FUEL INJECTOR

Abstract

A fuel injector comprises an elongate fuel passage (31) having an elongate axis (31a) extending from an upstream inlet end to a downstream outlet end. A plurality of outlets (33) is arranged at the outlet end, each outlet extends obliquely with respect to the elongate axis (31a). The elongate fuel passage is defined by an inner skin of a double skinned pipe, the double skinned pipe defines a first annular cavity (34) between the inner skin and an outer skin. The inner skin and the outer skin meet adjacently upstream of the one or more outlets to close an end of the first annular cavity (34). The injector has a nose section (32) at a downstream end, the nose section (32) being convergent and fluted. The flutes (38) are arranged between the outlets (33) and extend towards the downstream end of the nose section (32) whereby to guide an air stream (A) passing over the injector (30) to form single jet at the downstream end of the nose section (32).

Claims

1. A fuel injector comprising; an elongate fuel passage having an elongate axis extending from an upstream inlet end to a downstream outlet end; a plurality of outlets at the outlet end each extending obliquely with respect to the elongate axis; the elongate fuel passage defined by an inner skin of a double skinned pipe, the double skinned pipe defining a first annular cavity between the inner skin and an outer skin; the inner skin and the outer skin meeting adjacent the one or more outlets to close an end of the first annular cavity; a nose section at a downstream end, the nose section being convergent and fluted, the flutes arranged between the outlets and extending towards the downstream end of the nose section whereby to guide an air stream passing over the injector to form single jet at the downstream end of the nose section.

2. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the nose section is substantially dome shaped.

3. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the nose section is substantially cone shaped.

4. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the nose section is substantially in the form of a part ellipsoid.

5. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein each flute converges from an upstream to a downstream end.

6. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the flutes vary in depth from an upstream to a downstream end.

7. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein at least one flute is arranged between each circumferentially adjacent pair of outlets.

8. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the flutes are inclined in a circumferential direction.

9. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the outlets are arranged obliquely with respect to the elongate axis and are directed radially outwards and in a downstream direction.

10. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the outlets are inclined in a circumferential direction.

11. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the plurality of outlets is arranged in an annular array nominally centred on the elongate axis.

12. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a second annular cavity defined by an annular outer wall extending from downstream of the outlet end to a position upstream of the one or more outlets, the annular outer wall being convergent at a downstream end whereby to define an orifice centred nominally coincident with the elongate axis, the second annular cavity having a second annular cavity inlet at an upstream end and wherein the fuel passage outlets emerge at a radially outer surface of the annular outer wall.

13. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 12 wherein the annular outer wall comprises an array of slots arranged to receive the array of fuel passage outlets.

14. A fuel injector as claimed in claim 1 arranged nominally centrally of an annular air swirler to form a fuel spray nozzle.

15. The fuel spray nozzle of claim 14 further comprising a seal arranged to limit air flow from upstream of the air swirler around the injector.

16. The fuel spray nozzle of claim 15 wherein the seal is mounted on or integral with one of the air swirler or an adjacent combustor component.

17. A gas turbine engine comprising one or more fuel spray nozzles, the fuel spray nozzles having the configuration as claimed in claim 14.

18. A gas turbine engine as claimed in claim 15 comprising a plurality of fuel spray nozzles arranged in an annular array around an engine axis of the gas turbine engine.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0021] Some embodiments of the present disclosure will now be further described with reference to the accompanying Figures in which;

[0022] FIG. 1 shows the general arrangement of a fuel spray nozzle within a gas turbine engine;

[0023] FIG. 2 shows in more detail an example of a fuel spray nozzle arrangement;

[0024] FIG. 3 shows, in section, a fuel injector in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0025] FIG. 4 shows a more detailed view of the fuel spray nozzle of FIG. 3;

[0026] FIG. 5 shows an optional embellishment of the a fuel spray nozzle in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0027] FIG. 6 shows a gas turbine engine into which fuel spray nozzles in accordance with the present disclosure might usefully be used;

[0028] FIG. 7 shows an example of an air swirler configuration suitable for use in a fuel spray nozzle in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS AND EMBODIMENTS

[0029] FIG. 1 shows the general arrangement of a fuel nozzle within a gas turbine engine. At an upstream end of a combustor 1 is an annular combustor heatshield 2 in which is provided an annular array of holes 3 through which a mix of fuel and air is delivered to the combustor 1. Mounted to an upstream facing wall of the combustor heatshield 2 is an annular air swirler 4. A fuel feed arm 5 carries a fuel injector 6 which delivers air to the centre of an air swirler 4 through an outlet 6a. The feed arm 5 and injector 6 have a double skinned wall which defines an annular cavity 7 around the fuel line 8. This air filled cavity 7 serves as a heatshield for the fuel line 8.

[0030] FIG. 2 shows in more detail an arrangement of fuel spray nozzle. The arrangement is an example of a jet-in-crossflow fuel spray nozzle as disclosed in the Applicant's prior filed European Patent application no. EP16173667, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein. A fuel injector 26 has a centrally arranged fuel line 28 which, as it approaches a downstream end of the injector 26, forms an annular fuel passage 27 having an outlet 28a. Typically the outlet 28a is one of a plurality of outlets arranged in an annular array. An annular air filled cavity 29 provides a heatshield on radially inner and radially outer walls of the annular fuel passage 27. A central channel 30 open to the downstream end serves as a conduit for a central jet of air. An annular air swirler 24 (shown in outline only) typically mounted to the combustor (not shown) sits around the injector 26.

[0031] FIG. 3 shows a fuel injector 30 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The fuel injector 30 has a centrally arranged fuel passage 31. At its downstream end, the injector has a radially convergent nose section 32 which converges towards an elongate axis 31a of the fuel passage 31. At its downstream end, the fuel passage fans out to provide an annular array of outlets 33. An annular air filled cavity 34 serves as a heatshield for the centrally arranged fuel passage 31. Where an air flow flowing in a direction substantially parallel with the elongate axis 31a is passed over the fuel injector 30, the shape of the injector 30 (in particular at the nose section 32 is such as to encourage formation and retention of an air film A on the surface of the injector 30. As illustrated by the arrows, the film A converges towards the end of the nose section 32.

[0032] In use, an annular air swirler 35 (shown in outline only) typically mounted to the combustor (not shown) sits around the injector 30. The injector 30 is joined to a fuel feed tube (not shown).

[0033] In use fuel is delivered through fuel passage 31 and exits through outlets 33. The outlets 33 are directed so as to project fuel across an air flow path which passes over the injector 30 and through air swirler 35. Annular heatshield cavity 34 is closed at the injector outlet end and contains air to insulate the fuel passage 31.

[0034] FIG. 4 shows a more detailed view of the fuel injector of FIG. 3. The same reference numerals are used to identify the same components. FIG. 4 shows the injector 30 in a cut away view and in cross section (through plane C-C). As can be seen the injector may cooperate with a floating seal 36 which, for example, is mounted to the combustor. Optionally, the seal 36 is formed integrally with an annular air swirler (not shown). The fluted 38 surface on the convergent nose section 32 encourages air flow around the nose section 32 to form a single jet exiting through an orifice 37 in the seal 36. The orifice 37 is nominally centred on the elongate axis 31a. Between concentrically adjacent pairs of outlets 33 are flutes 38.

[0035] FIG. 5 shows an optional embellishment of an injector in accordance with the present disclosure. The fuel injector 40 has a centrally arranged fuel passage 41. At its downstream end, the fuel passage fans out to provide an annular array of outlets 42. An annular air filled cavity 43 serves as a heatshield for the centrally arranged fuel passage 41. Towards the outlet end of the injector an open ended annular cavity 44 is provided around the annular heatshield cavity 43. An outer wall 44a of the cavity 44 is shaped to turn an airflow passing through the channel into a single jet leaving an outlet 44b which is arranged centrally of the annular array of outlets 42. A cone shaped nose section 45 of the fuel injector projects towards the outlet 44b to assist in directing air from the open ended annular cavity towards the outlet 44b where it is shaped to form a single jet.

[0036] An annular air swirler 46 (shown in outline only) typically mounted to the combustor (not shown) sits around the injector 40. The injector 40 is joined to a double skinned fuel feed tube 47a, 47b by welds W.sub.1 and W.sub.2.

[0037] In use fuel is delivered through fuel passage 41 and exits through outlets 42. The outlets 42 are directed so as to project fuel across an air flow path which passes over the outer wall 44a and through air swirler 46. Annular heatshield cavity 43 is closed at the injector outlet end and contains air to insulate the fuel passage 41. In contrast, annular cavity 44 is open at the injector outlet end and a continuous stream of air is channelled through this annular cavity 44 and out through the air outlet 44b which sits just downstream of the cone shaped nose 45. The converging outer wall 44a of cavity 44 and the cone shaped nose 45 together create a single jet of air at the outlet 44b. The outer wall 44a includes an array of holes 44c which encircle protruding fuel outlets 42. Some air from the annular cavity 44 thus exits through these holes 44 insulating the outlets 42 and providing an air film that may prevent the build-up of fuel in this region reducing the incidence of local coke formation.

[0038] FIG. 6 illustrates a gas turbine engine into which fuel injectors in accordance with the present disclosure might usefully be used. With reference to FIG. 6, a gas turbine engine is generally indicated at 610, having a principal and rotational axis 611. The engine 610 comprises, in axial flow series, an air intake 612, a propulsive fan 613, a high-pressure compressor 614, combustion equipment 615, a high-pressure turbine 616, a low-pressure turbine 617 and an exhaust nozzle 618. A nacelle 620 generally surrounds the engine 610 and defines the intake 612.

[0039] The gas turbine engine 610 works in the conventional manner so that air entering the intake 612 is accelerated by the fan 613 to produce two air flows: a first air flow into the high-pressure compressor 614 and a second air flow which passes through a bypass duct 621 to provide propulsive thrust. The high-pressure compressor 614 compresses the air flow directed into it before delivering that air to the combustion equipment 615.

[0040] In the combustion equipment 615 the air flow is mixed with fuel and the mixture combusted. The resultant hot combustion products then expand through, and thereby drive the high and low-pressure turbines 616, 617 before being exhausted through the nozzle 18 to provide additional propulsive thrust. The high 616 and low 617 pressure turbines drive respectively the high pressure compressor 614 and the fan 613, each by suitable interconnecting shaft. An array of fuel injectors in accordance with the present disclosure may conveniently be provided at an inlet end of the combustion equipment 615.

[0041] Other gas turbine engines to which the present disclosure may be applied may have alternative configurations. By way of example such engines may have an alternative number of interconnecting shafts (e.g. three) and/or an alternative number of compressors and/or turbines. Further the engine may comprise a gearbox provided in the drive train from a turbine to a compressor and/or fan.

[0042] FIG. 7 shows an air swirler 56 suitable for use in a fuel spray nozzle in accordance with the present disclosure. The swirler has an axis Y and comprises a first swirler section 64, a second swirler section 66 and an additional swirler section 68. The first swirler section 64 comprises a plurality of vanes 70, a first member 72 and a second member 74. The second member 74 is arranged coaxially around the first member 72 and the vanes 70 extend radially between the first and second members 72 and 74. The vanes 70 have leading edges 76 and the second member 74 has an upstream end 78. The leading edges 76 of the vanes 70 extend with radial and axial components from the first member 72 to the upstream end 78 of the second member 74 and the radially outer ends 80 of the leading edges 76 of the vanes 70 form arches 82 with the upstream end 78 of the second member 74. In particular the leading edges 76 of the vanes 70 extend with axial downstream components from the first member 72 to the upstream end 78 of the second member 74.

[0043] The second swirler portion 66 comprises a plurality of vanes 84 and a third member 86. The third member 86 is arranged coaxially around the second member 74. The vanes 84 of the second swirler 66 extend radially between the second and third members 74 and 86. The vanes 84 of the second swirler portion 66 have leading edges 88 and the third member 86 has an upstream end 90. The leading edges 88 of the vanes 84 of the second swirler portion 66 extend with radial and axial components from the upstream end 78 of the second member 74 to the upstream end 90 of the third member 86 and the radially outer ends 92 of the leading edges 88 of the vanes 84 of the second swirler portion 66 form arches 94 with the upstream end 90 of the third member 86. In particular the leading edges 88 of the vanes 84 extend with axial downstream components from the upstream end 78 of the second member 74 to the upstream end 90 of the third member 86.

[0044] The first member 72, the second member 74 and the third member 86 are generally annular members with a common axis Y. Thus, the upstream end of the first member 72 is upstream of the upstream end 78 of the second member 74 and the upstream end 78 of the second member 74 is upstream of the upstream end 90 of the third member 86.

[0045] The outer surface of the downstream end of the first member 72 tapers/converges towards the axis Y of the fuel injector head 60. The first member 72 The downstream end of the second member 74 tapers/converges towards the axis Y of the fuel injector head 60 and the inner surface of the downstream end of the third member 86 initially tapers/converges towards the axis Y of the fuel injector head 60 and then diverges away from the axis Y of the fuel injector head 60. An annular passage 104 is defined between the first member 72 and the second member 74 and an annular passage 106 is defined between the second member 74 and the third member 86. A central passage 108 is defined within the first member 74 in which a fuel passage can be received in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0046] It is seen that the fuel injector head 60 is arranged such that the leading edges 76 and 88 of the vanes 70 and 84 respectively are arranged to extend with axial downstream components from the first member 72 to the upstream end 78 of the second member 74 and from the second member 74 to the upstream end 90 of the third member 86 respectively. In addition it is seen that the fuel injector head 60 is arranged such that the radially outer ends 80 and 92 of the leading edges 76 and 88 of the vanes 70 and 84 respectively form arches 82 and 94 with the upstream ends 78 and 90 of the second and third member 74 and 86 respectively. These features enable the fuel injector head 60 and in particular the first and second swirler sections 64 and 66 of the fuel injector head 60 to be manufactured by direct laser deposition. These features enable the vanes 70 of the first swirler 64 to provide support between the first member 72 and the second member 74 and the vanes 84 of the second swirler 66 to provide support between the second member 74 and the third member 86 during the direct laser deposition process.

[0047] The skilled person will appreciate that except where mutually exclusive, a feature described in relation to any one of the above aspects of the present disclosure may be applied mutatis mutandis to any other aspect of the present disclosure.

[0048] It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments above-described and various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the concepts described herein. Except where mutually exclusive, any of the features may be employed separately or in combination with any other features and the disclosure extends to and includes all combinations and sub-combinations of one or more features described herein.