Method and device for suppressing electrical fires in underground conduit

Abstract

A method and device for suppressing an electrical fire within an electrical wire carrying conduit. The device is a flexible receptacle containing an admixture of super absorbent polymer and water having substantially superior fire suppression and extinguishing properties that does not provide an electrically conductive environment. The receptacle is drawn though a conduit either before or after wires have been placed in the conduit, and the filled with the admixture. A sleeve may be placed over the receptacle to prevent breaching of the receptacle during installation. Once the receptacle and admixture is positioned within the conduit, should arcing or a buildup of heat occur, the receptacle will rupture and the admixture will cover the specific area. These particular properties and ratios of the admixture will enable electrical fires to be extinguished more rapidly and not flare back up. The admixture further encapsulates noxious and toxic gases associated with electrical fires.

Claims

1. A device for suppressing an electrical fire within an electrical conduit comprising: a receptacle constructed from a flexible material having a tubular shape from a continuous sidewall with a first end constructed and arranged to be drawn through an entry end to a length of electrical conduit containing a plurality of electrical wires and a second end juxtapositioned to the entry end of said electrical conduit; a hydrated super absorbent polymer fire suppressant which is electrically non-conductive positioned within said receptacle; a first clamp for sealing said first end and a second clamp for sealing said second end of said receptacle; wherein said receptacle is ruptured when an electrical wire is overheated indicative of a fire whereby said hydrated fire suppressant is released for suppression of the fire.

2. The device for suppressing an electrical fire according to claim 1, further comprising a sleeve positioned around said receptacle.

3. The device for suppressing an electrical fire according to claim 1, wherein said receptacle is formed of a material having elastic properties.

4. The device for suppressing an electrical fire according to claim 1, wherein the flexible material is selected from the group consisting of: rubber, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyisoprene, elastomers, polymers, microfibers or nanofibers.

5. The device for suppressing an electrical fire according to claim 1, wherein said receptacle is pressurized.

6. The device for suppressing an electrical fire within an electrical conduit according to claim 1, wherein said hydrated super absorbent polymer fire suppressant is mixed in a ratio of 1 to 5 pounds of dry super absorbent polymer with 20 to 40 gallons of water.

7. A device for suppressing an electrical fire within an electrical conduit comprising: a receptacle constructed from a flexible material having a tubular shape from a continuous sidewall with a first end constructed and arranged to be drawn through an entry end to a length of electrical conduit containing a plurality of electrical wires and a second end juxtapositioned to an entry end of said electrical conduit; a hydrated super absorbent polymer fire suppressant or compositions thereof which are electrically non-conductive, positioned within said receptacle; a first clamp for sealing said first end and a second clamp for sealing said second end of said receptacle with said hydrated fire suppressant in said receptacle; a sleeve positioned around said receptacle, wherein said sleeve and said receptacle is ruptured when an electrical wire is overheated indicative of a fire whereby said hydrated fire suppressant is released for suppression of the fire.

8. The device for suppressing an electrical fire according to claim 7, wherein the receptacle is constructed from a flexible material, the flexible material is selected from the group consisting of: rubber, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyisoprene, elastomers, polymers, microfibers or nanofibers.

9. The device for suppressing an electrical fire according to claim 7, wherein said sleeve is selected from the group consisting of: nylon, polyester, elastomers, polymers, microfibers or nanofibers.

10. The device for suppressing an electrical fire according to claim 7, wherein said receptacle is constructed from a material having elastic properties.

11. The device for suppressing an electrical fire within an electrical conduit according to claim 7, wherein said hydrated super absorbent polymer fire suppressant is mixed in a ratio of 1 to 5 pounds of dry super absorbent polymer with 20 to 40 gallons of water.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a conduit with an unfilled receptacle;

(2) FIG. 2 is FIG. 1 with electrical wires installed;

(3) FIG. 3 is FIG. 2 with a filled receptacle;

(4) FIG. 4 is a pictorial view of a conduit wherein an electrical arc causes a rupture of the filled receptacle;

(5) FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a sleeve with a receptacle installed;

(6) FIG. 6 is a pictorial view with the sleeve and receptacle placed within a conduit;

(7) FIG. 7 is a view depicting a filled receptacle with clamps; and

(8) FIG. 8 is a pictorial view of a conduit having end plugs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(9) While the present invention is susceptible of embodiment in various forms, there is shown in the drawings and will hereinafter be described a presently preferred, albeit not limiting, embodiment with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated.

(10) The present invention relates to a unique technique or method of extinguishing electrical fires and suppressing the spread of electrical fires. This unique technique utilizes a fire suppressant or compositions thereof in an amount sufficient to extinguish an electrical fire and suppress the spread of the electrical fire. The present invention utilizes fire suppressant or compositions thereof, such as, for example, biodegradable, super absorbent, aqueous based polymers. Examples of these polymers are: cross-linked modified polyacrylamides/potassium acrylate or polyacrylamides/sodium acrylate. Other suitable polymers include, albeit not limited to, carboxy-methylcellulose, alginic acid, cross-linked starches, and cross-linked polyamino acids. In some preferred embodiments, the fire suppressant is a dry powder or dry granules.

(11) The present invention relates to a device that is positioned within an electrical conduit for immediate fire suppression. Electrical fires present different and unique problems pertaining to how these fires should be extinguished and suppressed. Water is normally used to fight fires because it can quickly cool down the burning material, there is usually a large supply of it ready for use, and it is relatively inexpensive. However, water and electricity are harmful, if not deadly to individuals, when brought into contact with each other. Normally, when water hits an active electrical circuit or electrical component, it shorts out the circuit or component, which usually results in destruction of the circuit or component. Further, when individuals are in close proximity to the water contacting the electricity, there is a strong likelihood that the water will act as a conductor and conduct the electricity to the individuals, resulting in serious injury or death of the individuals. Since water spreads rapidly in all directions on surfaces, electricity which comes in contact with the water will be conducted to wherever the water flows. Because it is difficult to prevent water from flowing to certain areas, there is a strong likelihood that individuals will be injured or killed when they come in contact with this water.

(12) In some embodiments of the present invention, a fire suppressant or compositions thereof is placed with a receptacle that lines an electrical conduit. The fire suppressant or compositions thereof can be any known or conventional fire suppressants, including biodegradable, super absorbent, aqueous based polymers. Examples of these polymers are cross-linked modified polyacrylamides/potassium acrylate or polyacrylamides/sodium acrylate. Other suitable polymers include, albeit not limited to, carboxy-methylcellulose, alginic acid, cross-linked starches, and cross-linked polyaminoacids. Examples of known fire suppressants include without limitation, those marketed under the brand name of FIREICE, CEMDAL AQUA SHIELD, BARRICADE, THERMO-GEL, WILDFIRE AFG FIREWALL, BIOCENTRAL BLAZETAMMER, PHOS-CHEK INSUUL, and THERMO GEL. As used herein, a fire suppressant composition is meant to be inclusive of all components of the composition. In some embodiments, the fire suppressant composition comprises one or more fire suppressant compounds. In other embodiments, the fire suppressant composition comprises one or more common components of fire suppressant formulations, such as: fire suppressant salts, known or conventional fire suppressants, corrosion inhibitors, spoilage inhibitors, foaming agents, non foaming agents, flow conditioners, stability additives, thickening agents, pigments, or the like.

(13) In some embodiments, a conventional fire suppressant comprises penta-bromodiphenyl ether, octa-bromodiphenyl ether, deca-bromodiphenyl ether, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A ether, pentabromotoluene, 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether), tris(tribromophenoxy)triazine, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)phosphate (TCPP or TMCP), tris(1,2-dichloropropyl)phosphate (TDCP), 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-trimethylene bis(bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphate), melamine cyanurate, antimony trioxide Sb.sub.2O.sub.3 (ATO), boric acid, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide red phosphorous, 1,2-bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl glycidyl ether, tetrabromo phthalic anhydride, 1,2-bis(tetrabromo phthalimide) ethane, tetrabromo dimethyl phthalate, tetrabromo disodium phthalate, decabromodiphenyl ether, tetradecabromodi(phenoxyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane, bromo-trimethyl-phenyl-hydroindene, pentabromobenzyl acrylate, pentabromobenzyl bromide, hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl maleimide, hexabromo cyclododecane, N,N-1,2-bis(dibromonorbornyl dicarbimide) ethane, pentabromochloro-cyclohexane, tri(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate, bromo-styrene copolymer, tetrabromobisphenol A-carbonate oligomer, polypentabromobenzyl acrylate, polydibromophenylene ether; chlorinated flame retardants such as dechlorane plus, HET anhydride (chlorendic anhydride), perchloro pentacyclodecane, tetrachloro bisphenol A, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, hexachlorobenzene, chlorinated polypropylene, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer, chlorinated polyether, hexachloroethane; organic phosphorus flame retardants such as 1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol-di(neopentyl glycol)diphosphate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10 oxide, bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-phenyl phosphine oxide, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-phenyl phosphine oxide, phenyl(diphenyl sulfone) phosphate oligomer; phosphorus-halogenated flame retardants such as tris(2,2-di(bromomethyl)-3-bromopropyl)phosphate, tris(dibromophenyl)phosphate, 3,9-bis(tribromophenoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5,5]-3,9-di-oxo-undecane, 3,9-bis(pentabromophenoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5,5]-3,9-dioxo-undecane, 1-oxo-4-tribromophenoxycarbonyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, p-phenylene-tetrakis(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)-diphosphate, 2,2-di(chloromethyl)-1,3-propanediol-di(neopentyl glycol)diphosphate, 2,9-di(tribromo-neopentyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5,5]-3-,9-dioxo-undecane; nitrogen-based flame retardants or phosphorus-nitrogen-based flame retardants such as melamine, melamine cyanurate, melamine orthophosphate, dimelamine orthophosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melamine borate, melamine octamolybdate, cyanuric acid, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, 2,4-diamino-6-(3,3,3-trichloro-propyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-di(N-hydroxymethyl-amino)-6-(3,3,3-trichloro-propyl-1,3,5-triazine), diguanidine hydrophosphate, guanidine dihydrogen phosphate, guanidine carbonate, guanidine sulfamate, urea, urea dihydrogen phosphate, dicyandiamide, melamine bis(2,6,7-trioxa-phospha-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-oxo-4-methyl)-hydroxy-phosphate, 3,9-dihydroxy-3,9-dioxo-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane-3,9-dimelamine, 1,2-di(2-oxo-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxa-2-phosphacyclohexyl-2-amino) ethane, N,N-bis(2-oxo-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxa-2-phosphacyclohexyl)-2,2-m-phenylenediamine, tri(2-oxo-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxa-2-phosphacyclohexyl-2-methyl)amine, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene; and inorganic flame retardants such as red phosphorus, ammonium polyphosphate, diammonium hydrophosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, zinc phosphate, aluminum phosphate, boron phosphate, antimony trioxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, hydromagnesite, alkaline aluminum oxalate, zinc borate, barium metaborate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, aluminum borate whisker, ammonium octamolybdate, ammonium heptamolybdate, zinc stannate, stannous oxide, stannic oxide, ferrocenc, ferric acetone, ferric oxide, ferro-ferric oxide, ammonium bromide, sodium tungstate, potassium hexafluorotitanate, potassium hexafluorozirconate, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, cobalt carbonate, zinc carbonate, basic zinc carbonate, heavy magnesium carbonate, basic magnesium carbonate, manganese carbonate, ferrous carbonate, strontium carbonate, sodium potassium carbonate hexahydrate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, dolomite, basic copper carbonate, zirconium carbonate, beryllium carbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, cerium carbonate, lanthanum carbonate, guanidine carbonate, lithium carbonate, scandium carbonate, vanadium carbonate, chromium carbonate, nickel carbonate, yttrium carbonate, silver carbonate, praseodymium carbonate, neodymium carbonate, samarium carbonate, europium carbonate, gadolinium carbonate, terbium carbonate, dysprosium carbonate, holmium carbonate, erbium carbonate, thulium carbonate, ytterbium carbonate, lutetium carbonate, aluminium diacetate, calcium acetate, sodium bitartrate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, zinc acetate, strontium acetate, nickel acetate, copper acetate, sodium oxalate, potassium oxalate, ammonium oxalate, nickel oxalate, manganese oxalate dihydrate, iron nitride, sodium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, potassium nitrate, zirconium nitrate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, aluminum dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, zinc dihydrogen phosphate, manganese dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, potassium metaphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, ammonium hypophosphite, ammonium dihydrogen phosphite, manganese phosphate, dizinc hydrogen phosphate, dimanganese hydrogen phosphate, guanidine phosphate, melamine phosphate, urea phosphate, strontium dimetaborate hydrogen phosphate, boric acid, ammonium pentaborate, potassium tetraborate octahydrate, magnesium metaborate octahydrate, ammonium tetraborate tetrahydrate, strontium metaborate, strontium tetraborate, strontium tetraborate tetrahydrate, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, manganese borate, zinc borate, ammonium fluoroborate, ammonium ferrous sulfate, aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, ammonium aluminum sulfate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium hydrogen sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, cobalt hydroxide, bismuth hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, cerium hydroxide, lanthanum hydroxide, molybdenum hydroxide, ammonium molybdate, zinc stannate, magnesium trisilicate, telluric acid, manganese tungstate, manganite, cobaltocene, 5-aminotetrazole, guanidine nitrate, azobisformamide, nylon powder, oxamide, biuret, pentaerythritol, decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromo-phthalic anhydride, dibromoneopentyl glycol, potassium citrate, sodium citrate, manganese citrate, magnesium citrate, copper citrate, ammonium citrate, nitroguanidine.

(14) In some embodiments, the fire suppressant or compositions thereof is in dry form. In other embodiments, the fire suppressant or compositions thereof are hydrated. The fire suppressant or compositions thereof can be a liquid, foam, or semi-liquid form, such as, for example, a gel having varying viscosities.

(15) In some embodiments, a fire suppressant or compositions thereof comprises an aqueous admixture of super absorbent polymer and water having properties which enable the super absorbent polymer and water admixture to be confined to a particular area because of its relatively high viscosity. The properties of the admixture, in particular its viscosity, enable the admixture to remain on vertical, horizontal and curved surfaces formed by the conduit and wires placed therein. Unlike pure water, the admixture does not provide an electrically conductive path. In some embodiments, the present invention adds a predetermined amount of the super absorbent polymer to a predetermined amount of water to obtain an admixture which has properties that enable the admixture to suppress the spread of an electrical fire and extinguish any fire that has attached itself to the individual. In some embodiments, the amounts are from about 1 to 5 pounds of dry super absorbent polymer to about 20 to 40 gallons of water, the amount placed within the receptacles is dependent upon the volume of the receptacles.

(16) Currently, firefighters apply water to the electrical conduits which are on fire and which are typically adjacent to other conduits and components making it difficult to control where the water goes. This contact of water on electrical conduits/components that are not on fire results in substantial unnecessary damage to these conduits/components. In embodiments, the present invention enables a controlled dispersion of fire suppressant or compositions thereof, for example, a super absorbent polymer water mixture, to a specific area for the primary purpose of protecting suppressing the electrical fire at the immediate point of origin. The admixture adheres to the interior of the particular conduit, without affecting adjacent conduits/components. Thus, a substantial safety factor is gained because electrical conduits/components are not sprayed and the admixture is not conductive like water.

(17) Besides the risk of electrocution from using water to douse an electrical fire, water will not suppress the noxious and/or toxic gases produced by burning electrical wires, insulation and other components. In some embodiments, an admixture of potassium based super absorbent polymer, marketed under the trademark FIREICE, and water has physical and chemical properties which enable the admixture to entrap and retain the noxious and/or toxic gasses and prevent the release of these gases into the atmosphere. This is an important advantage that the present invention has over the prior art because it prevents the noxious and/or toxic gases from reaching and affecting the lineman and/or firefighters.

(18) When there are electrical fires in conduits, the firefighters contact the electrical utility to have the electrical power turned off so they can fight the fire. In rare instances, the electrical power is not turned off which may result in serious injury and/or death of the firefighters when they apply water to the electrical fire. In some embodiments, a fire suppressant or compositions thereof comprises properties such that the fire suppressant or compositions thereof will not readily flow or run from the area into which the fire suppressant or compositions thereof has been applied. Therefore, even in embodiments wherein the fire suppressant or compositions thereof contains water, when the fire suppressant or compositions thereof are applied to a live electrical wire or component, the electricity will not travel back to the firefighter because the fire suppressant or compositions thereof will remain in the immediate area where the fire suppressant or compositions thereof has been applied due to its physical properties and not travel down the conduit. In some embodiments, the fire suppressant or compositions thereof comprise a super absorbent polymer.

(19) Referring to FIG. 1, illustrated is a conduit 10 is depicted having a first end 12, a second end 14 and an interior cavity 16. An empty receptacle 18 having a first end 20 and a second 22 is illustrated having been drawn through the conduit by fish line 24. In operation, the first end 20 is drawn attached to a fish line which is pulled through the conduit. The fish line 24 is then pulled drawing the first end 20 through the conduit until it near the second end 14 of the conduit, preferable the first end 20 extends slightly beyond the second end 14. The second end 22 of the receptacle 18 is also placed adjacent to the first end 12, preferable the second end 22 extends slightly beyond the first end 12. The second end 22 is cut to size and tied off or otherwise sealed.

(20) The receptacle 18 is constructed from any natural or synthetic materials, including flexible, semi-flexible or combinations thereof. Flexible material such as latex, natural latex rubber, low density polypropylene, polyurethane, polyisoprene or other synthetic materials which have elastic properties can be used. The material selected is for its ability to be drawn through the conduit without tearing, and for its ability to hold the hydrated material over a long period of time without evaporation. In some embodiments, the flexible material comprises rubber, plastic, neoprene, poly tubing PVC, elastomers or combinations thereof. Useful elastomers include diene-rubbers, such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), cis-butadiene rubber (BR), natural rubber (NR); polyolefin plastomers, such as ethylene-butene, ethylene-hexene, and ethylene-octene plastomers; polyolefin elastomers, such as propylene-ethylene, propylene-hexene, ethylene-octene elastomers; and thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), such as hydrogenated styrene-butadiene (or isoprene) block copolymers, polyester, and polyamide TPE; and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the flexible material can include fibers which may further impart strength or flexibility. Micro- and nano-fibers useful in the materials of the present disclosure are of a flexible solid material and can be any known in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, glass, magnesium oxysulfate whiskers, wollastonite calcium metasilicate fibers, halloysite aluminosilicate nanotubes, carbon nanofibers (CNF), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), exfoliated graphites, graphenes, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

(21) The amount of fibers used in will vary depending on desired physical properties and performance characteristics. Typically, fibers are present in the composite at 10 wt % to 80 wt % based on the total weight of the composite. More typically, the fibers are present in the composite at from 15 wt % to 60 wt %. Yet more typically, the fibers are present in the composite at from 20 wt % to 50 wt %. Useful fibers have a diameter of about 1 nanometer (nm) to about 5 microns.

(22) In some embodiments, the receptacle comprises areas having a thinner wall or material having a lower melting temperature as to compared to the rest of the receptacle such that it melts or perforates when subjected to heat, e.g. an electrical fire, allowing for the fire suppressant or compositions thereof to extrude into the conduit and extinguishing the fire. In other embodiments, the receptacle comprises rigid ends. In other embodiments, the receptacle is constructed from one or more materials.

(23) In some embodiments, the receptacle can comprise any dimension and shape as long as the receptacle can fit into the conduits and extend throughout the length of the conduit in which the receptacle is being inserted. In some embodiments, the receptacle is collapsible and inflates when the fire suppressant or compositions thereof, are injected into the receptacle.

(24) Now referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, electrical lines 26 are drawn through the conduit in the conventional manner. Once the receptacle 18 is inserted, and after the electrical lines 26 are installed, a fire suppressant or compositions thereof, are placed into the receptacle 18. In one preferred embodiment the receptacle 18 is formed of plastic, preferably polypropylene. In an alternative embodiment the receptacle can be made of an elastic material, or have elastic provisions such as latex rubber wherein the receptacle 18 is pressurized. The amount of pressure can be less than 10 psi, the pressurization is to provide a flow of fluid toward the area that has burst due to a rupture caused by heat or fire. Once the fire suppressant or compositions thereof is inserted the receptacle is sealed on both ends. In some embodiments, the fire suppressant comprises a biodegradable, super absorbent, aqueous based cross linked modified polyacrylamides/potassium acrylate polymers. Other polymers may be used but not with the same quality level, examples of these polymers are cross-linked modified polyacrylamides/sodium acrylate, carboxy-methylcellulose, alginic acid, cross-linked starches, and cross-linked polyaminoacids. The fire suppressant or compositions thereof, is injected into the first end 20.

(25) The receptacle 18 is filled as shown in FIG. 3, expanding to fill the remaining space with the interior cavity 16. By allowing the first end 20 and the second end 22 to extend beyond the first and second conduit ends 12 & 14, the condition of the receptacle can be immediately determined. As illustrated in FIG. 4, a wire malfunction within the conduit creates either heat or an arc resulting in a burst 50 of the receptacle 18. Should the receptacle 18 have any elastic properties, the receptacle 18 would forcibly expel the admixture similarly to a popped balloon to saturate the area with the admixture. In some embodiments, the fire suppressant or compositions thereof, has a viscosity and is distributed in a manner to be contained within a specific area without spreading to adjacent areas. These properties enable electrical fires to be extinguished more rapidly and not flare back up.

(26) The fire suppressant volume can be monitored by simply looking at the first and second receptacle ends 20 & 22 to determine if the receptacle 18 has ruptured or otherwise lost the charge of material. Should the receptacle burst, the evaporation of any water would leave only the receptacle and fire suppressant within the conduit, neither of which is flammable or would otherwise affect the conduit.

(27) For example a 100 foot long conduit may hold about 5 gallons of a fire suppressant. The viscosity of the fire suppressant or compositions thereof can be such that the fire suppressant or compositions thereof will not move or migrate past the area into which it was introduced. Therefore, the fire suppressant or compositions thereof can be delivered to a specific area within the conduit and it will remain in that area and will not flow into other areas. Should the material be discharged, clean-up can be performed by vacuuming the material once dried.

(28) When the conduit may include items capable of causing a breach of the receptacle, such as when existing wires remain in the conduit, or the conduit may include burrs, a sleeve 30 is employed. The sleeve 30 is constructed from a fabric material such as nylon or polyester constructed to shield the receptacle 18 from damage but retain similar bursting reactions to heat and fire. In other embodiments, the sleeve is constructed from nylon, polyester, elastomers, polymers, microfibers, nanofibers or combinations thereof. The sleeve can be any shape or thickness, for example, a thin solid sheet so that the receptacle is completely shielded. In other embodiments, the sleeve, is perforated, webbed, shaped like a net, comprises bubbles, patterned surfaces, e.g. grooves and the like.

(29) As with the previous embodiment, the receptacle 18 is pulled through the conduit by use of a snake puller wherein the sleeve 30 simply adds a layer of protection. In this regard the receptacle 18 can remain a thin wall plastic material. Once the sleeve 30 and receptacle 18 has been positioned within the conduit 10 a first end 20 of the receptacle receives the fire suppressant or compositions thereof. The receptacle 18 is filled, expanding to fill the remaining space with the interior of the sleeve 30. By allowing the first end 20 and the second end 22 to extend beyond the first and second conduit ends 12 & 14, the condition of the receptacle 18 can be immediately determined, see FIG. 6. Once the receptacle 18 is filled the second end 22 is sealed closed by a clamp 32. The receptacle 18 is under little or no pressure so the material can be folded over and a clamp 32 used to releasably secure the hydrated polymer within the receptacle 18. Similarly, clamp 34 is used to seals the first end 20. In an alternative embodiment, the clamps 36 can be made of a biasing material to maintain pressure within the receptacle, see FIG. 7. The clamps 36 are of a length to capture a portion of the receptacle 18 and sleeve 30. When placed under a slight pressure, the receptacle 18 will expel the admixture at the point of breach. Placing slight pressure on the receptacle 18 further allows an instant inspection of the condition of the device. If the receptacle 18 has not been breached, the receptacle 18 will have a bloated type appearance. Should the system be discharged, the pressure would be lost and it will be recognized that a lines require immediate service. The biasing material can be plastic, steel or any type of device that operates like a clothes pin for clamping items together.

(30) By use of a flexible receptacle 18 having elastic properties, such as that provided by natural latex rubber, the receptacle 18 may be designed to expel the fire suppressant or compositions thereof similar to a popped balloon to saturate the area around the burst with the fire suppressant or compositions thereof. The fire suppressant or compositions thereof can be premixed or mixed on location without special tools or even the use of an electrical mixer.

(31) FIG. 8 depicts a conduit 30 having wires 26 drawn therethrough. In this embodiment the conduit is undersized, bent, or otherwise limited in passing through the fire suppressant filled receptacles. In this embodiment the conduit becomes the receptacle and each end is packed with a polyurethane expanding foam thereby sealing the fire suppressant within the conduit. Filling of the conduit can be performed by use of a conventional expandable fill port which is a flexible device that expands in width before releasing of the pressurize material, the expandable fill port sealing the conduit so that the fire suppressant or compositions thereof is forced into the conduit. Once filled, the polyurethane expanding foam is added to the ends of the conduit for sealing the material therein.

(32) In older cities, such as New York, many of the conduits are formed from wood and prohibitively expensive to replace. To suppress an electrical fire within a conduit the conduit is filled with a fire suppressant or compositions thereof and maintained within the conduit for at least one hour to assure the fire is removed. When the fire suppressant is used to suppress a fire in conduits made from wood, the use of a rodent repellant such as cayenne pepper can be included. Rodents remain adverse to peppers and the saturating of the conduit with pepper leaves a natural rodent repellant that will last for years. However, any commercially available rodent repellant may be used.

(33) The conduit 10 is then flushed with water and the damaged electrical wires repaired. The Applicant's flexible receptacle 18 is inserted into the conduit 10, the receptacle 18 having a length approximately equal to the length of the conduit 10. For conduits 10 of any length, a sleeve 30 having protective qualities is placed around the receptacle 18 to provide ease of drawing the receptacle 18 into the conduit 10. For instance, a sleeve 30 made from nylon provides a slippery surface that allows for ease of snaking through the length of the conduit 10 as well as protecting the receptacle 18 from tears or the like breaches.

(34) The receptacle 18 is then filled with a second fire suppressant or compositions thereof and each end of the receptacle 18 is sealed. When the receptacle 18 is breached due to heat indicative of a fire, the second fire suppressant is released at the point of breach. If the receptacle 18 includes an elastic material, the fire suppressant can be pressurized against the breach.

(35) Tests were carried out with a super absorbent polymer marketed under the trade name as FIREICE. The admixture is non-conductive and capable of suppressing harmful air emission released from electrical files.

(36) 1. Test Description

(37) A total of five field test air sampling collections were undertaken on Jan. 18, 2011, at the High Current Laboratory (HCL) to evaluate the air emissions released from the application of Applicant super absorbent polymer marked under the trademark FIREICE to artificially faults generated using copper and aluminum cables. The five test scenarios were air sampled for airborne metals and organics. The description of the tests is given in Table 1.

(38) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Test description Test # Shot # Test description Cable description 1 119 New cables with copper conductor artificially coned 500 kcmil Cu 600 V faulted to create arc with no FIREICE added. EAM/LSNH installed in Target fault current: 2 kA. coned precast concrete Fault duration: until fault self-extinguished. distribution box type B-3.6 2 120 New cables with copper conductor artificially coned 500 kcmil Cu 600 V faulted to create arc with FIREICE added at EAM/LSNH installed in the on-set of arc. coned precast concrete Target fault current: 2 kA. distribution box type B-3.6 Fault duration: until fault self-extinguished. 3 121 New cables with copper conductor artificially coned 500 kcmil Cu 600 V faulted to create arc with FIREICE added at EAM/LSNH installed in the on-set of arcthis was a repeat of test #2 coned precast concrete due to poor arc generation and non- distribution box type B-3.6 propagation of arc. Target fault current: 2 kA. Fault duration: until fault self-extinguished. 4 122 New cables with aluminum conductor coned 350 MCM Al 600 V artificially faulted to create arc with EPR installed in coned FIREICE precast concrete distribution added at the on-set of arc. box type B-3.6 5 123 New cables with aluminum conductor coned 350 MCM Al 600 V artificially faulted to create arc with EPR installed in coned FIREICE added to concrete box to cover precast concrete distribution faulted cables prior to high current being box type B-3.6 applied to create arc. Target fault current: 2 kA. Fault duration: until fault self-extinguished.

(39) In all the tests the cables were installed at the bottom of the concrete box, and the fault between the cables was created using a fuse wire. The approximate dimensions of the interior volume of the concrete box are: 333324. One calorimeter was installed above the concrete box to measure the incident energy generated by the fault.

(40) The sampling equipment consisted of five separate sampling trains, each with a sampling pump drawing air through various air sampling components using a calibrated mass flow controller to maintain constant flow. The sampling time for each train was two minutes during each of the 5 arc test scenarios. For each sampling train a flow rate was selected based on the type of air sample being collected. The five sampling trains consisted of the following components and the air flow rate utilized:

(41) 1. A sampling train consisting of a MCE (mixed cellulose ester) filter in a cartridge filter holder for aerosol collection generated during the arc. The air flow rate through the filter was set to 1 L/min.

(42) 2. A sampling train for organic compounds using two CARBOTRAP 300 sampling tubes in series (front-back arrangement) was placed with the front sampling tube inlet at the edge of the concrete bunker. The air flow rate for the organics sampling tube train was 0.050 L/min.

(43) 3. A sampling train consisting of three impingers in series with 1M nitric acid in the first two impingers and an empty third impinger was used to trap airborne metals. The metals train air flow rate was set to 0.50 L/min.

(44) 4. A sampling train identical to the one described in 3 but with 0.5M KOH added to the first two impingers and an empty third impinger was setup plus an additional CARBOTRAP 300 organic compound sampling train as described in 2 was added in series to the outlet of the last impinger. The air sampling flow rate was set to 0.251/min for this train.

(45) 5. A final sampling train consisting of 3 impingers in series as described in 3 but with KOH added to the first two impingers and an empty third impinger to capture acidic species possibly generated during the FIREICE tests. The air sampling flow rate was set to 0.25 L/min for this train.

(46) 2. Organic Compound Sampling ResultsCarbotrap 300 Tube Analyses

(47) The organic compounds released to air were captured using CARBOTRAP 300 tubes after the air sample passed through a KOH impinger train. The sampling flow rate was 0.25 L/min. The total mass of organic compounds collected during each of the five arc fault tests are given in Table 2. The organic compounds identified in the air samples are summarized in Table 3.

(48) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Total Mass of Organic Compounds Collected on CARBOTRAP 300 Sample Tubes and Estimated FIREICE Inhibition Ratio for Organic Compound Release Minimum Removal Total Mass of Organics Collected Efficiency Test Number & Description on CARBOTRAP 300 Tubes Compared to Test 1 1 Pair of New Neoprene Copper 615 CablesNo FIREICE Applied 2 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 189 3.2 Copper CablesFIREICE Added at On-Set of Arc 3 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 138 4.5 Copper CablesFIREICE Added at On-Set of Arc (Repeat) 4 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed No Organic Compounds >61.5* Aluminum CablesFIREICE Detected Added at On-Set of Arc 5 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed No Organic Compounds >61.5* Aluminum CablesFIREICE Detected Added Prior to Arc Generation Note: Assumed minimum removal efficiency is assumed to be >61.5 as detection limit for any single organic compound is 10 ng.

(49) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Organic Compounds Identified in High Flow Samples Organic Compounds Collected on CARBOTRAP Total Organic 300 Tubes Passage Compound Mass Test Number & Description Through KOH Impingers (Front + Back) (ng) 1 Pair of New Neoprene Copper ethane-l-chloro-1,1 difluoro* 48000* CablesNo FIREICE Added 2-butene, 2-methyl 18 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl 40 1,3 pentadiene 35 1,4 pentadiene 14 cyclopentane 23 1-pentene, 2-methyl 36 benzene 62 1,4-cyclohexadiene 25 3-hexen-l-ol 28 toluene 237 ethylbenzene 48 styrene** 2740** a-methyl styrene** 53** 2 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed ethane-l-chloro-1,1-difluoro 68* Copper CablesFIREICE- 1,3-butadiene 14 Added at On-Set of Arc 1-pentene, 2-methyl 21 propane, 2-methyl-1-nitro 31 3-heptene 8 benzene 62 butane, I-chloro-2-methyl 25 styrene** 99** unknown 28 3 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed ethane-l-chloro-1,1-difluoro 264* Copper CablesFIREICE- 1-propene, 2-methyl 16 Added at On-Set of Arc 1,3-butadiene 40 (Repeat) 2-butene, 2-methyl 12 1-pentene, 2-methyl 25 benzene 34 unknown 11 4 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed No organic compounds 0 Aluminum CablesFIREICE detected on both front and back Added at On-Set of Arc CARBOTRAP 300 tubes 5 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed No organic compounds 0 Aluminum CablesFIREICE identified on both front and Added Prior to Arc Generation back CARBOTRAP 300 Notes: *The ethane-1-chloro-1,1-difluoro is suspected to be contamination resulting from the partial decomposition of impinger train holder used during testing. The Freon HCFC 142b released during tests 1 to 3 is the trapped blowing agent used to make the closed cell foam. The foam was used to support and secure the impinger trains. Not included in organic compound mass reported. **The styrene and -methyl styrene are unintentional contaminants generated from the destruction of the aerosol filter holder used during the first arc fault Test-1. The filter- holder was too close to the arc-fault zone and did not survive Test-1. The styrene values are not included in organic compound mass reported.
Direct Air Sampling

(50) The total mass of organic compounds in the air samples collected directly on to CARBOTRAP 300 tubes during each of the five arc fault tests are given in Table 4. The organic compounds captured with the CARBOTRAP 300, tubes and subsequently detected during analysis are listed in Table 5. The sampling flow rate was 0.05 L/min.

(51) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Total Mass of Organic Compounds on Direct Air Sample onto CARBOTRAP 300 Tubes and FIREICE Inhibition Ratio Total Mass of Organics Minimum Removal Collected on. CARBOTRAP 300 Efficiency Compared to Test Number & Description Tubes (Front + Back) (ng) Test 1 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 1 Copper CablesNo FIREICE 158 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 2 Copper CablesFIREICE-Added 65 2.4 at On-Set of Arc Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 3 Copper CablesFIREICE-Added 15 >10 at On-Set of Arc (Repeat) Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 4 Aluminum CablesFireIce None Detected >15.8 Added at On-Set of Arc Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 5 Aluminum CablesFIREICE 10 15.8 Added Prior to Arc Generation

(52) The total organic compound concentration measured directly with the CARBOTRAP 300 tubes associated with the copper cable arc fault in Test-1 is estimated to be 1.6 mg/m3 without the application of FIREICE. For Test-2 through Test-5 the organic compound concentrations are estimated to be 0.6 mg/m3, 0.15 mg/m3, 0.0 mg/m3 and 0.1 mg/m3, respectively.

(53) The FIREICE application is effective in reducing organic emissions for both the copper cables and the aluminum cables. The removal efficiencies estimated in Table 2 and Table 4 compare well. The application of FIREICE reduces organic emissions when applied with the arc fault is active. The presence of external contamination confirms the effective organic sampling in the vicinity of the arc fault during the five tests.

(54) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Organic Compounds Identified in Direct Air Samples Collected on CARBOTRAP 300 Tubes Organic Compounds Collected Organic Compound Test Number &Description on CARBOTRAP 300 Mass (ng/tube) 1 Pair of New Neoprene Copper Ethane-l-chloro-1,1 difluoro* 53* CablesNo FIREICE Added 1-pentene, 2-methyl 15 Benzene 64 toluene** 41 Styrene 70 methyl styrene** 217* isobutyl nitrile 11 propane, 2-methyl-1-nitro 14 unknown 13 2 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 1-propene, 2-methyl 8 Copper CablesFIREICE- 1,3 butadiene 16 Added at On-Set of Arc 2-butene, 2-methyl 8 1-pentene, 2-methyl 23 unknown 10 3 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 1-pentene, 2-methyl 15 Copper CablesFIREICE- Added at On-Set of Arc (Repeat) 4 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed No organic compounds detected 0 Aluminum CablesFIREICE on both front and back Added at On-Set of Arc CARBOTRAP 300 tubes 5 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed No organic compounds 0 Aluminum CablesFIREICE identified on both front and back Added Prior to Arc Generation CARBOTRAP 300 tubes Unknown peak (Front tube only) 10 Notes: *The ethane-l-chloro-1,1-difluoro is suspected to be contamination resulting from the partial decomposition of impinger train holder used during testing. The Freon HCFC 142b released during testing is the trapped blowing agent used to make the closed cell foam. The foam was used to support and secure the impinger trains. The Freon was not included in organic compound mass reported. **The styrene and -methyl styrene are unintentional contaminants generated from the destruction of the aerosol filter holder used during the first arc fault Test-1. The filter- holder was too close to the arc-fault zone and did not survive Test-1. The styrene values are not included in organic compound mass reported.

(55) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Metals Analysis Results (PPM) Filter Pack Sampling~2m Above Arc Fault Met- Blank Test Test Test Test al (Avg) 2 (Cu) 3 (Cu) 4 (Al) 5 (Al) Al <0.5 3.15 6.81 1.48 <0.5 Ca 2.15 1.80 4.96 2.52 1.93 Cu <1.5 94.8 312 1.98 <1.5 Fe <0.25 <0.25 2.85 <0.25 <0.25 K 67 68 39 28 23 Mg 0.19 8.4 18.9 0.25 <0.1 Na <2.5 <2.5 5.8 <2.5 <2.5 P <1 <1 1.2 <1 <1 S <1 <1 3.7 <1 <1 Si <1 4.3 20.5 <1 <1 Ag <0.005 <0.005 0.007 <0.005 <0.005 As <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 B <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Ba 0.007 0.012 0.022 0.008 0.006 Bi <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Be <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Cd <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Co <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Cr <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Cs <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Li <0.005 <0.005 0.013 <0.005 <0.005 Mn 0.005 0.006 0.053 0.007 0.006 Mo <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Ni 0.010 0.013 0.024 0.016 0.011 Pb <0.005 1.93 4.79 0.063 0.015 Sb 0.003 2.17 5.19 0.072 0.017 Se <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Sn 0.029 0.036 0.028 0.006 0.005 Sr 0.007 0.006 0.028 0.009 0.006 Th <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Ti 0.151 0.122 0.309 0.007 0.007 Th <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 W <0.005 <0.005 <0:005 <0.005 <0.005 Zr <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 V <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Zn 0.037 1.22 3.02 0.054 0.042 Hg <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 U <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

(56) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Metals Analysis Results (PPM) from Acid Impinger Sampler Train Test l Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Metal MDL (Cu) (Cu) (Cu) (Al) (Al) Al <0.01 0.145 0.272 0.330 0.328 0.640 Ca <0.01 0.485 1.30 0.388 0.523 0.094 Cu <0.01 0.22 0.918 0.816 0.66 0.062 Fe <0.005 0.02 0.056 0.023 0.028 0.025 K <0.01 1.24 0.896 0.644 77.8 13000 Mg <0.002 0.042 0.134 0.056 0.318 0.012 Na <0.05 0.951 0.727 1.78 0.905 10.5 P <0.02 <0.02 0.049 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 S <0.05 0.043 0.070 0.099 0.043 0.504 Si <0.1 0.303 0.48 1.10 0.49 21.4 Ag <0.0001 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.002 As <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 B <0.025 0.853 0.638 1.61 0.922 2.88 Ba <0.0001 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.002 Bi <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Be <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Cd <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0002 <0.0001 Co <0.0001 0.0001 0.0004 <0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 Cr <0.0001 0.0007 0.0009 0.0006 0.0006 0.019 Cs <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.002 0.819 Li <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.004 Mn <0.0001 0.001 0.002 0.0006 0.0010 0.015 Mo <0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0020 Ni <0.0001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 Pb <0.0001 0.003 0.003 0.008 0.009 0.008 Sb <0.001 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.003 <0.001 Se <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.004 Sn <0.0001 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0005 0.0020 Sr <0.0001 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.001 Th <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Ti <0.0001 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.014 Tl <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 W <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0001 0.037 Zr <0.0001 0.0002 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.027 V <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0002 Zn <0.0001 0.01 0.009 0.01 0.021 0.003 Hg <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 U <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001

(57) A 2-liter air sample was taken through a filter pack at about 2 meters above each arc test. Each available exposed filter was analyzed for metals and other elements. The results for 38 element analyses are presented in Table 6.

(58) Some key observations are noted from filter analysis for the Test-2 through Test-5 data available in Table 6: A key result noted is the below detection of aluminum for Test 5 compared to a measurable detection in Test 4. Both tests used new aluminum cables for the arc fault but in the Test 5 case the fault zone was encapsulated in FIREICE prior to arc fault generation whereas for Test 4 the arc fault was initiated into air and then FIREICE was added to quench the arc fault. The lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and calcium (Ca) results add confirmation to the reduction of released metals with the arc fault encapsulated.

(59) The counter ion for FIREICE is potassium (K). For all four arc fault tests, the filter analysis did not detect potassium above the nominal background concentration of potassium present on the filter prior to exposure. This is evidence that FIREICE did not undergo detectable degradation during the arc faults where FIREICE was applied.

(60) Test 2 and Test 3 were essentially duplicate tests using new neoprene jacketed copper cables for the arc fault with Test 3 having the more sustained arc fault. The procedure for applying FIREICE was the same for both tests. At the on-set of the arc fault the addition of FIREICE was begun and continued until the concrete cell was about full. For the more sustained arc fault (Test 3) the key metals from the vaporized copper cable as measured with the filter pack were about 3 to 4 times higher than the metals released in the much shorter arc period of Test 2. Key metals released were aluminum (1.7%), copper (80%), magnesium (4.8%), zinc (0.8%), lead (1.2%), calcium (1.3%) and antimony (1.3%) with remaining components at <1% to only present at trace levels.

(61) The estimated airborne total metals concentration for Test 3 is 0.17 g/m.sup.3 and for Test 2 is 0.058 g/m.sup.3. Similarly for the aluminum cables the estimated airborne total metals concentration for Test 4 is 0.003 g/m.sup.3 and for Test 5 is 0.001 g/m.sup.3.

(62) For comparison the Ontario Ministry of Labor time-weighted average exposure concentration (TWAEC) for a variety of fumes and particulate, ranges from 0.003 to 0.01 g/m.sup.3 for 40-hr work week and for short term exposures, the particulate concentrations range from 0.005 to 0.02 g/m.sup.3 for a maximum 15 minute continuous exposure depending on the fume and particulate present.

(63) Observations from the metals train analysis for Tests 1 through 5 are summarized below and are based on the metal/element analysis data present in Table 7.

(64) The high level of potassium in the Test 5 results were from the entrainment of airborne FIREICE into the first impinger as the arc generated gas that ejected some of the FIREICE material into the air. This is confirmed by the increase in silica, sodium and sulfur.

(65) For Test 4 a significant level of copper (0.66 ppm) is measured as copper residue from Tests 1 to 3 is released during the aluminum cable arc fault. However in Test 5 very little copper is detected (>10 less detected 0.062 ppm) with the FIREICE encapsulating the arc fault zone. This also confirmed by the similar reduction in magnesium detected.

(66) The impinger samples collected similar amounts of metals for the copper cable arc fault tests. The metal concentration levels were and are given in Table 7.

(67) The application of FIREICE to neoprene jacketed copper and aluminum cables is effective in reducing airborne organic compounds and also airborne metals. Removal efficiencies from 2 times to greater than 15 times can be expected when added to an active arc fault. For a FIREICE encapsulated arc fault greater than 60 times removal of metals and arc generated arc products is possible based on the five tests performed. The optimum admixture is ratio of 100 grams of FIREICE to 2.5 gallons of clean clear water.

(68) All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

(69) It is to be understood that while a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangement herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown and described in the specification and any drawings/figures included herein.

(70) One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments, methods, procedures and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments, are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the appended claims. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.