15 wherein said amount is between approximately 2.5 Diopters and 8 Diopters.

17. A method for forming a contact lens for reducing the progression of myopia in an eye of a wearer, comprising: forming on a transparent material a rear surface comprising a base-curve that is adapted to fit an eye of a wearer of the lens; and forming on the transparent material a front surface spaced from said rear surface and that comprises: a central optical zone, the dimensions of said central optical zone are selected so the minimum dimension of said central optical zone substantially approximates the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye and that is curved so that, together with the base-curve, said central optical zone generates a central zone refractive power that provides the wearer with clear distance vision in a central region of the retina of the eye, and a peripheral optical zone that surrounds said central optical zone and lies substantially outside the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye, said peripheral optical zone is curved so that, together with the base-curve, said peripheral optical zone generates a peripheral optical zone refractive power that is greater than said central optical zone refractive power by an amount sufficient to focus peripheral rays entering the eye through the peripheral optical zone onto a focal plane that lies on or anterior to a peripheral region of the retina of the eye, when the lens is worn on the eye.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein said peripheral optical zone refractive power is at least approximately 1 Diopter greater than said central optical zone refractive power.

19. The method of claim 17 wherein said peripheral optical zone refractive power is between approximately 2.5 and 8 Diopters greater than the central optical zone refractive power.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the dimensions of the central zone are selected so the minimum dimension of said central zone is at least 3 mm and not more than 1 mm less than the normal diameter of the pupil of the eye.

21-38. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] FIG. 1A is a front elevation of a first example of a multi-zone contact lens formed in accordance with the teaching of the present invention, the plane of the lens being assumed to be vertical, as if it is being worn.

[0024] FIG. 1B is a sectional plan view of the contact lens of FIG. 1A hatched to indicate functionally different zones of the lens, rather than physically different portions.

[0025] FIG. 2A is a front elevation of a contact lens comprising the second example of multi-zone contact lens formed in accordance with this invention.

[0026] FIG. 213 is a sectional plan view of the lens of FIG. 2A hatched to indicate functionally different zones of the lens, rather than physically different portions.

[0027] FIG. 3 is a graph of relative optical power with respect to lens diameter for the optical zones of the contact lens of the first example shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B.

[0028] FIG. 4 is a graph of relative optical power with respect to lens diameter for the optical zones of the contact lens of the second example shown in FIGS. 2A and 213.

[0029] FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic sectional elevation of a human eye fitted with the multi-zone contact lens of the first example (FIGS. 1A and 113) showing the focal plane for the central and peripheral retina generated by the zones of the lens.

[0030] FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic sectional elevation of a human eye fitted with the multi-zone contact lens of the second example (FIGS. 2A and 2B) showing the focal plane for the central and peripheral retina generated by the zones of the lens of the second example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0031] The first example of a contact lens (generally indicated at 10) formed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention will now be described making reference to the lens drawings of Figures IA and 1B, the refractive power diagram of FIG. 3 and the sectional eye diagram of FIG. 5 that shows lens 10 in place on the cornea 12 of a myopic human eye 14. As is conventional, lens 10 is molded from a homogeneous transparent plastic material with a selected refractive index, so as to have a rear curved surface 16 that is matched to the shape of cornea 12 of eye 14 and a front curved surface 18. In this case, however, front surface 18 is shaped so that, in combination with the shape of rear surface 16, two optical zones are provided; namely, (i) a central circular optical zone 20 that is substantially equal to, or, in other words, substantially approximates the diameter of a normal pupil (indicated at 22 in FIGS. 18 and 5) of eye 14, and (ii) an annular peripheral optical zone 24 surrounding central zone 20 that lies substantially outside the normal diameter of the pupil 22. In addition, front and rear surfaces 18 and 16 are shaped to form a tapering annular carrier portion 26 terminating in a thin edge 28, carrier portion 26 being designed to assist in retaining lens 10 centrally on eye 14 during use, rather than for its optical properties. The design and use of such peripheral carrier portions in contact lenses is well known in the art, Finally, front surface 18 is shaped to provide a smooth transition zone 30 between optical zones 20 and 24 that, in this example, does not perform an optical function but merely blends the adjoining edges of optical zones 20 and 24 for user comfort. The width of ring-like transition zone 30 is exaggerated for the sake of illustration in FIGS. 1A and 18. Again, it is to be noted that the different hatching patterns in the section drawing of FIG. 1B are intended to show regions of lens 10 that perform different functions and not to suggest that these zones are formed by different physical materials. For purposes of this application, it is understood that the terms central zone and central optical zones are used interchangeably. Similarly, the terms peripheral optical zone and peripheral zone are used interchangeably as would be readily understood by one skilled in the field of tens design and manufacturing.

[0032] In central optical zone 20, the combined shape of front and rear surfaces 18 and 16 of lens 10 provides the refractive power needed to match the refractive status at distance for myopic eye 14 and the diameter of central zone 20 is substantially matched to the normal pupil size so that a single clear distance image is formed on the central region 32 of the retina 34 (FIG. 5). However, it will be appreciated that precise matching of central optical zone 20 to normal pupil size may not be practicable or desirable for a number of reasons. First, measurement of normal pupil size may vary somewhat between practitioners and instruments and actual pupil size will normally vary in accordance with environmental lighting. Second, the demands of volume lens production may mean that only a few standardized central zone diameters are offered; these being based on the average pupil sizes for the human population concerned, such as, for example, in this case, young people. Third, if upon examination, it is found that there is a significant difference between or displacement of the visual and optic axes in the subject eye, it may be preferable to select a central optical zone 20 that is slightly larger than pupil diameter 22, to ensure optimum central vision. Fourth, it may also be desirable to select a larger central zone to allow a wider field of view to suit certain vocational requirements. For example, an athlete, or otherwise active person may prefer a wider distance zone to reduce image disturbance. Of course, as is common in the art, the prescription can be further adjusted to suit the individual eye by specifying toric shaping on the front and/or rear surface of the lens to correct astigmatism. And fifth, it is known that due to the presence of the Stiles-Crawford effect, light rays that pass close to the edge (also called “marginal rays”) of the pupil of the eye on their way through to the retina, is of less visual significance than those rays that travel nearer the centre of the pupil. Thus, with respect to vision, the marginal portion within the pupil is not of as great an importance as the more central portion of the pupil.

[0033] It will be appreciated that the central optical zone of this invention need not be circular in shape. Depending on the individual for whom the lens will be prescribed, there are advantages in selecting a non-circular shape for the central optical zone. Examples for when this may be particularly advantageous include (but are not limited to) cases when the lens does not lie concentric with the pupil of the eye, which may be caused by an eccentrically positioned pupil, or when the lens does not position itself centrally on the cornea, which may be due to asymmetry in the geometry of the cornea or eye-lid influences on the lens. Other examples of when a non-circular shape would be beneficial for the central optical zone include cases when the individual may prefer a horizontally wider field of clear vision (e.g. for driving). Non-circular shapes may be of any geometrical description including ellipses or ‘pear-shaped’. In such non-circular centre] optical zone designs, a key geometrical parameter is the minimum dimension of the non-circular shape (e.g. for an ellipse, it is the narrower ‘width’, i.e. the length of the minor-axis of the ellipse) to ensure correct sizing of the central zone relative to the normal pupil diameter. For similar reasons, the shape and size of the surrounding peripheral zone also need not be circular. For purposes of this application, it will be understood that the term “dimension” refers to size and shape, as would be readily understood by one skilled in the field of lens design.

[0034] In any event, it is generally desirable, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, for the central zone 20 to lie substantially, if not entirely within, the normal pupil diameter and for the peripheral zone 24 to lie substantially, if not entirely outside, the normal pupil diameter, when viewed directly from the front. It will be appreciated that such an orientation in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, is in direct contradistinction with the disclosures of the prior art mentioned above. It might also be noted that this desirable arrangement will normally be facilitated by the interposition of transition zone 30 between central zone 20 and peripheral zone 24, since the transition zone effectively enlarges the inner diameter of the peripheral zone.

[0035] The optical properties of lens 10 of the first example are further illustrated by FIG. 3 and its effect on eye 12 is indicated in FIG. 5. In FIG. 3, the relative refractive power of lens 10 is plotted against lens diameter with the distance power of central zone 20 arbitrarily set at zero. Thus, in this example, the diameter of central zone 20 (which is the normal pupil diameter 22 of eye 12) is 3.5 mm, and the inner and outer diameters of the peripheral zone are 4.5 trim and 8 mm, respectively, making the width of the transition zone 30 about 0.5 mm. It will be seen that the refractive power of central zone 20 is substantially uniform, there is a sharp increase in refractive power of 1.5 D over transition zone 30 and that, in contrast to the teachings of Smith, the refractive power of peripheral zone 24 remains substantially constant across its diameter. The sharp increase in refractive power within transition zone 30 is notionally indicated by sloping broken lines 40 because, in this example, power within this narrow zone will not normally be precisely controllable. As previously indicated, front surface 18 of lens 10 in transition zone 30 is not shaped to provide a graded or progressive power transition, but merely to blend or smooth the discontinuity at the junction of the different profiles of optical zones 20 and 24.

[0036] As will be seen from FIG. 5, the step increase of 1.5 D in peripheral zone 24 is chosen because it is sufficient (for subject eye 14) to shift the focal plane 42 in the peripheral region 44 of retina 34 anterior to the peripheral retina 44 in order to provide the stimulus needed to inhibit eye elongation and myopia progression, according to the teachings of Smith. The ‘anterior step’ in the focal plane which occurs in transition zone 30 of lens 10 is indicated at 46 but, as previously noted, the shape or slope of this step is not optically controlled in this example and its depiction is notional. Embodiments of the present invention realize an important improvement over Smith by obviating the need to figure peripheral optical zone 24 of lens 10 to provide increasing refractive power from the center to the periphery of the retina in general, or across peripheral optical zone 24 in particular.

[0037] FIG. 5 shows a number of light rays entering eye 14 from below through lens 10, cornea 12 and pupil 22, the diameter of which is determined by the iris 36. These rays notionally pass through a nodal point 48 within the natural lens of the eye, the natural lens not being depicted for the sake of clarity. Also for the sake of clarity, a similar set of rays entering the eye from above and from nasal and temporal sides are not depicted since they will essentially duplicate those illustrated. It is assumed that an axial ray 50 will be coincident with both the visual and optical axes of eye 12, that lens 10 is centered on cornea 12 so that ray 50 will be brought to focus on the fovea 52 of retina 34. Off-axis rays 54 passing obliquely through central portion 20 of lens 10 will be substantially focused on central region 32 of retina, bringing distant objects into sharp focus thereon, leaving near objects to be focused by accommodation of the natural lens. Thus, by virtue of the prescribed refractive power of central zone 20 of lens 10, virtually all rays from distant objects passing into the eye through central optical zone 20 will be brought to sharp focus on central region 32 of retina to form an image as indicated by dotted line 55.

[0038] More oblique off-axis rays such as 56 that pass through transition zone 30 of lens 10 might notionally be conceived to create anterior step 46 of focal plane 42, but, as already indicated above, transition zone 30 is not optically designed and ray 56 is likely to be dispersed in an unfocused manner within eye 12. However, here again, the purely notional path of such a ray is depicted by broken line 56a. Peripheral ray 58, which is more oblique than ray 56 and much more oblique than off-axis ray 54, will pass through peripheral optical zone 24 of lens 10 and be directed close to the edge of iris 36 (i.e., close to the outside margin of pupil 22), by virtue of the greater refractive power of zone 24, be brought to a focus at point 59 on peripheral focal plane 42 that lies in front of (anterior to) peripheral region 44 of retina 34 to provide the desired inhibitory stimulus for eye growth. As will be seen from an inspection of FIG. 5, peripheral rays entering eye 12 at peripheral angles between rays 56 and 58 will be brought to focus in front of retina 34 along focal plane 42, with rays that are less oblique being brought to focus further in front of retina 34 in a manner that provides a strong stimulus for the retardation of eye elongation.

[0039] The second example of the invention will now be described with reference to the lens drawings of FIGS. 2A and 25, the corresponding power graph of FIG. 4 and the corresponding eye diagram of FIG. 6. Since, as a brief inspection of these Figures will indicate, the first and second examples share many common features, the same reference numerals will be used for the elements of the second example that have the same or a similar function to those of the first example, except that the prefix ‘1’ will be added. Thus, 110 and 114 indicate the lens and the subject eye of the second example, while the central optical zone, transition zone and peripheral optical zone are respectively indicated by 120, 130 and 124. By indicating similar elements and functions in this way, the description of the second example can be usefully abbreviated.

[0040] The principal differences between the first and second examples lie in the design of the transition zone 130 and peripheral zone 124 of lens 110. As will be seen from the power curve of FIG. 4, that the diameter of central optical zone 120 is about 3.5 mm, indicating the normal pupil diameter 122 of eye 112 is about the same as that of eye 12 of the first example. However, the width of transition zone 130 of lens 100 of the second example is 1.25 mm so to allow some control over the optical design of this zone. This means that annular peripheral zone 124 is narrower in this example, having an inner diameter of about 6 mm but essentially the same outer diameter (about 8 mm) as zone 24 of lens 10. Despite narrower peripheral zone 124, the inner refractive power of zone 124 is not only greater than that of zone 24 of lens 10 (2.5 D compared with 1.5 D relative to the power of the central zone) but it increases significantly outwardly toward carrier portion 126. This design is intended to enhance the stimulus that inhibits eye growth by increasing the average amount by which peripheral focal plane 142 of eye 112 is shifted anteriorly.

[0041] As will be seen from FIGS. 2A, 25 and 6, transition zone 130 includes a progressive focus zone 160 with a first blend zone 162 between it and the central optical zone 120 and a second blend zone 164 between it and peripheral optical zone 124. As in the first example, blend zones 162 and 164 are not intended to have an optical function but, rather to simply form smooth curves between progressive zone 160 and the central optical zone 120 on the one side and between the progressive zone and the peripheral optical zone 124 on the other. This allows for a substantially linear increase of refractive power in progressive zone 160 as indicated by portion 164 of the power curve of FIG. 4 and for corresponding certainty about the path of rays such as 156 (now shown in an unbroken line) that pass through zone 160 to define the shape of step 146 between the central and peripheral regions 132 and 142 of the focal plane of retina 134. Again, it is preferable that lens 110 has a rear surface 116 that is shaped to fit comfortably on the cornea 112 of the patient and that the desired levels of refractive power in central optical zone 120, progressive optical zone 160 and peripheral optical zone 124 are obtained by figuring the front surface 118 of lens 110.

[0042] In the second example it is assumed that, upon examination, it is not only found that eye 112 is myopic in that the focus for central vision lies in front of the retina 134 but it is determined that, in the peripheral region of the retina 144, the eye exhibits strong hyperopia in that the focus in this region is well behind the retina. Thus, even though the degree of central vision myopia may be the same as for eye 12 of the first example requiring the same prescription to correct central vision so that focus for distance is brought onto central region 132 of retina 134, it is highly likely that myopia is more strongly progressive in eye 112 so a stronger prescription is required for peripheral vision in order to bring the focal plane 142 well in front of retina 134 in peripheral region 144. As before, paraxial rays such as 150 are assumed to follow the optical axis of eye 120 and to be brought to focus at fovea 152, oblique rays like 154 passing through central optical zone 120 will be brought to focus on 134 to form a focal plane 155 on central region 132 of the retina to provide excellent distance vision, and oblique peripheral rays such as 158 that pass through peripheral optical zone 124 will be brought to focus on focal plane 142 that is located anterior to the peripheral region 144 of the retina 134.

[0043] While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the field that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made, and equivalents employed without departing from, and are intended to be included within, the scope of the claims.