CE3+ activated luminescent compositions for application in imaging systems

Abstract

A luminescent composition includes a host matrix sensitized by Ce.sup.3+ and showing emission in the ultraviolet range. Typical host matrices include fluorides, sulphates, and phosphates, in particular A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y)F.sub.4, A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.3F.sub.10, BaCa(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.10, and Ba(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.8, wherein A=Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs. One or more of these luminescent compositions may be applied as a ceramic or single crystalline converter for CT, PET or SPECT scanners, or as a luminescent powder layer for x-ray intensifying screens.

Claims

1. A scintillator material comprising a host lattice activated by Ce.sup.3+, wherein the host lattice is selected from the group consisting of: A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y)F.sub.4, A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.3F.sub.10, BaCa(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.10, and Ba(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.8, and further wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and a solid solution comprising a mixture of two or more of those elements, and wherein 0<x<1 and 0<y<1.

2. The scintillator material of claim 1, wherein the material is activated by 0.01% to 10% of Ce.sup.3+.

3. The scintillator material of claim 1, wherein the material is co-activated by at least one element selected from the group consisting of Pr.sup.3+, Nd.sup.3+, Sm.sup.3+, Eu.sup.3+, Gd.sup.3+, Tb.sup.3+, Dy.sup.3+, Ho.sup.3+, Er.sup.3+, Tm.sup.3+, and Yb.sup.3+.

4. The scintillator material of claim 1, further comprising a diffusion barrier coating material which substantially prevents diffusion of H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2 and volatile organic compounds across the diffusion barrier.

5. A PET or SPECT imaging system comprising the scintillator material of claim 1.

6. A CT imaging system comprising the scintillator material of claim 1.

7. An imaging system including an x-ray converter film which comprises the scintillator material of claim 1.

8. A luminescent composition comprising a host matrix in combination with Ce.sup.3+ as an activator, in which the emission band maximum of the Ce.sup.3+ is equal to or below 400 nm, wherein the host matrix is selected from the group consisting of: A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y)F.sub.4, A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.3F.sub.10, BaCa(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.10, and Ba(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.8, and further wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and a solid solution comprising a mixture of two or more of those elements, and wherein 0<x<1 and 0<y<1.

9. The luminescent composition of claim 8, wherein the emission band maximum of the Ce.sup.3+ is equal to or above 280 nm.

10. The luminescent composition of claim 8, wherein the composition is activated by 0.01% to 10% of Ce.sup.3+.

11. The luminescent composition of claim 8, wherein the composition is co-activated by at least one element selected from the group consisting of Pr.sup.3+, Nd.sup.3+, Sm.sup.3+, Eu.sup.3+, Gd.sup.3+, Tb.sup.3+, Dy.sup.3+, Ho.sup.3+, Er.sup.3+, Tm.sup.3+, and Yb.sup.3+.

12. The luminescent composition of claim 8, further comprising a diffusion barrier coating material which substantially prevents diffusion of H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2 and volatile organic compounds across the diffusion barrier.

13. An imaging system including an x-ray converter film which comprises the luminescent composition of claim 8.

14. A radiation detector including an x-ray converter film which comprises the luminescent composition of claim 8.

15. An imaging device comprising: at least one radiation source; at least one radiation detector including a scintillator material comprising a rigid host lattice activated by Ce.sup.3+, wherein the host lattice is selected from the group consisting of: A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y)F.sub.4, A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.3F.sub.10, BaCa(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.10, and Ba(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.8, and further wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and a solid solution comprising a mixture of two or more of those elements, and wherein x is greater than 0 and less than one, and y is greater than 0 and less than one; and a photodetector optically coupled to the scintillator material.

16. The imaging device of claim 15, wherein the imaging device is a CT, PET, or SPECT imaging device.

Description

(1) Numerous additional advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The invention may take form in various chemical compositions, various components and arrangements of components, and in various process operations and arrangements of process operations. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an x-ray detector unit 100, not drawn to scale;

(3) FIG. 2 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of KYF.sub.4:Ce (=3.53 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped KYF.sub.4 reference;

(4) FIG. 3 shows the emission 302, excitation 304, and reflection 306 spectra of KYF.sub.4:Ce;

(5) FIG. 4 shows the decay curve of KYF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 327 nm;

(6) FIG. 5 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of KY.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce (=4.27 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped KY.sub.3F.sub.10 reference;

(7) FIG. 6 shows the emission 602, excitation 604, and reflection 606 spectra of KY.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce;

(8) FIG. 7 shows the decay curve of KY.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 377 nm;

(9) FIG. 8 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of KLaF.sub.4:Ce (=4.46 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped KLaF.sub.4 reference;

(10) FIG. 9 shows the emission 902, excitation 904, and reflection 906 spectra of KLaF.sub.4:Ce;

(11) FIG. 10 shows the decay curve of KLaF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 317 nm;

(12) FIG. 11 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of KLuF.sub.4:Ce (=4.80 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped KLuF.sub.4 reference;

(13) FIG. 12 shows the emission 202, excitation 204, and reflection 206 spectra of KLuF.sub.4:Ce;

(14) FIG. 13 shows the decay curve of KLuF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 312 nm;

(15) FIG. 14 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of NaYF.sub.4:Ce (=4.30 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped NaYF.sub.4 reference;

(16) FIG. 15 shows the emission 502, excitation 504, and reflection 506 spectra of NaYF.sub.4:Ce;

(17) FIG. 16 shows the decay curve of NaYF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 295 nm;

(18) FIG. 17 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of NaLuF.sub.4:Ce (=5.70 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped NaYF.sub.4 reference;

(19) FIG. 18 shows two emission spectra 802a and 802b, the excitation spectrum 804, and the reflection 806 spectrum of NaLuF.sub.4:Ce;

(20) FIG. 19 shows the decay curve of NaLuF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 320 nm;

(21) FIG. 20 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of RbLaF.sub.4:Ce (=4.94 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped RbLaF.sub.4 reference;

(22) FIG. 21 shows the emission 102, excitation 104, and reflection 106 spectra of RbLaF.sub.4:Ce; and

(23) FIG. 22 shows the decay curve of RbLaF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 310 nm.

(24) FIG. 1 illustrates a first, exemplary embodiment of a unit 100 which detects incoming high energy radiation 50. The radiation detector unit 100 may be used, for example, in a computed tomography (CT) imaging apparatus. CT is an imaging modality used in many different contexts, including medical imaging. CT imaging systems typically employ an x-ray source (not shown) to generate x-rays 50 that traverse an examination region. A subject arranged in the examination region interacts with and absorbs a portion of the traversing x-rays 50. An array of x-ray radiation detectors 100 is arranged opposite the x-ray source to detect and measure intensities of the transmitted x-rays 50. The radiation detector array typically includes several detectors 100, wherein each detector 100 corresponds to one imaging pixel.

(25) In an alternative example, the radiation detector unit 100 may be used in a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging apparatus. PET is an imaging modality used in many different contexts, including medical imaging. In PET, the subject to be imaged typically ingests a radiopharmaceutical which is configured to travel to an area of the subject to be imaged. The radiopharmaceutical emits gamma rays 50 which travel through and out of the subject to be detected by an array of gamma ray radiation detectors 100 arranged around the subject to detect and measure intensities of the emitted gamma rays 50. The radiation detector array typically includes several detectors 100, wherein each detector 100 corresponds to one imaging pixel.

(26) Regardless of the particular imaging apparatus, the radiation detector 100 operates in substantially the same manner. The radiation detector 100 interacts with the incoming radiation 50 to produce electronic signals representative of the intensity and spectrum of radiation 50 received by the detector 100. The electronic signals may then be electronically processed to produce a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image of the subject under investigation. FIG. 1 is schematic in nature, meant principally for illustration and not as an exact depiction to scale of the elements shown. Therefore, the dimensions of a given element in relation to the dimensions of other elements as shown in the Figure do not necessarily reflect such relative dimensions as one would find in an actual radiation detector unit. For example, in an actual radiation detector unit, the reflector material 22 would be much thinner in relation to the size of the scintillator 10 than illustrated in the Figure.

(27) The radiation detector unit 100 includes a scintillating luminescent composition 10 which, from the perspective of the view in FIG. 1, has a top face 12, a bottom face 14, and four side faces. Only two side faces 16 and 18 are shown in the Figure. The relative terms top, bottom and side have meaning only from the perspective of FIG. 1. They do not have any functional significance in the operation of the detector 100. Thus, in particular applications, the detector 100 may be placed in an imaging apparatus such that the face 12 is actually a bottom face.

(28) The x-ray detector unit 100 functions to harness the incoming high energy radiation 50 impinging upon the top face 12 and produce an electric signal which is representative of the amount or total energy of detected radiation 50. The first step in this process is performed by the scintillator 10, which acts as a transducer by absorbing the energy of the incoming high energy radiation 50 and converting that energy to secondary photons 52. The amount of secondary photons 52 produced by the scintillator 10 is thus representative of the incoming radiation energy absorbed within a given reading time period. Many different scintillators 10 are known in the art, and various scintillator 10 embodiments are discussed further below. The demands of a particular application may render one or more scintillator(s) 10 particularly suitable or particularly unsuitable for that application.

(29) The x-ray detector unit 100 includes a photodetector 20 optically coupled to the bottom face 14 of the scintillator 10. Such optical coupling may be achieved by a direct contact, or with intervening elements such as for example filters, transparent or semi-transparent layers, transparent or semi-transparent adhesive, light guides, and the like. The photodetector 20 absorbs the energy of the secondary photons 52 produced by the scintillator 10 and converts that energy to an electrical signal. The electrical signal produced by the photodetector 20 is representative of the amount of secondary photons 52 impinging upon the photodetector 20, and is thus also representative of the radiation 50 flux entering the detector 100. Photodetectors include photomultipliers, photodiodes, and the like.

(30) The scintillator 10 is covered with a reflector material 22 on each portion of its exterior other than the region where the scintillator 10 is optically coupled to the photodetector 20. The reflector material 22 reflects the secondary photons 52, but permits the high energy radiation photons 50 to pass through unaffected. Thus, the secondary photons 52 must exit the scintillator 10 (if they exit at all) through the photodetector 20 (except some small loss). Some secondary photons 52 will be self-absorbed by the scintillator 10 before they can reach the photodetector 20, and some may escape through or around the reflector material 22.

(31) To help ensure that each radiation detector unit 100 counts only the radiation 50 which impinges upon the top face 12 of that unit 100, a radiation shielding or reflecting material 28 is placed in the spaces between the top faces 12 of adjacent units 100. For example, common x-ray shielding materials 28 include lead and tungsten, both of which substantially prevent the passage of any x-rays through the shield 28.

(32) The photodetector 20 has one or more electrical leads 30 connecting the photodetector 20 to a circuit board 32. The circuit board 32 receives electrical signals from the photodetector 20 and passes them on to signal processing hardware and further on to an image processor 34. The image processor 34 processes electrical signals received from several different radiation detector units 100 to form an image of the subject under investigation according to a mathematical algorithm or algorithms. The image can be displayed on an associated display 36. A user input 38 may be provided for a user to control the image processor 34. The image processor 34 may store related imaging data and other data in a memory 40.

(33) In yet another example, the luminescent compositions of the present disclosure may be used as an x-ray intensifier screen (not shown). In such embodiments, the luminescent composition is typically in a powdered form, rather than the ceramic or single crystal form of the scintillator 10 shown in FIG. 1.

(34) The present disclosure particularly pertains to a luminescent composition scintillator having a host matrix which incorporates Ce.sup.3+ as an activator. In some embodiments, for example, the Ce.sup.3+ may comprise from 0.01% to 10% by atomic number within the host matrix. The Ce.sup.3+ dopant shows luminescence in the ultraviolet range due to its spin- and parity-allowed [Xe]5d.sup.1-[Xe]4f.sup.1 transition. The luminescent compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more other doping agents in addition to the Ce.sup.3+. These co-activators may include, for example, Pr.sup.3+, Nd.sup.3+, Sm.sup.3+, Eu.sup.3+, Gd.sup.3+, Tb.sup.3+, Dy.sup.3+, Ho.sup.3+, Er.sup.3+, Tm.sup.3+, or Yb.sup.3+. Typical examples of a suitable host lattice include fluorides, sulphates, and phosphates, in particular: A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y)F.sub.4, A(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.3F.sub.10, BaCa(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.10, and Ba(Y.sub.1-x-yLu.sub.xLa.sub.y).sub.2F.sub.8,
wherein A=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or solid solutions thereof. Also, 0x1 and 0y1, with x+y1.

(35) The present disclosure also concerns the application of one or several of these luminescent compositions as a ceramic or single crystalline converter for CT imaging scanners, or PET or SPECT imaging scanners. This disclosure further concerns the application of one or several of these luminescent compositions in a luminescent powder layer for x-ray intensifying screens. The following table gives an overview of some representative example luminescent compositions:

(36) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Density, Peak Emission, and Decay Time of Luminescent Compositions. Emission Decay Example Chemical Density maximum time 1/e No. Composition [g/cm.sup.3] [nm] [ns] 1 KYF.sub.4:Ce 3.53 327 31 2 KY.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce 4.27 377 45 3 KLaF.sub.4:Ce 4.46 317 26 4 KLuF.sub.4:Ce 4.80 312 29 5 NaYF.sub.4:Ce 4.30 295 23 6 NaLuF.sub.4:Ce 5.70 310 33 7 RbLaF.sub.4:Ce 4.94 310 26 8 BaYF.sub.5:Ce 5.25 330 41 9 NaLaF.sub.4:Ce 4.66 10 KLu.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce 6.78 11 CsLaF.sub.4:Ce 12 BaY.sub.2F.sub.8:Ce 5.02 13 Ba.sub.4Y.sub.3F.sub.17:Ce 5.24 14 BaLu.sub.2F.sub.8:Ce 6.98 15 BaCaLu.sub.2F.sub.10:Ce 6.54
Such materials can result in one or more of several advantages. These advantages can include lower production costs due to less material being required, a higher imaging resolution, and a shorter imaging time.

(37) The luminescent compositions of the present disclosure may further include a diffusion barrier which coats the particles, the ceramic, or the single crystal of the composition. The diffusion barrier material operates to substantially prevent diffusion of H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2 and volatile organic compounds across the diffusion barrier. This enhances the stability of the luminescent composition.

(38) The luminescent compositions of the present disclosure can be produced and used in the same manner as conventional luminescent compositions, as known by one of ordinary skill in the art.

(39) The following working examples are provided to more thoroughly describe the luminescent compositions of the present disclosure.

EXAMPLE 1

(40) KYF.sub.4:Ce(1%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:

(41) TABLE-US-00002 Ingredient Amount KF 0.852 g (14.7 mmol) YF.sub.3 2.119 g (14.5 mmol) CeF.sub.3 0.029 g (0.18 mmol) KBF.sub.4 0.030 g (1 wt-%)
KBF.sub.4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend. The final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 650 C. for 6 hours. A small sample of AlF.sub.3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.

(42) FIG. 2 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting KYF.sub.4:Ce (=3.53 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped KYF.sub.4 reference.

(43) FIG. 3 shows the emission 302, excitation 304, and reflection 306 spectra of the resulting KYF.sub.4:Ce.

(44) FIG. 4 shows the decay curve of the resulting KYF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 327 nm.

EXAMPLE 2

(45) KY.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce(1%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:

(46) TABLE-US-00003 Ingredient Amount KF 0.350 g (6.0 mmol) YF.sub.3 2.614 g (17.9 mmol) CeF.sub.3 0.036 g (0.23 mmol) KBF.sub.4 0.030 g (1 wt-%)
KBF.sub.4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend. The final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 650 C. for 6 hours. A small sample of AlF.sub.3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.

(47) FIG. 5 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting KY.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce (=4.27 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped KY.sub.3F.sub.10 reference.

(48) FIG. 6 shows the emission 602, excitation 604, and reflection 606 spectra of the resulting KY.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce. The band at 327 nm is due to an impurity of KYF.sub.4:Ce.

(49) FIG. 7 shows the decay curve of the resulting KY.sub.3F.sub.10:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 377 nm.

EXAMPLE 3

(50) KLaF.sub.4:Ce(1%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:

(51) TABLE-US-00004 Ingredient Amount KF 0.686 g (11.8 mmol) LaF.sub.3 2.291 g (11.7 mmol) CeF.sub.3 0.029 g (0.18 mmol) KBF.sub.4 0.030 g (1 wt-%)
KBF.sub.4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend. The final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 650 C. for 6 hours. A small sample of AlF.sub.3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.

(52) FIG. 8 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting KLaF.sub.4:Ce (=4.46 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped KLaF.sub.4 reference.

(53) FIG. 9 shows the emission 902, excitation 904, and reflection 906 spectra of the resulting KLaF.sub.4:Ce.

(54) FIG. 10 shows the decay curve of the resulting KLaF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 317 nm.

EXAMPLE 4

(55) KLuF.sub.4:Ce(1%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:

(56) TABLE-US-00005 Ingredient Amount KF 0.602 g (10.4 mmol) LuF.sub.3 2.378 g (10.3 mmol) CeF.sub.3 0.020 g (0.13 mmol) KBF.sub.4 0.030 g (1 wt-%)
KBF.sub.4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend. The final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 650 C. for 6 hours. A small sample of AlF.sub.3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.

(57) FIG. 11 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting KLuF.sub.4:Ce (=4.80 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped KYF.sub.4 reference. X-ray diffraction pattern data for un-doped KLuF.sub.4 was not readily available to the inventors at the time this disclosure was prepared.

(58) FIG. 12 shows the emission 202, excitation 204, and reflection 206 spectra of the resulting KLuF.sub.4:Ce.

(59) FIG. 13 shows the decay curve of the resulting KLuF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 312 nm.

EXAMPLE 5

(60) NaYF.sub.4:Ce(1%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:

(61) TABLE-US-00006 Ingredient Amount NaF 0.669 g (15.9 mmol) YF.sub.3 2.300 g (15.8 mmol) CeF.sub.3 0.031 g (0.19 mmol) NaBF.sub.4 0.030 g (1 wt-%)
NaBF.sub.4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend. The final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 700 C. for 6 hours. A small sample of AlF.sub.3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.

(62) FIG. 14 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting NaYF.sub.4:Ce (=4.30 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped NaYF.sub.4 reference.

(63) FIG. 15 shows the emission 502, excitation 504, and reflection 506 spectra of the resulting NaYF.sub.4:Ce.

(64) FIG. 16 shows the decay curve of the resulting NaYF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 295 nm.

EXAMPLE 6

(65) NaLuF.sub.4:Ce(1%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:

(66) TABLE-US-00007 Ingredient Amount NaF 0.460 g (11.0 mmol) LuF.sub.3 2.518 g (10.9 mmol) CeF.sub.3 0.022 g (0.14 mmol) NaBF.sub.4 0.030 g (1 wt-%)
NaBF.sub.4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend. The final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 700 C. for 6 hours. A small sample of AlF.sub.3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.

(67) FIG. 17 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting NaLuF.sub.4:Ce (=5.70 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped NaYF.sub.4 reference. X-ray diffraction pattern data for un-doped NaLuF.sub.4 was not readily available to the inventors at the time this disclosure was prepared.

(68) FIG. 18 shows a first emission spectrum 802a under 260 nm excitation light, a second emission spectrum 802b under 295 nm excitation light, the excitation spectrum 804, and the reflection spectrum 806 of the resulting NaLuF.sub.4:Ce.

(69) FIG. 19 shows the decay curve of the resulting NaLuF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 320 nm.

EXAMPLE 7

(70) RbLaF.sub.4:Ce(1%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:

(71) TABLE-US-00008 Ingredient Amount RbF 1.043 g (10.0 mmol) LaF.sub.3 1.937 g (9.9 mmol) CeF.sub.3 0.020 g (0.13 mmol) RbBF.sub.4 0.030 g (1 wt-%)
RbBF.sub.4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend. The final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 700 C. for 6 hours. A small sample of AlF.sub.3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.

(72) FIG. 20 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting RbLaF.sub.4:Ce (=4.94 g/cm.sup.3), versus an un-doped RbLaF.sub.4 reference.

(73) FIG. 21 shows the emission 102, excitation 104, and reflection 106 spectra of the resulting RbLaF.sub.4:Ce.

(74) FIG. 22 shows the decay curve of the resulting RbLaF.sub.4:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 310 nm.

(75) The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof. The invention may take form in various chemical compositions, components and arrangements, combinations and sub-combinations of the elements of the disclosed embodiments.