Multiple Tuned Fresnel Zone Plate Reflector Antenna

Abstract

The invention is a dual and stagger-tuned 8-step FZP antenna for use in VSAT operations. The preferred embodiment achieves the desired antenna gain at the RX band (centered at 11.95 GHz) and the TX band (centered at 14.25 GHz). The flexible antenna is 1-meter diameter and less than 1-inch thick, allowing it to be folded to the size of a tissue box for easy storage and transportability.

Claims

1. A dual tuned, portable, storable, Ku-band very small aperture terminal antenna for transmitting to and receiving from a satellite comprising: i) an antenna reflector that can be assembled and disassembled into discrete physical subsections; ii) wherein the discrete physical subsections can be stacked to reduce storage volume; iii) wherein the assembled antenna reflector consists of eight of pie-shaped zones of 45 degrees each of alternating low and high band patterns that maintain radial symmetry; iv) wherein half of the assembled antenna reflector consists of a Fresnel zoneplate pattern centered at a frequency channel of 11.95 GHz and half centered at a frequency channel of 14.25 GHz; and v) further wherein the feed horn is axially symmetric no matter the rotational orientation of the assembled antenna reflector.

2. The antenna reflector of claim 1 wherein the feed horn is offset from the assembled antenna reflector.

3. The antenna reflector of claim 1 wherein the surface area of the assembled antenna reflector is divided into hexagonal sections rather than pie-shaped zones.

4. The antenna reflector of claim 1 wherein 58% of the assembled antenna reflector consists of a Fresnel zoneplate pattern centered at a frequency channel of 11.95 GHz and 42% centered at a frequency channel of 14.25 GHz accomplished by varying the relative degrees of the eight pie-shaped zones.

5. The antenna reflector of claim 1 wherein half of the assembled antenna reflector consists of a Fresnel zoneplate pattern centered at one frequency channel desired by the user and half centered at another frequency channel desired by the user.

6. The antenna reflector of claim 1 wherein the Fresnel zoneplate pattern total surface area of the assembled antenna reflector is divided in unequal amounts among the desired dual tuned frequencies to maximize the relative gains of the dual tuned frequencies.

7. A multi tuned, portable, storable, Ku-band very small aperture terminal antenna for transmitting to and receiving from a satellite comprising: i) an antenna reflector that can be assembled and disassembled into discrete physical subsections; ii) wherein the discrete physical subsections can be stacked to reduce storage volume; iii) wherein the assembled antenna reflector consists of a number of pie-shaped zones of equal degrees each of alternating frequency patterns that maintain radial symmetry; iv) wherein the assembled antenna reflector consists of portions Fresnel tuned zones to the desired frequency; and v) further wherein the feed horn is axially symmetric no matter the rotational orientation of the assembled antenna reflector.

8. The antenna reflector of claim 7 wherein the feed horn is offset from the assembled antenna reflector.

9. The antenna reflector of claim 7 wherein the surface area of the assembled antenna reflector is divided into hexagonal sections rather than pie-shaped zones.

10. The antenna reflector of claim 7 wherein the Fresnel zoneplate pattern total surface area of the assembled antenna reflector is divided in unequal amounts among the desired tuned frequencies to maximize the relative gains of the tuned frequencies.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] A better understanding of the present invention may be had from the drawings as follows:

[0015] FIG. 1 is a diagram of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a dual-tuned (stagger-tuned) 8-step VSAT design.

[0016] FIG. 2 is the cross-section view of the FZP in FIG. 1.

[0017] FIG. 3 is a graph of the directivity (dB) as a function of frequency (GHz), applying the implementation in FIG. 1.

[0018] FIG. 4 is another graph applying the implementation in FIG. 1. The graph shows the correction of the FZP design center frequencies by the original error, to restore the gain peaks to the correct frequencies.

[0019] FIG. 5 is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a multiple-tuned VSAT design with the low channel FZP pattern occupying 58% of the antenna aperture, and the high channel FZP pattern occupying the remaining 42% of the antenna aperture.

[0020] FIG. 6 is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a hexagonal implementation of a dual-tuned FZP reflector.

[0021] FIG. 7 is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a singly-tuned FZP design with an offset feedhorn, offset parabolic reflector, and offset FZP reflector.

[0022] FIG. 8 is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a dual-tuned offset feed 8-step FZP reflector.

[0023] FIG. 9 is a schematic profile of an alternate embodiment of the present invention exchanging the 8-step FZP pattern with a parabolic Fresnel pattern.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0024] As previously stated, the present invention is directed to a design concept for a new category of portable Ku-band satellite antenna that will offer lighter weight, reduced storage volume, and similar link performance compared to existing portable designs.

[0025] FIG. 1 is a diagram of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a dual-tuned (stagger-tuned) VSAT design with half of the antenna aperture consisting of an FZP design centered at 11.95 GHz (center of the RX band), and the remaining half of the antenna aperture consisting of an FZP design centered at 14.25 GHz (center of the TX band). The feed point (feed horn) is centered and an 8-step FZP pattern is used. The first implementation of the stagger-tuning design consists of dividing the circle into eight equal pie sections of 45-degrees each (8 slices of pie). This implementation is chosen so that the gain response from a dual-polarized feed horn will be axially symmetric no matter the rotational orientation of the FZP reflector.

[0026] FIG. 2 is the cross-section view of the FZP in FIG. 1. The cross-section view details how each zone is divided into 8 steps of increasing height moving away from the center of the antenna. To create the Fresnel zone steps, the design equation as is known in the art is used. The equation is as follows for the reflector case (not the lens case):

R.sub.n={(2nF.sub.0/P)(n.sub.0/P).sup.2}.sup.1/2{Equation 1}

Where:

[0027] n=n.sup.th minor ring
R.sub.n=n.sup.th minor ring step starting radius
F=Focal distance (distance from center of FZP to phase center of feed horn, meters)
.sub.0=Wavelength at center frequency of design (meters)
P=4 (for reflector case with /4 major phase step) [0028] 2 (for lens case with /2 major phase step)
To calculate the number of ring steps needed for a given design, equation 1 can be rearranged to solve for the ring number n for the outer radius of the FZP design. The solution is the positive root of a quadratic equation given as:

n.sub.required=8F/.sub.0+{(8F/.sub.0).sup.2+64(r.sub.outer/.sub.0).sup.2}.sup.1/2{Equation 2}

Where:

[0029] r.sub.outer=Outer radius of the FZP

Example Design:

[0030] 1-meter diameter FZP centered at 11.95 GHz with a focal length of 0.75 meters. N.sub.required=48.26 (round up to 49) ring steps. Given that there are 8 rings per Fresnel zone, the number of Fresnel zones is 48.26/86.0.

The last parameter that is needed is the height of the n.sup.th ring step. Since there are 8 step levels in each Fresnel zone, there are 7 step increments to achieve 8 levels. Each Fresnel zone increases in step height until the major phase step .sub.0/2 is reached at the 8.sup.th ring. After this ring, the next ring height resets to zero and the steps sequence repeats for next Fresnel zone. The step increment is therefore:

step=.sub.0/2/7=.sub.0/14{Equation 3}

For example, at 11.95 GHz, .sub.0 is 0.02508 m (25 mm) and step is 0.003584 m (3.584 mm).

[0031] FIG. 3 is a graph of the directivity (dB) as a function of frequency (GHz), applying the implementation in FIG. 1. The frequency response of the 2-band stagger tuned FZP reflector plate is shown for a 50%-50% distribution of LOW and HIGH sections by area. It is compared to the single-tuned 11.95 and 14.25 GHz designs. The modeled gain drop is a bit over 4 dB. A 1.5 dB increase is expected with a better feed horn. Likewise, doubling the antenna surface area is expected to increase the bandwidth by 3 dB. Different numbers of pie pieces are expected to achieve the same results (4, 6, 8, 9, 12, etc.).

[0032] FIG. 4 shows the correction of the FZP design center frequencies by the original error to restore the gain peaks to the correct frequencies. This is an artifact of the combined response of both designs in a single reflector. By moving the design centers (11.96 GHz and 14.25 GHz) by the same amount (1.6%) to 12.14 GHz and 14.03 GHz, the gain peaks are now centered correctly at 11.95 GHz and 14.25 GHz. The amount of correction required is determined by the separation between the desired gain peaks.

[0033] Although the results from the implementation of the preferred embodiment in FIG. 1 use the design-centered value of ring radii and ring step height, it is possible to independently perturb one or the other to further affect changes in the frequency response shape of the stagger-tuned FZP.

[0034] Although the preferred embodiment consists of two frequency channels, three or more channels can be implemented with this method (multiple-tuned design) with a corresponding drop in gain per the allocation of the FZP aperture at each frequency band.

[0035] FIG. 5 is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a multiple-tuned VSAT design with the low channel FZP pattern occupying 58% of the antenna aperture, and the high channel FZP pattern occupying the remaining 42% of the antenna aperture. With this VSAT design, the gain peaks of TX and RX bands favor the TX portion because the bandwidth gain of an antenna with a fixed area increases with frequency. To balance TX and RX gain values, the proportion of FZP aperture allocated to the hi/low frequencies is changed from 50%-50% to 42%-58%. Therefore, the pie pieces of 12 GHz FZP are increased from 45-degrees to 52.2-degrees, and the pie pieces of the 14 GHz FZP are decreased from 45-degrees to 37.8-degrees. The gain of different band segments in a multiple-tuned FZP design can be tailored by altering the relative area occupied by each FZP section.

[0036] For the VSAT design in FIG. 5, a split-tuned design is used to accommodate TX and RX band segments. It is believed that the split tuning proportion can be decreased to merge the gain peaks from two distinct channels into one wide channel. In this way, if coverage is needed for a single band with a bandwidth greater than 9%, a dual-tuned approach can be used to increase the bandwidth of a single-tuned FZP reflector.

[0037] FIG. 6 is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a hexagonal implementation of a dual-tuned FZP reflector. Other geometric means of dividing the surface area can also be employed. It is by no means limited to pie-shaped segments, nor limited to a perfect circular outline. The criteria for sub-dividing the reflector area is this: for any given radius out from the epi-focus point (center of reflector), there should be an almost equal amount of area devoted to each frequency sub-band. In FIG. 6, there are 37 hexagons, the white ones are frequency 1, and the black ones are frequency 2. The odd hexagon in the middle can be assigned to either frequency as it is mostly a singular flat surface being the inner most Fresnel zone.

[0038] An alternate embodiment can be considered other than stagger-tuning two FZP designs into distinct regions. The zone radii defined in Equation 1 can be modulated against rotational angle to periodically vary the FZP center frequency. The result would appear as a wiggled zone pattern instead of circular zones of fixed radii. The same rules off symmetry apply: the number of wiggles per rotation should be 6 or greater.

[0039] FIG. 7 is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a single-tuned FZP design with an offset feed horn, and offset FZP reflector. Many commercial satellite antennas employ what is referred to as offset feed designs (as opposed to prime focus). The advantage of an offset feed horn is two-fold: (a) the feed horn does not block the incoming signal, which reduces the gain slightly; and (b) the sidelobes of the feed horn pattern that extend beyond the edges of the reflector are looking at cold space (3 Kelvin) instead of warm ground (290 K). Any matter above absolute zero (0 K) emits what is known as black body noise. Satellite receive signals are usually quite low in power so it is desired that extraneous noise energy be minimized. Less black body noise is coupled into the offset feed horn, thus improving signal-to noise ratio of the incoming signal as well as the G/T rating of the system. The same method of emulating a parabolic dish using a Fresnel zone flat plate also applies to offset-feed configurations.

[0040] FIG. 8 is a diagram of an alternate embodiment with a dual-tuned offset feed 8-step FZP reflector.

[0041] FIG. 9 is a schematic profile of an alternate embodiment that uses the approach of exchanging the 8-step FZP pattern with a parabolic Fresnel pattern. The thickness of the reflector increases with this approach to potentially 2 inches, increasing the size of the folded embodiment to a range of 2-4 tissue boxes. A bandwidth of 17.6% is expected at 1 dB and a bandwidth of 32.2% is expected at 3 dB. Increasing the surface area will increase the gain, as will using stagger-tuning.

[0042] While the principles of the disclosure have been described above in connection with specific methods, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Whether now known or later discovered, there are countless other alternatives, variations and modifications of the many features of the various described and illustrated embodiments, both in the process and in the device characteristics, that will be evident to those of skill in the art after careful and discerning review of the foregoing descriptions, particularly if they are also able to review all of the various systems and methods that have been tried in the public domain or otherwise described in the prior art. All such alternatives, variations and modifications are contemplated to fall within the scope of the present invention.

[0043] Although the present invention has been described in terms of the foregoing preferred and alternative embodiments, these descriptions and embodiments have been provided by way of explanation of examples only, in order to facilitate understanding of the present invention. As such, the descriptions and embodiments are not to be construed as limiting the present invention, the scope of which is limited only by the claims of this and any related patent applications and any amendments thereto. With reference again to the figures, it should be understood that the graphical representation of the system is an exemplary reference to any number of devices that may be implemented by the present invention.