Low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate, composition, preparation method and use thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to a low molecular weight sulfate chondroitin and a preparation method thereof. A low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate with the average molecular weight of less than 1000 Dalton can be obtained by a production process of chondroitin sulfate lyase degradation, deproteinization, filtration and sterilization and drying using macromolecular sulfate chondroitin as a raw material. The low molecular weight Chondroitin sulfate has a narrow molecular weight distribution range, the ratio of chondroitin sulfate disaccharide is 43˜60% and the ratio of chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide is 30˜45%, the sum of chondroitin sulfate disaccharide and chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide is more than 87%, the total oligosaccharide content of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate is more than 97% and the protein content is less than 0.5%; Compared with the general market macromolecule chondroitin sulfate, the product has more remarkable repair effect at the concentration of 50˜100 μg/mL on chondrocytes damaged by 1 mM hydrogen peroxide, with strong repair ability and repair rate of 14%˜23%. The low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate can be used to treat joint injury and is an important raw material for medical products, health care products, cosmetics and food.

Claims

1. A low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate, wherein the average molecular weight of the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate is less than 1000 Dalton comprising chondroitin sulfate disaccharide and chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide as main components, of which the content of chondroitin sulfate disaccharide is 48˜55% and the content of chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide is 30˜45%, the sum of chondroitin sulfate disaccharide and chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide is more than 87%; and wherein the general formula of the structure of the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate is shown in the following formula I: ##STR00003## wherein n=0˜5, and n is an integer, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3=—H or —SO.sub.3Na.

2. The low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 1, wherein the average molecular weight of the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate is 590˜830 Da.

3. The low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 1, wherein compared with the macromolecule chondroitin sulfate from shark bone, the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of one or more of shark bone and chicken cartilage has a repair rate of about 14-23% at the concentration of 50-100 μg/mL on chondrocytes damaged by 1 mM hydrogen peroxide; or the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate with specific content range of disaccharide and tetrasaccharide mentioned in claim 1 in the concentration range of 50˜1600 μg/mL can repair chondrocytes damaged by 1 mM hydrogen peroxide, and the repair rate is 20%˜62.4%.

4. The low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 1, wherein the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate is used in the fields of preparing pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, health care products and food.

5. A composition comprising the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 1, wherein the composition contains at least 50 mg˜800 mg of hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate based on a daily dosage for human being.

6. The composition containing hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate according to claim 5, wherein the composition contains glucosamine.

7. The composition containing hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate according to claim 6, wherein the glucosamine is selected from the group consisting of: glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine sulfate or a mixture thereof.

8. The composition containing hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate according to claim 5, wherein the hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate is a mixture of hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate with various molecular weights.

9. The composition containing hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate according to claim 8, wherein the average molecular weight of hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate is 590-830 Da.

10. The composition containing hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate according to claim 5, wherein the composition comprises pharmaceutically acceptable excipients selected from fillers, disintegrants, adhesives, odorants, lubricants and film coating agents.

11. The composition containing hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate according to claim 10, wherein the fillers are selected from the group consisting of microcrystalline cellulose, starch, dextrin, mannitol, lactose; wherein the disintegrants are selected from the group consisting of crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, carboxymethyl starch sodium, hydroxypropyl starch, pregelatinized starch, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, tartaric acid; wherein the adhesives are selected from the group consisting of carboxymethylcellulose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone; wherein lubricants are selected from the group consisting of magnesium stearate, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil, polyethylene glycol, stearic acid; and wherein the film coating agents are selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol and colour lake.

12. The composition containing hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate according to claim 5, wherein the composition is in the dosage forms are selected from the group consisting of tablets, granules capsules and pills.

13. A method for reducing joint inflammation, relieving pain and relieving and treating osteoporosis, comprising administrating an effective amount of the composition containing hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate according to claim 5 to a subject in need thereof.

14. A method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 1, the method comprising: hydrolyzing a macromolecular chondroitin sulfate as raw material with a chondroitin sulfate lyase; obtaining a low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate product with the average molecular weight stably controlled to less than 1000 Dalton; wherein the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate comprises of a chondroitin sulfate disaccharide and a chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide as main components, of which the content of chondroitin sulfate disaccharide is 48˜55% and the content of chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide is 30˜45%, the sum of chondroitin sulfate disaccharide and chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide is more than 87%; and wherein the general formula of the structure of the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate is shown in the following formula I: ##STR00004## wherein n=0˜5, and n is an integer, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3=—H or —SO.sub.3Na.

15. The method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 14, wherein the chondroitin sulfate lyase is obtained by the following steps: screening and identifying chondroitin sulfate lyase from: soil samples, sewage or silt from coastal areas, riverbanks, farmers' markets, slaughterhouses and dining halls, and expressing said chondroitin sulfate lyase in Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis.

16. The method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 14, wherein the macromolecule chondroitin sulfate as raw material is derived from the cartilaginous tissue of terrestrial and marine animals selected from one or more of chicken cartilage, pig cartilage, bovine cartilage or shark bone.

17. The method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 16, wherein the macromolecule chondroitin sulfate as raw material is derived from shark bone.

18. The method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 14, wherein the operating conditions of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction are as follows: the addition amount of the chondroitin sulfate lyase relative to fermentation broth per liter is 100˜300 U/L, the concentration of the macromolecule chondroitin sulfate as raw material is 100˜700 g/L, the time of enzymatic hydrolysis is 6˜10 h, the temperature of enzymatic hydrolysis is 25˜35° C., the stirring speed is 100˜700 rpm, and the pH of the enzymatic hydrolysis is 6.5˜8.5.

19. The method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 14, wherein protein is removed from hydrolysate by mixed solvents after enzymolysis reaction in a reaction, in which the volume ratio of hydrolysate to mixed solvents is 2˜5:1, and the volume ratio of dichloromethane and isopropyl alcohol in the mixed solvents is 3˜5:1; and wherein the reaction is stirred at 100˜500 rpm for 10˜40 min, centrifuged at 3000˜5000 rpm for 10˜30 min, and the top layer of the reaction solution is taken.

20. The method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 19, wherein the upper reaction solution is filtered and sterilized through a 0.22 μm capsule filter after removing the protein, and then the reaction solution is added into 8˜12 times volume of anhydrous ethanol for precipitation and dried in vacuum.

21. The method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate according to claim 14, wherein the protein is removed from hydrolysate after enzymolysis reaction by ultrafiltration to obtain reaction solution.

22. The method for preparing the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate of according to claim 21, wherein the reaction solution is filtered and sterilized through a 0.22 μm capsule filter after removing the protein and then dried in spray.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is an oligosaccharide distribution spectrum of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from shark bone in Example 9.

(2) FIG. 2 is an oligosaccharide distribution spectrum of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from shark bone in Example 10.

(3) FIG. 3 is an oligosaccharide distribution spectrum of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from shark bone in Example 11.

(4) FIG. 4 is an oligosaccharide distribution spectrum of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from shark bone in Example 12.

(5) FIG. 5 is the efficacy and activity test results of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from different sources in Example 14.

(6) FIG. 6 shows the effect of the composition of the invention on the body weight of mice.

(7) FIG. 7 shows the influence diagram of the composition of the invention on the support force of mice.

(8) FIG. 8 shows the oligosaccharide distribution spectrum of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate with 97.72% purity in control group 1.

(9) FIG. 9 shows the repair effect of the sample in Example 9 and control groups 1˜2 on chondrocytes damaged by 1 mM hydrogen peroxide injury at different concentration levels.

(10) FIG. 10A shows the effects of various dose groups on the serum concentrations of IL-6(A), IL-1β (B), TNF-α(C) and C5b-9 (D) in mice.

(11) FIG. 10B shows the determination of hydroxyproline (HYP) level in the femur in mice.

(12) FIG. 10C shows the safranin O-fast green staining (×100) in mice knee joint.

(13) FIG. 10D shows the pathological score upon safranin O-fast green staining in mice knee joint.

(14) FIG. 10E shows the C5b-9 immunohistochemical staining (×100) of mice knee joint.

(15) FIG. 10F shows the number of C5b-9 positive cells in mice knee joint.

(16) FIG. 11A shows body weight changes in rats in the study of the dose of CSO in rat osteoarthritis model induced by injection of papain into the knee joint.

(17) FIG. 11B shows the serum IL-6 level in rats in the study of the dose of CSO in rat osteoarthritis model induced by injection of papain into the knee joint.

(18) FIG. 11C shows the serum IL-1β level in rats in the study of the dose of CSO in rat osteoarthritis model induced by injection of papain into the knee joint.

(19) FIG. 11D shows the serum TNF-α level in rats in the study of the dose of CSO in rat of osteoarthritis model induced by injection of papain into the knee joint.

(20) FIG. 11E shows the pathological staining (×100) of the knee joint of rats in the study of the dose of CSO in rat osteoarthritis model induced by injection of papain into the knee joint.

(21) FIG. 11F shows the pathological score in the knee joint of rats in the study of the dose of CSO in rat osteoarthritis model induced by injection of papain into the knee joint.

(22) FIG. 12A shows the body weight changes in rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(23) FIG. 12B shows the body weight changes in male rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(24) FIG. 12C shows the femoral weight coefficient of male rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(25) FIG. 12D shows the femoral weight coefficient of female rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(26) FIG. 12E shows the bone mineral density of female rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(27) FIG. 12F shows the bone mineral density of male rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(28) FIG. 12G shows the femoral ash level in rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(29) FIG. 12H shows the bone phosphorus level in rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testiectomy-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(30) FIG. 12I shows the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level in rats in a study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testiectomy-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(31) FIG. 12J shows the serum level of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in rats in a study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testiectomy-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(32) FIG. 12K shows the serum calcitonin (CT) level in rats in a study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testiectomy-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(33) FIG. 12L shows the serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testiectomy-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(34) FIG. 12M shows the area of femoral trabecula in rats in the study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testiectomy-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(35) FIG. 12N shows the percentage of femoral trabecula area in rats in a study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

(36) FIG. 12O shows the number of femoral trabeculae in rats in a study of the therapeutic effect of CSO on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats and testis-induced osteoporosis in male rats.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

(37) In order to facilitate those skilled in the art to understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the invention will be further described below by reference to the examples, but the following contents should not limit the scope of the invention claimed by the appended claims in any way.

(38) The materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available, unless otherwise specified. The chondroitin sulfate lyase is obtained by screening and identifying soil samples, sewage or silt from coastal areas, river banks, farmers' markets, slaughterhouses and dining halls, and optimally expressed by Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. The highest activity for an enzyme is 11976.5 U/L, and the enzyme contained 998 amino acids, and has a molecular weight of 113 kDa. The amino acid sequence of the chondroitin sulfate lyase is disclosed in another patent application for an invention of the same applicant, with filing date of Apr. 3, 2019, application number of 201910264385.5, publication date of Jun. 21, 2019, and publication number of CN109913437A. All relevant contents of the patent application are introduced into this patent application.

(39) The calculation formula of the average molecular weight of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate is as follows:

(40) $Average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (r_{U_{1}} \times M_{W_{1}} + r_{U_{2}} \times M_{W_{2}} + r_{U_{3}} \times M_{W_{3}} + \\ r_{U_{4}} \times M_{W_{4}} + r_{U_{5}} M_{W_{5}}) \end{matrix}}{r_{t}}$
Wherein, r.sub.t=r.sub.U1+r.sub.U2+r.sub.U3+r.sub.U4+r.sub.U5.

(41) wherein, r.sub.u1: the peak response value of component 1 (hexasaccharide and octsaccharide) in the sample solution; M.sub.w1 is the molecular weight of component 1 in the sample solution;

(42) r.sub.u2: the peak response value of component 2 (tetrasaccharide) in the sample solution; M.sub.w2 is the molecular weight of component 2 in the sample solution;

(43) r.sub.u3: the peak response value of component 3 (tetrasaccharide) in the sample solution; M.sub.w3 is the molecular weight of component 3 in the sample solution;

(44) r.sub.u4: the peak response value of component 4 (disaccharide) in the sample solution; M.sub.w4 is the molecular weight of component 4 in the sample solution;

(45) r.sub.u5: the peak response value of component 5 (disaccharide) in the sample solution; M.sub.w5 is the molecular weight of component 5 in the sample solution;

(46) r.sub.t: the sum of peak response values of component 1, component 2, component 3, component 4 and component 5 in the sample solution.

(47) The molecular weights of disaccharide (n=0), tetrasaccharide (n=1), hexasaccharide (n=2) and octasaccharide (n=3) in the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecule chondroitin sulfate from shark bone were different. The contents of decosaccharide (n=4) and dodecosaccharide (n=5) are very low, so the average molecular weight of oligosaccharide compositions is ignored in the calculation. The molecular weights of disaccharide, tetrasaccharide, hexasaccharide, and octasaccharide, measured by liquid mass spectrometry in the samples obtained in Example 9, are shown in Table 1 below.

(48) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Molecular weight distribution of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from shark bone Disaccharide tetrasaccharides hexasaccharides octasaccharide # (Da) (Da) (Da) (Da) 1 379.1 and 838.2 and 1155.3 1534.5 459.1 918.2

EXAMPLE 1

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Reaction

(49) To 5 L glass beaker was added 2 L purified water, was then added 800 g chondroitin sulfate from shark bone with the stirring speed at 400 rpm. After all the material were dissolved, sodium hydroxide solution was used to adjust the pH to 7.0, and 200 U/L chondroitin sulfate lyase was added. The system was stirred at 30° C. for 6 h to detect whether the average molecular weight was lower than 1000 Da. If the reaction was not complete, the reaction time was extended for another 4 h and continued the central control. The reaction was continued until the average molecular weight was less than 1000 Da.

EXAMPLE 2

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Reaction

(50) To 5 L glass beaker was added 2 L purified water, was then added 400 g chondroitin sulfate from shark bone with the stirring speed at 700 rpm. After all the materials were dissolved, sodium hydroxide solution was used to adjust the pH to 6.5, and 300 U/L chondroitin sulfate lyase was added. The system was stirred at 35° C. for 6 h to detect whether the average molecular weight was lower than 1000 Da. If the reaction was not complete, the reaction time was extended for another 4 h and continued the central control. The reaction was continued until the average molecular weight was less than 1000 Da.

EXAMPLE 3

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Reaction

(51) To 5 L glass beaker was added 2 L purified water, was then added 200 g chondroitin sulfate from shark bone with the stirring speed at 100 rpm. After all the materials were dissolved, sodium hydroxide solution was used to adjust the pH to 8.0, and 100 U/L chondroitin sulfate lyase was added. The system was stirred at 25° C. for 6 h to detect whether the average molecular weight was lower than 1000 Da. If the reaction was not complete, the reaction time was extended for another 4 h and continued the central control. The reaction was continued until the average molecular weight was less than 1000 Da.

EXAMPLE 4

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Reaction

(52) To 5 L glass beaker was added 2 L purified water, controlled the stirring speed to 500 rpm, then added 1400 g chondroitin sulfate from shark bone. After all the materials were dissolved, sodium hydroxide solution was used to adjust the pH to 8.5, and 280 U/L chondroitin sulfate lyase was added. The system was stirred at 28° C. for 6 h to detect whether the average molecular weight was lower than 1000 Da. If the reaction was not complete, the reaction time was extended for another 4 h and continued the central control. The reaction was continued until the average molecular weight was less than 1000 Da.

EXAMPLE 5

Protein Removal

(53) 2 L of the hydrolysate after reaction in example 1 was taken and transferred to a centrifuge. The hydrolysate after reaction was centrifuged at 4200 rpm for 15 min to remove the thalli, the supernatant was taken, 0.4 L organic solvent (volume ratio of dichloromethane and isopropyl alcohol=5:1) was added to remove the protein. Upon stirring at 100 rpm for 40 min and centrifugation at 4200 rpm for 15 min, the top layer of the reaction solution was taken out and pour out.

EXAMPLE 6

Protein Removal

(54) 2.1 L of the hydrolysate after reaction in example 2 was taken and transferred to a centrifuge. The hydrolysate after reaction was centrifuged at 4200 rpm for 15 min to remove the thalli, the supernatant was taken, 0.7 L organic solvent (volume ratio of dichloromethane and isopropyl alcohol=4:1) was added to remove the protein. Upon stirring at 500 rpm for 10 min and centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 30 min, the top layer of the reaction solution was taken out and pour out.

EXAMPLE 7

Protein Removal

(55) 2 L of the hydrolysate after reaction in example 3 was taken and transferred to a centrifuge. The hydrolysate after reaction was centrifuged at 4200 rpm for 15 min to remove the thalli, the supernatant was taken, 1 L organic solvent (volume ratio of dichloromethane and isopropyl alcohol=3:1) was added to remove the protein. Upon stirring at 300 rpm for 30 min and centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 min, the top layer of the reaction solution was taken out and pour out.

EXAMPLE 8

Protein Removal

(56) 2.3 L of the hydrolysate after reaction in example 4 was taken and ultrafiltered through the ultrafiltration system by a membrane bag with a molecular weight cut-off of 50,000-80,000 in a low temperature condition, so that protein is removed to obtain the ultrafiltration reaction solution.

EXAMPLE 9

Alcohol Precipitation and Drying

(57) The 2 L top layer of the reaction solution obtained from example 5 was filtered and sterilized into the clean area through a 0.22 μm capsule filter. Then the resulting filtrate was dropped into 20 L anhydrous ethanol, stirred for 0.5 h and placed for 2 h. After the solids were completely precipitated, the supernatant was removed. The solids were collected by centrifugal filtration, and then dried in a vacuum drying oven at 45° C. for 24 h until the weight loss was not more than 10%. Then, 650 g low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate product was obtained with a yield of 81.3% (That is, the ratio of 650 g low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate to 800 g chondroitin sulfate as raw material from shark bone). The protein content detected by Coomassie Bright Blue method was 0.3%. The molecular weight distribution was determined by liquid mass spectrometry as shown in FIG. 1, the peak retention time of component 1 was 5.879 min and the content of component 1 was 9.51%, which was mainly composed of hexasaccharide and octasaccharide. The component 2 with the peak retention time of 8.632 min was tetrasaccharide, which content was 33.83%. The component 3 with the peak retention time of 8.966 min was also tetrasaccharide, which content was 5.07%. The component 4 with the peak retention time of 9.846 min was disaccharide, which content was 47.08%. The component 5 with the peak retention time of 10.786 min was also disaccharides, which content was 2.03%. The component 6 with the peak retention time of 12.506 min was salt peak. Therefore, the total content of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate including disaccharide, tetrasaccharid, hexasaccharide and octasaccharide was 97.52%, comprising disaccharide and tetrasaccharide as main components, in which the sum of disaccharide and tetrasaccharide content was 88.01%. The average molecular weight of the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of shark bone was 704.3˜741.2 Da, and specially the calculation was as follows:

(58) Assume that component 1 was all hexasaccharide, then

(59) $average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (63.802 \times 1155.3 + 227.093 \times 918.2 + 34.008 \times 838.2 + 316.031 \times \\ 459.1 + 13.644 \times 379.1) \end{matrix}}{63.802 + 227.093 + 34.008 + 316.031 + 13.644} = 704.3 Da$

(60) Assume that component 1 was all octasaccharide, then

(61) $average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (63.802 \times 1534.5 + 227.093 \times 918.2 + 34.008 \times 838.2 + 316.031 \times \\ 459.1 + 13.644 \times 379.1) \end{matrix}}{63.802 + 227.093 + 34.008 + 316.031 + 13.644} = 741.2 Da$

(62) The molecular weight was analyzed by liquid mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique in the following specific analysis conditions: Chromatographic conditions: Chromatographic column 1: TSK Guard Column SWXL 7 μm, 6 mm×4 cm Chromatographic column 2: TSK G3000 SWXL 5 μm, 7.8 mm×30 cm Flow rate: 1 mL/min Sample amount: 10 μL Column temperature: 30° C. Detection wavelength: 195 nm Collection time: 25 min Buffer: Diluted 0.38 g ammonium formate with water to 2000 mL, mixed evenly, filtered and got. Mobile phase: the volume ratio of buffer to methanol was 9:1. Mass spectrum conditions: Ion mode: negative ion mode [M−H]− Fractured voltage: 70V Mass to charge ratio range: 300-1000 m/z Dry gas flow rate: 12 L/min Atomizer pressure: 35 psig Cap voltage: 3000V.

(63) The results of molecular weight detection were as follows: the corresponding molecular weights of disaccharide were 378.1 and 458.1, and the corresponding molecular weights of tetrasaccharide were 837.2 and 917.1.

EXAMPLE 10

Alcohol Precipitation and Drying

(64) The 2 L top layer of the reaction solution obtained from example 6 was filtered and sterilized into the clean area through a 0.22 μm capsule filter. Then the resulting filtrate was dropped into 16 L anhydrous ethanol, stirred for 0.5 h and placed for 2 h. After the solids were completely precipitated, the supernatant was removed. The solids were collected by centrifugal filtration, and then dried in a vacuum drying oven at 50° C. for 24 h until the weight loss was not more than 10%. Then, 320 g low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate product was obtained with a yield of 80.0% (That is, the ratio of 320 g low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate to 400 g chondroitin sulfate raw material from shark bone). The protein content detected by Coomassie Bright Blue method was 0.4%. The molecular weight distribution was determined by liquid mass spectrometry as shown in FIG. 2, the peak retention time of component 1 was 5.878 min and the content of component 1 was 9.50%, which was mainly composed of hexasaccharide and octasaccharide. The component 2 with the peak retention time of 8.625 min was tetrasaccharide, which content was 33.90%. The component 3 with the peak retention time of 8.958 min was also tetrasaccharide, which content was 5.08%. The component 4 with the peak retention time of 9.838 min was disaccharide, which content was 46.86%. The component 5 with the peak retention time of 10.785 min was also disaccharide, which content was 2.13%. The component 6 with the peak retention time of 12.505 min was salt peak. Therefore, the total content of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate including disaccharide, tetrasaccharide, hexasaccharide and octasaccharide was 97.47%, mainly disaccharide and tetrasaccharide, in which the sum of disaccharide and tetrasaccharide content was 87.97%. The average molecular weight of the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of shark bone was 704.7-741.6 Da, and the specific calculation process was as follows:

(65) Assume that component 1 was all hexasaccharide, then

(66) $average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (62.295 \times 1155.3 + 222.305 \times 918.2 + 33.314 \times 838.2 + 307.233 \times \\ 459.1 + 13.949 \times 379.1) \end{matrix}}{62.295 + 222.305 + 33.314 + 307.223 + 13.949} = 704.7 Da$

(67) Assume that component 1 was all octasaccharide, then

(68) $average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (62.295 \times 1534.5 + 222.305 \times 918.2 + 33.314 \times 838.2 + 307.233 \times \\ 459.1 + 13.949 \times 379.1) \end{matrix}}{62.295 + 222.305 + 33.314 + 307.223 + 13.949} = 741.6 Da$

EXAMPLE 11

Alcohol Precipitation and Drying

(69) The 2 L top layer of the reaction solution obtained from example 7 was filtered and sterilized into the clean area through a 0.22 μm capsule filter. Then the resulting filtrate was dropped into 24 L anhydrous ethanol, stirred for 0.5 h and placed for 2 h. After the solids were completely precipitated, the supernatant was removed. The solids were collected by centrifugal filtration, and then dried in a vacuum drying oven at 40° C. for 24 h until the weight loss was not more than 10%. Then, 150 g low-molecular weight chondroitin sulfate product was obtained with a yield of 75.0% (That is, the ratio of 150 g low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate to 200 g chondroitin sulfate raw material from shark bone). The protein content detected by Coomassie Bright Blue method was 0.4%. The molecular weight distribution was determined by liquid mass spectrometry as shown in FIG. 3, the peak retention time of component 1 was 5.879 min and the content of component 1 was 8.62%, which was mainly composed of hexasaccharide and octasaccharide. The component 2 with the peak retention time of 8.632 min was tetrasaccharide, which content was 30.79%. The component 3 with the peak retention time of 8.966 min was also tetrasaccharide, which content was 4.41%. The component 4 with the peak retention time of 9.872 min was disaccharide, which content was 52.49%. The component 5 with the peak retention time of 10.786 min was also disaccharides, which content was 2.02%. The component 6 with the peak retention time of 12.512 min was salt peak. Therefore, the total content of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate including disaccharide, tetrasaccharide, hexasaccharide and octasaccharide was 98.32%, mainly disaccharide and tetrasaccharide, in which the sum of disaccharide and tetrasaccharide content was 89.70%. The average molecular weight of the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of shark bone was 679.2˜712.5 Da, and the specific calculation process was as follows:

(70) Assume that component 1 was all hexasaccharide, then

(71) $average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (66.217 \times 1155.3 + 236.598 \times 918.2 + 33.857 \times 838.2 + 403.340 \times \\ 459.1 + 15.517 \times 379.1) \end{matrix}}{62.217 + 236.598 + 33.857 + 403.340 + 15.517} = 679.2 Da$

(72) Assume that component 1 was all octasaccharide, then

(73) $average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (66.217 \times 1534.5 + 236.598 \times 918.2 + 33.857 \times 838.2 + 403.340 \times \\ 459.1 + 15.517 \times 379.1) \end{matrix}}{62.217 + 236.598 + 33.857 + 403.340 + 15.517} = 712.5 Da$

EXAMPLE 12

Spray Drying

(74) The 2 L top layer of the reaction solution obtained from example 8 was filtered and sterilized into the clean area through a 0.22 μm capsule filter and then spray dried. Spray drying parameters were as follows: inlet air temperature was 120° C., outlet air temperature was 60° C., and flow rate was 100 rpm. Then, 1200 g low-molecular weight chondroitin sulfate product was obtained with a yield of 85.7% (That is, the ratio of 1200 g low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate to 1400 g chondroitin sulfate raw material from shark bone). The protein content detected by Coomassie Bright Blue method was 0.5%. The molecular weight distribution was determined by liquid mass spectrometry as shown in FIG. 4, the peak retention time of component 1 was 5.876 min and the content of component 1 was 8.50%, which was mainly composed of hexasaccharide and octasaccharide. The component 2 with the peak retention time of 8.636 min was tetrasaccharide, which content was 30.59%. The component 3 with the peak retention time of 8.963 min was also tetrasaccharide, which content was 4.43%. The component 4 with the peak retention time of 9.870 min was disaccharide, which content was 52.69%. The component 5 with the peak retention time of 10.783 min was also disaccharide, which content was 2.14%. The component 6 with the peak retention time of 12.510 min was salt peak. Therefore, the total content of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate including disaccharide, tetrasaccharide, hexasaccharide and octasaccharide was 98.35%, mainly disaccharide and tetrasaccharide, in which the sum of disaccharide and tetrasaccharide content was 89.85%. The average molecular weight of the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of shark bone was 677.4˜710.2 Da, and the specific calculation process was as follows:

(75) Assume that component 1 was all hexasaccharide, then

(76) $average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (65.852 \times 1155.3 + 237.083 \times 918.2 + 34.369 \times 838.2 + 408.349 \times \\ 459.1 + 16.555 \times 379.1) \end{matrix}}{65.852 + 237.083 + 34.369 + 408.349 + 16.555} = 677.4 Da$

(77) Assume that component 1 was all octasaccharide, then

(78) $average molecular weight = \frac{\begin{matrix} (65.852 \times 1534.5 + 237.083 \times 918.2 + 34.369 \times 838.2 + 408.349 \times \\ 459.1 + 16.555 \times 379.1) \end{matrix}}{65.852 + 237.083 + 34.369 + 408.349 + 16.555} = 710.2 Da$

EXAMPLE 13

(79) In accordance with the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of example 1, the protein removal process of example 5, and the alcohol precipitation and drying process of example 9, another four types of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from different sources were obtained by using bovine cartilage, pig cartilage, chicken cartilage and mixed bone chondroitin sulfate of chicken cartilage and shark bone, respectively, with content of 90% from Shandong Baolijiao Company.

EXAMPLE 14

Efficacy and Activity Test

(80) (1) Sample Preparation:

(81) (1.1) The sample in example 9 was obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction process in example 1.

(82) (1.2) Sample of control group 1: a mixture of 0.63 g disaccharide with 97.72% purity and 0.41 g oligomeric peptide from deep sea fish (Ningxia Vanilla Biotechnology Co., Ltd., specification 98%). 61.56% disaccharide and 40.18% oligopeptides from deep sea fish were obtained by calculation.

(83) The preparation process of 97.72% disaccharide samples was as follows:

(84) Mobile phase preparation:

(85) A: 20 mM Tris, adjusted pH to 7.5 by HCl;

(86) B: 20 mM Tris, 1M NaCl, adjusted pH to 7.5 by HCl.

(87) Sample Treatment:

(88) The sample in example 9 was dissolved in mobile phase A by weighting 20 g powder of the sample and dissolving in 1 L of mobile phase A.

(89) Steps: Before purification, Q-Sepharose-FF packing was washed with mobile phase B, and then balanced with mobile phase A. The sample was loaded into Q-Sepharose-FF packing, and the penetration peaks were collected. Tetrasaccharide absorbed in the column were washed with mobile phase B, and the eluted peaks were collected and recirculated for chromatography purification until a single disaccharide peak was detected.

(90) Desalination: The single disaccharide peak detected was combined and collected, and then desalted with a glucose gel column. Before sample loading, the sample was washed with purified water until the conductivity was below 0.1 ms/cm, and the loading sample volume was 20%-30% of the column volume. Then, the peaks with conductivity below 1 ms/cm were collected by washing the column with purified water.

(91) Lyophilized: After the desalted peak was collected and pre-frozen at −20° C., it was put into the freeze-dryer for freeze-drying. After lyophilized to powder, the disaccharide with the purity of 97.72% was collected. The purity of the disaccharide was determined as follows: HPLC was used to determine the molecular weight distribution, as shown in FIG. 8. The component 1 with a peak retention time of 9.265 min was tetrasaccharide with a content of 2.28%. The component 2 with a peak retention time of 10.070 min was disaccharide with a content of 65.79%. The component 3 with a peak retention time of 10.937 min was disaccharide with a content of 31.93%.The salt peak in FIG. 8 has not integrated.

(92) (1.3) Sample of control group 2: Macromolecule chondroitin sulfate of shark bone with 90% content from Shandong Baoliga Company was used, with an average molecular weight of about 70000 Da, which contained almost no disaccharide and tetrasaccharide.

(93) (2) Culture Medium, Solution and Cell Preparation:

(94) (2.1) Basic medium: DMEM/F-12 medium.

(95) (2.2) Growth medium: To 180 mL basal medium was added 20 mL fetal bovine serum (FBS) and stored at 2° C.-8° C.

(96) (2.3) Complete medium: DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium)+fetal bovine serum cell P5 (5th generation).

(97) (2.4) 1 mM H.sub.2O.sub.2 stimulation solution: 30% (9790 mM) hydrogen peroxide was filtered by 0.2 μm sterile filter, and then diluted to 1 mM with basic medium for use.

(98) (2.5) Sample stock solutions 1 and 2: Weighing a certain weight of samples [CSO oligosaccharide from bovine bone (from Example 13), CSO oligosaccharide from pig bone (derived from Example 13), CSO oligosaccharide from shark bone (derived from Example 9), CSO oligosaccharide from chicken bone (from Example 13), CSO oligosaccharide from chicken bone and shark bone (from Example 13) and CSO polysaccharide from shark bone (Shandong Baolijia)]. DPBS was used for diluent to prepare 10 mg/mL sample stock solution 1, and then filtered with 0.2 μm sterile filter membrane for use.

(99) Weighting a certain weight of samples (sample in Example 9, sample in control groups 1˜2), DPBS was used for diluent to prepare 10 mg/mL sample stock solution 2, and then filtered with 0.2 μm sterile filter membrane for use.

(100) (2.6) Samples detected in gradient solutions 1 and 2:

(101) The sample solution 1 prepared above was further diluted with basic medium to prepare two dilution series at the concentration of 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively.

(102) The sample solution 2 prepared above was further diluted with basic medium to prepare seven dilution series at the concentrations ranging from 50 to 3200 μg/mL, namely: 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 μg/mL, respectively.

(103) (2.7) Preparation of cell culture

(104) ATDCS cells were resuscitated with growth medium and incubated in an incubator with humidity, at the temperature of 37±2° C., and at the concentration of carbon dioxide 5±1%. Growth media were used for subculture when about 70% to 90% confluence of cultures was observed with suitable magnification microscopes (such as: 10-40×).

(105) Cell medium was removed for cell passage. The cells was rinsed once with DPBS. Then the cells were infiltrated with about 0.5 mL solution containing 0.25% trypsin for about 1 minute and the cells became round and peeled off the surface. Under the microscope, the morphology of the cells became round, some of the cells broke away from the bottle wall and were immediately added to the complete medium to terminate digestion. Use pipet to suck the medium, blow the cells away from the bottle wall, make the cells evenly dispersed in the medium and transfer the cell suspension into a 15 mL centrifuge tube to centrifuge at 1000 r/m for 5 min. After the centrifuge supernatant was discarded, the cells were resuspended with 2 mL complete medium, then the cells were transferred to 2 new T25 square flasks respectively. In each square flask, 5 mL complete medium was added respectively, mixed gently and placed in an incubator comprising carbon dioxide (37° C., 5% CO.sub.2) for culture.

(106) The cells were subcultured within 2-5 days using cell passages between 4-20 and confluence between 70%-90%. According to the procedure of cell culture preparation, an appropriate volume of cell solution containing 2×10.sup.6/mL living cells was prepared in the growth medium. A 96-well transparent cell culture plate was taken and 100 μL cell solution was added to each well to make each well contain about 6000 cells. To prevent cell sedimentation and ensure uniformity in each well, mix cell solution frequently when adding cell solution. The plates were incubated in an incubator comprising carbon dioxide (37° C., 5% CO.sub.2) overnight (24 h).

(107) After the culture, the next day (24 h), the original medium was discarded, and 50 μL of 1 mM H.sub.2O.sub.2 was added into each well (see Step 4.2 for the method for preparing 1 mM H.sub.2O.sub.2 stimulation solution). Then, gradient detection solutions of chondroitin sulfate from different sources and at different concentrations were added into each well (see Step 4.3 for method for preparing sample detection gradient solution preparation), and then placed in an incubator comprising carbon dioxide (37° C., 5% CO.sub.2) for further culture for 12 hours.

(108) After culture, 10 μL CCK-8 solution was added to each well for another 2 h on the next day (12 h). After the reaction, the absorbance value at 450 nm was detected by a multifunctional enzyme plate analyzer immediately. Two parallel experiments would be tested for each sample, and the average value of light absorption would be taken in the end.

(109) (3) Comparison of Cell Activity between Low Molecular Weight Chondroitin Sulfate from Different Animal Sources and Macromolecule Chondroitin Sulfate:

(110) CCK assay was used to investigate the repair effects on injured chondrocytes for low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from different animal sources and macromolecule chondroitin sulfate. The results of efficacy test as shown in FIG. 5, the results showed that compared with the macromolecular chondroitin sulfate (chondroitin sulfate polysaccharide) from shark bone, the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of one or more of shark bone and chicken bone had more remarkable repair effect at the concentrations of 50˜100 μg/mL on chondrocytes damaged by 1 mM hydrogen peroxide, and the repair ability is between 14% and 23%, which could be used for the treatment of joint injury.

(111) (4) Comparison of Cellular Activity between Low Molecular Weight Chondroitin Sulfate from Shark Bone containing Different Components and Macromolecule Chondroitin Sulfate from Shark Bone:

(112) In control group 1, 0.63 g disaccharide with 97.72% purity was mixed with 0.41 g g fish collagen oligopeptide. The content of disaccharide was 61.56% and the content of deep-sea fish oligopeptides was 40.18% by calculation (Ningxia Vanilla Biotechnology Co., Ltd., specification was 98%).

(113) The results are shown in Table A and FIG. 9. The repairing effect of the product of the invention on chondrocytes damaged by 1 mM hydrogen peroxide was more remarkable than that of control groups 1˜2 in the concentration range of 50˜3200 μg/mL. Among them, the product of the invention had improvement on the repair rate for chondrocytes in the concentration range of 50˜1600 μg/mL, and more higher improvement depended on a higher concentration. However, when the concentration reached 3200 μg/mL, the inhibition effect appeared as the concentration was too high, and the repair rate ranged from 20%-62.4%, showing a trend of obvious decline.

(114) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE A 50 100 200 400 800 1600 3200 # Components μg/ml μg/mL μg/mL μg/mL μg/mL μg/mL μg/mL Sample of 49.11% 20 28.9 41.5 43.4 51.8 62.4 35.5 Example 9 disaccharide and 38.90% tetrasaccharide Control 61.56% 11.3 15.6 24.2 21.6 30.4 35.5 16.1 group 1 disaccharide and 40.18% oligopeptides from deep sea fish Control Macromolecule 9.6 11.8 21.9 22.3 25.1 33.3 14.5 group 2 chondroitin sulfate from Shark bone (90% content)

EXAMPLE 15

Hydrolyzed Chondroitin Sulfate Capsules

(115) Prescription:

(116) TABLE-US-00003 Components Function Amount Hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate active substance 200 g Microcrystalline cellulose filler 277 g Crospovidone disintegrating agent 15 g Colloidal silicon dioxide flow aid 5 g Magnesium stearate lubricant 3 g Made into 1000 capsules

(117) Preparation method: (1) The hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate from example 9 and microcrystalline cellulose were individually passed through an 80-mesh sieve for ready use; (2) After the hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate and microcrystalline cellulose were evenly mixed, the prescribed amount of crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate were sequentially added, and mixed for 15 min; (3) Filled the mixture into the capsule shell through the capsule filling machine and formed the capsules.

EXAMPLE 16

Hydrolyzed Chondroitin Sulfate Tablets

(118) Prescription:

(119) TABLE-US-00004 Components Function Amount Hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate active substance 100 g Microcrystalline cellulose filler 352 g Croscarmellose Sodium disintegrating agent 15 g Colloidal silicon dioxide flow aid 5 g Magnesium stearate lubricant 3 g Gastric soluble film coating powder coating materials 15 g Made into 1000 tablets

(120) Preparation Method: (1) The hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate from example 9 and microcrystalline cellulose were individually passed through an 80-mesh sieve for ready use; (2) After the hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate and microcrystalline cellulose were evenly mixed, the prescribed amount of croscarmellose sodium, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate were sequentially added, and the mixture was mixed for 15 min; (3) The mixture was pressed by rotary tablet press, and the hardness of the tablet was controlled to be 6˜10 kg; (4) Coating containing 10% solid content was prepared with purified water; (5) The tablets were coated by high efficiency coating machine. The inlet air temperature was set at 55° C., the atomization pressure was 0.2 MPa, and the sheet bed temperature was controlled at 40-45° C. After the coating was completed, the tablets were obtained.

EXAMPLE 17

Hydrolyzed Chondroitin Sulfate Tablets

(121) Prescription:

(122) TABLE-US-00005 Components Function Amount Hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate active substance 50 g Lactose filler 402 g Hydroxypropyl cellulose adhesive 10 g L-hydroxypropyl cellulose disintegrating agent 15 g Colloidal silicon dioxide flow aid 5 g Magnesium stearate lubricant 3 g Gastric soluble film coating powder coating materials 15 g Made into 1000 tablets

(123) Preparation Method:

(124) (1) The hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate from example 9 and lactose were individually passed through an 80-mesh sieve for ready use;

(125) (2) After the hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate and lactose were evenly mixed, the prescribed amount of hydroxypropyl cellulose, L-hydroxypropyl cellulose, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate were sequentially added, and the mixture was mixed for 15 min;

(126) (3) The mixture was pressed by rotary tablet press, and the hardness of the tablet was controlled to be 6˜10 kg;

(127) (4) Coating containing 10% solid content was prepared with purified water;

(128) (5) The tablets were coated by high efficiency coating machine. The inlet air temperature was set at 55° C., the atomization pressure was 0.2 MPa, and the sheet bed temperature was controlled at 40-45° C. After the coating was completed, the tablets were obtained.

EXAMPLE 18

Hydrolyzed Chondroitin Sulfate Tablets

(129) Prescription:

(130) TABLE-US-00006 Components Function Amount Hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate active substance 25 g Starch filler 320 g Dextrin filler 100 Hydroxypropyl cellulose adhesive 10 g Carboxymethy starch sodium disintegrating agent 15 g Colloidal silicon dioxide flow aid 5 g Magnesium stearate lubricant 5 g Gastric soluble film coating powder coating materials 20 g Made into 1000 tablets

(131) Preparation Method:

(132) (1) The hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate from example 9, starch and dextrin were individually passed through an 80-mesh sieve for ready use;

(133) (2) After the hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate, starch and dextrin were evenly mixed, the prescribed amount of hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethy starch sodium, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate were sequentially added, and the mixture was mixed for 15 min;

(134) (3) The mixture was pressed by rotary tablet press, and the hardness of the tablet was controlled to be 6˜10 kg;

(135) (4) Coating containing 10% solid content was prepared with purified water;

(136) (5) The tablets were coated by high efficiency coating machine. The inlet air temperature was set at 55° C., the atomization pressure was 0.2 MPa, and the sheet bed temperature was controlled at 40-45° C. After the coating was completed, the tablets were obtained.

EXAMPLE 19

Hydrolyzed Chondroitin Sulfate Capsules

(137) TABLE-US-00007 Components Function Amount Hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate active substance 400 g (from example 9) Microcrystalline cellulose filler 77 g Carboxymethy starch sodium disintegrating agent 15 g Colloidal silicon dioxide flow aid 5 g Magnesium stearate lubricant 3 g Made into 1000 capsules

EXAMPLE 20

Hydrolyzed Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine Sulfate Tablets

(138) Prescription:

(139) TABLE-US-00008 Components Function Amount Hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate active substance 50 g (from example 9) Glucosamine sulfate active substance 250 g Lactose filler 48.6 g Microcrystalline cellulose filler 113.4 g Croscarmellose sodium disintegrating agent 15 g Colloidal silicon dioxide flow aid 5 g Magnesium stearate lubricant 3 g Gastric soluble film coating powder coating materials 15 g Made into 1000 tablets

(140) Preparation Method:

(141) (1) The hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate from example 9, glucosamine sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose and lactose were individually passed through an 80-mesh sieve for ready use;

(142) (2) After the hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose and lactose were evenly mixed, the prescribed amount of Croscarmellose sodium, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate were sequentially added, and the mixture was mixed for 15 min;

(143) (3) The mixture was pressed by rotary tablet press, and the hardness of the tablet was controlled to be 6˜10 kg;

(144) (4) Coating containing 10% solid content was prepared with purified water;

(145) (5) The tablets were coated by high efficiency coating machine. The inlet air temperature was set at 55° C., the atomization pressure was 0.2 MPa, and the sheet bed temperature was controlled at 40-45° C. After the coating was completed, the tablets were obtained.

EXAMPLE 21

Model Test of Murine Medial Meniscus Instability (DMM) of the Composition Prepared by the Invention

(146) 1. Materials

(147) 1.1 The tested sample: The composition was prepared according to Examples 15-20 of the present invention, and the recommended daily dosage of the composition in Example 15, Example 16, Example 17, Example 18, Example 19 and Example 20 was 2 tablets (granules)/day, and 1 tablet (granules) in the morning and evening.

(148) 1.2 Preparation of test substance: The test sample was mixed into the feed to give. For Examples 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, 150 mg/day of samples were given to mice daily.

(149) 1.3 Administration route of subjects: samples in each Example were given to animals in each group by intragastric administration.

(150) 2. Model Building

(151) The mice were anesthetized with chloral hydrate, and the hair of the knee joint of the right hind limb was shaved. After disinfection with iodine and alcohol, an opening with a length of about 1 cm was longitudinally cut off along the side of the inner skeleton of the mice to expose the knee joint. Microsurgical scissors were used to open the articular cavity and the medial meniscus rivet on the tibial plateau was cut off. A 6-0 absorbable suture was used to close the joint capsule. A 6-0 suture was used to close the skin of the joint, and a small amount of penicillin was applied to the sutured skin to prevent infection. The control group (9 mice) was subject to the same procedure, except that the medial meniscus tibial ligament was not cut off On the second day after surgery, DMM mice were randomly divided into 7 groups with 13 rats in each group (1, model control group; 2. Example 15; 3. Example 16; 4. Example 17; 5. Example 18; 6.Example 19; 7. Example 20).

(152) 3. Experimental Results

(153) On the second day after operation, mice were given intragastric administration, and the blank group and model group were given the same volume of normal saline by intragastric administration. The animals were given once a day for 12 weeks. The weight of the animals was weighed once a week and the dose was adjusted according to body weight.

(154) Table 1 shows effect of the composition prepared by the present invention on body weight of mice ((n=13, x±s)

(155) TABLE-US-00009 Blank Model Example Example Example Example Example Example group group 15 16 17 18 19 20 P values Composition / / 150 150 150 150 150 150 / dosage (mg) Weight at the 23.97 ± 2.77 22.59 ± 2.09 22.58 ± 1.58 22.37 ± 1.47 22.76 ± 1.26 22.68 ± 2.88 22.66 ± 2.56 22.69 ± 2.59 >0.05 beginning (g) Weight on 24.48 ± 1.98 23.50 ± 2.40 23.10 ± 1.20 22.62 ± 1.78 23.33 ± 1.47 22.97 ± 2.97 23.11 ± 2.61 22.68 ± 2.48 >0.05 Week 1 (g) Weight on 25.12 ± 2.27 23.98 ± 2.32 23.62 ± 1.38 22.70 ± 2.15 23.60 ± 2.00 23.40 ± 3.10 23.38 ± 3.47 22.79 ± 2.64 >0.05 Week 2 (g) Weight on 25.98 ± 1.52 25.18 ± 2.88 24.35 ± 2.45 22.98 ± 2.68 24.22 ± 2.68 23.75 ± 3.45 23.95 ± 4.55 22.65 ± 2.35 >0.05 Week 3 (g) Weight on 26.27 ± 1.77 25.56 ± 2.74 24.65 ± 2.95 23.04 ± 2.84 24.45 ± 2.85 24.12 ± 3.32 24.11 ± 5.29 22.88 ± 2.92 >0.05 Week 4 (g) Weight on 26.39 ± 1.91 25.88 ± 3.18 23.97 ± 3.07 22.08 ± 2.72 24.79 ± 2.71 24.48 ± 3.18 23.98 ± 1.48 23.72 ± 1.78 >0.05 Week 5 (g) Weight on 26.60 ± 1.80 26.19 ± 3.81 24.91 ± 4.11 23.11 ± 2.01 24.88 ± 3.72 25.00 ± 3.00 24.47 ± 1.63 24.33 ± 2.53 >0.05 Week 6 (g) Weight on 26.77 ± 2.03 26.61 ± 3.69 25.76 ± 3.26 23.77 ± 3.57 25.26 ± 3.14 25.08 ± 2.68 25.57 ± 2.13 25.00 ± 3.20 >0.05 Week 7 (g) Weight on 26.73 ± 1.77 26.18 ± 5.02 25.99 ± 2.81 24.07 ± 2.63 25.18 ± 2.22 25.71 ± 2.81 25.30 ± 2.60 24.95 ± 2.65 >0.05 Week 8 (g) Weight on 26.51 ± 3.51 26.57 ± 3.03 26.29 ± 2.49 24.18 ± 2.28 25.76 ± 3.24 26.12 ± 1.98 25.54 ± 3.56 25.19 ± 2.11 >0.05 Week 9 (g) Weight on 25.86 ± 1.04 26.44 ± 3.76 26.12 ± 3.08 24.28 ± 1.92 25.58 ± 3.42 25.71 ± 2.39 25.67 ± 3.03 25.06 ± 2.34 >0.05 Week 10 (g) Weight on 25.84 ± 2.94 26.06 ± 4.54 25.70 ± 3.10 24.09 ± 3.61 24.84 ± 3.56 25.30 ± 2.70 24.73 ± 2.27 24.87 ± 2.33 >0.05 Week 11 (g) Weight on 26.60 ± 1.70 25.94 ± 2.76 26.68 ± 2.98 24.08 ± 2.92 25.38 ± 4.68 25.62 ± 3.12 24.63 ± 1.83 25.54 ± 2.94 >0.05 Week 12 (g)

(156) Conclusion: As shown in FIG. 6, from Day 0 of the experiment, the body weight of mice in each group showed a slight increase trend, and there was no significant difference among groups at each time point (P>0.05).

(157) After 12 weeks of intragastric administration in mice, an instrument in YLS-11A channel mode for measuring foot support force in mouse was used to detect the difference of support force for two hind legs of a mouse when standing, so as to evaluate the degree of osteoarthritis pain in mice. Mice were driven into a single channel for a slope climbing experiment with a 60-degree angle. When the mouse started to stand along slope side, the difference in support between the left and right hind legs was recorded. The greater the difference of support force, the more serious the degree of osteoarthritis.

(158) Table 2 shows influence of the composition prepared by the invention on the support force of hind foot of mice (n=13, x±s)

(159) TABLE-US-00010 Blank Model Example Example Example Example Example Example group group 15 16 17 18 19 20 Difference of 0.06 7.18 3.91 3.72 3.99 4.08 3.52 3.90 foot support force in mice (g) P values / <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01

(160) The degree of osteoarthritis pain in mice was evaluated by detecting the difference of support force in mice. As shown in FIG. 7, the difference of foot support force in model group was the largest, indicating that the degree of osteoarthritis pain in model group was the most serious. There was a significant difference compared with the sham-operated group, indicating that the model was successfully established. Compared with the model group, Examples 15, 16, 19 and 20 could significantly reduce the difference of foot support force (P<0.01), Examples 17 and 18 also reduced the difference in foot support force (P<0.05). The daily dose of mice can be calculated according to the formula: human dose=mouse dose*body weight/equivalent dose ratio. The human daily dose is calculated as follows:

(161) TABLE-US-00011 Dosing amount Dosing amount of of hydrolyzed composition in chondroitin sulfate Human dose Group mice (mg/kg/day) in mice (mg/kg/day) (mg/day) Example 15 150 60 =60*60/9.1 =400 Example 16 150 30 =30*60/9.1 =200 Example 17 150 15 =15*60/9.1 =100 Example 18 150 7.5 =7.5*60/9.1 =50 Example 19 150 120 =120*60/9.1 =800 Example 20 150 15 =15*60/9.1 =100

(162) Remarks: 1. The equivalent dose ratio of mice to human was 9.1; 2, hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate dose in mouse=composition dose in mouse*hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate prescription dose/total tablet weight.

(163) The results showed that the daily dose of hydrolyzed chondroitin sulfate between 50 and 800 mg had remarkable relieving and treating effects on the pain of osteoarthritis, and the addition of glucosamine in the composition could improve the relieving and treating effects on the pain of osteoarthritis.

EXAMPLE 22

To Evaluate the Therapeutic Effect of Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharide (CSO) and a Combination of CSO with Glucosamine (Amino Sugar) on Osteoarthritis Induced by Medial Meniscus Instability (DMM) in Mice by Pathological and Immunohistochemical Detection for Inflammatory Factors, Bone Hydroxyproline Acid and Safranin O-fast Green Staining in Serum

(164) C57BL/6 male mice, 8-9 weeks of age, 100 mice, freely drinking and feeding. The mice were anesthetized with chloral hydrate, and the hair of the knee joint of the right hind limb was shaved. The mice were anesthetized with chloral hydrate, and the hair of the knee joint of the right hind limb was shaved. After disinfection with iodine and alcohol, an opening with a length of about 1 cm was longitudinally cut along the side of the inner skeleton of the mice to expose the knee joint. Microsurgical scissors were used to open the articular cavity and the medial meniscus rivet on the tibial plateau was cut off. A 6-0 absorbable suture was used to close the joint capsule. A 6-0 suture was used to close the skin of the joint, and a small amount of penicillin was applied to the sutured skin to prevent infection. The sham-operated group (9 mice) was subject to the same procedure, but the medial meniscus tibial ligament was not cut off.

(165) On the second day after surgery, DMM mice were randomly divided into 7 groups with 13 mice in each group: 1) Model control group; 2) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at the highest dose (60 mg/kg); 3) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at high dose (30 mg/kg); 4) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at medium dose (15 mg/kg) group; 5) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at low-dose (7.5 mg/kg); 6) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide (15 mg/kg)+glucosamine hydrochloride (75 mg/kg) group; 7) Macromolecule chondroitin sulfate (CS) (80 mg/kg)+glucosamine (400 mg/kg) group.

(166) On the second day after surgery, mice were given by intragastric administration with an administration volume of 0.2 mL/20 g. The sham-operated group and model group were given with the same volume of normal saline. High molecular weight Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) group (80 mg/kg)+glucosamine (400 mg/kg) was suspended in 0.5% CMC-NA. The animals were given once a day for 12 weeks. The weight of the animals was weighed once a week and the dose was adjusted according to body weight.

(167) Blood samples were collected from eyeballs of mice, and serum was separated. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and C5b-9 were determined by ELISA. The mice were killed, the right hind femur was taken, and hydroxyprolinic acid in bone was determined according to the kit method. The right knee joint of the hind limb was taken and examined by pathology (safranin O-fast green staining) and C5b-9 expression (immunohistochemistry). The evaluation indicators were summarized as follows:

(168) TABLE-US-00012 Num- Evaluation ber indicators Indicators of characterization 1 Rear foot To evaluate the severity of osteoarthritis pain support force in mice. The greater the difference of support difference force, the more serious the degree of osteoarthritis. 2 Mechanical To evaluate the severity of osteoarthritis pain pain threshold in mice. The lower the mechanical pain area in mice in mice, the more severe the degree of osteoarthritis. 3 Inflammatory To evaluate the severity of osteoarthritis in cytokine mice, the higher the level of inflammatory TNF-α level factors, the more serious the arthritis. 4 Inflammatory cytokine IL-1β level 5 Inflammatory cytokine IL-6 level 6 Complement To evaluate the severity of osteoarthritis in C5b-9 level mice, the higher the level of complement C5b-9, the more severe the arthritis. 7 Bone hydroxy- Hydroxyproline in bone was a unique amino prolinic acid acid in bone collagen, which accounts for 90% of bone organics, so hydroxyproline in bone was also the most important component of bone organics. Decrease of hydroxyproline in bone was a major indicator of reduced bone matrix. 8 Pathological The pathological changes were observed at detection the histological level. 9 C5b-9 C5b-9 was a product of complement expression activation that destroyed the cartilage matrix (immunohisto- and caused chondrocyte lysis and death, chemical) exacerbating osteoarthritis. If the tested detection substance reduced C5b-9 production, it could reduce cartilage damage in osteoarthritis. Influences on the level of inflammatory cytokines in serum

(169) The severity of osteoarthritis in mice was evaluated by measuring the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and complement C5b-9 in serum. As shown in FIG. 10A, the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and complement C5b-9 in model group were the highest, indicating that the model group had the most severe osteoarthritis. There was a significant difference compared with the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(170) As shown in FIG. 10A, compared with the model group, the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and complement C5b-9 in the highest, high, medium and low dose chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide groups were decreased to varying degrees, indicating that various doses of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide had alleviating and treating effects on osteoarthritis.

(171) Compared with the medium dose group, the levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and complement C5b-9 in serum in CSO+glucosamine group decreased to various degrees, indicating that the combination of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide and glucosamine could improve the alleviating and treating effects of osteoarthritis.

(172) Compared with the macromolecule+glucosamine group, the levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and complement C5b-9 in serum in the CSO+glucosamine group and the oligosaccharide group of the invention were significantly decreased, indicating that the effect of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide in the treatment of osteoarthritis was better than that of macromolecule+glucosamine group. Effect on hydroxyproline level in femur

(173) The severity of osteoarthritis in mice was evaluated by detecting hydroxyproline in the femur in the mice. As shown in FIG. 10B, the level of hydroxyproline in the femur in the model group was the lowest, indicating that osteoarthritis in the model group was the most serious. There was a significant difference compared with the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(174) Compared with model group, the highest, high, medium and low dose chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide groups and chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide+glucosamine group significantly increased hydroxyproline level in femur in mice (P<0.01).

(175) Compared with the medium dose group, the level of hydroxyproline in the CSO+glucosamine group was significantly increased, indicating that the combination of glucosamine and CSO could promote the efficacy of the treatment of osteoarthritis.

(176) Compared with the macromolecule+glucosamine group, data of CSO+glucosamine group showed that the effect of CSO was superior to CS. Pathological examination of knee joint

(177) The severity of osteoarthritis in mice was evaluated by staining the knee joint with safranin O-fast green staining. The results were shown in FIG. 10C and FIG. 10D. The pathological score upon safranin O-fast green staining in the knee joint of mice in the model group was the highest, indicating that the model group had the most severe osteoarthritis. There was a significant difference compared with the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(178) Compared with the model group, chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide groups at the highest and high dose, and chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide at medium dose+glucosamine group could significantly reduce the pathological score upon safranin 0-fast green staining (P<0.05), indicating that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide had the effect of relieving osteoarthritis. C5b-9 level on cartilage surface of knee joint

(179) The severity of osteoarthritis in mice was evaluated by immunohisto chemical staining in knee joint C5b-9. The results were shown in FIG. 10E and FIG. 10F. The number of C5b-9 positive cells in knee joint of mice in the model group was the highest, indicating that osteoarthritis in the model group was the most serious. There was a significant difference compared with the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(180) Compared with model group, Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at the highest dose and high dose, oligosaccharide at medium dose+glucosamine group could significantly reduce the number of C5b-9 positive cells in knee joint of mice (P<0.01), indicating that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide could alleviate cartilage damage in osteoarthritis.

EXAMPLE 23

The Dosage of CSO in Rat Osteoarthritis Model Induced by Papain Injection into Knee Joint

(181) Eighty Wistar male rats, 180-220 g. 4% papain and 0.03 mol/L L-cysteine were mixed at a ratio of 2:1 and stood for 30 min. On day 0, 3 and 6 of the experiment, 0.3 mL mixed solution was injected into the knee cavity in rats to induce osteoarthritis model. Normal control group was injected with equal volume of normal saline.

(182) After the last injection of papain mixture, the model animals were randomly divided into 7 groups with 10 rats in each group: 1) Model control group; 2) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at the highest dose (30 mg/kg); 3) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at high dose (15 mg/kg); 4) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at medium dose (7.5 mg/kg); 5) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at low-dose (3.8 mg/kg); 6) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide (7.5 mg/kg)+glucosamine hydrochloride (37.5 mg/kg) group; 7) Macromolecule chondroitin sulfate (40 mg/kg)+glucosamine (200 mg/kg) group.

(183) On the second day after modeling, rats were given by intragastric administration with an administration volume of 0.2 mL/100 g. Normal control group and model group were given in the same volume of normal saline. Macromolecule chondroitin sulfate (80 mg/kg)+glucosamine (400 mg/kg) group was suspended in 0.5% CMC-Na. The drug was given once daily for 12 weeks. The animals were weighed every 3 days and the dose was adjusted according to body weight.

(184) The width of both knee joints was measured before modeling, before administration, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after administration. The degree of joint swelling was calculated according to the following formula. Degree of joint swelling (mm)=width of knee after inflammation (after administration)—width of knee before inflammation.

(185) After 12 weeks of intragastric administration, blood sample was collected from the abdominal aorta in rats, and serum was separated. TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were determined by ELISA. The femur in the rats was collected and the hydroxyprolinic acid in bone was determined according to the kit method. The knee joint was taken and examined by pathology (HE staining). The evaluation indicators are summarized as follows:

(186) TABLE-US-00013 Num- evaluation ber indicators Indicators of characterization 1 Degree of knee To evaluate the severity of osteoarthritis pain in swelling mice. The greater the Degree of knee swelling, the more serious the degree of osteoarthritis. 2 Inflammatory To evaluate the severity of osteoarthritis in cytokine mice, the higher the level of inflammatory TNF-α level factors, the more serious the arthritis. 3 Inflammatory cytokine IL-1β level 4 Inflammatory cytokine IL-6 level 5 Bone hydroxy- Bone hydroxyproline was a unique amino acid prolinic acid in bone collagen, which accounts for 90% of bone organics, so bone hydroxyproline was also the most important constituent of bone organics. Decrease of hydroxyproline in bone was a major indicator of reduced bone matrix. 6 Pathological The pathological changes were observed at the detection histological level. 7 C5b-9 C5b-9 was a product of complement activation expression that destroyed the cartilage matrix and caused (immunohisto- chondrocyte lysis and death, exacerbating chemical) osteoarthritis. If the tested substance reduced detection C5b-9 production, it could reduce cartilage damage in osteoarthritis.

(187) As shown in FIG. 11A, from day 0 of the experiment, the body weight of rats in each group showed an increase trend, and there was no significant difference between groups at each time point. The results showed that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide had no significant effect on the body weight of rats after 12 weeks.

(188) The severity of osteoarthritis in rats was evaluated by measuring the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum in rats. The results were shown in FIG. 11B, FIG. 11C and FIG. 11D. The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum in the model group were the highest, indicating that the model group had the most severe osteoarthritis. There was a significant difference compared with the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(189) Compared with the medium dose group, the levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum in rats in the medium dose oligosaccharide+glucosamine group decreased to various degrees, indicating that the combination of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide and glucosamine could improve the effect of relieving and treating osteoarthritis.

(190) Compared with the macromolecule+glucosamine group, the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum in rats in CSO+glucosamine group were significantly decreased, indicating that the effect of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide on osteoarthritis was better than that of macromolecule+glucosamine group.

(191) The severity of osteoarthritis in rats was evaluated by pathological examination of the knee joint. The results were shown in FIG. 11E and FIG. 11F. The knee joint pathological score in rats in the model group was the highest, indicating that the osteoarthritis in the model group was the most serious. There was a significant difference compared with the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(192) Compared with model group, chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at the highest dose and high dose, oligosaccharide medium dose+glucosamine group could significantly reduce pathological score (P<0.01), indicating that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide has the effect of relieving osteoarthritis.

EXAMPLE 24

Therapeutic Effect of CSO on Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Female Rats and Testes Resected Male Rats

(193) Female Rats:

(194) Ninety female SD rats weighing 200-220 g were used. The rats adapted to the environment for 3 d. Fasting but freely taking water for 24 hours before surgery. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 3% chloral hydrate and anesthetised. Ten mice were used as the sham-operated group with longitudinal incisions on the skin and muscle from both sides of the lumbar and dorsal spine without removing the ovaries. For the other animals, longitudinal incisions were made from both sides of the lumbar and dorsal spine to cut the skin and muscle, and both ovaries were removed, and the wounds were sutured. All animals were intramuscular injected with penicillin for 3 consecutive days after operation. (Male rats were operated with the same method to remove testicles).

(195) On the second day after surgery, ovariectomized rats were randomly divided into 8 groups with 8 rats in each group: 1) sham-operated group; 2) Model group; 3) Calcium acetate (158 mg/kg) group; 4) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at the highest dose (30 mg/kg)+calcium acetate (158 mg/kg); 5) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at high dose (15 mg/kg)+calcium acetate (158 mg/kg); 6) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group at medium dose (7.5 mg/kg)+calcium acetate (158 mg/kg); 7) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide group with low dose (7.5 mg/kg)+calcium acetate (158 mg/kg); 8) Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide (7.5 mg/kg)+glucosamine hydrochloride (37.5 mg/kg)+calcium acetate (158 mg/kg) group; 9) Macromolecule chondroitin sulfate (40 mg/kg)+glucosamine (200 mg/kg)+calcium acetate (158 mg/kg) group.

(196) On the second day after surgery, rats were given by intragastric administration with an administration volume of 0.2 ml/100 g. The sham-operated group and model group were given in the same volume of normal saline. After 12 weeks of continuous administration, the weight of the animals was weighed once a week and the dose was adjusted according to body weight.

(197) 24 h after the last administration, blood samples were collected from the orbit in rats. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic protein (BGP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) were determined.

(198) The rats were sacrificed, and the femur on both sides was separated. The right femur was taken and measured for the following indexes: bone weight coefficient (g/100 g body weight), bone density, ash level, bone calcium or bone phosphorus, bone hydroxyproline, HE pathology. The evaluation indicators are summarized as follows:

(199) TABLE-US-00014 Num- Evaluation ber indicators Indicators of characterization 1 bone weight The ratio of wet bone weight to body weight coefficient reflects bone level. (g/100 g It is an important marker of bone quality, body weight) and improving bone density can improve 2 bone density osteoporosis. 3 ash level It is mainly bone inorganic components, mainly composed of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen andcarbon. 4 bone calcium An important component in bone minerals. or bone phos- phorus 5 bone hydroxy- Bone hydroxyproline is a unique amino acid proline in bonecollagen, which accounts for 90% of bone organics, so bone hydroxyproline is also the most important component in bone organics. Decrease of hydroxyproline in bone is amajor indicator of reduced bone matrix. 6 Pathological The pathological changes were observed at detection the histological level. 7 Serum alkaline ALP and BGP play an important role in the phosphatase process of mineralization and are important (ALP) indicators of bone metastasis rate. 8 bone morpho- ALP and BGP play an important role in the genetic protein process of mineralization and are important (BGP) indicators of bone metastasis rate. 9 parathyroid PTH has a bidirectional regulation effect on hormone bone metabolism. High dose of PTH can (PTH) promote bone resorption and low dose of PTH can promote bone formation. 10 calcitonin The main function of CT is to inhibit bone (CT) resorption. The secretion of CT is reduced, thus promoting bone resorption and in- hibiting bone formation. Note: Serum ALP, BGP and PTH levels increased, serum CT, bone calcium and bone phosphorus levels decreased significantly. Thus, bone resorption is promoted, bone formation is inhibited, bone mass, bone calcium and bone phosphorus level are reduced, bone mineral loss is significantly increased, and osteoporosis occurs.

(200) Male Rats:

(201) A total of 90 male SD rats weighing 200-220 g were used. The rats adapted to the environment for 3 d. Fasting but freely taking water for 24 hours before surgery. A total of 90 male SD rats weighing 200-220 g were used. The rats adapted to the environment for 3 d. Fasting but freely taking water for 24 hours before surgery. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 3% chloral hydrate, anesthetised, and scrotal skin was disinfected with horizontal posture, iodine and alcohol. Two longitudinal incisions were made on each side of the mediastinal distance of 1 cm. After cutting the tunica vaginalis, 10 of them separated their bilateral testicles from epididymis (without excision), and then placed back into the scrotum, and the incisions were sutured, which were used as the sham-operated group. In the other 80 testes resected groups, bilateral testes were found and resected in the same way. All animals were intramuscular injected with penicillin for 3 days after operation.

(202) On the second day after surgery, ovariectomized rats were randomly divided into 8 groups with 8 rats in each group:

(203) The remaining steps were the same as those of the female rats.

(204) Results of Experimental Weight changes

(205) As shown in FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B, from day 0 of the experiment, the body weight of rats in each group showed an increase trend, and there was no significant difference between groups at each time point. The results showed that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide had no significant effect on the body weight of female and male rats after 12 weeks of administration. Bone weight coefficient

(206) As shown in FIG. 12C and FIG. 12D, compared with the sham-operated group, the bone weight coefficient of rats in the model group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), indicating successful modeling. Compared with model group, oligosaccharide high dose group significantly increased bone weight coefficient of female and male rats (P<0.05). bone mineral density

(207) The severity of osteoporosis was evaluated by detecting the bone mineral density of rats. As shown in FIG. 12E and FIG. 12F, the bone mineral density of rats in the model group was significantly reduced, indicating that the bone mineral density of rats in the model group was the most serious, and there was a significant difference between the model group and the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(208) Compared with the model group, the BMD of femoral shaft and epiphysis of female osteoporosis rats was significantly increased in each treatment group (P<0.05, P<0.01), indicating that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide has the effect of improving osteoporosis.

(209) Compared with the model group, the highest, high, medium, low, CSO+glucosamine group and macromolecule+glucosamine group significantly increased the femoral epiphyseal BMD of male rats (P<0.05, P<0.01); CSO+glucosamine group and macromolecule+glucosamine group significantly increased the bone mineral density of femoral shaft of male rats (P<0.05). Level of ashes

(210) The severity of osteoporosis in rats was evaluated by measuring the level in femur ashes in the rats. As shown in FIG. 12G, the level of bone ashes in the model group was significantly reduced, indicating that the model group had the most severe osteoporosis, which was significantly different from that in the sham group (P<0.01, P<0.05), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(211) Compared with model group, CSO+glucosamine group significantly increased femoral ashes level of female rats (P<0.05), other administration groups had an increasing trend, and there was no statistical difference (P>0.05). CSO high dose, medium dose and low dose groups, CSO+glucosamine group and Ca group significantly increased the level of femoral ashes in male rats (P<0.01, P<0.05).The results showed that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide had the effect of improving osteoporosis. bone phosphorus

(212) The severity of osteoporosis was evaluated by measuring the bone phosphorus level in rats. As shown in FIG. 12H, the bone phosphorus level in rats in the model group was significantly reduced, indicating that the bone phosphorus level in the model group was the most serious and significantly different from that in the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(213) Compared with model group, the bone phosphorus level of female rats in CSO highest and medium dose groups, macromolecule+glucosamine group and CSO+glucosamine group significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). CSO low-dose group, CSO+glucosamine group and CA group significantly increased bone phosphorus level in male rats (P<0.05, P<0.01).The results showed that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide had the effect of improving osteoporosis. Serum alkaline phosphatase

(214) Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level in rats was measured to evaluate the severity of osteoporosis. As shown in FIG. 12I, serum alkaline phosphatase level in rats in the model group was significantly decreased, indicating that the model group had the most severe osteoporosis, which was significantly different from the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(215) Compared with model group, treatment groups significantly increased serum alkaline phosphatase level of female osteoporosis rats (P<0.05, P<0.01). Except for CSO low-dose group, other treatment groups significantly increased serum alkaline phosphatase level of male osteoporosis rats (P<0.01); Serum level of bone morphogenetic protein-4

(216) Serum level of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in rats was measured to evaluate the severity of osteoporosis. As shown in FIG. 12J, serum level of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in rats in the model group was significantly decreased, indicating that the model group had the most severe osteoporosis, which was significantly different from the sham group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(217) Compared with the model group, the serum BMP-4 level of female osteoporosis rats in all treatment groups was significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Except for CSO low-dose group, other treatment groups significantly increased serum BMP-4 (P<0.05, P<0.01). Serum calcitonin

(218) Serum calcitonin (CT) level in rats was measured to evaluate the severity of osteoporosis. As shown in FIG. 12K, serum calcitonin (CT) level in rats in the model group was significantly decreased, indicating that the model group had the most severe osteoporosis, which was significantly different from the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(219) Compared with the model group, the serum CT level of female osteoporosis rats in each administration group was significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Except for CSO low-dose group, the serum CT of male osteoporosis rats in other administration groups was significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Serum parathyroid hormone

(220) Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in rats was measured to evaluate the severity of osteoporosis. As shown in FIG. 12L, serum PTH level in rats in the model group was significantly decreased, indicating that the model group had the most severe osteoporosis, which was significantly different from that in the sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(221) Compared with model group, except for CSO low-dose group and CA group, other administration groups significantly decreased serum PTH level of female osteoporosis rats (P<0.05, P<0.01). Except for the macromolecule+glucosamine group, other administration groups significantly decreased serum PTH level of male osteoporosis rats (P<0.05, P<0.01). Femoral trabecula area, percentage of trabecula area and number of trabeculae

(222) To evaluate the severity of osteoporosis, femoral trabecula area, percentage of trabecula area and number of trabeculae in rats were measured. The results was shown in FIG. 12M, FIG. 12N and FIG. 12O, femoral trabecular area, percentage of trabecular area and number of rats in the model group were significantly reduced, indicating that the rats in the model group had the most severe osteoporosis. It was significantly different from sham-operated group (P<0.01), indicating that the model was successfully established.

(223) Compared with the model group, the highest, high and medium dose groups and the oligosaccharide medium dose+glucosamine group significantly increased femoral trabecular area and percentage of trabecular area of male osteoporosis rats (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with model group, treatment groups significantly increased femoral trabecular area and percentage of femoral trabecular area in female osteoporosis rats (P<0.05, P<0.01).

(224) Compared with model group, the number of femoral trabeculae in male osteoporosis rats was significantly increased in all administration groups except Ca group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with model group, except for CSO low-dose group and Ca group, the number of femoral trabeculae in female osteoporosis rats was significantly increased in all treatment groups (P<0.05, P<0.01).

(225) These results indicated that chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide had the effect of alleviating osteoporosis.

(226) According to the existing experimental data, the following conclusions could be drawn as follow: various doses of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide had the effect of relieving and treating the pain of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide combined with glucosamine could improve the effect of relieving and treating osteoarthritis pain and osteoporosis. The effect of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide on osteoarthritis and osteoporosis was better than that of macromolecule chondroitin sulfate.

(227) Each of the references cited above throughout the specification application was incorporated herein by reference. In the event of a conflict between the foregoing description and the references, the description provided herein shall prevail.

Low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate, composition, preparation method and use thereof

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GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

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Abstract

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