Composite Material Including COF, Heat Dissipation/Storage Member, and Method for Producing Said Composite Material, and COF Single Crystal and Production Method Therefor

Abstract

A composite material including a covalent organic framework (COF) single crystal having a major axis length of larger than 120 μm or a COF polycrystal including a plurality of the single crystals, and at least one heat-storage compound. The heat-storage compound is a compound that generates heat or absorbs heat by adsorption to or desorption from the COF single crystal. Also, a heat dissipation/storage member containing the composite material as a heat storage/dissipation material a COF single crystal having a major axis length of larger than 120 μm, and a method for producing a COF single crystal by crystallizing COF raw material compounds via a solution containing an ionic liquid or an organic salt and an equilibrium adjusting agent to grow a COF single crystal.

Claims

1. A composite material comprising a covalent organic framework (COF) single crystal having a major axis length of larger than 120 μm or a COF polycrystal including a plurality of the single crystals, and at least one heat-storage compound, the heat-storage compound being a compound that generates heat or absorbs heat by adsorption to or desorption from the COF single crystal, or a phase change or a chemical reaction occurring within a range of −20 to 200° C.

2. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the adsorption or desorption, the phase change, and the chemical reaction are reversible.

3. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the covalent organic framework (COF) has a framework structure comprising: (a) a linker selected from the group consisting of Formulas (I) to (VII) ##STR00010## wherein X is a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and hydrogen bonded to aromatic rings of Formulas (I) to (VII) (a benzene ring, a benzimidazole ring, and a pyrrole ring) may be substituted with an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an oxo group, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a nitro group, a sulfo group, an ether group, a thiol group, an ester group, a carbonate group, a carbonyl group, an amide group, an amino group, an azide group, a carbamate group, a cyano group, a hydroxy group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid ester group, or a sultone group, and (b) a bond selected from the group consisting of —B(—O—).sub.2, —C═C—, —C—N—, —C═N—, —C—N═C—, and —N—B—N—, and connecting the linkers to each other.

4. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the covalent organic framework (COF) is at least one selected from the group consisting of COF-300, COF-303, LZU-79, and LZU-111.

5. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein a molecular diameter of the heat-storage compound is smaller than a pore diameter of the covalent organic framework.

6. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the heat-storage compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of water, sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate, and potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate.

7. A heat dissipation/storage member comprising the composite material according to claim 1 as a heat storage/dissipation material.

8. The heat dissipation/storage member according to claim 7, wherein the heat dissipation/storage member has a heat dissipation/storage layer that contains the composite material and a heat diffusion layer that is in contact with the heat dissipation/storage layer and diffuses heat from the heat dissipation/storage layer.

9. The heat dissipation/storage member according to claim 8, wherein the heat diffusion layer is made of a metal.

10. The heat dissipation/storage member according to claim 9, wherein the heat diffusion layer is made of aluminum.

11. A method for producing the composite material according to claim 1, the method comprising: a single crystal production step of reacting covalent organic framework (COF) raw material compounds via a solution containing an ionic liquid or an organic salt and an equilibrium adjusting agent to grow a COF single crystal; and a compositing step of adding the heat-storage compound to the COF single crystal to obtain a composite material.

12. A covalent organic framework (COF) single crystal, the COF single crystal having a major axis length of larger than 120 μm.

13. The COF single crystal according to claim 12, wherein a thermal conductivity is 0.05 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more.

14. The COF single crystal according to claim 12, wherein the covalent organic framework (COF) has a framework structure comprising: (a) a linker selected from the group consisting of Formulas (I) to (VII) ##STR00011## wherein X is a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and hydrogen bonded to aromatic rings of Formulas (I) to (VII) (a benzene ring, a benzimidazole ring, and a pyrrole ring) may be substituted with an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an oxo group, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a nitro group, a sulfo group, an ether group, a thiol group, an ester group, a carbonate group, a carbonyl group, an amide group, an amino group, an azide group, a carbamate group, a cyano group, a hydroxy group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid ester group, or a sultone group, and (b) a bond selected from the group consisting of —B(—O—).sub.2, —C═C—, —C—N—, —C═N—, —C—N═C—, and —N—B—N—, and connecting the linkers to each other.

15. The COF single crystal according to claim 14, wherein the bond is —C═N—.

16. The COF single crystal according to claim 12, wherein the COF single crystal is at least one selected from the group consisting of COF-300, COF-303, LZU-79, and LZU-111.

17. A method for producing the COF single crystal according to claim 12, the method comprising a single crystal production step of reacting covalent organic framework (COF) raw material compounds via a solution containing an ionic liquid or an organic salt and an equilibrium adjusting agent to grow a COF single crystal.

18. The method for producing the COF single crystal according to claim 17, wherein the raw material compounds are aldehyde having a plurality of formyl groups and amine having a plurality of amino groups.

19. The method for producing the COF single crystal according to claim 17, wherein the equilibrium adjusting agent is aldehyde having a single formyl group or amine having a single amino group.

20. The method for producing the COF single crystal according to claim 17, wherein the ionic liquid or the organic salt is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of methyltrioctylammonium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide, methyltrioctylammonium chloride, methyltributylphosphonium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide, and methyltributylphosphonium iodide.

21. The method for producing the COF single crystal according to claim 20, wherein the ionic liquid or the organic salt is methyltrioctylammonium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide.

22. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein a thermal conductivity is 0.05 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0054] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a COF single crystal (COF-300).

[0055] FIG. 2 is a view illustrating the Lewis acidity of a cation and the Lewis basicity of an anion of an ionic liquid or an organic salt.

[0056] FIG. 3 is a schematic view in which heat dissipation/storage is performed using a composite material.

[0057] FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic views illustrating an example of a heat dissipation/storage member.

[0058] FIG. 5 shows micrographs of COF crystals prepared in Examples.

[0059] FIG. 6 shows a histogram showing crystal sizes of the COF single crystals prepared in Examples.

[0060] FIG. 7 shows graphs showing results obtained by measuring adsorption or desorption of water molecules to or from a COF single crystal (COF-300) by thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry.

[0061] FIG. 8 shows graphs showing results obtained by measuring specific heat of the COF single crystal (COF-300) by differential scanning calorimetry according to a three-point method.

[0062] FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of a measurement cell used in a temperature wave analysis method, a microscope image of a COF single crystal (COF-300) sample used in measurement, and a graph showing results obtained by measuring the thermal diffusivity of the sample by the temperature wave analysis method.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0063] The present invention can be appropriately modified and implemented without changing the gist thereof.

[0064] 1. COF Single Crystal

[0065] Hereinafter, a COF single crystal of the present invention will be described. The COF single crystal of the present invention has a major axis (c-axis) length of 120 μm or more.

[0066] The covalent organic framework (COF) has a framework structure including a linker and a bond connecting the linkers.

[0067] The linker is preferably an organic group containing one or more atomic groups selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic non-aromatic ring, and a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group.

[0068] It is more preferable that the covalent organic framework (COF) has a framework structure including (a) a linker selected from the group consisting of Formulas (I) to (VII) below,

##STR00005## ##STR00006##

[0069] wherein X is a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and hydrogen bonded to aromatic rings of Formulae (I) to (VII) (a benzene ring, a benzimidazole ring, and a pyrrole ring) may be substituted with an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an oxo group, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a nitro group, a sulfo group, an ether group, a thiol group, an ester group, a carbonate group, a carbonyl group, an amide group, an amino group, an azide group, a carbamate group, a cyano group, a hydroxy group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid ester group, or a sultone group, and

[0070] (b) a bond selected from the group consisting of —B(—O—).sub.2, —C═C—, —C—N—, —C═N—, —C—N═C—, and —N—B—N—, and connecting the linkers to each other.

[0071] Among these, the COF of the present invention is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of COF-300, COF-303, LZU-79, and LZU-111.

[0072] Both COF-300 and COF-303 have a molecular structure in which linkers of Formula (I) and Formula (V) (X is carbon) are covalently bonded to each other by —C═N— (a part of the imine bond). The difference between COF-300 and COF-303 is that carbon (C) of the linkage is on the side of Formula (I) and nitrogen (N) is on the side of Formula (V) in COF-300, whereas carbon (C) of the linkage is on the side of Formula (V) and nitrogen (N) is on the side of Formula (I) in COF-303. LZU-79 has a molecular structure in which Formula (V) (X is carbon) and Formula (VII) are covalently bonded to each other by —C═N—, carbon (C) of the linkage is on the side of Formula (VII), and nitrogen (N) is on the side of Formula (V). LZU-111 has a molecular structure in which Formula (V) (X is carbon) and Formula (V) (X is silicon) are covalently bonded to each other by —C═N—, carbon (C) of the linkage is on the side of Formula (V) (X is silicon), and nitrogen (N) is on the side of Formula (V) (X is carbon). For the details of the structures and the like of these compounds Ma et al., “Single-crystal x-ray diffraction structures of covalent organic frameworks”, Science 361, 48-52 (2018) can be referred to.

[0073] FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a COF single crystal (COF-300). The left side of this drawing shows a perspective view of the COF single crystal and the right side shows a side view. The COF single crystal is a tetragonal crystal system, and when the COF single crystal is viewed from three axes (a-axis, b-axis, and c-axis), has a two-by-two matrix shape (cross in a square) in top view (bottom view) as viewed from the c-axis direction and has a hexagonal shape in side view as viewed from the a-axis and b-axis directions. The major axis in the present invention is the c-axis in the drawing, and the COF single crystal of the present invention has a length (size) of 120 μm or more in the c-axis direction. The major axis length of the COF single crystal is preferably 150 μm or more, more preferably 200 μm or more, and particularly preferably 250 μm or more. The upper limit of the major axis length of the COF single crystal is, for example, 1 mm or 10 mm, but may be 10 mm or more.

[0074] The COF single crystal has pores in the network framework. In COF-300, the theoretical pore diameter is reported to be 7.8 angstroms (F. J. Uribe-Romo et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 4570 (2009)). When this pore diameter is desired to be increased, the pore diameter can be easily increased by changing the linker, for example, changing p-phenylenedialdehyde as a linker to 4,4′-diformylbiphenyl, 4,4″-diformyl-p-terphenyl, or the like. The COF single crystal exhibits various characteristics by adding an element, a compound, or the like into pores to form a composite. The COF single crystal has a very strong structure in which the frameworks interpenetrate each other like a disentanglement puzzle. Therefore, the COF single crystal has thermally, chemically, and physically stable properties.

[0075] The thermal conductivity of the COF single crystal is preferably 0.05 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more. Since the crystal size of the COF single crystal of the present invention is larger than a conventional aggregate of fine crystal powders having a size of 1 μm or less, the COF single crystal is regarded as a single material. Therefore, in the COF single crystal having a large crystal size, the thermal resistance derived from point contact between fine powder crystals is drastically reduced, and thus the thermal conductivity in a relatively long distance scale (=the size of the single crystal) is high. Therefore, the COF single crystal can be particularly preferably used as a heat storage/dissipation material described below. The thermal conductivity of the COF single crystal is preferably 0.1 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more, more preferably 0.2 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more, further preferably 0.5 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more, and most preferably 1 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more.

[0076] 2. Method for Producing COF Single Crystal

[0077] Hereinafter, a method for the COF single crystal will be described. The method for producing the COF single crystal includes a single crystal production step of reacting COF raw material compounds (building unit molecules) via a solution containing an ionic liquid or an organic salt and an equilibrium adjusting agent to grow a COF single crystal.

[0078] The covalent organic framework (COF) can be produced using raw material compounds of various combinations between linkages and linkers as building unit molecules. Examples of the raw material compound constituting the COF may include aldehyde having a plurality of formyl groups in aromatic rings (for example, a benzene ring and a pyrrole ring, hereinafter, the same applies) and amine having a plurality of amino groups in aromatic rings. By condensing these aldehyde and amine to form a covalent bond (imine bond), a COF having a bond of —C═N— can be formed.

[0079] As the raw material compound for producing the COF, for example, in COF-300, tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAM) and terephthalaldehyde (BDA) can be exemplified. As the raw material compound, in COF-303, tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)methane (TFM) and phenylenediamine (PDA) can be exemplified, in LZU-79, TAM and 4,7-bis(4-formylbenzyl)-1H-benzimidazole (BFBZ) can be exemplified, and in LZU-111, TAM and tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)silane (TFS) can be exemplified.

[0080] The equilibrium adjusting agent is like a catalyst in a condensation reaction, is not consumed by itself, and functions to increase the reversibility of the condensation reaction. Examples of the equilibrium adjusting agent may include aromatic aldehyde having a single formyl group and aromatic amine having a single amino group. Specific examples of the equilibrium adjusting agent may include aniline and benzaldehyde. The equilibrium adjusting agent is preferably used in an excessive amount with respect to the raw material compound. For example, the amount of the equilibrium adjusting agent is preferably 2 to 200 mol, more preferably 10 to 100 mol, and particularly preferably 20 to 80 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the total amount of the raw material compounds.

[0081] The raw material compound and the equilibrium adjusting agent are preferably used by being dissolved in an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent. Examples of such a solvent may include water, pentane, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, cyanobenzene, naphthalene, naphtha, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, acetone, 1,2,-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, diethylformamide, thiophene, pyridine, ethanolamine, triethylamine, ethylenediamine, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, and dioxane.

[0082] The ionic liquid is a normal temperature molten salt containing only ions, and an anion and a cation are paired. In the organic salt, an anion and a cation are paired similarly to the ionic liquid, but the organic salt is a solid at normal temperature. In X. Guan et al. “Fast, Ambient Temperature and Pressure Ionothermal Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 4494 (2018), the ionic liquid has an acid catalytic effect of promoting condensation (imine formation reaction) between raw material compounds, the ionic liquid is simultaneously used as a solvent and an acid catalyst instead of an organic solvent that has been used before. However, in order to obtain a single crystal having a large size, crystal growth from a homogeneous solution in which raw material molecules are completely dissolved is required. In the crystal production method of X. Guan et al. “Fast, Ambient Temperature and Pressure Ionothermal Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 4494 (2018), since the solubility of building unit molecules (for example, tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane molecules used in the present invention) in an ionic liquid is low, undissolved building block molecules dispersed in a solution become “sources” (=crystal nuclei) of crystal growth, resulting in generation of a large amount of fine single crystals. On the other hand, the present inventors expect a control action (described below) on the COF crystal growth rate of the ionic liquid different from that of X. Guan et al. “Fast, Ambient Temperature and Pressure Ionothermal Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 4494 (2018), and generate a COF single crystal using a homogeneous solution as an additive to an organic solvent, not as a solvent. In the present invention, in order to obtain a large crystal in a short time, the following findings have been obtained, starting from an unconventional novel idea in which a hydrogen bond between an anion constituting an ionic liquid and a functional group present on a growing crystal surface is used as a control mean of crystal nucleation/growth while acetic acid of about 9 times the amount of the catalyst (1.2 mmol of acetic acid) used in Ma et al., “Single-crystal x-ray diffraction structures of covalent organic frameworks”, Science 361, 48-52 (2018) is added.

[0083] Specific examples of the ionic liquid or the organic salt may include methyltrioctylammonium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide, methyltrioctylammonium chloride, methyltributylphosphonium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide, and methyltributylphosphonium iodide. The amount of the ionic liquid or the organic salt is preferably 0.1 to 100 mol, more preferably 0.5 to 10 mol, and particularly preferably 1 to 5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the total amount of the raw material compounds.

[0084] As the ionic liquid or the organic salt, from the viewpoint of producing a COF single crystal having a large size, an ionic liquid or an organic salt in which both Lewis acidity of a cation and Lewis basicity of an anion are weak is preferred. From this point, among the specific examples, methyltrioctylammonium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide ([N.sub.8881] [NTf.sub.2]) is particularly preferred. Hereinafter, the reason for this will be described.

[0085] In a COF having an imine bond such as COF-300, an acid catalyst is required for an imine bond formation reaction. By adding an ionic liquid having a cation with strong Lewis acidity, such as Nat, to a raw material compound, the cation serves as a Lewis acid catalyst, a COF formation reaction is greatly promoted, a large amount of crystal nuclei are generated, and a large amount of the raw material compound is consumed. Therefore, the number of raw material molecules that can be used in the subsequent crystal growth stage decreases, and a crystal cannot be grown to a crystal having a sufficiently large size, resulting in generation of a large amount of fine crystals. From this point, an ionic liquid or an organic salt having a cation with weak Lewis acidity is advantageous for crystal growth.

[0086] On the other hand, as described above, a hydrogen bond is generated between the anion of the ionic liquid and an unreacted functional group present on the surface of the COF single crystal. The stronger the Lewis basicity of the anion is, the stronger the hydrogen bond is, the more the COF formation reaction is inhibited, and the slower the nucleation and crystal growth are. In the present invention, in order to suppress a large amount of nucleation, anions each having different Lewis basicity were used to control the rate of crystal growth. As a result, among the anions of the ionic liquid used in the present invention, [NTf.sub.2].sup.− having the weakest Lewis basicity has the optimum Lewis basicity strength, and a COF crystal having the largest size was obtained. In particular, it is considered that the same applies to the case of an organic salt dissolved in a solvent.

[0087] FIG. 2 is a view illustrating the Lewis acidity of a cation and the Lewis basicity of an anion of an ionic liquid or an organic salt mentioned as the specific example described above. As illustrated in this drawing, methyltrioctylammonium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide ([N.sub.8881] [NTf.sub.2]) is a combination of methyltrioctylammonium ([N.sub.8881]) having the weakest Lewis acidity and bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide ([NTf.sub.2]) having the weakest Lewis basicity. Therefore, as shown in Examples described below, as compared with the case of using another ionic liquid or another organic salt, when methyltrioctylammonium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide ([N.sub.8881] [NTf.sub.2]) is used, a COF single crystal having a large grain size can be obtained.

[0088] Regarding the chemical property (Lewis basicity) of a basic solvent, a “donor number (DN)” is mentioned as an indicator that can be a measure of the enthalpy of adduct formation with a reference Lewis acid. On the other hand, regarding an acidic solvent, an “acceptor number (AN)” is mentioned as a parameter for evaluating the Lewis acidity of the acidic solvent. The Lewis acidity of a cation and the Lewis basicity of an anion of the ionic liquid can be quantitatively evaluated by the number of acceptors of the cation and the number of donors of the anion, respectively.

[0089] The number of donors of the anion of the ionic liquid used in the present invention is shown in the following table (source: M. Holzweber et al. Chem. Eur. J. 19, 288-293 (2013)). Under the condition of using the same cation (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: C.sub.4 min.sup.+), the number of donors of the anion is in the order shown in this table. The smaller the number of donors, the weaker the Lewis basicity.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Cation Anion DN C.sub.4mim.sup.+ Cl.sup.− 22.6 C.sub.4mim.sup.+ CH.sub.3COO.sup.− 11.32 C.sub.4mim.sup.+ I.sup.− 7.59 C.sub.4mim.sup.+ NTf.sub.2.sup.− −3.44

[0090] In the ionic liquid used in the present invention, under the condition that the cation is C.sub.4min.sup.+, the number of donors (DN) of the anion is preferably 0 or less and more preferably −3.00 or less.

[0091] In the COF formation reaction, an acid catalyst other than the cation of the ionic liquid or the organic salt is preferably used in combination. Examples of such an acid catalyst may include acetic acid and hydrochloric acid. The amount of the acid catalyst is preferably 2 to 200 mol, more preferably 10 to 150 mol, and particularly preferably 50 to 100 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the total amount of the raw material compounds.

[0092] The COF formation reaction can be appropriately performed under preferable conditions. As for the temperature of the COF formation reaction, the COF formation reaction can be performed, for example, at 10 to 60° C., preferably 20 to 50° C., and more preferably room temperature (about 25° C.). The growth of a COF single crystal exceeding 120 μm is completed in about 1 to 30 days, and can be completed within 10 days (7 days in Examples described below) depending on conditions. It is also the effect of the production method of the present invention that a COF single crystal having a large size can be obtained in such a short period of time as compared to the technique described in Ma et al., “Single-crystal x-ray diffraction structures of covalent organic frameworks”, Science 361, 48-52 (2018).

[0093] 3. Composite Material Using COF Single Crystal

[0094] Hereinafter, a composite material using the COF single crystal will be described. The composite material of the present invention includes a covalent organic framework (COF) single crystal having a major axis length of larger than 120 μm or a COF polycrystal including a plurality of the single crystals, and at least one heat-storage compound.

[0095] As the COF single crystal, the COF single crystal described above can be used. The COF polycrystal includes a plurality of the COF single crystals. (a) Near room temperature, the COF single crystal preferably has a higher thermal conductivity than that of the heat-storage compound in a bulk state. The thermal conductivity in a bulk state means a thermal conductivity in a state of only the heat-storage compound and is not the thermal conductivity of the heat-storage compound in a state of being composited with the COF single crystal.

[0096] The heat-storage compound is (1) a compound that generates heat or absorbs heat by adsorption to or desorption from the COF single crystal or (2) a compound that generates heat or absorbs heat by a phase change or a chemical reaction occurring within a range of −20 to 200° C. When these adsorption, desorption, phase change, and chemical reaction are reversible, the composite material can be repeatedly used as a heat dissipation/storage member described below, which is preferable.

[0097] The heat-storage compound (1) can adsorb to the surface or the inside (pores) of the COF single crystal to store heat as adsorption enthalpy; meanwhile, the heat-storage compound (1) can desorb from the COF single crystal to dissipate the stored adsorption enthalpy as heat. Examples of such a heat-storage compound may include water.

[0098] The heat-storage compound (2) is a compound that absorbs or dissipates latent heat by own phase change or heat by a chemical reaction. A phase-changing material among these materials is generally called a phase change material (PCM). The heat-storage compound (2) in the present invention is a compound that generates heat or absorbs heat by a phase change or a chemical reaction occurring within a range of −20 to 200° C. Examples of such a heat-storage compound may include sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate, and potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. These heat-storage compounds may be used singly or in combination of two or more kinds thereof.

[0099] The molecular diameter of the heat-storage compound is preferably smaller than the pore diameter of the COF. This makes it possible to incorporate the heat-storage compound into the pores of the COF to store or dissipate heat. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and even when the molecular diameter of the heat-storage compound is larger than the pore diameter of the COF, absorption heat and heat generation by the heat-storage compound may occur on the surface of the COF single crystal or the like.

[0100] FIG. 3 is a schematic view in which heat dissipation/storage is performed using the composite material of the present invention. During heat storage, the heat-storage compound (water in this drawing) incorporated into the COF comes into contact with high-temperature air and desorbs from the COF, so that enthalpy increases, and air and moisture are exhausted. On the other hand, during heat dissipation, water out of air and moisture is adsorbed to the COF, so that enthalpy decreases to generate heat, and dry high-temperature air is dissipated.

[0101] The thermal conductivity of the composite material is preferably 0.05 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more from the viewpoint that heat exchange can be rapidly performed. The thermal conductivity thereof is more preferably 0.1 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more, further preferably 0.2 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more, further preferably 0.5 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more, and most preferably 1 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1 or more Near room temperature, the thermal conductivity of the composite material is preferably higher than that in a bulk state of the heat-storage compound constituting the composite material.

[0102] 4. Method for Producing Composite Material

[0103] A method for producing the composite material of the present invention performs the single crystal production step described in the method for producing the COF single crystal described above and includes a compositing step of adding a heat-storage compound to the COF single crystal subsequently obtained to obtain a composite material. The single crystal production step has been described above, and this detailed description will be omitted here. In the compositing step, a heat-storage compound is added to the COF single crystal to obtain a composite material. A method of adding the heat-storage compound to the COF single crystal is not particularly limited, and the addition of the heat-storage compound can be performed under appropriate conditions (for example, 10 to 50° C., 1 to 100 hours, and the like) depending on the types of the COF single crystal and the heat-storage compound. For example, a method of immersing a COF single crystal in a heat-storage compound in a molten state under a temperature condition at which the heat-storage compound is liquefied and impregnating heat-storage compound molecules with pores of the COF. More specifically, for example, in the case of sodium acetate trihydrate, a composite is formed by melting the sodium acetate trihydrate at 57.5° C. or higher and bringing the sodium acetate trihydrate into contact with the COF single crystal.

[0104] 5. Heat Dissipation/Storage Member

[0105] The composite material of the present invention can be suitably used as a heat storage/dissipation material in a heat dissipation/storage member. The heat dissipation/storage member of the present invention has a heat dissipation/storage layer that contains the composite material and a heat diffusion layer that is in contact with the heat dissipation/storage layer (including the case of interposing a brazing layer containing a “low-melting-point metal material” described below) and diffuses heat from the heat dissipation/storage layer. The heat diffusion layer is preferably a metal having a high thermal conductivity, or the like, and is particularly suitably aluminum.

[0106] FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic views illustrating an example of a heat dissipation/storage member, in which FIG. 4A illustrates an example of using a COF single crystal having a large grain size of the present invention and FIG. 4B illustrates an example assumed when a conventional COF fine powder is used. As illustrated in FIG. 4A, a thermal conduction path (passage) is formed by the framework structure of the COF in the COF single crystal, and this thermal conduction path transfers heat from the surface of the COF single crystal to the other surface through the inside of the COF single crystal. Since the major axis length of the COF single crystal of the present invention is as large as 120 μm or more, the length of the thermal conduction path is also long. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 4B, when a conventional COF fine powder or a small single crystal is used, it is necessary to laminate a large number of small grains in order to form a long thermal conduction path. In this case, the grains are in point contact and are difficult to be in contact in a wide area. When the grain is not a single crystal, a grain boundary exists also in the grain. Therefore, the COF single crystal having a large crystal size as in the present invention is more excellent in thermal conduction efficiency than an example assumed when a conventional COF fine powder is used, and is more preferable as a heat dissipation/storage member.

[0107] Examples of a method of laminating the heat dissipation/storage layer containing the composite material and the heat diffusion layer include a method of growing a COF single crystal directly on a material constituting a heat diffusion layer and then adding a heat-storage compound to the COF single crystal to form a composite material, a method of brazing a COF single crystal with a low-melting metal material such as indium on a material constituting a heat diffusion layer and then adding a heat-storage compound to the COF single crystal to form a composite material, and a method of adding a heat-storage compound to a COF single crystal to form a composite material and then brazing the composite material on a material constituting a heat-storage compound.

[0108] When a metal member having a heat dissipation fin is used as the heat diffusion layer, the heat dissipation/storage member can be a radiator. Examples of use applications of the heat dissipation/storage member may include automobiles, computers, home televisions, OA devices, mobile phones, smartphones, lightings, air conditioners, and power supply devices.

EXAMPLES

[0109] Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described based on Examples; however, these are not intended to limit the object of the present invention. The present invention is not limited to these Examples.

1. Example 1: Synthesis of COF-300 Single Crystal

[0110] 1-1: Preparation of Solution and Crystal Growth

[0111] First, to a glass vial having a volume of 6 mL, 3.35 mg (0.025 mmol; this is regarded as 1 equivalent) of a solid powder of terephthalaldehyde (hereinafter, BDA) was weighed and placed. Then, to this vial, 0.25 mL of dioxane and 0.03 mL of aniline (both are liquids) were weighed and placed. Subsequently, BDA was dissolved by performing ultrasonic dispersion for 10 minutes to obtain Liquid A.

[0112] Subsequently, to another glass vial having a volume of 6 mL, 4.76 mg (0.0125 mmol, 0.5 equivalents) of a solid powder of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane (hereinafter, TAM) was weighed and placed. Then, to this vial, 0.25 mL of dioxane was weighed and placed. Subsequently, TAM was dissolved by performing ultrasonic dispersion for 10 minutes to obtain Liquid B. The molecular structures of the raw materials are shown below.

##STR00007##

[0113] Subsequently, to another glass vial having a volume of 6 mL, 0.16 mL (2.8 mmol) of acetic acid and an additive (one of Nos. #1 to #11) shown in the following table were weighed and placed to obtain Liquid C. #1 is used in conventional COF synthesis (Comparative Example).

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 State at room Used No. Name Type temperature amount # 1 Ultrapure water Ultrapure water Liquid  2.2 mmol # 2 [EIM] [NTf.sub.2] Ionic liquid Liquid 0.07 mmol # 3 [C.sub.2 mim] [NTf.sub.2] Ionic liquid Liquid 0.07 mmol # 4 [C.sub.6 mim] [NTf.sub.2] Ionic liquid Liquid 0.07 mmol # 5 [C.sub.10 mim] [NTf2] Ionic liquid Liquid 0.07 mmol # 6 [C.sub.2 mim] [Acetate] Ionic liquid Liquid 0.07 mmol # 7 [P.sub.4441) [NTf.sub.2] Ionic liquid Liquid 0.07 mmol # 8 [N.sub.8881] [NTf.sub.2] Ionic liquid Liquid 0.07 mmol # 9 [P.sub.4441] [I] Organic salt Solid 0.07 mmol # 10  [N.sub.8881] [Cl] Organic salt Solid 0.07 mmol # 11  [Na] [NTf.sub.2] Organic salt Solid 0.07 mmol

[0114] The molecular structures of the additives (the ionic liquid and the organic salt) are shown below.

##STR00008## ##STR00009##

[0115] Thereafter, to a glass vial having a volume of 2 mL, Liquid A and Liquid C were mixed and subjected to ultrasonic dispersion for about 5 minutes. Liquid B was gently added to this vial, and the vial was left to stand still in a dark place for 7 days. Crystals appeared on the bottom surface and the inner peripheral wall surface of the vial from the second day, and growth was almost stopped on the seventh day. Then, the crystals were taken out by the following procedure, and washed and dried.

[0116] 1-2: Washing and Drying of Obtained Single Crystal

[0117] After the above crystal growth, a single crystal group of COF-300 thus grown was obtained by aspiration with a Pasteur pipette. This single crystal group was washed with dioxane, acetone, and toluene in this order. In the final toluene washing, the single crystal group was separated with filter paper. This single crystal group was placed in an annular electric furnace together with the filter paper, and dried at 95° C. for 8 hours while flowing dry nitrogen gas. The summary of results is shown in the following table. Micrographs of the obtained crystals are shown in FIG. 5.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 No . Summary of result # 1 Fine crystal (method or “conventional tecnnique l”) # 2 Small amount, fine crystal # 3 Small amount, fine crystal # 4 Small amount, fine crystal # 5 Small amount, fine crystal # 6 Almost no crystal was precipitated # 7 The crystal size is about 2 times that of “conventional technique l” # 8 The crystal size is about 4 times that of “conventional technique l” # 9 The crystal size is about 1.5 times that of “conventional technique l” # 10  The crystal size is about 1.5 times that of “conventional technique l” # 11  Large amount, fine crystal

[0118] From this result, it was found that the result of Additive #8 was the best. For Additive #8, 80 crystals were counted, and a histogram of the crystal size distribution was prepared. FIG. 6 shows a histogram. The upper part of the drawing shows the result of the a-axis (minor axis) length, and the lower part thereof shows the result of the c-axis (major axis) length. It was found that all the a-axis lengths exceed 60 μm, and all the c-axis lengths exceed 120 μm. The largest one had a c-axis length of approximately 200 μm.

2. Measurement of Water Vapor Adsorption Heat of COF-300 Single Crystal

[0119] The water vapor adsorption heat of the COF-300 single crystal obtained in Additive #8 described above was measured. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC-60 manufactured by SHIMADZU CORPORATION) was used, a water vapor adsorption saturated sample was used, the COF-300 single crystal was placed in a measurement cell, and thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed under the conditions of a dry nitrogen environment and a temperature increase of 5° C./min. In this measurement, water vapor corresponds to the “heat-storage compound” of the invention of the present application, and the water vapor adsorption saturated sample (water vapor saturated COF-300 single crystal) corresponds to the “composite material” of the present application. Results thereof are shown in FIG. 7. In the first cycle of the temperature increase, desorption of water vapor was performed, and it was confirmed that, in the second cycle of the temperature increase, desorption of water vapor was completed in the first cycle.

[0120] From these results, the water vapor adsorption heat of the COF-300 single crystal was determined as Δh=2345.5 kJ/kg (H.sub.2O) by dividing the absorption heat amount measured above by the weight of adsorbed water. This is approximately equal to the enthalpy of vaporization of water at room temperature. This suggests that the interaction between the H.sub.2O molecule and the framework of COF-300 is considered to be equivalent to the interaction between the H.sub.2O molecules and is strong. In the invention of the present application, as described below, since the thermal conductivity can be several times that of the powder by increasing the size of the single crystal, a heat storage/dissipation system with an improved heat storage/dissipation rate can be provided.

3. Specific Heat Measurement of COF-300 Single Crystal

[0121] The specific heat of the COF-300 single crystal obtained in Additive #8 described above was using DSC with a differential scanning calorimeter (PerkinElmer, DSC 8000) by a three-point method. In this measurement, a dried COF-300 sample was used. As for the measurement of the specific heat, the specific heat was determined using a three-point method at 10 to 55° C. at intervals of 5° C. The measurement error was corrected by a difference between the measured value of sapphire attached to the above-described differential scanning calorimeter and the literature value. Results thereof are shown in FIG. 8. From this result, a specific heat C.sub.P of the COF-300 single crystal was 1.19 kJ kg.sup.−1K.sup.−1.

4. Thermal Diffusivity Measurement of COF-300 Single Crystal

[0122] The thermal diffusivity of the COF-300 single crystal obtained in Additive #8 described above was measured by a temperature wave analysis method. The temperature wave analysis method is a method of measuring the phase delay of alternating-current temperature in a thickness direction of a sample, and the thermal diffusivity is determined from a change in the phase delay of the temperature wave measured while a frequency is changed. The measurement is performed in the atmosphere, and the water vapor adsorption state of the single crystal sample is unknown. FIG. 9 shows the summary and result of this measurement. The outline of the measurement cell is as shown in “Schematic view of measurement cell” in the drawing. As shown in this drawing, a crystal sample is placed on an ITO thin film formed on a surface of a glass substrate, and a temperature wave is detected by an electrode. The heating direction of the crystal is the traverse direction (a-axis direction) of the crystal. As a result, the thermal diffusivity of the COF-300 single crystal was α=1.33×10.sup.−7 m.sup.2s.sup.−1.

5. Thermal Conductivity of COF-300 Single Crystal

[0123] Then, the thermal conductivity of the COF-300 single crystal was calculated using the values of the specific heat and the thermal diffusivity measured so far. A thermal conductivity λ of a single crystal sample was calculated by the following equation.

λ=α.Math.C.sub.P.Math.ρ  (Equation)

[0124] wherein α is thermal diffusivity, C.sub.P is specific heat, and ρ is density.

[0125] The density of the single crystal sample was calculated with Material Studio using the crystal structure data of the COF-300 single crystal of Ma et al., “Single-crystal x-ray diffraction structures of covalent organic frameworks”, Science 361, 48-52 (2018). As a result, the density p of the COF-300 single crystal was 0.735 [g/cm.sup.3] and the unit cell volume was 5209.63 Å.sup.3.

[0126] From the above results, it was found that the thermal conductivity λ of the COF-300 single crystal was 0.116 Wm.sup.−1K.sup.−1. As compared with the literature value of the thermal conductivity of the COF-300 powder of 0.038 to 0.048 W/mK described above, the thermal conductivity λ of the COF-300 single crystal is a value that is 2 times or more, and it has been confirmed that the idea that a higher thermal conductivity can be expressed by single crystallization is correct. From the measurement results of the COF single crystal, it is considered that the thermal conductivity can be further improved when pores inside the COF are eliminated by forming a composite material in which a heat-storage compound is included in the pores of the COF single crystal.