Photovoltaic sputtering targets fabricated from reclaimed materials

Abstract

A method of: providing one or more spent sputtering targets comprising a photovoltaic compound and grinding the photovoltaic compound in an inert environment to form a powder.

Claims

1. A method comprising: providing a sputtering target assembly comprising: a photovoltaic sputtering target comprising a photovoltaic compound; a backing plate; an indium layer bonding the photovoltaic sputtering tar et to the backing plate; removing the photovoltaic sputtering target from the backing plate by melting the indium; and grinding the photovoltaic sputtering target in an inert environment to form a powder.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: washing the removed photovoltaic sputtering target with deionized water; and drying the removed photovoltaic sputtering target.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: removing any remaining indium from the photovoltaic sputtering target using hydrochloric acid.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a new photovoltaic sputtering target from the powder.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the new photovoltaic sputtering target is formed by pressing.

6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: combining the powder with additional photovoltaic compound.

7. The method of claim 4, further comprising: assessing the composition of the powder; and adding one or more individual elements to the powder to correct the composition of the new photovoltaic sputtering target.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic compound is Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic compound is Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4, CuGaSe.sub.2, or CuInSe.sub.2.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic sputtering target is a pressed target.

11. A method comprising: providing a sputtering target assembly comprising: a photovoltaic sputtering target comprising a photovoltaic compound; a backing plate; an indium layer bonding the photovoltaic sputtering target to the backing plate; wherein a surface of the photovoltaic sputtering target has a nonuniform wear pattern exposing a portion of the backing plate or the indium layer through a hole in the photovoltaic sputtering target; removing the photovoltaic sputtering target from the backing plate by melting the indium; and grinding the photovoltaic sputtering target in an inert environment to form a powder.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: removing any remaining indium from the photovoltaic sputtering target using hydrochloric acid.

13. The method of claim 11 further comprising: washing the removed photovoltaic sputtering target with deionized water; and drying the removed photovoltaic sputtering target.

14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: forming a new photovoltaic sputtering target from the powder.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the new photovoltaic sputtering target is formed by pressing.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: combining the powder with additional photovoltaic compound.

17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: assessing the composition of the powder; and adding one or more individual elements to the powder to correct the composition of the new photovoltaic sputtering target.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein the photovoltaic compound is Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2.

19. The method of claim 11, wherein the photovoltaic compound is Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4, CuGaSe.sub.2, or CuInSe.sub.2.

20. The method of claim 11, wherein the photovoltaic sputtering target is a pressed target.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the backing plate comprises copper.

22. The method of claim 11, wherein the backing plate comprises copper.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) A more complete appreciation of the invention will be readily obtained by reference to the following Description of the Example Embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

(2) FIG. 1 shows a photographic example of wear pattern on spent CIGS target. The target on the right has been sputtered through entirely and is showing the copper backing plate.

(3) FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of characteristics of the original target and the new target made from reclaimed materials.

(4) FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the method of the present embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

(5) In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present subject matter may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known methods and devices are omitted so as to not obscure the present disclosure with unnecessary detail.

(6) The system and method of the present embodiment for fabricating new targets from reclaimed material can include, but is not limited to including, obtaining spent quaternary photovoltaic targets used for sputtering thin films, washing the targets with deionized water, drying the targets, grinding the targets in an inert environment, and creating new targets from the ground targets supplemented by new material where needed. The photovoltaic targets can be composed of, for example, but not limited to, to CIGS (Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2), CZTS (Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4), CGS (CuGaSe.sub.2), and CIS (CuInSe.sub.2). If the photovoltaic targets have an indium layer, the method can optionally include placing the targets on hot plates to melt the indium layer. If the photovoltaic targets have backing material, the method can optionally include removing the targets from the backing material. If there is residue indium on the targets after the indium layer and the backing material are removed, the method can optionally include removing any remaining indium from the targets using hydrochloric acid. Before combining the ground targets with new material, the method can optionally include weighing the ground targets.

(7) Utilizing material that would have otherwise become waste thereby reduces waste footprint. There is cost savings from saving recycling materials rather than purchasing new materials. For in house made targets the materials cost saving could be 30%-45%. The previous two stated advantages are particularly important as indium is recognized as a scarce resource. If future CIGS targets are made in this manner the amount of bulk CIGS material required would be reduced by 30%-45% per target, meaning that the cost of processing would be reduced. If commercially produced targets are used, the combined waste material from two or three targets (depending on usage) would be enough to produce a new target, reducing cost by 25%-33%. The dissolved indium bonding layer can be reprocessed to further recover raw material. In the following embodiment, after quaternary CIGS targets are used for sputtering thin films and considered spent they are removed from their sputtering guns. The CIGS is indium bonded to a backing plate so after removal from the gun the target is placed on a hot plate to melt the indium layer so the CIGS can be removed from its backing. After the backing plate has been removed there is still a significant amount of indium on the back side of the CIGS target left over from bonding. To remove the remaining indium the target is placed in a hydrochloric acid (HCl) bath. While HCl does dissolve indium, it does not affect the CIGS (Rockett et al., Near-surface defect distributions in Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2, Thin Solid Films, 431-432, 301-306 (2003)). After washing thoroughly with DI water the target is dried. The dried CIGS material is then combined with material from other similarly processed spent targets and ground in an inert environment. After weighing the resulting powder, stoichiometric bulk CIGS material is added to make up the difference between the amount obtained from reclaimed targets and the amount necessary to form a new target. Using the method of the present embodiment, roughly 120 g of powder is needed to press a new target. Once machined and prepared for installation the targets contain about 70 g of CIGS material. Each spent target produces between 40 g and 55 g of CIGS waste material so the total of 120 g can be produced by combining waste material from multiple targets or adding 65-80 g of bulk CIGS. The resulting powder is pressed and processed in the same manner as the original targets (Frantz-2). Devices fabricated from the targets made by this method have similar efficiencies as those made from the original targets and similar electrical properties.

(8) Referring now to FIG. 3, method 150 for fabricating new targets from reclaimed material can include, but is not limited to including, obtaining 151 spent quaternary photovoltaic targets used for sputtering thin films, washing 153 the targets with deionized water, drying 155 the targets, grinding the targets 157 in an inert environment, and creating 159 new targets from the ground targets supplemented by new material where needed.

(9) The powder generated by grinding the old targets could be remelted to form bulk CIGS for other uses. Individual elements can be added to the powder rather than bulk CIGS in order to correct any deficiencies found. After assessing the composition of the powder, individual elements could be added all of which could be melted to form a target or processed to become a target. The requirement of 120 g of powder can be reduced by refining the pressing process, further enhancing cost savings. This reclamation process is not limited to CIGS, but could be used for other photovoltaic compounds such as CZTS (Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4), CGS (CuGaSe.sub.2), CIS (CuInSe.sub.2), etc. The method could be applied without the HCl etching step, and in this case, the amounts of the other constituent elements added to the reclaimed material can be adjusted accordingly. The method could be applied to unbonded targets, and in this case there is no need to etch the targets in HCl to remove excess indium. The method could be applied to targets bonded in a method other than indium bonding, and in this case the bonding material could be removed mechanically or with an appropriate etchant.

(10) The following example is given to illustrate specific applications. These specific examples are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure in this application.

Example

(11) The original targets were made from stoichiometric bulk CIGS by heating high-purity precursors materials (>99.999%) in vacuum-sealed quartz ampoule. The bulk material was then ground into powder in an inert environment (<0.1 ppm O.sub.2, <0.1 ppm H.sub.2O) and hot pressed into a 3 inch diameter disc. Those discs were then machined to the required dimensions and indium bonded to copper backing plates.

(12) Once a target was completed it was placed in a water cooled magnetron sputtering gun where it was sputtered from to make devices until it was determined that too much material had been removed from the racetrack region to proceed without removing the indium bonding layer or copper backing plate.

(13) After removal from the gun the target was placed on a hot plate to melt the indium layer so the CIGS could be removed from its backing. After the backing plate had been removed there was still a significant amount of indium on the back side of the CIGS target left over from bonding.

(14) To remove the remaining indium the target was placed in an HCl bath. HCl, while stripping indium, does not affect the CIGS (Rockett et al., Near-surface defect distributions in Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2, Thin Solid Films, 431-432, 301-306 (2003)). After washing thoroughly with DI water the target was dried. The dried CIGS material was then combined with material from other similarly processed spent targets and ground in an inert environment. After weighing the resulting powder, stoichiometric bulk CIGS material was added to make up the difference between the amount obtained from reclaimed targets and the amount necessary to form a new target. The resulting power was pressed and processed in the same manner as the original target.

(15) During the initial runs using the original targets films were obtained that produced cell with efficiencies of around 10% (Frantz et al., Structural and Electronic Characteristics of Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2 Thin Films Sputtered From Quaternary Targets, 38th IEEE PVSC (2012)). After grinding the leftover material from those targets, the composition of the powder was examined by using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that although the composition did not match the initial composition (i.e. the original bulk CIGS's composition) exactly it was within reasonable range of what the initial target had been.

(16) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Normalized target compositions (in weight percentage) target Cu In Ga Se Cu/(Ga + In) Ga/(Ga + In) originals 1 0.7 0.34 2.0575 0.96 0.33 reclaimed 1 0.75 0.33 1.90 0.93 0.31

(17) Further, EDS showed the composition of the sputtered film obtained from the reformed target yielded films similar in composition to those deposited from the original target.

(18) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Film compositions (in atomic percentage) target Cu In Ga Se Cu/(Ga + In) Ga/(Ga + In) original 1 33.10 14.99 7.79 44.12 1.45 0.34 original 2 34.83 13.78 7.88 43.51 1.61 0.36 reclaimed 34.88 15.23 7.08 42.81 1.56 0.32

(19) Targets created by the same process as the original targets were placed in the same chamber as the reclaimed target and devices were made from both. All steps except the CIGS deposition were carried out in parallel. Examining the IV curves (FIG. 2) and data (Table 3) it is seen that similar efficiencies are obtained for both devices.

(20) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Data from device made from different targets target used Voc (mV) Jsc (mA/cm.sup.2) fill factor (%) efficiency (%) original 1 506 2 23.2 0.7 58.6 0.7 6.8 0.2 original 2 592 4 25 2 61 2 9.1 0.6 reclaimed 552 2 27 2 60 1 9.1 0.5

(21) These results suggest that the problem of wasted materials in CIGS quaternary sputtering can be overcome with simple reprocessing of waste material from spent targets.

(22) Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the claimed subject matter may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. Any reference to claim elements in the singular, e.g., using the articles a, an, the, or said is not construed as limiting the element to the singular.