Systems and devices for a counter balanced surgical robot

Abstract

A system and a device are provided for counterbalancing a surgical robotic system that include a rail assembly having a shaft that engages a first carriage and a second carriage via threaded mechanism. A manipulatable arm carries a movable effector; the manipulatable arm is supported by the first carriage. A counter weight is supported by the second carriage with a single actuator. A simplified robotic surgery system results.

Claims

1. A surgical robotic system comprising: a rail assembly having a shaft that engages a first carriage and a second carriage via threaded mechanism; a manipulatable arm that carries a movable effector, the manipulatable arm supported by the first carriage; a counter weight supported by the second carriage; and a single actuator for driving at least one of said manipulatable arm and said counterweight.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein said counterweight is adapted to move in a direction opposite said manipulatable arm.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a shaft having a first portion with a first thread and a second portion with a second thread in a direction opposite the first thread, wherein the first carriage engages the first portion of the shaft and the second carriage engages the second portion of the shaft.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein a lead pitch of the first thread is larger than a lead pitch of the second thread.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the single actuator is a linear direct actuator.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the single actuator is adapted to operate in a Z-axis.

7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a linear encoder configured to provide linear position feedback.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the counter weight is configured to substantially support a load associated with the manipulatable arm.

9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a manual brake release configured to release a brake such that a vertical position of the manipulatable arm is adjusted manually.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the manipulatable arm comprises: a first segment having a first end and a second end opposite the first end of the first segment; a first spindle rotatably coupling the first end of the first segment to a base segment; a second segment having a first end and a second end opposite the first end of the second segment; a second spindle rotatably coupling the first end of the second segment to the second end of the first segment; a third segment having a first end; a third spindle rotatably coupling the first end of the third segment to the second end of the second segment; and a plurality of direct drive assemblies comprising: a first direct drive assembly positioned in the base segment to drive the first spindle, a second direct drive assembly positioned in the first segment to drive the second spindle, and a third direct drive assembly positioned in the second segment to drive the third spindle, each direct drive assembly encloses an end of a spindle and comprises a rotor assembly having permanent magnets mounted on a respective spindle to be driven, and a stator assembly having a coil bracket surrounding the rotor assembly and enclosing one end of the respective spindle.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein each of the first segment, the second segment, and the third segment is a single machined part configured to house each of the first direct drive assembly, the second direct drive assembly, and the third direct drive assembly.

12. The system of claim 10, wherein each direct drive assembly of the manipulatable arm further includes a positional measurement apparatus that is operative to ascertain an angular disposition of one segment relative to an adjoining segment.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the positional measurement apparatus comprises a rotary optical encoder or a magnetic encoder.

14. The system of claim 10, wherein the first, second and third spindles have axes of rotation that are substantially parallel.

15. The system of claim 10, wherein the third segment is mounted with the effector.

16. The system of claim 10, wherein the first, second and third segments are linked to one another in an ascending step configuration.

17. The system of claim 10, wherein each spindle includes a hollow center that is configured for containing electrical or service lines.

18. The system of claim 1, further comprising a system controller, wherein the controller positions the effector by moving the manipulatable arm further comprising a rotary cutter.

19. The system of claim 1, further comprising a six degree of freedom position sensor.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a surgical robotic system in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates the architecture of the surgical robotic system in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates the surgical components of the surgical system of FIG. 2 in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

(4) FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate a manipulatable arm and the axes of rotation in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

(5) FIG. 5A-5B illustrate a counterweighted precision Z axis drive and a self-centering ball screw assembly in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

(6) FIG. 6A-6C illustrate ball screws including a single lead, twin lead, and triple lead ball screw in accordance with a preferred embodiments;

(7) FIG. 7 illustrates a ball screw assembly having two different lead pitches in accordance with a preferred embodiment; and

(8) FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate a segment of a manipulatable arm of the robotic system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(9) The following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to these preferred embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use this invention. The present invention has utility as counter balanced surgical robotic systems and devices. Also, described herein are systems and devices for counterbalancing a surgical robotic system using counter-weighted precision Z-axis drive design and a self-centering ball screw assembly.

(10) In general, the devices may include a manipulatable arm and a rail assembly having a shaft that engages a first carriage and a second carriage via threaded mechanism. The first carriage supports the manipulatable arm and has a Z-axis drive actuator that controls a vertical axis of motion (or vertical position) of at least one of the manipulatable arm and an effector mounted to the manipulatable arm. The second carriage supports a counter weight and moves in a direction opposite that first carriage when the Z-axis drive actuator is engaged. The counter weight is selected to balance a weight and/or load of the manipulatable arm.

(11) One inventive concept described herein is to counter-weight the robot's vertical axis of motion, in order to make it easier for a user to move the arm against gravity. This approach is particularly applicable to SCARA designs (such as the ROBODOC robotic arm).

(12) The existing ROBODOC robotic arm design has two separate vertical (Z-axis) actuators: a high precision ballscrew drive at the wrist, and a lower precision lifting column actuator (with high moment load rating) at the base of the robot arm's vertical pedestal. The base column is used for gross positioning, and the wrist Z is used for fine positioning. In the event that the vertical position of the robotic arm must be manually adjusted, the user must reach up and release a brake lever, causing the wrist Z to drop freely under its own weight (unless hand-held in place).

(13) The devices and systems described herein eliminate the redundancy of the two separate vertical actuators, using a single actuator that is both precise enough for accurate cutting, and strong enough to handle the moment load of the cantilevered robot arm, with a range of motion sufficient to increase overall workspace compared to existing robotic arms.

(14) Thus, the devices and systems described herein may be advantageous as they remove the need for a separate high precision Z axis at the robot wrist and make the robot arm easier to reposition manually when necessary.

(15) In addition, the design provides for significant load inertia but the substantially weightless design provides a smoother motion (e.g., reduced shaking).

(16) Further, the high precision linear profile rails (or shafts) with ball guides provide for extremely accurate motion and high moment load capacity.

(17) In addition, the overall height of the arm can be significantly reduced, by eliminating the Z axis from the robot wrist compared to the existing ROBODOC robotic arm. For example, to accommodate the 250 mm range of motion of the wrist Z, there has to be a greater-than-250 mm-high protrusion at the end of the arm. This may help to improve workspace for TKA and for future indications. The overall weight of the arm is also significantly reduced, which may enable reduction of the size and weight of the robot base.

(18) As shown in FIG. 1, a surgical robotic system of a preferred embodiment may include a manipulatable arm 28 that carries a movable effector 32, and a counterbalanced Z-axis drive including a self-centering ball screw assembly 200. The counterbalanced Z-axis drive controls at least one of the manipulatable arm 28 or the movable effector 32. The system/device preferably functions to provide accurate vertical position control of a robot arm. In some embodiments, the system/device preferably functions to allow the arm to feel substantially weightless when manually repositioned. The preferred system/device is preferably used for surgical robotic system, but may alternatively be used for any suitable applications, clinical or otherwise. The system/device can be configured and/or adapted to function for any suitable robotic system.

(19) Surgical Robot

(20) As described, for example, in commonly owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,033,415; 5,824,085; 5,806,518; 5,776,136; and 5,769,092, an exemplary system 10 capable of implementing the methods of the present invention for robotic assisted surgery is illustrated in FIG. 2. The system 10 includes both a presurgical planning workstation 12 and a library of implant designs 14, for example, in the form of CAD model data sets 15. A bone image data set 16, for example representative of a CT bone image, is obtained and transferred into the presurgical planning workstation 12. The user, such as a treating physician or an assistant working with the treating physician, is able to work at the presurgical planning workstation to select and position a suitable implant design within the patient femur. Details of such presurgical planning are well described in the literature relating to the ORTHODOC presurgical planning system cited above.

(21) The system 10 of the present invention further comprises a robotic operative system 20 which includes a robotic controller 22 (for example, a digital processor in the form of a programmable computer), an online display screen 24, and a robot 26. The robot can be any conventional industrial robot having a manipulatable surgical robotic arm 28 preferably having at least 5 axes and capable of high precision placement. A suitable surgical robotic is available from Sankyo Robotics with the model designation SR-5427-ISS. In some embodiments, a force sensor 30 is mounted at the distal end of arm 28, and an effector in the form of a probe 32 or a surgical cutting tool (not illustrated) may be attached to the force sensor.

(22) The robotic system 20 further includes a safety processor 44, and a real time monitoring computer 46, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The force sensor 30, the safety processor 44, the real time monitor 46, and a bone motion monitor 50, each help monitor the position, slippage, and blockage of the effector end of the manipulatable arm 28. In some embodiments, the bone 60 (e.g. a femur) is held in place in a fixator assembly 52. Real time monitoring of these parameters can help assure that the robotic system is operating as planned. Details of these monitoring systems are described in the literature cited above which describes the ROBODOC robotic surgical system.

(23) In some embodiments, a digitized bone data set which comprises the coordinate positions of a number of surface locations on the bone as measured by a bone digitizer arm registered to the robotic coordinate system. Accordingly, system 10 further includes bone digitizer arm 100, for example, as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,415. An acquired digitized bone data set 17, (shown in FIG. 2 as an input to robotic controller 22), is obtained by bone digitizer arm 100 and is used to transform bone image data set 16 into the robotic coordinate system.

(24) As seen in FIG. 3 the system 10 comprises a passive mechanical arm bone motion detector 50 and a bone fixator 52. The preplanning workstation (user interface) 12 comprises a computer 17 and a terminal display 24.

(25) Cutting tool 32 on surgical robotic arm 28 is adapted to cut an implant cavity into the end of bone 60. Fixator 52 is adapted to hold bone 60 in a substantially fixed position during surgery. Each of surgical robotic arm 28, passive mechanical arm 50 and fixator 52 are attached at their proximal ends to robot 26 which acts as a fixed base, preventing any relative motion between proximal ends 25 and 45 of surgical robotic arm 28 and passive mechanical arm 50, respectively.

(26) Connection of both proximal end 45 of passive mechanical arm 50 and proximal end 25 of surgical robotic arm 28 to robot 26 avoids relative motion between ends 25 and 45, such that surgical robotic arm 28 and passive mechanical arm 50 move in the same relative coordinate system.

(27) Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, surgical robotic arm 28 is also adapted for movement in five or six degrees of freedom. Surgical robotic arm 28 has a proximal end 25 which is fixed to robot 26 and a distal end 27 which can be controllably moved to desired locations such that the position of movable distal end 27 relative to fixed proximal end 25 will be constantly known. The manipulatable arm 28 is discussed in more detail below.

(28) Counter Balanced Z-axis Drive and Self-Centering Ball Screw Assembly

(29) FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a preferred embodiment of a counter balanced Z-drive actuator including a self-centering ball screw assembly 200 for a surgical robotic system. The self-centering ball screw assembly includes a first carriage 220 configured to carry and support the manipulatable arm 28 and a Z-axis actuator (not shown) to drive the linear position of the manipulatable arm 28 along a Z-axis. The weight of the first carriage 220 and the objects carried by it are counterbalanced by a second carriage 230 configured to carry a counter weight 240. The first carriage 220 and second carriage 230 engage a shaft 260 (e.g., a shaft of a rail assembly) through a threaded mechanism. In some embodiments, as the first carriage 220 engages and moves in a linear direction along the shaft, the second carriage 230 moves in an opposite linear direction along the shaft. In some embodiments, the self-centering ball screw assembly 200 includes a first carriage 220 configured to carry the manipulatable arm 28 and a second carriage 230 configured to carry the counter weight 240.

(30) As shown in FIG. 5B, the first carriage 220 supports and carries the manipulatable arm via backbone 210. For example, the manipulatable arm 28 can be mounted to the first carriage 220 using the backbone structure. In the illustrated example, a bottom end of the backbone 210 is attached to the first carriage 220. For example, the bottom end of the backbone 210 can be bolted to the first carriage 220 with a sufficient quantity of fasteners to be rigid. A top end of the backbone 210 is attached to a first motor shaft, such as the theta 1 motor shaft. For example, the top end of the backbone 210 can be attached to the Theta1 motor shaft using a large-bore clamp with an alignment pin. In some embodiments, the backbone 210 is attached to the proximal end of the manipulatable arm 25. In some embodiments, the backbone 210 is the proximal end of the manipulatable arm 25.

(31) The backbone 210 can be configured to achieve a desired stiffness and to control vibration characteristics of the backbone 210 and manipulatable arm 28. In some embodiments, the backbone is hollow allowing cables to be passed through a cable path in the backbone.

(32) Actuator

(33) The Z-axis actuator of the first carriage 220 can be a linear direct drive actuator. The linear actuator (or drive motor) is configured to create a motion along a Z-axis. For example, the linear actuator can be configured to control a linear position of the manipulatable arm 28.

(34) In some embodiments, the linear actuator is configured to control the linear position of the manipulatable arm 28 and a linear position of the effector 32. In such embodiments, a classic SCARA wrist Z axis actuator can be eliminated in favor of a single high precision base lift. Removing the Z axis actuator from the robot wrist will significantly reduce the overall size and weight of the robot arm 28.

(35) The size of the linear drive motor can be selected to provide desired characteristics. For example, the size may be selected to provide a torque high enough to provide sufficient control authority, since a load can exceed two times a mass of the robot arm 28.

(36) Counter Weight

(37) The counter weight 240 is configured to support a load associated the system. In some embodiments, the counter weight 240 is configured to substantially support a load associated with the manipulatable arm 28 when the driving portion is engaged or disengaged.

(38) The counter weight 240 can be made from any suitable material that achieves desired characteristics. In some embodiments, the counterweight is a solid block of lead. In some embodiments, the counterweight has a size configured to balance the weight of the manipulatable arm.

(39) The weight reduction from removing the wrist Z-axis actuator, combined with the placement of the counterweight of equal or greater mass on the lower carriage, allows for the overall size of the robot base to be reduced, while still preventing the robot from tipping over, for example, when the manipulatable arm is fully extended. Thus, in some embodiments, the footprint of the device and system will be reduced. It will be appreciated that a reduced footprint can be advantageous, for example, in operating rooms.

(40) Counter-Balancing Mechanism

(41) A threaded mechanism can be used to engage the carriages 220, 230 with the shaft 260. A ball screw is one acceptable threaded mechanism.

(42) Referring to FIG. 6A, a first conventional ball screw includes a screw shaft 110, a ball nut 120 rotatably sleeved on the screw shaft 110, a plurality of bearing balls 130 disposed between the screw shaft 110 and the ball nut 120, and scrapers 140. The screw shaft 110 includes a shaft body 111 with an outer shaft surface 112 formed with a helical raceway 113. The screw nut 120 includes a nut body 121 with an inner nut surface 122 formed with a ball groove 125 that corresponds to and complements with the helical raceway 113. The bearing balls 130 are rollably disposed between the ball groove 125 and the helical raceway 113. The scrapers 140 are disposed at the inner nut surface 122.

(43) Referring to FIG. 6B, a second conventional ball screw is shown to be similar to the first conventional ball screw. The second conventional ball screw is a twin-lead ball screw, whose screw shaft 110 includes two helical raceways 113, whose screw nut 120 includes two ball grooves 125 that respectively correspond to and complement with the helical raceways 113, and whose bearing balls 130 are respectively disposed between the helical raceways 113 and the ball grooves 125 corresponding thereto. The ball screw is suited for high-load applications due to simultaneous use of the two helical raceways 113.

(44) Referring to FIG. 6C, a third conventional ball screw is shown to be similar to the first conventional ball screw. The third conventional ball screw is a high-lead ball screw, whose screw shaft 110 includes three helical raceways 113, whose screw nut 120 includes three ball grooves 125 that respectively correspond to and complement with the helical raceways 113, and whose bearing balls 130 are respectively disposed between the helical raceways 113 and the ball grooves 125 corresponding thereto. The ball screw is suited for high lead applications due to simultaneous use of the three helical raceways 113.

(45) As shown in FIG. 7, in some embodiments, the shaft 260 has a first portion 310 with a first thread 315 and a second portion 320 with a second thread 325 in a direction opposite the first thread. For example, the first thread may be a standard or right handed thread, while the second thread may be a left-handed thread. In some embodiments, the first carriage engages the first portion of the shaft and the second carriage engages the second portion of the shaft. As a result, when the shaft is turned the first carriage 220 engaging the first portion 315 of the shaft moves in a direction opposite the second carriage 230 engaging the second portion 325 of the shaft. In some embodiments, the first portion 310 includes a first screw and the second portion 320 includes a second screw. In such embodiments, the first portion 310 and the second portion 320 can be joined end to end, for example, with rigid couplings to form a single shaft 260.

(46) Use of Different Thread Pitches

(47) In some embodiments, a lead pitch of the first thread is different than a lead pitch of the second thread. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the lead pitch of the first thread is larger than the lead pitch of the second thread. In such embodiments, the second carriage (and the counter-weight) need only travel one-half or one-third the vertical distance traveled by the first carriage (and manipulatable arm).

(48) In other embodiments, the lead pitch of the first thread is substantially the same as the lead pitch of the second thread. Without being limited, it is believed that having the same lead pitch may reduce backdrive more efficiently than having different lead pitches.

(49) Manual Brake Release

(50) In some embodiments, the self-centering ball screw assembly includes a manual brake release. The manual brake release is configured to release a brake of the self-centering ball screw assembly such that a vertical position of the manipulatable arm can be adjusted manually.

(51) In some embodiments, the counter-weighted Z drive would be combined with a standard electromechanical brake, such that the manipulatable arm 28 is held in place when system power is off. The release button can be located in a position convenient to the user. The release button can for example be designed as a trigger, combined with a pull handle that the user can push or pull (while holding the release button down) in order to change the vertical location of the robot arm 28.

(52) Linear Encoder and Calibration Features

(53) Position feedback can be accomplished using a linear encoder, for example, a Renishaw RESOLUTE linear encoder, with a precision bar-code scale mounted to one side of the ballscrew profile rail assembly, and the read head mounted to the top carriage. Redundant feedback may be implemented in a similar fashion, with an incremental linear encoder mounted to the opposite side of the profile rail assembly.

(54) The self-centering ball screw assembly 200 can include a linear encoder (not shown) configured to provide linear position feedback. The linear encoder can be a sensor, transducer or readhead paired with a scale that encodes position. The sensor reads the scale in order to convert the encoded position into an analog or digital signal, which can then be decoded into position by a digital readout (DRO) or motion controller. The encoder can be either incremental or absolute. Motion can be determined by change in position of the assembly over time. The linear encoder can be optical, magnetic, inductive, capacitive or eddy current. An optical image sensor without a scale can be used based on an image correlation method. For example, the sensor can capture subsequent pictures from the surface being measured and compare the images for displacement.

(55) The carriage(s) 220, 230 can include a calibration feature configured to measure and/or correct a position or alignment of the carriage. Measurements can be imported into a suitable type of software to plot the points or to calculate deviation from the correct position. A target reflects the laser beam back in the same direction it came from, for example, back to the laser tracker. One type of target in common use is a spherically mounted retroreflector (SMR), which resembles a ball bearing with mirrored surfaces cut into it. In some embodiments, the carriage includes SMR divots for a laser tracker.

(56) Though not discussed in detail herein, it is contemplated that the Theta 1 drive motor can be mounted below the ball screw assembly 200 to reduce weight in the robot arm 28.

(57) Digitizer

(58) When combined with the direct-drive arm design (described in more detail below) this Z axis design allows use of the robot arm as its own digitizer probe. This will increase implant placement accuracy by eliminating the need to calculate and rely upon a coordinate transformation, for example, between the Microscribe and the robot arm, and will improve system usability by removing the Microscribe from the front of the robot.

(59) Manipulatable Arm

(60) Returning to FIGS. 4A and 4B, in a preferred embodiment, the manipulatable arm includes two or more segments. A first segment has a first end and a second end opposite the first end of the first segment and a first spindle rotatably coupling the first end of the first segment to a base segment. A second segment has a first end and a second end opposite the first end of the second segment and a second spindle rotatably coupling the first end of the second segment to the second end of the first segment. In some embodiments, the manipulatable arm includes a third segment having a first end and a third spindle rotatably coupling the first end of the third segment to the second end of the second segment. The manipulatable arm includes a plurality of drive assemblies including a first drive assembly positioned in the base segment to drive the first spindle, a second drive assembly positioned in the first segment to drive the second spindle and a third drive assembly positioned in the second segment to drive the third spindle. Each drive assembly encloses an end of a spindle and includes a rotor assembly having permanent magnets mounted on a respective spindle to be driven, and a stator assembly having a coil bracket surrounding the rotor assembly and enclosing one end of the respective spindle.

(61) In a preferred embodiment, the first, second and third spindles have axes of rotation that are substantially parallel. As shown in FIG. 4B, the manipulatable arm includes rotary joints {theta1, theta2, roll} or {shoulder, elbow, wrist}, which operate in the horizontal (XY) plane. The drive assemblies (actuators or motors) of the segments drive each of the rotary joints. It will be appreciated from the disclosure herein that the horizontal motion is controlled by separate actuators than the vertical motion of the arm, and pitch motion of the wrist described above.

(62) Each rotary axis can be a drive assembly. For example, each rotary axis has a single spindle (or motor shaftfor example 50 mm OD), which is directly coupled to a rotor, absolute ring encoder, and incremental (redundant) disk encoder.

(63) In a preferred embodiment, the drive assemblies are direct drive assemblies. In some embodiments, the drive assemblies are frameless motors (also known as kit motors). Thus, at each of the rotary joints of the manipulatable arm, the motor and the joint form a single assembly, with no external drivetrain components needed. Each motor shaft has two widely separated angular contact bearings, capable of handling combined radial and thrust loads. Bearing preload can be set using a wave spring installed in the motor at the time of assembly. In some embodiments, these are the only bearings at each joint, so bearing performance may be easily modeled in advance.

(64) Components can be axially located on motor shafts using snap rings and torque can be transferred from rotor to shaft using a coil spring pin. Other components can be radially and rotationally located using precision alignment pins (round and/or diamond profile).

(65) The advantages of a frameless motor based, direct-drive design include for example, high stiffness, zero backlash, low parts count, high control authority, and extremely low backdriving torque. These advantages may enable further system-level design improvements including reduction of size and weight, improved manufacturability, decreased cost, improved motion control accuracy, and direct use of the robot arm in place of the Microscribe digitizer.

(66) In some embodiments, the motor shafts (or spindles) are hollow. The hollow motor shaft can also be used as a cable passage. For example, in some embodiments, each spindle includes a hollow center that is configured for containing electrical or service lines.

(67) The segments of the manipulatable arm can be arranged in any suitable configuration. For example, the first, second and third segments can be linked to one another in an ascending step configuration.

(68) As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the effector 32 can be mounted to the third segment.

(69) As shown in FIGS. 8A-8C, in a preferred embodiment, each of the segments (first segment, the second segment, and the third segment) is a single machined part configured to house or frame each of the drive assemblies (first direct drive assembly, the second direct drive assembly, and the third direct drive assembly).

(70) For example, each segment can be machined to include mounting bores for the stator(s) of the frameless motor(s) installed in the segment. Stators can be permanently mounted by thermal shrink fit. Precise placement and alignment of stators, bottom bearings, and alignment pins can be ensured by creating all of the mounting features in a single CNC milling operation. In some embodiments, each segment is machined from any suitable material, such as aluminum.

(71) Encoders

(72) In some embodiments, the drive assemblies include one or more positional measurement apparatus. For example, in some embodiments, each direct drive assembly includes a positional measurement apparatus that is operative to ascertain an angular disposition of one segment relative to an adjoining segment.

(73) The positional measurement apparatus can be selected from any suitable encoder. For example, the positional measurement apparatus can be a rotary optical encoder or a magnetic encoder, or the like.

(74) For example, each rotary axis can include a high resolution (22 bit) RESOLUTE ring encoder which allows position repeatability. The positional repeatability can be as low as 10 um at the robot end effector.

(75) In some embodiments, motion controllers are integrated into the segments of the manipulatable arm, with short cable runs to stators and encoders, for high noise immunity and reduced harness size (for routing back to the robot base).

(76) In some embodiments, the manipulatable arm includes dedicated features for calibration and shipping. For example, the calibration features can include one or more mounting holes for magnetic SMR (spherically mounted retroreflector) nests on each segment of the arm. When SMR targets are installed, a precision laser tracker may be used to measure the D-H parameters of the arm.

(77) The arm can include dedicated features for shipping (fast pins/clips) and calibration (SMR divots for laser tracker). In some embodiments, holes are machined into the arm for ball-detent fast-pins that can lock the segments of the arm in place when folded, this can help reduce the backdrive of the arm.

(78) In some embodiments, the system includes a system controller as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,806,518. The system controller positions the effector by moving the manipulatable arm.

(79) In some embodiments, the end effector 32 is a rotary cutter, such as a disk cutter or a ball cutter as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,136.

(80) In some embodiments, the system includes a six degree of freedom position sensor as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6, 332,567.

(81) In some embodiments, the system includes a bone fixator as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,806,518.

(82) In some embodiments, the system includes a bone digitizer arm as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,332,567 and 6,033,415.

(83) In some embodiments, the system includes a plurality of position sensors for generating a digitized bone data set as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,415.

(84) In some embodiments, the system includes a non-contact digitizing apparatus to generate a digitized bone data set as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,415.

(85) In some embodiments, the system includes an angle indicator attached to the arm as described in commonly owned US Patent Publication No. 2011/0152871.

(86) In some embodiments, the system includes an impactor physically connected to an angle indicator with at least one flexible guide as described in commonly owned US Patent Publication No. 2011/0152871.

(87) Additional Features

(88) The design approach described herein may also make the surgical robotic system suitable for operation in clean rooms or other sensitive environment, as cables are routed internally through hollow shafts and the harness footprint is kept to a minimum due to the distributed motion controller placement.

(89) In some embodiments, it may be possible to design the robot wrist to include a hollow bore (e.g., roughly 10 mm) which could be used to pass irrigation fluid or pneumatic power.

(90) It may be possible to use slip ring contacts for continuous rotation at the robot elbow and wrist, eliminating significant kinematics singularities.

(91) Although discussed with respect to a surgical robotic system, a robot system as disclosed could be used for a variety of other computer-controlled precision tasks, including laser cutting, plasma cutting, additive fabrication (3D printing, laser sintering), plotting/drawing, routing or milling with other rotary tools, pick-and-place for printed circuit assembly, part sorting or packaging, biomedical sample handling, automated laboratory experiments (precision dispensing of reagents), part assembly, welding, painting, polishing, etc.

(92) The ability of the arm to be easily backdriven could be applied to other fields (such as assembly line work) by allowing the arm to be easily guided by hand in a teach mode, whereby the robot may learn to perform repetitive tasks. The presence of medical-grade safety features such as redundant encoders might make the arm safe enough for hand guiding even in heavy industry applications.

(93) The examples and illustrations included herein show, by way of illustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein individually or collectively by the term invention merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept, if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.