Security Element Having Groove- or Rib-Shaped Structural Elements

Abstract

A security element for manufacturing value documents, such as banknotes, checks or the like, comprises a top on which a microrelief structure is developed that has at least two sub-regions that each comprise a plurality of groove- and/or rib-shaped structural elements that lie adjacent to one another and extend along a longitudinal direction, and are reflecting or backscattering. The longitudinal directions of the sub-regions are different, and the structural elements are each not resolvable with the naked eye with respect to the width transverse to the longitudinal direction, and fan out incident parallel light achromatically in a fan that lies transverse to the longitudinal direction and has an opening angle of at least 30.

Claims

1. A security element for manufacturing value documents comprises: a top on which is developed a microrelief structure that has at least two sub-regions that each comprise a plurality of groove- and/or rib-shaped structural elements that lie adjacent to one another and extend along a longitudinal direction, and are reflecting or backscattering, the longitudinal directions of the sub-regions being different, wherein the structural elements are each not resolvable with the naked eye with respect to the width transverse to the longitudinal direction, the width transverse to the longitudinal direction being below 50 m, and fan out incident parallel light achromatically in a fan that lies transverse to the longitudinal direction and has an opening angle of at least 30, wherein the structural elements have an inclination angle of at most 45 with respect to a plane defined by the top, and wherein, within the opening angle of the fan, the fanning out of the incident parallel light results in a substantially uniform distribution of reflected or backscattered light.

2. The security element according to claim 1, wherein the fan has an opening angle of at least 45.

3. The security element according to claim 1, wherein the structural elements reflect or backscatter the incident parallel light along the longitudinal direction in such a way that it is fanned out by no more than 10.

4. The security element according to claim 1, wherein the structural elements, seen in each case transverse to the longitudinal direction, have a profile that exhibits no discontinuity.

5. The security element according to claim 1, wherein, seen from the top, the structural elements are convex.

6. The security element according to claim 1, wherein the width of the structural elements is, in each case, between 3 m and 50 m.

7. The security element according to claim 1, wherein the profile has a cross section that is an arc of a circle, of a parabola or of an ellipse.

8. The security element according to claim 7, wherein the structural elements are formed by grooves or ribs whose area corresponds to a portion of a lateral surface of a circular cylinder.

9. The security element according to claim 1, wherein the structural elements are provided, at least in some regions, with a reflective or reflection-increasing coating.

10. The security element according to claim 1, wherein the at least two sub-regions either are nested within each other, such that different depictions result for a viewer from different viewing directions, or are spaced apart in such a way that they present a stereogram.

11. The security element according to claim 1, wherein at least five sub-regions are present whose longitudinal directions are different, such that, when the security element is rotated about an axis that lies perpendicular to the surface, a cinematic effect is presented to a viewer.

12. The security element according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of sub-regions is present whose longitudinal directions differ, the longitudinal directions following a height contour line of a bulged area to present a 3-D effect to a viewer.

13. The security element according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a transparent substrate foil in which the microrelief structure is developed, the security element permitting, from both sides, perception of the effect produced by the security element.

14. The security element according to claim 1, wherein the structural elements are developed such that perpendicularly incident light is fanned out symmetrically about a surface normal.

15. The security element according to claim 1, wherein a depth of the structural elements is half of the width transverse to the longitudinal direction.

16. A value document having a security element according to claim 1.

17. A method for manufacturing a security element for value documents, wherein a substrate is provided that comprises a top, and on the top, a microrelief structure being developed that has at least two sub-regions that each comprise a plurality of groove- and/or rib-shaped structural elements that lie adjacent to one another and extend along a longitudinal direction, and are reflecting or backscattering, the longitudinal directions of the sub-regions being different, wherein the structural elements are each not resolvable with the naked eye with respect to the width transverse to the longitudinal direction, the width transverse to the longitudinal direction being below 50 m, and are developed in such a way that they fan out incident parallel light achromatically in a fan that lies transverse to the longitudinal direction and has an opening angle of at least 30, and wherein, within the opening angle of the fan, the fanning out of the incident parallel light results in a substantially uniform distribution of reflected or backscattered light such that within the opening angle of the fan, the observed brightness of the reflected or backscattered light varies by no more than a factor of 3.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present invention will be explained in greater detail below by way of example by reference to the attached drawings, which also disclose features that are essential to the invention. Shown are:

(2) FIG. 1 a schematic sectional view to clarify the structure of a security element that comprises a microrelief structure,

(3) FIGS. 2a and 2b in (a), a scanning electron microscope image of an exemplary embodiment of the microrelief structure in FIG. 1, and in (b), a schematic rendering of the scanning electron microscope image from (a),

(4) FIGS. 3 and 4 possible modifications of the microrelief structure of the security element,

(5) FIG. 5 exemplary sub-regions of the microrelief structure to clarify possible image effects,

(6) FIG. 6 an exemplary embodiment of the microrelief structure for producing a depth effect,

(7) FIG. 7 an embodiment of the microrelief structure for producing a running effect,

(8) FIG. 8 a further embodiment of the microrelief structure for producing a running effect and

(9) FIG. 9 a schematic diagram to clarify the variation of a longitudinal direction of the microrelief structure, likewise for producing a movement effect.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

(10) FIG. 1 shows, schematically, a sectional view through a security element 1 that comprises a reflective microrelief structure 2 that is formed in a substrate. On its top, said substrate comprises multiple structural elements that, in the case shown, are formed as ribs that extend perpendicularly to the drawing plane and, transverse to said longitudinal direction, have the profile of an arc on their surface. The individual structural elements 3 thus have a section of a circular cylinder lateral surface. Alternatively to said design, also other profiles are possible, e.g. elliptical or parabolic shapes, as the basis of the profile. In this regard, reference is made to the above, general portion of the description.

(11) Parallel incident light 4 is reflected in a fan 5 on every structural element 3 of the microrelief structure 2. Reflected light beams 6a, 6b and 6c are marked by way of example. The angle range of the fan 5 is at least 30, preferably no smaller than 45 and particularly preferably (such as in the case marked) at least 90. In the other direction, that is, in the diagram in FIG. 1, perpendicular to the drawing plane, no appreciable widening of the beam takes place. This is to be understood to mean that the fanning out measures no more than 10, particularly preferably less than 5. A greater fanning out in said direction, that is, perpendicular to the drawing plane and thus along the longitudinal direction of the structural elements 3, would cause the individual structural elements 3 to scatter nearly isotropically again, which would cause the surface of the microrelief structure 1 to appear increasingly matte.

(12) FIG. 2 shows a scanning electron microscope image of an exemplary microrelief structure 2. Note that, in the image shown in FIG. 2a, the sample was incorporated in such a way that the diagram in FIG. 2a looks at the microrelief structure 2 from below. FIG. 2b reproduces the scanning electron microscope image schematically. FIG. 2 shows the following optional features of the security element or the microrelief structure 2:

(13) The structural elements 3 vary with respect to their longitudinal direction. In the exemplary case in FIG. 2, two different longitudinal directions are present that are rotated against each other by 90. Other angle positions are possible.

(14) The width of the individual structural elements 3 transverse to the longitudinal direction is not resolvable with the naked eye. As the scale marked in FIG. 2 shows, in the exemplary embodiment, said width is a few micrometers and thus below a structure size of 100 m, which would still be perceptible with the naked eye.

(15) The individual structural elements 3 can differ both with respect to the width measured transverse to the longitudinal extension and with respect to their length measured along the longitudinal direction. Also the length can be such that an individual structural element is no longer perceptible with the naked eye. However, this is not mandatory, as the in some cases longer through-running structural elements 3 in FIG. 2 illustrate.

(16) Before possible embodiments of the profiles of the structural elements 3 are addressed by reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the operating principle or the effect that the structural elements 3 of the relief structure 2 effect, is explained by reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows two sub-regions 8 and 9 that differ with respect to the longitudinal direction 10, 11 of their structural elements 3. The longitudinal direction is symbolized in each case by the direction of the hatching in the sub-regions 8 and 9. In the example in FIG. 5, the longitudinal directions 10 and 11 lie at right angles to each other. With the double arrows, the direction of the fan 5 is illustrated, in which parallel incident light 4 is reflected. The diagram in FIG. 5 assumes perpendicular incidence of the light on the surface of the security element 1. Of course, in the case of oblique incidence, the fan 5 tilts in such a way that, with respect to the surface normal of the security element, it lies symmetrically to the direction of light incidence. Here, the fan 5 need not lie in a plane, but rather can also, if applicable, lie in a curved surface. An observer located in the region of the fan 5 of the sub-region 8 sees said sub-region as light. The sub-region 9, in contrast, whose fan 5 lies perpendicular thereto, appears dark to him. If the observer moves relative to the security element, for example in that the security element is rotated, then the brightness in which the sub-regions 8 and 9 appear changes. If the security element is rotated by 90, a complete contrast reversal takes place.

(17) Said effect characterizes the security element 1. If, for example, the structure according to sub-region 8 is used for the foreground of a motif, and the structure of the sub-region 9 for the background, a contrast inversion occurs between foreground and background when the security element is rotated by 90. For an observer, the motif reverses to its negative.

(18) The effect according to the present invention can, of course, be achieved not only with the structure according to FIG. 1 or different rib-shaped, in other word, convex structural elements 3, but also with groove-shaped, that is, concave structural elements. Such an example is depicted in FIG. 3. Here, exactly the same effect occurs.

(19) FIG. 4 illustrates that concave structural elements 3a, also combined with convex structural elements 3b, can be alternated in the exemplary embodiment. FIG. 4 illustrates this by way of example with structural elements 3, which, in profile, follow an arc section of a circle 7. The microrelief structure 2 in FIG. 1 thus has, overall, a wavelike structure.

(20) In the microrelief structures 2, the profile depth is chosen such that, preferably, no multiple reflection takes place, since that would lead to an erratic, non-uniform distribution of the brightness in the fans 5.

(21) FIG. 6 illustrates a variant in which the sub-regions 8, 9 in FIG. 5 are designed in the form of a motif that, by way of example, is developed as a star. The motifs 12a, 12b and 12c differ in the longitudinal directions 13a-13c of their structural elements 3. In the diagram in FIG. 6 with three motifs 12a, 12b and 12c, the viewer sees a running effect when he rotates the security element. Depending on the position, first the motif 12a, for example, is light, then the motif 12b and then the motif 12c. The brightness differs due to the orientation of the longitudinal directions 13a to 13c.

(22) In a particular embodiment, the security element effects a stereoscopic effect. Two sub-regions, here the motifs 12a and 12c, are spaced apart in such a way that, if the viewing distance is suitable, the left eye of the viewer is in the fan of the motif 12a, and the right eye in the fan of the motif 12c (the motif 12b is then dropped). The viewer therefore sees the motif at different positions in his left and right eye, making it appear to him, depending on the rotational position, in front of or behind the security element. In this way, a stereogram having a depth effect is obtained. The depth at which the viewer suspects the presented motif depends on the spacing of the motifs 12a and 12c. The viewer sees the entirety of all structural elements of the motif 12a together in the same brightness. This applies analogously for the motif 12b.

(23) FIG. 7 shows a further embodiment of the security element 1, in which the microrelief structure effects a running effect. The motifs 12a to 12c in FIG. 6 are now developed in such a way that they lie at a spacing P that is smaller than the extension of the motif. They are, in part, nested overlapping. Here, in the overlapping region, structural elements 3 of the one motif alternate with structural elements 3 of the other motif. In the diagram in FIG. 7, this is illustrated schematically by an intersection of the longitudinal directions. Of course, at a given areal region, only one structural element 3 can be present, either with the longitudinal direction of the one motif or the longitudinal direction of the other motif. Therefore, structural elements of different forms alternate in small areal regions within the overlap region.

(24) Such an overlapping makes sense, for example, for a running effect in which the motif is to move nearly continuously and is not to jump. Of course, the regions can also display different motifs, e.g. the form of a symbol (e.g. -sign) and the form of a value numeral. The regions can also have very complex forms and present, for example, a screened halftone image. Further, the regions can transition practically continuously from a first form into a second form, allowing also a transformation effect to be realized.

(25) In more advanced embodiments, many regions are present that have slightly different longitudinal directions of the structural elements and, when rotated, appear, from different angles, light or dark to a viewer, as described above. If, for example, in the microrelief structure 2, there lie in a row many such regions 14.1-14.7 in which the longitudinal direction changes by only a small angle from one region to the next, then, upon rotation, said regions light up in succession. A running effect is created, as FIG. 8 illustrates.

(26) Similarly, it is possible to generate also a pump effect in that, for example, the position of the longitudinal direction is changed, in each case, by the same angle from a smaller depiction to the next larger one. The different orientations of the longitudinal directions of the structural elements 3 is not limited to arrangements that are perpendicular to each other, as was already explained above. Through a continuous or nearly continuous variation of the longitudinal directions, pump and running effects can be realized. FIG. 9 shows a top view of a microrelief structure 2 that comprises sub-regions 15.1 to 15.10 in which the longitudinal direction differs in each case by 10 between adjacent sub-regions. Here, the boundaries between the sub-regions are marked in the drawing only for illustration.

(27) Although the movement effects are naturally actually aimed at movement when the security element is rotated, it has become evident that the effects are easily visible also when the security element is tilted. This is advantageous since, for example, it is easier for most people, or is possible more quickly, to tilt banknote about an arbitrary axis than to rotate it in a fixed plane.

(28) The axes about which incident light is fanned out can also follow the height contour lines of a bulged area. It has become evident that such a security element then likewise appears to comprise such a bulge. Here, however, a loss of information results since, from the progression of the contour lines can be concluded only in which direction an area is inclined, but not whether it rises or falls, or how strongly it rises or falls. Thus, one cannot, for example, discern whether an area is bulged toward the front or back, or a large or small slope is present (one could not e.g. distinguish between the top view of a cone and of a sphere). Precisely in complex depictions such as a portrait, however, said loss of information is hardly apparent, but rather is apparently completed by the human brain on the basis of experience. This is often even very useful and advantageous, especially when a security element can be viewed from both sides: one then assumes, for example, from both sides, that a face is bulged toward the viewer, and that one does not look into a hollow mask from behind.

(29) The security element can preferably be produced on the basis of a transparent substrate foil. It then offers an optically variable effect of comparable quality viewed from both sides. For example, seen from the front, the structure in FIG. 1 is present, and seen from the back, the structure in FIG. 3. This makes the security element particularly preferably suited for window regions of value documents or for security threads, pendulum threads, etc., in banknotes.

(30) As structures that fan out light, for example, lens-like structures or structures having, in some pieces, circular, parabolic or elliptical cross sections can be used.

(31) The structures can be convex or concave, without the optical effect differing seriously. It is also conceivable to use structures that are bulged alternatingly upwards or downwards (convex or concave), for example having a circular cross section. Also sinusoidal or sinus-like profiles are possible.

(32) The structures are preferably designed in such a way that no multiple reflections of the (perpendicularly) incident light can occur that cause erratic changes in the reflected brightness. Thus, relief structures whose slope is so small that they include, locally with the macroscopic plane of the security element, only an angle of at most 45, preferably at most 30, are advantageous.

(33) The structures can be regular or periodic, or also irregular (e.g. arrangement of scattering structures having circular cross sections that comprise irregularly varying radii).

(34) In order for a ray-optical effect to dominate with respect to diffraction effects, structure sizes (e.g. periods in the case of a regular arrangement) of more than 3 m, preferably more than 5 m and particularly preferably more than 10 m are used.

(35) The structures imaged in the figures having their cross sections advantageously run into the drawing plane with a practically unchanged cross section. The dimension in said direction is advantageously at least 5 m, particularly advantageously at least 10 m or 20 m in size, since otherwise, due to diffraction or scattering on the edges, a fanning out that is undesired here takes place also in a second direction.

(36) The structural elements effect a reflection of the incident light. For this, it is preferred to coat them so as to be reflective or backscattering. They are preferably embossed on a substrate foil, for example in that, on the substrate foil, an embossing lacquer is applied that can be, for example, thermoplastic or radiation-curing.

(37) The structural elements according to the present invention can also be combined, and especially nested, with other embossed structures, especially micromirror structures. For example, structural elements according to the present invention that produce a running effect can be nested with micromirror structures in such a way that, through the movement effect that is visible from a large viewing angle range, a micromirror depiction, e.g. a value numeral, then lights up brightly only in a very small angle range.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

(38) 1 Security element 2 Microrelief structure 3 Structural element 4 Light 5 Fan 6a-c Reflected light beams 7 Circle 8, 9 Sub-region 10, 11 Longitudinal direction 12a-c Motif 13a-c Longitudinal direction 14.1-14.7, 15.1-15.10 Sub-region