Systems and methods for fabrication and use of brace designs for braced frames

Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention relate to a structural frame member which includes a brace member that is used to absorb energy when the structural frame is subjected to loadings such as seismic, wind and gravity loads. The brace member is coupled to a restraining member that increases the buckling capacity of the brace member so that the brace member has approximately the same load axial capacity in compression as in tension. Embodiments of the invention also relate to the design, construction and assembly of the connection of the brace member that couples the brace member to a gusset plate which is coupled to the beam and column in the structural frame.

Claims

1. A structural brace member comprising: a plate positioned lengthwise within a tubular element, wherein the plate extends beyond a first end of the tubular element and a second end of the tubular element, wherein no substantial material is disposed within the tubular element between the tubular element and the plate; an upper fin extending substantially lengthwise within the tubular element, the upper fin coupled to and extending orthogonally from a top surface of the plate; and a lower fin extending substantially lengthwise within the tubular element, the lower fin coupled to and extending orthogonally from a bottom surface of the plate, wherein at least one of the upper fin and the lower fin are secured locally to an interior wall of the tubular element.

2. The structural brace member of claim 1, further comprising a pair of top connecting plates, one of the top connecting plates coupled to the top surface of the plate at a first end of the plate, and one of the top connecting plates coupled to the top surface of the plate at a second end of the plate.

3. The structural brace member of claim 2, wherein a portion of each of the two top connection plates is disposed within the tubular element.

4. The structural brace member of claim 1, further comprising a pair of bottom connecting plates coupled to the bottom surface of the plate at the first end of the plate, and one of the bottom connecting plates coupled to the bottom surface of the plate at the second end of the plate.

5. The structural brace member of claim 1, wherein a height the upper fin is the same as a height of the lower fin.

6. The structural brace member of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the upper fin and the lower fin are secured locally by a fastener, and wherein the fastener comprises a plug weld.

7. The structural brace member of claim 1, wherein the plate is substantially parallel to a horizontal side of the tubular element, and at least one of the upper fin and the lower fin are substantially parallel to a vertical side of the tubular element.

8. The structural brace member of claim 1, wherein the tubular element is a square tube.

9. The structural brace member of claim 1, wherein the upper fin and the lower fin are coupled to the plate via welding.

10. The structural brace member of claim 1, wherein the tubular element is steel.

11. The structural brace member of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the upper fin and the lower fin are secured locally by a plug weld.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Embodiments of the present invention are described in conjunction with the following appended figures:

(2) FIG. 1 shows typical brace frames comprising beams and columns with diagonal and inverted V bracing configurations;

(3) FIG. 2 shows a buckling restrained brace design concept that uses mortar and a tube component to provide buckling restraint for a brace;

(4) FIGS. 3A and 3B show two separate cross sections of the embodiment of the invention comprising a brace with a horizontal component with single vertical component (cruciform) and a brace with a horizontal component with double vertical components (double cruciform);

(5) FIG. 4 shows an isometric view of one end of the brace with a horizontal component with a single vertical component and the end connection for attachment to a gusset plate.

(6) FIG. 5 shows an isometric view of one middle portion of a brace having a fastening mechanism to couple the tubular element with the core element;

(7) FIG. 6 shows a finite element model view of the brace-to-gusset connection;

(8) FIG. 7 is a detailed drawing of the bolted-welded gusset plate connection assembly;

(9) FIG. 8 shows the cross section A-A of FIG. 7 for the bolted-welded connection;

(10) FIG. 9 shows a cross section A-A of FIG. 7 for a bolted-welded connection with plates;

(11) FIG. 10 shows the connecting plates and shim shapes of the connection; and

(12) FIG. 11 shows a computer generated hysteresis loop for a buckling restrained brace design in one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(13) The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing one or more exemplary embodiments. It is being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

(14) Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, any detail discussed with regard to one embodiment may or may not be present in every version of that embodiment, or in any version of another embodiment discussed herein. In other instances herein, well-known processes, methods, techniques, devices, structures, and tools may be used to implement the described embodiments. Additionally, any time “steel” is recited herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other metals or materials may also be used.

(15) Braces are used in braced frames that support lateral and gravity loads in buildings, and are typically made of members comprising rolled or cast steel structural steel shapes. Bolted and/or welded gusset plates are used to connect the beams, columns, and braces of the braced frame. Embodiments of the invention reduce the weight, costs, and fabrication time necessary to provide and install braces in a braced frame over that of conventionally designed structural braces.

(16) Methods of design and construction of the bracing members in braced frames are discussed herein which enhance and provide for high resistance and ductile behavior of the frames when subjected to gravity, seismic, and wind loading. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention relates to the design and construction of lightweight braces and their connections that use gusset plates to join the beams and columns to the lateral load carrying brace members with particular use, but not necessarily exclusive use, in framed buildings, in new construction, and in the modification of existing structures.

(17) Embodiments of the present invention relates to how the aforementioned braces are assembled, the means by which the braces are restrained from buckling within the confining tube or box like member, and how brace loads are transferred to frame gusset plates.

(18) The arrangement of the beams, also known as girders, columns, and braces and their connections are designed to ensure the framework can support the gravity and seismic and wind lateral loads contemplated for the intended use of the bridge, building or other structures. Making appropriate engineering assessments of loads and how these loads are resisted represents current design methodology. These assessments are compounded in complexity when considering loads for wind and seismic events, which requires determining the forces, stresses, and strains in the structural members. It is well known that during an earthquake, the dynamic horizontal and vertical inertia loads and stresses and strains imposed on a building have the greatest impact on the braces primarily but may also damage the beams and columns which constitute the resistant frame. Under high seismic or wind loading or from repeated exposure to milder loadings of this kind, these members may fail, possibly resulting in the collapse of the structure and the loss of life.

(19) Turning now to FIG. 1, a possible construction of modem structures such as buildings and bridges is shown, braced frames include beams 1, columns 2, and braces 3 arranged, fastened, or joined together using gusset plates 4, to form a skeletal load resisting framework of a structure. The two bracing systems shown in FIG. 1 are diagonal 5 and chevron 6 systems.

(20) FIG. 2 shows a typical buckling restrained brace 9 comprising a yielding steel core 10 coated with an un-bounding material 11 that separates the axial load in the steel core from a mortar 12 filled rectangular tube 13. Mortar 12 filled tube 13 is designed to provide only lateral stability to steel core 10 which inhibits brace 9 from buckling when steel core 10 is subjected to a compressive axial load. An embodiment of the invention eliminates mortar 12 of buckling restrained brace 9 which also eliminates the need for un-bonding material 11 between the mortar 12 and steel core 10. Such an embodiment reduces the weight, cost, and fabrication time of the buckling resistant brace.

(21) FIGS. 3A and 3B show two cross section designs 20, 21 of such a buckling restrained brace with a steel core (also referred to herein as a “core element”) embedded in a rectangular tube 22 (also referred to herein as a “tubular element”). The first brace design 20 includes a horizontal plate 24 with two vertical plates 25 that are coupled to horizontal plate 24 (via welding, some other attachment means, and/or the like) to form a cruciform. The second brace design 21 includes a horizontal plate 24 and four vertical plates 25 (via welding, some other attachment means, and/or the like) to form a double cruciform. In other embodiments, more vertical plates would be possible, such that a triple, quadruple, or greater cruciform cross section could be present.

(22) Both of these designs have the steel core embedded in a rectangular tube 24 with minimum fabrication clearances 26 between the brace components of the steel core and the tube sufficient to allow assembly of the brace. Such fabrication clearances may be between about 0.10 and about 0.25 inches in width. These assembly designs eliminate the need for any restraining material between the steel core and the restraining tube, as shown in FIG. 2. The restraining tube 22, which resists only lateral loads generated by the flexural forces of the steel core, is designed to have sufficient strength and stiffness to inhibit overall lateral buckling of the tube and steel core, when the steel core is subjected to a compressive axial load.

(23) Essentially then, no substantial material is present between the core element and the tubular element in embodiments of the invention. While some embodiments may have an occasional fastening mechanism coupling the core element with the tubular element, as will be discussed below, such fastening mechanisms will occur at singular point-locations. No substantial material present between the core element and the tubular element means that a mortar or other significant material is not present along the length of the combined brace element.

(24) Shown to FIG. 4 is an isometric drawing of one end of a buckling restrained brace 20 with the brace-to-gusset end connection 31 including connecting plates. The width and height of the connection of the steel core to the gusset plate is designed to have the maximum width and height of the steel core. This embodiment allows the steel core and connection to be fabricated and assembled independent of the constraining tube or box like structure.

(25) Shown in FIG. 5 is an isometric drawing of a central portion 41 of a buckling resistant brace assembly. In this embodiment, the steel core is secured to the restraining tube by fastener 42 or plug weld at the midpoint of the assembly. Various weld types could also be used to secure the steel core to the restraining tube in other embodiments. Note that such a fastener, e.g., a plug weld, etc. is not intended to carry structural loads, but rather keep the core element coupled with the tubular element during assembly and coupling operations.

(26) Shown in FIG. 6 is a more detailed finite element model of the gusset plate connection assembly 50. This assembly comprises four connection plates 51 and a tube end plate 52. The connecting plates are coupled to the steel core and provide the transfer of the axial load in the steel core to the gusset plate.

(27) FIG. 7 is a detailed drawing of the bolted-welded gusset plate connection assembly showing how the steel core 60 load is transferred by the bolted-welded connection plates 61 to the gusset plate 62. The width of the connecting plates 61 is equal to the width of the steel core 63 to accommodate the complete subassembly of the steel core and connection plates prior to placing this subassembly in the restraining tube according to an embodiment of the invention.

(28) Shown in FIG. 8 is the cross section A-A of FIG. 7. This embodiment of the invention uses both fillet welds 70 and bolts 72 to transfer the steel brace load to the connecting plates 73.

(29) Shown in FIG. 9 is the cross section A-A of FIG. 7 without the bolts. This embodiment of the invention uses shim plates 80 and uses both fillet welds 81 and groove welds 82 to transfer the brace load to the connecting plates 83.

(30) Shown in FIG. 10 are the connecting plate shapes 90 and shim plates 91 location and shape if shims are required.

(31) In FIG. 11 are computer generated hysteresis loops 100 for a restrained brace assembly having the embodiments of the invention which demonstrate the maximum and minimum brace forces when the assembly brace is subjected to both axial load and alternate lateral drifts of 2.7%. The maximum axial compressive brace load 102 and the maximum axial tensile load 101 are essentially equal according to an embodiment of this invention.

(32) The invention has now been described in detail for the purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be appreciated that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.