SYNTHESIS AND HYDROGEN STORAGE PROPERTIES OF NOVEL METAL HYDRIDES
20230094603 · 2023-03-30
Inventors
Cpc classification
C07F9/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C01B6/02
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F11/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Y02E60/10
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
F17C11/007
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
C07F13/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C01B3/001
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
H01M8/065
ELECTRICITY
Y02E60/32
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
C01B3/0015
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
F17C11/00
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
C01B3/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C01B6/02
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F11/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F13/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F9/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to improved processes for the preparation of metal hydrides. The present disclosure also relates to metal hydrides, e.g., metal hydrides prepared by the processes described herein, that exhibit enhanced hydrogen storage capacity when used as hydrogen storage systems.
Claims
1-47. (canceled)
48. A metal hydride containing one or more transition metals selected from titanium, iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper, wherein (i) the metal hydride is stable as a bulk solid at room temperature; (ii) the metal hydride is capable of absorbing and reversibly releasing hydrogen via a Kubas interaction; (iii) the enthalpy of H.sub.2 binding to the metal hydride is approximately thermodynamically neutral; and (iv) the metal hydride optionally contains one or more organic groups, wherein when present, the one or more organic groups are bound to the metal center via a carbon atom in the organic group.
49. The metal hydride according to claim 48, wherein the transition metal is titanium.
50. The metal hydride according to claim 48, wherein the one or more transition metals are in more than one oxidation state.
51. The metal hydride according to claim 48, wherein the surface area of the metal hydride is greater than about 2 m.sup.2/g.
52. The metal hydride according to claim 48, wherein the surface area of the metal hydride is (i) about 10 m.sup.2/g or greater.
53. The metal hydride according to claim 48, wherein the metal hydride is capable of absorbing hydrogen (H.sub.2) in an amount of about 2% to about 14% based upon 100% total weight of the metal hydride without hydrogen stored in it.
54. The metal hydride according to claim 48, further comprising one or more H.sub.2 molecules coordinated to a metal center in the metal hydride.
55. The metal hydride according to claim 54, wherein the interaction between the H.sub.2 molecule(s) and a metal center in the metal hydride is a Kubas interaction.
56. A metal hydride storage material comprising a metal hydride of claim 48, the metal hydride having sufficient microporosity to permit (i) H.sub.2 to diffuse in and out of the material and the active binding sites of the metal hydride, (ii) the metal to coordinate with H.sub.2 via a Kubas interaction, and (iii) absorption of H.sub.2 in an amount of about 2.0% to about 14.0% (based upon 100% total weight of the metal hydride without hydrogen stored in it).
57. The metal hydride according to claim 48, wherein the organic group, when present, is selected from alkyl, silylated alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl and aryl.
58. The metal hydride according to claim 57, wherein the organic group, when present, is selected from bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl, trimethylsilylmethyl, mesityl, allyl, 1,3-dimethyl allyl, 1,3-diethyl allyl, optionally substituted benzyl, neopentyl, 2,2,2-dimethylphenyl propyl, phenyl, and combinations thereof.
59. A composition comprising a metal hydride according to claim 48.
60. A bulk solid comprising a metal hydride according to claim 48.
61. A method of storing hydrogen comprising (i) providing a metal hydride according to claim 48; (ii) adding hydrogen to the metal hydride; and (iii) allowing the hydrogen to coordinate to the metal hydride.
62. A hydrogen storage system comprising a storage system and a metal hydride according to claim 48 within the storage system.
63. A battery or fuel cell comprising a metal hydride according to claim 48.
64. A polymerization catalyst comprising a metal hydride according to claim 48.
65. The polymerization catalyst according to claim 64, wherein the polymerization catalyst is an olefin polymerization catalyst.
66. The polymerization catalyst according to claim 65, wherein the olefin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, and combinations thereof.
67. A method of storing hydrogen comprising (i) providing a metal hydride according to claim 48; (ii) adding hydrogen to the metal hydride; and (iii) allowing the hydrogen to coordinate to the metal hydride.
68. The method according to claim 67, further comprising releasing the hydrogen from the metal hydride.
69. The method according to claim 68, wherein the hydrogen is released from the metal hydride by reducing the pressure of the hydrogen in the storage system or by increasing the temperature of the storage system.
70. A process for preparing a metal hydride according to claim 48, the process comprising (i) heating an alkyl or aryl transition metal compound, or a combination thereof, in a solvent in the absence of hydrogen to form a precipitate; (ii) optionally isolating the precipitate; (iii) hydrogenating the precipitate; and (iv) optionally isolating the hydrogenated precipitate.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
[0221] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0222] The term “comprising” is open ended and, in connection with a composition, refers to the elements recited. The term “comprising” as used in connection with the compositions described herein can alternatively cover compositions “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of” the recited components.
[0223] The term “coordinate” as used here is not limited to a specific type of interaction between a metal center and hydrogen. For example, in one embodiment, the interaction between a metal center and hydrogen is a Kubas interaction.
[0224] The term “Kubas interaction” refers to hydrogen bound in a non-dissociative manner as a dihydrogen molecule to a transition metal center. In a Kubas interaction, free d-electrons of a metal centre interact with hydrogen. Specifically, where the metal centre has a low coordination number, the dihydrogen shares both of its σ-bonding electrons with the metal centre, and the metal centre back donates electrons by overlap of its π symmetry d-orbital with the empty antibonding σ* empty orbital of the dihydrogen. This results in a lengthening of the H—H bond (without rupture) and a shift to a lower wavenumber for the H—H resonance (see, e.g. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 9179-9190, 1997).
[0225] Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventor theorizes that one or more (such as 2 or more, such as 3, 4 or 5) H.sub.2 molecules interact with the metal centers by Kubas interactions to form metal hydrides of the formula MH.sub.x in which x can be approximately an even number, e.g., about 4, about 6, about 8, about 10 or about 12. However, bimolecular and/or free radical processes may also occur leading to metal hydrides of the formula MH.sub.x in which x can approximately an odd number, e.g., about 3, about 5, about 7, about 9, about 11 or about 13. Additionally, mixed metal hydrides, in which variable x is a non integer may also be formed by continuous (not stepwise) adsorption.
[0226] The term “substantially free” as used herein means containing less than about 2 wt %, such as less than about 1 wt %, less than about 0.5 wt %, less than about 0.1 wt %, less than about 0.05 wt %, less than about 0.01 wt %, less than about 0.005 wt % or less than about 0.001 wt % of a specified element or compound.
[0227] The term “organic group” refers to any carbon containing group that may be present in a in a metal hydride of Formulas (I) and (II). For example, the organic group may be a solvent used in the formation of the metal hydride that has not been fully removed during the synthesis process. Another example of an organic group may be a ligand (e.g., trimethylsilylmethyl, mesityl, benzyl or neopentyl) that is not fully removed from the metal center during formation of the metal hydride. The organic group may also be a compound (e.g., a protic compound, such as methanol) that is added to the metal hydride in order to increase microporosity of the metal hydride structure (e.g., by forming bridging methoxide ligands within the structure), thereby facilitating H.sub.2 moving in and out of the metal hydride.
[0228] As used herein, in one embodiment the term “thermodynamically neutral” refers to the net enthalpy changes associated with either the process of hydrogen adsorption and/or the process of hydrogen desprotion when averaged over the whole metal hydride sample. For example, the net enthalpy changes associated with either the process of hydrogen adsorption and/or the process of hydrogen desprotion, when averaged over the bulk sample, are close to 0 kJ mol.sup.−1 H.sub.2. Typically, hydrogen adsorption on a microscopic basis exhibits a range of enthalpies between about −5 and −70 kJ mol.sup.−1 H.sub.2. Without wishing being bound to theory, the inventor theorizes that the energy required by external pressure to open up binding sites in the metal hydride is approximately equal and opposite to the exothermic M-H bond forming process, resulting in effective enthalpy buffering and thermodynamic neutrality. Also without being bound to theory, the inventor theorizes that the energy required to open up the hydrogen binding sites in the metal hydrides described herein is provided by the gradually increasing external pressure of the hydrogen, which is roughly equal and opposite in value to the energy involved in hydrogen binding to the metal enters resulting in thermodynamic neutrality, and can be rationalised by the energy required to twist the amorphous structure into a conformation favourable for hydrogen binding. See, e.g., Skipper et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 19134, 2002.
[0229] As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon moiety. In one embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain saturated hydrocarbon. Unless otherwise specified, the “alkyl” or “alkylene” group contains from 1 to 24 carbon atoms. Representative saturated straight chain alkyl groups include, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl. Representative saturated branched alkyl groups include, e.g., isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, and isopentyl. In a preferred embodiment, an “alkyl” group does not contain a β hydrogen substituent.
[0230] As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon (mono- or multi-cyclic) having from 6 to 24 carbon atoms (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl), bound to the metal center via a metal-carbon bond.
[0231] As used herein, the term “arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl-aryl group, wherein alkyl and aryl are as defined herein (e.g., benzyl).
[0232] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group (mono- or multi-cyclic) having from 5 to 24 carbon atoms, additionally containing one or more N, S or O atoms.
[0233] One of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that a metal hydride having a non-integral stoichiometry, such as MH.sub.4.2, refers to a material having metal (M) atoms coordinated with varying amounts of hydrogen (e.g., an average of 9 parts MH.sub.4 to 1 part MnH.sub.6). Additionally, any metal hydride defined herein having an integral stoichiometry of metal to hydride ligand (e.g., MHO is intended to also cover a metal hydride sample having an overall mixed stoichiometry of MH(.sub.x−0.2 to x+0.2) (e.g., MH.sub.10.8-11.2 or MH.sub.11.8-12.2, for MH.sub.11 and MH.sub.12, respectively).
Metal Hydrides
[0234] In one embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein has a BET surface area of less than about 5 m.sup.2/g, such as less than about 4 m.sup.2/g, such as less than about 3 m.sup.2/g, less than about 2 m.sup.2/g, less than about 1.5 m.sup.2/g or less than about 1.0 m.sup.2/g, such as about 0.6 m.sup.2/g.
[0235] In another embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein has a BET surface area of about 2 m.sup.2/g or greater, such as about 5 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 7.5 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 10 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 25 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 50 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 75 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 100 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 150 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 200 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 250 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 275 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 300 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 350 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 400 m.sup.2/g or greater, about 450 m.sup.2/g or greater or about 500 m.sup.2/g or greater. For example, the metal hydride has a BET surface area of about 377 m.sup.2/g or 391 m.sup.2/g.
[0236] In other embodiments, the BET surface area is from about 2 m.sup.2/g to about 1000 m.sup.2/g, such as from about 10 m.sup.2/g to about 750 m.sup.2/g, from about 50 m.sup.2/g to about 500 m.sup.2/g, from about 100 m.sup.2/g to about 500 m.sup.2/g, from about 250 m.sup.2/g to about 500 m.sup.2/g, from about 300 m.sup.2/g to about 500 m.sup.2/g. In one embodiment, the BET surface area is from about 300 m.sup.2/g to about 400 m.sup.2/g.
[0237] In one embodiment, the metal hydrides described herein are in the form of a gel. In one embodiment, the metal hydrides described herein are in the form of a solid (e.g., a powder). In one embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein is a bulk solid, for example, a stable bulk solid at room temperature. In one embodiment, the metal hydrides described herein are polymeric (e.g., polymeric in the bulk phase). In one embodiment, the metal hydrides described herein are in the form of a pellet.
[0238] In one embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described have a pore diameter of about 2 nm.
[0239] In one embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein have a porosity of between about 5 and about 80%, such as between about 5 and about 70%, between about 5 and about 60%, between about 5 and about 50%, between about 5 and about 40%, between about 5 and about 30% or between about 5 and about 20%.
[0240] In further embodiments, any of the metal hydrides described herein exhibit a gravimetric hydrogen absorption at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 11%, at least about 12%, at least about 13% or at least about 14%, e.g., in an amount up to about 14%, such as from about 2.0% to about 14.0%, from about 8.0% to about 12.0%, or about 3.5%, about 7.0%, about 10.5%, about 14%) based upon 100% total weight of the metal hydride without molecular hydrogen stored in it.
[0241] In one embodiment, the organic group R does not contain a β hydrogen substituent (e.g., R is mesityl, neopentyl, benzyl or trimethylsilylmethyl). In a preferred embodiment, R is neopentyl or mesityl.
[0242] In another embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein are free or substantially free of metal ions (other than titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel and/or copper). In another embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein are free or substantially free of organic residue (e.g., organic ligands or solvents used during the synthesis of the metal hydride or a precursor thereof). In another embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein are free or substantially free of metal ions (other than titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel and/or copper) and free or substantially free of organic residue (e.g., organic ligands or solvents used during the synthesis of the metal hydride or a precursor thereof).
[0243] In another embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein may contain a transition metal in more than one oxidation state (e.g., M (I)/M(II), M(I)/M(III), M(II)/M(IV), (M(II)/M(III), M(II)/M(0)) wherein M is a metal as described herein.
[0244] In one embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein comprise greater than about 25 wt. % of MEL (wherein x is as described in any embodiment herein), such as greater than about 30 wt. %, greater than about 40 wt. %, greater than about 50 wt. %, greater than about 60 wt. %, greater than about 70 wt. %, greater than about 75 wt. %, greater than about 80 wt. %, greater than about 85 wt. %, greater than about 90 wt. %, greater than about 95 wt. %, greater than about 99 wt. %, greater than about 99.5 wt. % of MH.sub.x.
[0245] In one embodiment of any of the metal hydrides described herein, the ratio of M-H (metal-hydrogen) bonds to M-C (metal-carbon) bonds in the metal hydride is greater that about 2:1, such as greater that about 2.5:1, greater that about 5:1, greater that about 10:1, greater that about 20:1, greater that about 25:1, greater that about 50:1, greater that about 75:1, greater that about 100:1, greater that about 250:1.
[0246] In one embodiment of any of the metal hydrides described herein, the metal hydride is capable of coordinating with H.sub.2. For example, in one embodiment of any of the metal hydrides described herein, the metal hydride is capable of coordinating with H.sub.2 via a Kubas interaction.
[0247] The metal hydrides described herein preferably have sufficient microporosity (which may or may not be visible by nitrogen adsorption) to permit H.sub.2 to move in and out of the metal hydride framework to the active binding sites. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a metal hydride storage material comprising a metal hydride of any of the embodiments described herein, where the material has sufficient microporosity to permit: (i) H.sub.2 to diffuse in and out of the material and the active binding sites of the metal hydride; (ii) the metal to coordinate with H.sub.2 via, for example, a Kubas interaction; and (iii) absorption of H.sub.2 in an amount of about 2.0% to about 14.0% (based upon 100% total weight of the metal hydride without hydrogen stored in it). The metal hydride storage material may be incorporated into a hydrogen storage system as described herein.
[0248] In yet another embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein is crystalline. In one embodiment, and without being bound by theory, the H.sub.2 may move through the structure via a shuttle mechanism whereby it binds to the metal on one side and desorbs on the other to penetrate further into the structure, or moves through lammellai between crystalline planes.
[0249] In one embodiment, the metal hydrides described herein are amorphous or substantially amorphous (e.g., with little (e.g., nanoscopic order) or no long range order in the position of the atoms in the hydride structure). In one embodiment, the metal hydrides described herein contain less than about 20% crystallinity, such as less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 2.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% or less than about 0.1% crystallinity, as measured, for example, by X-ray diffraction using a Cu Kα radiation (40 kV, 40 mA) source. Metal hydrides having closed packed structures are desirable due to their higher volumetric densities, so long as they permit diffusion of H.sub.2 to the metal binding sites within them. Where the closed packed structure of a metal hydride does not permit diffusion of H.sub.2 to the metal binding sites, the metal hydride preferably does not have a closed packed structure.
[0250] In one embodiment, the metal hydrides described herein are greater than 80% amorphous, such as greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 99% or greater than about 99.5% amorphous, as measured, for example, by X-ray diffraction using a Cu Kα radiation (40 kV, 40 mA) source.
[0251] In another embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein may contain a minor amount (e.g., up to 0.5 moles total) of an impurity selected from phosphines (e.g., trimethylphosphine), ethers, water, alcohols, amines, olefins, sulfides, nitrides, and combinations thereof. The phosphine (e.g., trimethylphosphine), ether, water, alcohol, amine, olefin (e.g., 1-hexene) sulfide or nitride residues may remain from their use in the synthesis of the metal hydride or may be formed as byproducts during the synthesis. In one embodiment, any of the metal hydrides of the present invention may contain less than about 10.0 wt %, less than about 9.0 wt %, less than about 9.0 wt %, less than about 7.5 wt %, less than about 5.0 wt %, less than about 4.0 wt %, less than about 3.0 wt %, less than about 2.0 wt %, less than about 1.0 wt %, less than about 0.75 wt %, less than about 0.5 wt %, less than about 0.4 wt %, less than about 0.3 wt %, less than about 0.25 wt %, less than about 0.2 wt %, less than about 0.1 wt %, less than about 0.05 wt %, less than about 0.01 wt %, less than about 0.005 wt % or less than about 0.001 wt % of a phosphine (e.g., trimethylphosphine), ethers (e.g., Et.sub.2O, THF, dioxane), water, alcohol, amine, olefin (e.g., 1-hexene), sulfide or nitride residue, or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the metal hydride is free or substantially free of a phosphine (e.g., trimethylphosphine), ethers, water, alcohol, amine, olefin, sulfide or nitride residue, or a combination thereof. In addition, in embodiments of the invention where impurities are found, the metal hydrides described herein may also contain minor amounts (e.g., up to 0.5 moles total) of metal hydroxides (M-OH) and metal ethers (M-O-M) from the hydrolysis of metal alkyl species with residual water contained within the reaction mixture.
[0252] In certain embodiments, any of the metal hydrides of the present invention contain less than about 10.0 wt % of lithium or magnesium, or a combination thereof. These lithium and magnesium residues may remain from their use in the synthesis of the metal hydride. For example, any of the metal hydrides of the present invention may contain less than about 9.0 wt %, less than about 8.0 wt %, less than about 7.5 wt %, less than about 5.0 wt %, less than about 4.0 wt %, less than about 3.0 wt %, less than about 2.0 wt %, less than about 1.0 wt %, less than about 0.75 wt %, less than about 0.5 wt %, less than about 0.25 wt %, less than about 0.1 wt % or less than about 0.05 wt %, less than about 0.01 wt %, less than about 0.005 wt %, or less than about 0.001 wt % of lithium or magnesium or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, any of the metal hydrides of the present invention contain less than about 0.5 wt % of lithium or magnesium, or a combination thereof. For example, any of the metal hydrides of the present invention may contain less than about 0.4 wt %, less than about 0.3 wt %, less than about 0.25 wt %, less than about 0.2 wt %, less than about 0.1 wt %, less than about 0.05 wt %, less than about 0.01 wt %, less than about 0.005 wt % or less than about 0.001 wt % of lithium or magnesium or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the metal hydride is free or substantially free of lithium or magnesium, or a combination thereof.
[0253] The metal hydrides of the present invention may contain halogen. For instance, the metal hydride may contain less than about 20.0 wt % of a halogen, such as less than about 10.0 wt % of a halogen (such as Br.sup.−, Cl.sup.−, or I.sup.−). These halogen residues may remain from their use in the synthesis of the metal hydride (for instance, from the use of a Grignard reagent). For example, any of the metal hydrides of the present invention may contain less than about 9.0 wt %, less than about 8.0 wt %, less than about 7.5 wt %, less than about 5.0 wt %, less than about 4.0 wt %, less than about 3.0 wt %, less than about 2.0 wt %, less than about 1.0 wt %, less than about 0.75 wt %, less than about 0.5 wt %, less than about 0.25 wt %, less than about 0.1 wt % less than about 0.05 wt %, less than about 0.01 wt %, less than about 0.005 wt %, or less than about 0.001 wt % of halogen. In a preferred embodiment, the metal hydride is free or substantially free of halogen.
[0254] In one embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein (e.g., Formulas (I) and (II)) are capable of absorbing molecular hydrogen (H.sub.2) in an amount of at least 2.0% (e.g., from about 2.0% to about 8.0%, from about 8.0% to about 12.0%, or higher) (based upon 100% total weight of the metal hydride without hydrogen stored in it). In another embodiment, the metal hydride is capable of absorbing molecular hydrogen (H.sub.2) in an amount of from about 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, or 3.5% to about 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, or 7.0%. In another embodiment, the metal hydride is capable of absorbing molecular hydrogen (H.sub.2) in an amount of from about 8.0, 8.5 or 9.0% to about 11.0, 11.5 or 12%.
[0255] The metal hydrides of the present invention are capable of absorbing molecular hydrogen (H.sub.2) in an amount of at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 11%, at least about 12%, at least about 13% or at least about 14%, e.g., in an amount up to about 14%, such as from about 2.0% to about 14.0%, from about 8.0% to about 12.0%, or about 3.5%, about 7.0%, about 10.5%, about 14%) based upon 100% total weight of the metal hydride without molecular hydrogen stored in it.
[0256] In one embodiment of any of the metal hydrides described herein, R, if present, is selected from alkyl, silylated alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, heteroayl and aryl.
[0257] In one embodiment of any of the metal hydrides described herein R, if present, is selected from (trimethylsilyl)methyl, bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl, phenyl, benzyl, mesityl (or a group of formula (V) below where R.sup.1 is any organic group), allyl, 1,3-dimethyl allyl, 1,3-diethyl allyl (or another 1,3-disubstituted allyl where the substituents are organic groups), neopentyl, 2,2,2-dimethylphenylpropyl, benzyl, benzyl substituted on its aromatic ring with one or more groups (for example, methoxide or norborane) at its meta and para positions, aryl, aryl substituted on its aromatic ring with one or more groups (for example, methoxide or norborane) at its meta and para positions, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, R is a silylated alkyl group, such as bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl
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[0258] In another embodiment R, if present, is selected from (trimethylsilyl)methyl, bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl, mesityl, allyl, 1,3-dimethyl allyl, benzyl, phenyl and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, R is a silylated alkyl group, such as bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl. In one embodiment, R is phenyl.
[0259] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a metal hydride storage material comprising one or more metal hydrides prepared by any of the processes described herein.
[0260] In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a metal hydride storage material comprising one or more metal hydrides according to any of the embodiments described herein.
[0261] The metal hydride storage material may be incorporated into the hydrogen storage system as described herein.
Hydrogen Storage
[0262] In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of storing hydrogen comprising providing a metal hydride according to any of the embodiments described herein (e.g., a metal hydride prepared according to any of the processes described herein and/or one or more metal hydrides of formula (I) or (II)), adding hydrogen to the metal hydride, and allowing the hydrogen to coordinate to the metal hydride. The storing of hydrogen may be carried out in a storage system.
[0263] One embodiment of a storage system suitable for hydrogen storage is a pressure vessel. For example, the pressure vessel may hold the metal hydride of the present invention at a temperature of up to 200° C., e.g., from about −100 to about 150° C., from about −50 to about 0° C., from about −25 to about 0° C., from about 0 to about 150° C., from about 0 to about 50° C., from about 10 to about 30° C. or from about 20 to about 25° C. In one embodiment, the storage system is substantially free of oxygen.
[0264] Hydrogen may be added to the storage system (e.g., a pressure vessel) and stored using the metal hydrides of the present invention. In one embodiment, no heating is required when adding hydrogen to the pressure vessel for storage.
[0265] The amount of hydrogen that can be stored by the metal hydrides of the present invention is proportional to the pressure in the storage system. For example, at higher pressures, more hydrogen can be stored by the metal hydrides of the present invention. The pressure in the storage system may be increased by adding hydrogen to the storage system. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the inventor theorizes that as the pressure is increased, the number of Kubas interactions per metal centre may increase. For example, when the metal hydride is a metal dihydride such as MH.sub.2, one hydrogen molecule coordinated to the metal (e.g., by a Kubas interaction) affords MIL. Two hydrogen molecules coordinated to the metal (e.g., by Kubas interactions) affords MH.sub.6. Three hydrogen molecules coordinated to the metal (e.g., by Kubas interactions) affords MH.sub.8. Four hydrogen molecules coordinated to the metal (e.g., by Kubas interactions) affords MH.sub.10. Five hydrogen molecules coordinated to the metal (e.g., by Kubas interactions) affords MH.sub.12. As noted above, however, this process will appear continuous in the bulk state, resulting in the formation of a bulk material containing metal hydrides having a mixture of coordinated hydrogen molecules, and, therefore, an overall non-integer stoichiometry of manganese to hydrogen. Furthermore it may be possible (e.g., via a free radical and/or bimolecular process) to form molecular species of the formula MH.sub.3, MH.sub.5, MH.sub.7, MH.sub.9 and MH.sub.11.
[0266] In further embodiments, any of the metal hydrides described herein optionally contain one or more additional metals (e.g., a metal other than titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper). For example, the metal hydride may contain one or more additional metals selected from sodium, potassium, aluminum, beryllium, boron, calcium, lithium, magnesium and combinations thereof. In an alternate embodiment, the metal hydride may contain one or more additional metals (e.g., a metal other than titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper) wherein the one or more additional metals is a period 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and/or 12 transition metal, or a lanthanide, that forms a hydride upon treatment with hydrogen. For example, the metal hydride may contain one or more additional metals selected from zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, any of the metal hydrides described herein may optionally contain one or more additional period 4, period 5 or period 6 transition metals. In another embodiment, the metal hydride may contain one or more additional metals selected from iron, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, and combinations thereof. The one or more additional metals may be present in an amount of about 50 wt. % or less, about 40 wt. % or less, about 30 wt. % or less, about 25 wt. % or less, about 20 wt % or less, about 10 wt % or less, about 5 wt % or less, about 1 wt % or less, about 0.75 wt % or less, about 0.5 wt % or less, about 0.25 wt % or less, about 0.1 wt % or less, about 0.05 wt % or less or about 0.01 wt % or less. In one embodiment, the metal hydrides described herein contain no additional metal (e.g., no metal other than manganese).
[0267] The hydrogen pressure in the system may be increased using a compressor, such as a gas compressor, which pumps hydrogen into the system. Preferably, the hydrogen pressure in the system is increased to about 30 atm or more. For example, the hydrogen pressure in the system may be increased to from about 30 atm to about 500 atm, from about 50 atm to about 200 atm, or from about 75 atm to about 100 atm.
[0268] The system preferably has a temperature of (or operates at) up to 200° C., such as about −200° C. to 150° C. (e.g., about −100° C. to 150° C.), about −200° C. to 100° C., about 0° C. to 50° C., about 10° C. to 30° C., or about 20° C. to 25° C. In one embodiment, the system has a temperature (or operates at) about 25° C. to about 50° C. The system is preferably free of oxygen to prevent the oxidation of metal in the system. In one embodiment, the method of storing and releasing hydrogen in a system of the present invention may be carried out without adding heat to and/or cooling the system. In another embodiment, the method of storing and releasing hydrogen in a system of the present invention may be carried out by adding heat to and/or cooling the system.
[0269] In a further embodiment, the hydrogen is released from the storage system. For example, this may be accomplished by reducing the pressure of hydrogen in the system. In one embodiment, no heating is required in order to release the hydrogen from the metal hydride. For example, a valve in the storage system may be opened to allow hydrogen gas to escape from the system, thus decreasing the pressure in the storage system. In one embodiment, about 100% of the stored hydrogen is released. In additional embodiments, greater than about 50%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 97.5%, greater than about 99% or greater than about 99.5% of the hydrogen is released. The step of releasing the hydrogen pressure in the system may be carried out by allowing hydrogen gas to escape from the system, thus decreasing the hydrogen pressure. For instance, the step of releasing the hydrogen pressure may decrease the hydrogen pressure in the system to 100 atm or less (such as to 50 atm or less, 30 atm or less, or 20 atm or less). In another embodiment, the hydrogen is released from the storage system by increasing the temperature of the system.
[0270] Hydrogen may be added or released from the system at any point throughout the entire pressure gradient of the system without any adverse effects to the storage capacity of the system. In certain embodiments, hydrogen may be added or released from the system any number of times without any adverse effect to the storage capacity of the system. For example, the system can be filled with hydrogen and emptied of hydrogen at least 100, such as at least 200, at least 500, at least 1000 or at least 1500 times without a significant decrease in the storage capacity of the system.
[0271] In one embodiment, the storage system (e.g. pressure vessel) is a fuel tank in a vehicle, such as a truck or automobile.
[0272]
[0273] The metal hydride 14 of the present invention is present inside the tank body 12. In
[0274] A first passage 16 leads to a first opening 18 in the wall of the tank body 12. A first valve 20 controls the flow of hydrogen gas through the first opening 18.
[0275] A second passage 22 extends from a second opening 24 in the wall of the tank body 12. A second valve 26 controls the flow of hydrogen gas through the second opening 24.
[0276] The first valve 20 and the second valve 26 can be any type of valve that controls the flow of hydrogen gas through the first opening 18 and the second opening 24, respectively. For example, the first valve 20 and the second valve 26 can be ball valves or gate valves.
[0277] In one embodiment, hydrogen is added to the system 10 as follows. A gas compressor 32 pumps hydrogen gas into the first passage 16. The first valve 20 is opened to allow the hydrogen gas to flow through the first opening 18 and into the tank body 12.
[0278] A passage tube 28 is in gaseous communication with the first opening 18 and extends into the interior of the tank body 12. The passage tube 28 facilitates the distribution of the hydrogen gas to the metal hydride 14. In one embodiment, the passage tube 28 is made of a material that is permeable to the hydrogen gas. This allows the hydrogen gas to pass through the wall of the passage tube 28 and into contact with the metal hydride 14. The passage tube is also preferably made of a material that is impermeable to the metal hydride 14, thus preventing the metal hydride 14 from entering into the interior of the passage tube 28. The passage tube 28 preferably opens into the interior of the tank body 12. The opening of the passage tube 28 is preferably covered with a filter 30 which prevents the metal hydride 14 from entering into the interior of the passage tube 28.
[0279] When the compressor 32 pumps hydrogen gas into the tank body 12, there is an increase of the hydrogen pressure inside the tank body 12. When the hydrogen pressure inside the tank body is increased, the metal hydride 14 is able to coordinate with a greater amount of hydrogen. Preferably, the increase in pressure causes an increase in the number of Kubas interactions per metal centre in the metal hydride 14. After the desired amount of hydrogen has been added to the system, the valve 20 is closed.
[0280] When desired, hydrogen may be released from the system 10 as follows. The second valve 26 is opened, which allows hydrogen gas to flow out of the tank body 12 through the second opening 24. When hydrogen gas flows out of the tank body through the second opening 24, there is a decrease in pressure inside the tank body 12. When the pressure is decreased inside the tank body 12, the metal hydride 14 releases hydrogen. For example, the decrease in pressure may cause a decrease in the number of Kubas interactions per metal centre of the metal hydride 14.
[0281] Hydrogen that is released by the metal hydride 14 can flow out of the tank body 12 through the second opening 24. As shown in
[0282] In an alternative embodiment, the storage system of the present invention comprises a storage tank with a single opening. In this embodiment, hydrogen flows both into and out of the storage tank through the single opening. A valve is used to control the flow of hydrogen through the opening. Since the enthalpies of H.sub.2 binding are moderate to thermodynamically neutral and binding may be controlled by pressure, the tank may not need an exotic heat management system for most applications, unlike many prior hydrogen storage systems.
[0283] In one embodiment, the system is portable. As such, the system can be transported to a filling station to be filled with hydrogen. After being filled with hydrogen, the system can then be transported to a site where the hydrogen energy is to be used. Applications for this system include, but are not limited to, vehicles, airplanes, homes, buildings, and barbeques.
EXAMPLES
[0284] The present invention will now be further described by way of the following non-limiting examples. In applying the disclosure of these examples, it should be kept clearly in mind that the examples are merely illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way as many variations and equivalents that are encompassed by the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.
[0285] All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. Standard Schlenk techniques were used and manipulations were performed in an argon glove box and on a nitrogen Schlenk line
[0286] Nitrogen adsorption and desorption data were collected at 77K on a Micromeritics ASAP 2020™.
[0287] Infrared spectroscopy was conducted on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum RX1 using KBr discs. Prior to analysis the IR grade KBr was oven dried overnight at 120° C. to remove any residual water. A blank sample of KBr was ground in an oven-dried pestle and mortar in the glovebox and then compressed in air to form a disc. A background was taken of the blank KBr disc. Approximately 5 mg of sample was ground with 200 mg IR grade, oven dried KBr and compressed to form a disc. The spectrum of KBr was subtracted from the IR of the sample.
[0288] Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) was performed in a STA 449C analyser from Netzsch under a flow of dried air at 10.00° C./min up to 650° C. Argon was also used to protect the balance section.
[0289] X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns were collected by putting a small amount of powder in small capillaries (1 mm in diameter) and the XRD spectrum was taken using a Bruker Discover diffractometer with a Vantec 500 2D detector using Co Kα radiation. The X-ray beam was limited using a 0.2 mm collimator.
[0290] Hydrogen adsorption isotherms were obtained using a computer controlled gas sorption Sieverts apparatus manufactured by Hy-Energy. High purity hydrogen (Grade 6, 99.9999% purity) purchased from Air Liquide was used. Stainless steel spacers were added to the sample holder along with the material to reduce excess void space. The void space of the sample was calculated by performing a helium volume calibration at 298K using 5 each adsorption and desorption points (total of 10), with outlying values discarded and rerun. Excess hydrogen storage measurements on a 200 mg standard AX-21 sample (0.65 wt. % at 70 bar and 298 K) were performed and ensure correct functioning of the instrument and to ensure the accuracy of the isotherms. The reported gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity of Carbon-AX21 is 0.3 wt % at 35 bar (Bernard et al., Assessment of Hydrogen Storage on Different Carbons, IEA Report, 2001). This corresponds to 0.6 wt % at 70 bar which gives an error of ±0.07 wt % ((0.65-0.6)×100/70) at 100 bar H.sub.2 with a 200 mg sample size. This sample size was chosen such that the absolute amount adsorbed was equivalent to that in the metal hydride hydrogen storage experiments described herein (ca. 1 mmol H.sub.2) to eliminate systematic error, since the instrument measures total mols hydrogen adsorbed and then converts it to wt %.
[0291] Raman spectra were obtained using a Renishaw inVia Raman Microscope with a 488 nm excitation laser (20 mW power on the sample). The sample was placed in an aluminum pan and loaded into the sample cell inside an argon glovebox (MBraun Labstar) with the levels of water and oxygen kept below 0.1 ppm. A microscope objective was used to focus the laser beam onto the sample with a spot-diameter of about 50 μm. The bespoke sample cell stage, with a 3 mm thick sapphire window, was used to measure pressure-dependent Raman spectra up to 50 bar. Hydrogen (99.9995% purity) or deuterium (100%) pressure was maintained using a computer controlled mass flow controller and back pressure regulator. Spectra were obtained by taking 750 scans and adding the intensities.
[0292] Calorimetry data was collected using a reaction, scanning and isotherm C80 calorimeter manufactured by Setaram. Two high pressure cells were used, one for the sample and one as a reference and the cells were linked to the PCT-Pro via a stainless steel gas line with connections manufactured by Swagelok. The instrument set-up was calibrated by measuring the enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption of 540 mg of palladium. A PCT hydrogen adsorption measurement of Palladium up to 6 bar was taken simultaneously to an isothermal calorimetry measurement at 170° C. The total heat of adsorption of palladium was determined to be 31.6 kJ mol.sup.−1 H.sub.2, which is in line with literature values. For a measurement, 200 mg of a sample was placed in the sample cell with stainless steel spacers to reduce the void space. Identical spacers were also placed in the reference cell. Prior to the measurement the void space of the cells and gas line were determined using a helium volume calibration, one at room temperature and one with the cells in the C80 furnace at 40° C. A hydrogen adsorption measurement was set up using the PCT-Pro apparatus with a dose time for each addition of hydrogen gas to the sample set to 60 minutes. This is to allow for thermal equilibration before the hydrogen adsorption measurement moves onto the next dose. The C80 calorimeter was set to take an isothermal measurement of the heat flow of the sample during the PCT measurement with the temperature of the furnace kept constant at 40° C. A calorimetry measurement of a blank cell was also conducted at 40° C. simultaneously as a hydrogen adsorption measurement of the blank cell. This was to determine the heat flow during warming of the gas when it is introduced into the cells at different pressures. The total heat of the blank run was subtracted from the total heat of the sample. To determine the hydrogen adsorption enthalpy this value was then divided by the total number of moles of hydrogen adsorbed by the material.
[0293] High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRSTEM) was performed in a HD-2700 dedicated Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) from Hitachi, with a cold field emitter equipped with a CEOS Cs corrector and operated at 200 kV. The powder samples were dry deposited in an argon filled glove box onto a Cu grid covered with a carbon film (Quantifoil) having periodical holes with diameter of 1.2 microns. Observation was made in three different modes: Bright Field (BF), High Angle Annular Dark Field (HAADF) and Secondary Electron (SE).
Example 1: Chromium (III) Hydride Samples
Synthesis
Preparation of Tetrakis(trimethylsilylmethyl) Chromium
[0294] To a stirred suspension of CrCl.sub.3(THF).sub.3 (7.617 g, 20.33 mmol) in 40-60° C. petroleum ether, was added a solution of (trimethylsilyl)methyllithium (76.4 mmol, 76.64 mL of a 1.0 M solution in pentane). The colour of the slurry immediately changed to dark purple. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, and then filtered, and the residue was washed with three portions of petroleum ether (10 mL each). The dark purple filtrate was concentrated and dried at room temperature in vacuo for 24 hours to afford a dark purple crystalline solid (4.8 g, 96% yield). See Schulzk el al., Organometallics, 21, 3810, 2002.
Formation of Chromium (III) Hydride
[0295] A dark purple solution of tetrakis(trimethylsilylmethyl)chromium (IV) (1.2040 g, 5.22 mmol) in 50 mL of petroleum ether was placed in a 600 mL stirred hydrogenation vessel. The vessel was slowly heated to 100° C. and the reaction stirred for two days. The reaction mixture was filtered to give a black precipitate and a brown filtrate. The precipitate was dried in vacuo at 100° C. for four hours to afford a black air moisture sensitive solid (Cr-100). This material was placed in the stainless steel sample holder of the Hy-Energy PCT-Pro Sieverts apparatus and the sample holder was heated to 150° C. at a pressure of 85 bar H.sub.2 for four hours. The material was then cooled to 100° C. and evacuated for two hours at this temperature to give sample Cr-150C-H.sub.2. The material was then placed in the stainless steel 600 mL hydrogenation vessel and the vessel was pressurized to 70 bar H.sub.2 at 25° C. for 2 days. After removal from the pressure vessel the material was dried in vacuo at 100° C. for four hours to give a black air and moisture sensitive solid (Cr-25C-H.sub.2).
Sample Characterization
[0296] The Infra-Red (IR) spectrum for samples Cr-100, Cr-150-H.sub.2 and Cr-25C-H.sub.2 are shown in
[0297] Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for Samples Cr-100 and Cr-25C-H.sub.2 recorded at 77K are shown in
[0298] The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns for samples Cr-100, Cr-150C-H.sub.2 and Cr-25C-H.sub.2 are shown in
[0299]
[0300] Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out on samples Cr-100, Cr-150C-H.sub.2 and Cr-25C-H.sub.2 to establish the residual hydrocarbon content of each material after each heat and/or hydrogenation treatment. TGA (top trace) and DTA (bottom trace) spectra for samples Cr-100, Cr-150C-H.sub.2 and Cr-25C-H.sub.2 are shown in
[0301] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed on all three samples and the chromium 2p region is shown in
[0302] The gravimetric hydrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for samples Cr-100, Cr-150C-H.sub.2 and Cr-25C-H.sub.2 are shown in
[0303]
[0304] High pressure Raman spectroscopy was employed to study the binding mechanism of sample Cr-25C-H.sub.2 with hydrogen.
[0305] Calorimetric curves for sample Cr-25C-H.sub.2 during each dose of hydrogen addition during the PCT absorption measurement are shown in
Example 2: Vanadium (IV) Hydride Samples
Synthesis
Preparation of Tetraphenyl Vanadium (IV)
[0306] Phenyllithium (50 mmol, 25 mL of a 2.0M solution in dibutylether) was stirred at room temperature. VCl.sub.4 (2.03 mL, 12.5 mmol) was then added dropwise via syringe. The reaction mixture turned dark brown in colour, increased in temperature and bubbled fairly vigorously. Stirring was continued for fifteen minutes until it had stopped bubbling and had cooled back to room temperature. The mixture was then filtered to afford a dark brown precipitate and a brown filtrate. The resulting tetraphenyl vanadium (IV) complex was used without further purification.
Formation of Vanadium (IV) Hydride
[0307] The filtrate was immediately transferred to a stainless steel PARR pressure vessel and stirred under an inert atmosphere for 48 hours at 100° C. The mixture was then filtered to afford a black precipitate. The precipitate was dried in vacuo for four hours at 100° C. to afford 228 mg of a fine black powder (V(IV)-100). The black powder was hydrogenated in the PARR vessel at a pressure of 70 bar for 48 hours at 25° C. The resulting material was then dried in vacuo for 4 hours at 100° C. and allowed to cool to room temperature to give 109.3 mg of a black powder (V(IV)-25C-H.sub.2).
Sample Characterization
[0308] The Infra-Red (IR) spectra for samples V(IV)-100 and V(IV)-25C-H.sub.2 are shown in
[0309] Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for Samples V(IV)-100 and V(IV)-25C-H.sub.2 recorded at 77K are shown in
[0310] The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern for sample V(IV)-100 is shown in
Hydrogen Adsorption-Desorption Studies
[0311] The gravimetric hydrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for samples V(IV)-100 and V(IV)-25C-H.sub.2 are shown in
[0312]
Example 3: Manganese (II) Hydride Samples
Synthesis
Preparation of Bis(Mesityl) Manganese (II)
[0313] Manganese (II) chloride (5.0043 g, 39.77 mmol) was stirred with 1,4-dioxane (13.6 mL, 159.08 mmol) at room temperature for 1 hour to afford a pale pink paste. Diethyl ether was then added (50 mL) to afford a pale pink suspension. To this, mesitylmagnesium bromide (79.54 mmol, 79.54 mL of a 1.0 M solution in diethyl ether) was added dropwise at room temperature and the suspension changed from pale pink to brown. The brown suspension was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours, then filtered to afford a red-brown filtrate and a light beige precipitate. The precipitate was rinsed three times with diethyl ether. The washings and filtrate were combined and concentrated in vacuo to afford a red-brown solid. The solid was then extracted into petroleum ether (100 mL) and filtered to give a red-brown filtrate and light brown precipitate. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford a dark red-brown solid, which was dried in vacuo at room temp to give a red-brown powder (1.95 g, 30%).
Formation of Manganese (II) Hydride
[0314] Bis(mesityl) manganese(II) (1.9 g, 6.5 mmol) was stirred in 50 mL of warm petroleum ether to give a red-brown solution. The solution was transferred to a stainless steel PARR hydrogenation vessel under an inert atmosphere which was heated at 100° C. for 48 hours with stirring. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the resulting dark brown precipitate was dried at 100° C. in vacuo for 4 hours to afford a dark brown air-moisture sensitive solid (Mn(II)-100) (120 mg). This material was then reacted with hydrogen gas by placing the powder in the PARR vessel at room temperature and pressurizing the vessel at 100 bar. After 48 hours the material was dried in vacuo at 100° C. for four hours to afford a dark brown fine powder (Mn(H)-25C-H.sub.2) (58 mg).
[0315] Sample Characterization
[0316] The Infra-Red (IR) spectra for samples Mn(II)-100 and Mn(II)-25C-H.sub.2 are shown in
[0317] Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for Samples Mn(II)-100 and Mn(II)-25C-H.sub.2 recorded at 77K are shown in
Hydrogen Adsorption-Desorption Studies
[0318] The gravimetric hydrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for samples Mn(II)-100 and Mn(II)-25C-H.sub.2 are shown in
[0319] Sample Mn(II)-25C-H.sub.2 reached a maximum of 6.7 wt % at 150 bar. This surpasses the U.S. DOE's gravimetric adsorption goal of 5.5 wt %. As saturation of hydrogen adsorption was not seen at 150 bar it is possible that gravimetric performance could be improved at pressures above 150 bar. To ensure accuracy, carbon AX-21 was used as a standard.
Example 4: Manganese (II) Hydride Samples
Series 1
[0320] Manganese (II) chloride was stirred with 2 equivalents of neopentyl magnesium chloride in diethylether and with 4 equivalents of dioxane, and the solution stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The resulting product was isolated by filtration and washed with 100 mL of diethylether. The solvent removed in vacuo and the product was dried at 40° C. for 1 day (86% yield). The resulting product was then dissolved in 40 mL of petroleum ether, filtered and washed with 100 mL of petroleum ether. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the product was dried in vacuo for 4 hours (24% yield). 0.8 g of the product was then dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether and placed in the PARR vessel for 2 days at 100° C. (not under an atmosphere of hydrogen). 188 mg of solid was recovered and dried in vacuo for 2 hours to afford 146 mg of a solid (18.2% yield). The Infra-Red (IR) spectra of the resulting product is shown in
[0321] The product was then hydrogenated at 150° C. and 85 bar H.sub.2 for 4 hours. The temperature was reduced to 100° C. and the sample was dried in vacuo for 2 hours. The Infrared (IR) spectrum of the resulting product is shown in
[0322] As can be seen from
[0323] As seen in
Series 2
[0324] Manganese (II) chloride was stirred with 2 equivalents of neopentyl magnesium chloride in diethylether and with 4 equivalents of dioxane, and the solution stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The resulting product was isolated by filtration and washed with 100 mL of diethylether. The solvent removed in vacuo and the product was dried at 40° C. for 1 day. The resulting product was then dissolved in 40 mL of petroleum ether, filtered and washed with 100 mL of petroleum ether. Solvents were removed and the product was dried in vacuo for 4 hours. 0.8 g of the product was then dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether and placed in the PARR vessel for 2 days at 298K under 73 bar of H.sub.2. 193 mg of solid was recovered and dried in vacuo for 2 hours to afford 173 mg of a solid (21.6% yield). The Infra-Red (IR) spectra for the sample of the resulting product is shown in
[0325] The product was then hydrogenated at 150° C. and 85 bar H.sub.2 for 4 hours. The temperature was reduced to 100° C. and the sample was dried in vacuo for 2 hours. The Infrared (IR) spectra for the resulting product is shown in
[0326] As can be seen from
Series 3
[0327] Manganese (II) chloride was stirred with 2 equivalents of neopentyl magnesium chloride in diethylether and with 4 equivalents of dioxane, and the solution stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The resulting product was isolated by filtration and washed with 100 mL of diethylether. The solvent removed in vacuo and the product was dried at 40° C. for 1 day. The resulting product was then dissolved in 40 mL of petroleum ether, filtered and washed with 100 mL of petroleum ether. Solvents were removed and the product was dried in vacuo for 4 hours. 0.8 g of the product was then dissolved in 100 mL of cyclohexane and placed in the PARR vessel for 2 days at 100° C. (not under an atmosphere of hydrogen). 155 mg of solid was recovered and dried in vacuo for 2 hours to afford 148 mg of a solid (18.5% yield). The Infrared (IR) spectra for the sample of the resulting product is shown in
[0328] The product was then hydrogenated at 150° C. and 85 bar H.sub.2 for 4 hours. The temperature was reduced to 100° C. and the sample was dried in vacuo for 2 hours. The Infrared (IR) spectra of the resulting product is shown in
[0329] As can be seen from
Example 5: Direct Measurement of the Enthalpy of H.SUB.2 .Adsorption by a Mn(II) Hydride Sample
[0330] Bis(neopentyl) manganese(II) was prepared from neopentyl magnesium chloride using the dioxane method described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/304,317, filed Jun. 13, 2014, (published as U.S. Publication No. 2014/0370406) which is hereby incporpoarted by reference in its entirety. This compound is extermely air sensitive and reacts spontaneously with even trace amounts of oxygen to form a green compound, the presence of which adversely affects downstream hydrogen storage performance.
[0331] (1.09 g, 5.53 mmol) was stirred in 100 mL of petroleum ether to afford a brown solution. The solution was placed in a PARR pressure vessel and stirred for two days at 100° C. under an inert atmosphere of argon. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered to give a black precipitate and a colourless filtrate. The black precipitate was dried in vacuo at 100° C. for four hours to afford a black air moisture sensitive powder (105 mg) (Mn-Cal-100). This material was then reacted with hydrogen gas by placing the powder in a stainless steel sample holder. The sample holder was attached to the PCT-Pro instrument. The sample was charged with 20 bar H.sub.2 and then the temperature of the sample holder was increased to 150° C. The sample was then charged with 85 bar H.sub.2. After cooling the sample to 100° C., the sample was dried in vacuo for 2 hours before being allowed to cool to room temperature to afford a black air moisture sensitive powder (53.7 mg) (Mn-Cal-150-H.sub.2).
Sample Characterization
[0332] The Infrared (IR) spectra for sample Mn-Cal-150-H.sub.2 is shown below in
Hydrogen Adsorption Studies
[0333] The gravimetric hydrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for sample Mn-Cal-150-H.sub.2 is shown in
Calorimetry
[0334] The calorimetric curves for sample Mn-Cal-150-H.sub.2 are shown below in
[0335] The enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption for a material that stores hydrogen by the Kubas interaction is typically −20-40 kJ mol.sup.−1 H.sub.2. As the value obtained by direct measurement for sample Mn-Cal-150-H.sub.2 is outside this range and is close to zero, a second process may be involved which could be due to twisting of the material to create new Kubas hydrogen binding sites.
Example 6: Synthesis of Cr(II) Hydride Sample
[0336] Preparation of CrCl.sub.2(THF).sub.1.13
[0337] Chromium(II) chloride (5.353 g, 43.55 mmol) was stirred 80 mL of THF to give a green suspension. The suspension was then stirred under reflux for 72 hours. The excess THF was then removed in vacuo and the pale green solid thus obtained was dried in vacuo at 50° C. for 3 hours to afford a pale green powder (8.8914 g).
Preparation of Bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyl] Chromium(II)
[0338] To a stirred suspension of CrCl.sub.2(THF).sub.1.13 (5.1095 g, 25 mmol) in 200 mL of 40-60° C. petroleum ether was added a solution of (trimethylsilyl)methyllithium (50 mmol, 50 mL of a 1.0 M solution in pentane). The colour of the slurry immediately changed to dark brown. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours then filtered, and the residue was washed petroleum ether (3×20 mL). The dark brown filtrate was concentrated and dried at room temperature in vacuo for 48 hours to afford a dark brown solid (5 g, 89% yield). See also Schulzke et al, Organometallics, 21, 3810, 2002.
Preparation of Chromium(II) Hydride Sample
[0339] Bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]chromium(II) (5 g, 22.1 mmol) was stirred in 250 mL of 30-60° petroleum ether to give a dark brown solution. The solution was placed in the PARR pressure vessel and the vessel was pressurized at 10 bar H.sub.2 for 72 hours. The pressure was then increased to 70 bar for 48 hours. The vessel was then heated at 100° C. under an atmosphere of argon for 72 hours, followed by the reaction being heated at 100° C. and 80 bar H.sub.2 for 72 hours. The reaction was filtered to give a black precipitate and a black filtrate. The precipitate was rinsed with petroleum ether (3×10 mL). The precipitate was then dried at 100° C. in vacuo for 4 hours to give a black air moisture sensitive powder Cr(II)-100 (0.3155 g).
Sample Characterization
[0340] The Infrared (IR) spectra for sample Cr(II)-100 is shown in
[0341] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out on sample Cr(II)-100 to determine the oxidation state of chromium present in the material. The Cr 2p region is shown in
Hydrogen Adsorption Studies
[0342] The gravimetric hydrogen adsorption (bottom trace)-desorption (top trace) isotherms for sample Cr(II)-100 is shown in
[0343] Thus, starting with the dark purple Cr(IV) alkyl (as in Example 1) gave a hydrogen storage material Cr-100 (where decomposition of the Cr(IV) alkyl caused a reduction to give a Cr(III) species). Starting out with the Cr(II) alkyl precursor (as in Example 6) gave a material of mixed oxidation state with there being Cr(II), Cr(III) and (Cr(IV) present. The mixed valent Cr material (Cr(II)-100) has a lower hydrogen storage capacity than sample Cr-100.
Example 7: Alternate Synthesis of Manganese (II) Hydride Sample
[0344] 2.96 g (23.5 mmol) of MnCl.sub.2 (previously dried over thionyl chloride) was ground in a pestle and mortar to a fine powder and stirred in 50 mL of diethyl ether. Neopentyl magnesium chloride (47 mmol in 20 mL diethyl ether) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. 8.01 mL (94 mmol) of dioxane was then added dropwise over 5 hours and the colour of the reaction changed from pink to grey/green as it thickened. 20 mL of additional diethyl ether was then added and the reaction was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The reaction was then filtered to afford a brown/green filtrate and a white precipitate. The precipitate was washed with 3×30 mL of diethyl ether (the filtrate changed from dark brown to a pale orange). After filtration, the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford a dark brown solid, which was subsequently dried at 45° C. for 2 hours in vacuo to give a pale brown solid 3.7 g (81%). The solid was then dissolved in 40 mL of petroleum ether, stirred for 20 minutes and filtered to give a white precipitate and a brown filtrate. The solvents were removed in vacuo to afford a brown solid 2.925 g (62%). Thermal precipitation of this solid out of petroleum ether for 48 hours at 100° C. gave 900 mg of a fine black solid.
[0345] The Infrared (IR) spectra for this manganese hydride (II) sample is shown in
Example 8: Alternate Synthesis of Vanadium (IV) Hydride Sample
[0346] This example describes an improved process for the preparation of a V(IV) alkyl precursor (tetramesitylvanadium (IV)) that utilizes a Grignard reagent (mesitylMgBr), thereby avoiding the use of expensive lithium reagents.
Synthesis
Preparation of TetramesitylVanadium (IV)
[0347] Vanadium tetrachloride (2 g, 10.38 mmol) was stirred in diethyl ether (40 mL) at 25° C. to afford a dark red solution. Mesitylmagnesium bromide (41.52 mL of a 1.0 M solution in diethyl ether) was then added dropwise. The reaction mixture effervesced upon addition of the Grignard reagent and turned from dark red to black. After stirring for 24 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered to give a grey precipitate (2.1 g) and a black filtrate. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a black oil. The oil was extracted with petroleum ether (50 mL) to give a brown precipitate and a dark red/purple filtrate. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and dried to afford a dark red/purple oil (4.6 g, 84%).
Thermal Precipitation
[0348] 2.3 g (4.35 mmol) of tetramesityl vanadium(IV) was stirred in 50 mL of petroleum ether to give a dark brown solution. The solution was then placed in a stainless steel PARR pressure vessel under an atmosphere of argon. The vessel was stirred at 100° C. for 48 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered to give a dark brown filtrate and a black precipitate. The black precipitate was dried for 4 hours in vacuo at 100° C. to afford a dark brown air sensitive solid V(Mes)-100 (360 mg).
Preparation of Vanadium(IV) Hydride Sample
[0349] The brown air sensitive solid V(Mes)-100 was then hydrogenated at 100 bar H.sub.2 and 25° C. in the absence of solvent to afford vanadium hydride sample V(Mes)-100H.sub.2.
Sample Characterization
[0350] The Infra-Red (IR) spectra for samples V(Mes)-100 (bottom trace) and V(Mes)-100H.sub.2 (top trace) are shown in
Hydrogen Adsorption-Desorption Studies
[0351] The gravimetric hydrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for samples V(Mes)-100 (bottom trace, adsorption (square), desorption (triangle)) and V(Mes)-100H.sub.2 (top trace, adsorption (square), desorption (triangle)) are shown in
[0352] The isotherms increase linearly with increasing pressure without saturation at the pressures tested. For sample V(Mes)-100, the material reached 1.3 wt % at 110 bar. There is no hysteresis in the isotherm indicating that there is no significant kinetic barrier to overcome to fully desorb the hydrogen. After room temperature hydrogenation, sample V(Mes)-100 lost significant weight and hydrogen storage performance increased. Sample V(Mes)-110H.sub.2 reached a maximum of 1.7 wt % at 110 bar. To ensure accuracy, carbon AX-21 was used as a standard.
[0353] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
[0354] Patents, patent applications, publications, product descriptions, and protocols are cited throughout this application, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.