SYSTEM, DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF FOULING PRECIPITATES FROM FILTRATION MEMBRANES

Abstract

There is provided a system for the removal of scaling precipitants obtained due to dewatering a solution including i. at least one membrane, such as FO membrane adapted to be at least partially surrounded by a feed solution and to receive a flow through of a draw solution; and ii. a device adapted to control the flow of said draw solution through said at least one membrane; wherein said system is configured to operate in at least three predetermined different modes of operation including; filtration mode, osmotic relaxation mode and pulsation mode, according to some demonstrative embodiments.

Claims

1. A system for dewatering a solution including i. at least one membrane, adapted to be at least partially surrounded by a feed solution and to receive a flow through of a draw solution; and ii. a device adapted to control the flow of said draw solution through said at least one membrane; wherein said system is configured to operate in at least three different predetermined modes of operation including; filtration mode, osmotic relaxation mode and pulsation mode.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one membrane includes a membrane configuration.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein said membrane configuration is adapted to be partially or completely submerged in a vessel, such as solar evaporation pond.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least three predetermined different modes of operation include 55 minutes of operation in filtration mode; 4 minute operation in osmotic relaxation mode; and 1 minute of operation in pulsation mode.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein said pulsation mode includes applying 2-10 pulses, wherein the amplitude (vacuum) of each pule is 0.2-0.9 bar.

6. A device for controlling the flow of a draw solution through at least one membrane including at least one controller, at least one timer and at least one sensor analyzer

7. The device of claim 6, wherein said at least one membrane includes a membrane configuration.

8. The device of claim 7, wherein said membrane configuration is adapted to be at least partially surrounded by a solution.

9. The device of claim 6, wherein controlling the flow of the draw solution through at least one membrane includes commencing or stopping an action of suction and/or pumping of said draw solution.

10. The device of claim 9, wherein said controller is configured to determine one or more parameters, including number of pulses, frequency, amplitude and the like according to precipitation intensity

11. The device of claim 10, wherein said timer is configured to indicate the specific predetermined time intervals in which said controller is to commence or stop the action of suction and/or pumping.

12. The device of claim 6, wherein said sensor analyzer is configured to measure the pulsing amplitude.

13. A method for dewatering a solution including processing a draw solution through at least one membrane in at least three predetermined different modes of operation including; filtration mode, osmotic relaxation mode and pulsation mode, wherein said membrane is adapted to be at least partially surrounded by a feed solution.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein said FO membrane is adapted to be at least partially or completely submerged in a vessel or in a solar evaporation pond.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein said osmotic relaxation mode includes a period of stop of flow of said draw solution between 1 minute and one hour.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein said stop of flow period is determined according to the precipitation intensity.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein said pulsation mode includes applying a transmembrane pressure (feed pressure minus draw pressure) from negative to zero for a period of 1 second to one minutes, according to the precipitation intensity.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] The present invention will become fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of illustration and example only, and thus not limiting in any way, wherein:

[0044] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system for dewatering of solutions in which precipitation is occurring, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0045] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a device for pumping solution into an FO membrane, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0046] FIGS. 3A-3C are images of an exemplary membrane in various modes of operation in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments described herein.

[0047] FIGS. 4a and 4b are illustrations of an exemplary line according to a preliminary full scale gravity head driven plant design in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments described herein.

[0048] FIG. 5 demonstrates an End Brine (draw solution) mass change as a function of time applying mass transfer recovery due to osmotic relaxation followed by pulsation, according to some embodiments of the present invention

[0049] FIG. 6 demonstrates water flux as a function of time, applying osmotic relaxation every ?1 h, according to some embodiments of the present invention

[0050] FIGS. 7A and 7B show CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation results of NaCl particles leaving the membrane surface according to the present invention. FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic isometric and front view illustrations of single Commercial Sized Plate Test System Design and Engineering, according to some demonstrative embodiments.

[0051] FIG. 8 demonstrates water flux as a function of time, applying osmotic relaxation every ?1 h, of various membranes (such as embedded and non-embedded support Cellulose triacetate (CTA), and embedded support thin film composite (TFC)), according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0052] FIG. 9 illustrates a series of images showing scaling during FO operation, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0053] According to some demonstrative embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a system, device and method that could be applied to concentrating solution due to dewatering, in which precipitation is occurring, in partto FO technique.

[0054] According to some demonstrative embodiments, the system, device and method described herein may be applied to equipment and procedures of concentration of solutions through membranes, such as FO membrane, in which precipitation occurs. According to some embodiments, the procedures for concentration of solutions, for example, procedures using FO concentration, described herein may include a multi stage concentration of brines, e.g., brines precipitating first NaCl, and at the next stageprecipitate Carnallite.

[0055] In some demonstrative embodiments, the mentioned crystallization may typically cause quick and/or complete blocking membrane surfaces, resulting in mass transfer reduction and in some cases causing an irreversible mechanical damage of the membrane.

[0056] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided a method for removing scaling precipitants from membrane surfaces, in partFO membranes.

[0057] According to some embodiments, the method may be used to effectively remove precipitants from membrane surfaces, and as a result, recover filtration performance that could be lost due to the occurrence of such precipitants and/or foulants.

[0058] According to some demonstrative embodiments, the method may include a combination of temporarily stopping the filtration driving forces optionally followed by flexing the membrane with a change of transmembrane pressure that may result in the reduction of precipitants adherence to the membrane surface, in the case when the adherence is caused by mainly mechanical factors.

[0059] According to some demonstrative embodiments, the precipitation may be a by-product inducing membrane scaling, or it may be a desired product while the invention describes an application to crystallizer.

[0060] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided a device for automatically controlling the recovery of a membrane performance, for example FO membrane. According to some embodiments, the device may include at least one component adapted to control the flow of solution(s) through the membrane.

[0061] According to some embodiments, at least one component adapted to control the flow of solution(s) through the membrane, such as FO membrane may stop and commence the flow of the solution predetermined time intervals, to enable and/or cause any precipitants to lose adherence to the membrane surface.

[0062] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided a system for dewatering of solutions in which precipitation is occurring, wherein the system includes at least one membrane and at least one solution pumping mechanism, wherein at least one membrane is adapted to be surrounded by a liquid solution, e.g., to be partially or completely submerged in a vessel or in a solar evaporation pond.

[0063] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided a method for dewatering precipitating solutions by membrane technique, such as forward osmosis, in which precipitants may be released from the membrane configuration, such as plate, surface by periodically stopping flow of draw solution for a short period, then fluctuating the pressure of the draw, causing crystals to release from the membrane.

[0064] As mentioned, the transmembrane pressure is varied by the predetermined number of pulses within the predetermined range of values during the predetermined time interval provided accordingly to the predetermined frequency of the osmotic relaxation.

[0065] According to some demonstrative embodiments, an electromagnetic valve may be implemented in the system, device and/or method described herein and may enable up to 10 Hz pulsing frequency, i.e. up to 10 pulses per second. This may multiply proportionally the number of possible pulses, an application of electromagnetic valves jointly with an appropriate controller may considerably expand the ranges and improve the operational flexibility of the invention.

[0066] For instance, according to some demonstrative embodiments the duration of no draw flow to the membrane element is between 1 minute and one hour. The transmembrane pressure (feed pressure minus draw pressure) is relaxed from negative to zero for a period of 1 second to one minute, and may be cycled from negative to zero between 2 and 10 times. The osmotic relaxation frequency may vary between one per 30 min. of filtration mode to one per several hours of filtration mode.

[0067] According to some demonstrative embodiments the membrane elements may include a membrane configuration, such as plate, arrangement including parallel membrane configuration, such as flat plates, with substantially open feed channels so that crystals released from the membrane are not lodged in the system but are carried away for the further separation from the feed fluid.

[0068] According to some demonstrative embodiments, instead of a standard spiral or tubular configuration, the system of the present invention may use flat sheet membrane in a configuration which has a substantially open feed channel, as shown in FIG. 1.

[0069] According to some demonstrative embodiments the plate arrangement may include a gap between the plates between 0.5 cm and 2 cm.

[0070] According to some embodiments, the solution to be dewatered (feed solution) flow across the membrane surface of the plates while a high osmotic strength draw solution flows in a gap between the membranes and the plate structural piece. The draw solution may be kept at a pressure lower than that of the feed solution and there is a fine support structure in the gap between the membrane and the plate to maintain the gap dimensions.

[0071] In some demonstrative embodiments, the method of the present invention may include a process in which during membrane dewatering the concentration polarization effect may cause the highest concentrations of dissolved species in the feed to be at the membrane surface, e.g., if the solution is saturated in any salt, there might be an inherent tendency for precipitants to grow on the membrane surface. In addition, the scaling precipitants, such as crystals, adhere to the membrane surface due to the hydrodynamic force caused by water transfer flow. Initially the effect of membrane blocking is relatively minor, but the further growing of the scaling precipitants (e.g. crystals) due to the filtration eventually might result in crystals accumulating into agglomerates, completely blocking water transport.

[0072] In some demonstrative embodiments, the invention includes periodic release of crystals from the membrane surface being swept away for the further removal, as explained in details herein.

[0073] According to some demonstrative embodiments, the method may consist of halting the flow of draw solution to the membrane. In regions where salt crystals are blocking the membrane, even a minor back pulse may cause membrane flexing and thus cause the release of crystals from the surface. Typically some crystals, or their agglomerates, may remain attached to the membrane due to viscous effects, however if the negative pressure on the draw solution is turned on and off, once or several times at the predetermined amplitude and frequencies described above, the membrane flexes slightly and finally the crystals fall off. In addition, as visually observed, the agglomerates are finally falling also due to gravitational force.

[0074] According to some embodiments, the process of water removal leading to a crystal growth followed by a short period of osmotic relaxation and pulsation leading to crystal removal may be repeated on a regular schedule. The further removal of crystals from the solution can be performed by gravity settling or coarse micro- or ultra-filtration, etc. Reference is now made to FIG. 1 depicting a schematic illustration of a system 100 for dewatering of solutions in which precipitation is occurring, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0075] System 100 includes a membrane 102, for example FO membrane, at least partially surrounded by a liquid solution, e.g., partially or completely submerged in a feed Solution 104 (Also referred to herein as DS).

[0076] As shown in FIG. 1, System 100 also includes at least one passage tubes 108 and pumping device 112, adapted to pump from draw solution 106.

[0077] According to some demonstrative embodiments, upon activation of system 100, pumping device 112 may cause the transfer of draw solution 106 through FO membrane 102 via at least one passage tubes 108, e.g., using suction and/or pumping mechanisms.

[0078] According to some demonstrative embodiments, passage of draw solution 106 through FO membrane 102 leads to a process of filtration, such as forward osmosis causing water from DS 104 to pass through FO membrane 102 via passage tubes 108. This dilutes draw solution exits the membrane via passage tubes 108.

[0079] Upon the activation of system 100 for a sustained period of time, undesired precipitants may precipitate on the surface of FO membrane 102, causing a reduced performance of system 100 due to the diminished passage of water from DS 104 into passage tubes 108 through the membrane.

[0080] According to some demonstrative embodiments, and as explained in detail below with regard to FIG. 2, system 100 may include pumping device 112 which may cause the transfer of draw solution 106 through FO membrane 102 via at least one passage tubes 108, e.g., using suction and/or pumping mechanisms.

[0081] In some demonstrative embodiments, pumping device 112 may be adapted to stop the action of suction and/or pumping of draw solution 106 in order to enable the removal of scaling precipitants from the membrane surface 102.

[0082] According to some demonstrative preferred embodiments of the present invention, stopping the draw solution flow, and applying at least one, and preferably few pulses using the pump (creating vacuum in our case) may facilitate the removal of scaling precipitants from the FO membrane. According to some embodiments, system 100 may include a flow stopper 116 adapted to initiate or stop the flow of draw solution 106 to membrane plate 102 or alternatively, to a membrane configuration.

[0083] According to some demonstrative embodiments, the term membrane configuration as referred to herein may include at least one plate including two or more FO membranes on the sides of the plate. e.g., a single membrane on each side of the plate, adapted, for example, to enable a better osmosis process and/or provide higher yield.

[0084] According to some embodiments, system 100 may include an enhanced stop flow mechanism, wherein flow stopper 116 may stop the flow of draw solution 106 and pumping device 112 keeps on the action of suction and/or pumping, thereby creating a vacuum like effect which may improve the removal of scaling precipitants from the surface of membrane 102, e.g., due to the further pulsation and membrane flexing.

[0085] Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which schematically illustrates a device 112 (FIG. 1) for pumping draw solution into a membrane, e.g., an FO membrane, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0086] As shown in FIG. 2, device 112 is connected to passage tubes 108, before or after the position of a membrane (not shown in this Fig.) and may be adapted to commence or stop an action of suction and/or pumping of a solution into the membrane or to a membrane configuration.

[0087] As shown in FIG. 2, device 112 may include at least one controller 202, at least one timer 204 and optionally at least one sensor analyzer 206, measuring the pulsing amplitude (for instance vacuum).

[0088] According to some demonstrative embodiments, controller 202 may control the commence or stop an action of suction and/or pumping, e.g., by electrically turning a pump (not shown in the Fig.) on or off, respectively. According to some embodiments, the controller 202 may be used to determine one or more parameters, including number of pulses, frequency, amplitude and the like according to precipitation intensity.

[0089] For example after 55 minutes of filtration (operational), controller 202 may stop the flow of draw solution there by initiating a 4 minute osmotic relaxation, followed by a 1 minute pulsation while applying 2-10 pulses, wherein the amplitude (vacuum) might be 0.2-0.9 bar, preferably, 0.2-0.5 bar, more preferably 0.2-0.3 bar.

[0090] The controller may be connected to a timer 204, wherein timer 204 may indicate the specific predetermined time intervals in which the controller is to commence or stop the action of suction and/or pumping.

[0091] According to some demonstrative embodiments, timer 204 may include any specialized type of clock for measuring time intervals, including for example. Mechanical timers, Electromechanical timers, Electronic timers. Software applications, etc.

[0092] According to some demonstrative embodiments, timer 204 may be set to the predetermined time intervals in order to facilitate the removal of scaling precipitants from the membrane surface (Not shown in FIG. 2).

[0093] According to some demonstrative embodiments, the intervals may range between 30 minutes working time of device 112 (due to filtration) and 1 minute stop work (also referred to herein as Osmotic Relaxation) of device 112, to 6,000 minutes working time of device 112 and 60 minutes osmotic relaxation of device 112 every cycle. Preferably, the intervals include 55 minutes of work of device 112 and 5 minutes of stop work of device 112 every hour.

[0094] In accordance with some demonstrative embodiments, the operation of device 112 may be combined with the operation of flow stopper 116 (not shown in FIG. 1), wherein flow stopper 116 may stop the flow of draw solution 106 and device 112 keeps on working and creating suction, thereby creating a vacuum effect and thus in the pulsation stageenhancing the removal of scaling precipitants from the membrane surface 102 (Not shown in FIG. 2).

[0095] Additional preferable time intervals may include

TABLE-US-00001 Operational Osmotic Pulsation stage Pulse Number stage duration relaxation duration amplitude of (min) stage (min) (min) (bar) pulses 120 10 1 0.2-0.3 1 55 4 1 0.2-0.3 1 55-6,000 1-60 1-60 0.1-0.9 1-50 210 5 15 Not Not Known Known 210 5 60 Not Not Known Known 55 5 0.6-0.7 5-6 55 5 0.9 5-6 120 20 0.6-0.7 5-6 120 10 0.6-0.7 5-6 120 5 0.6-0.7 5-6 90 5 0.6-0.7 5-6

[0096] In some embodiments, device 112 may include and/or be controlled by a PC, a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication device, a cellular telephone, a Personal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a wired or wireless handheld device (Samsung, iPhone, Blacklerry, Palm Treo, etc.), a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) device, or other similar devices.

[0097] Reference is now made to FIGS. 3A-3C which are images of an exemplary membrane in various modes of operation in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments described herein.

[0098] As explained hereinabove, the system, device and method described herein enable an operation in at least three different modes of operation including; filtration mode, osmotic relaxation mode and pulsation mode, for example a 3.5 h filtration, e.g., a Forward Osmosis process (the results of which are shown in FIG. 3A), followed by Osmotic Relaxation and pulsation, e.g., to enable the loss of adherence to the membrane surface by the undesired precipitants. FIG. 3B shows the results of osmotic relaxation and pulsation performed for a duration of 15 minutes. FIG. 3C shows the results of osmotic relaxation and pulsation performed for a duration of 60 minutes.

[0099] FIGS. 4a and 4b are illustrations of an exemplary line according to a preliminary full scale gravity head driven plant design in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments described herein.

[0100] FIG. 5 demonstrates an End Brine (draw solution) mass change as a function of time applying mass transfer recovery due to osmotic relaxation, according to some embodiments of the present invention

[0101] FIG. 6 demonstrates water flux as a function of time and osmotic relaxation according to some embodiments of the present invention and shows the gross flux evolution through ?46 operational h. The average flux evaluated at the end of the test was 2.02 LMH. Driving force reduction during the FO process (due to feed solution concentration and draw solution dilution, results in a final averaged flux much lower compared with the initial one. This causes a basic loss of performance. The target of the current invention is to prevent an extra performance loss occurred due to membrane blocking. Past comparative test demonstrated the final flux be much higher in the case of the described invention application.

[0102] According to some demonstrative embodiments, FIGS. 7A and 7B demonstrate schematic isometric and front view illustrations of an exemplary model including a single commercial sized plate test system crossflow CFD simulation: 0.5 mm NaCl particle trajectories colored by velocity. According to some embodiments, the model predicts 84% of solids leaving membrane surface accumulate at bottom of left tank while 16% exit the 8 in pipe and are recirculated.

[0103] Reference is now made to FIG. 8 which demonstrates water flux as a function of time, applying osmotic relaxation every ?1 h, of various membranes (such as embedded and non-embedded support Cellulose triacetate (CTA), and embedded support thin film composite (TFC)), according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0104] Applying the present invention on embedded support CTA membrane showed final fluxes of 2.02 LMH and 1.94 LMH during ?46 h and 48 h of operation, respectively. Using embedded support TFC and not-embedded support CTA membranes in the same test conditions during ?24 h resulted in relatively low final flux of 1.53 LMH and 0.86 LMH.

[0105] Reference is now made to FIG. 9 which illustrates a series of images showing scaling during FO operation, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments described herein.

[0106] FIG. 9 demonstrates that within two hours of operation, scaling precipitants (salts) can be seen accumulating on the surface of the membrane.

Example 1

[0107] An experiment has been conducted in the dewatering of saturated salt solutions from the Dead Sea of ?28% TDS targeting salt harvesting. Currently the Dead Sea is a source of a significant part of the world's agricultural potassium. Water is pumped from the Dead Sea to a cascade of large evaporation ponds where different salts crystallize in series. Sodium chloride immediately starts a precipitation with water evaporation due to the Dead Sea being at NaCl saturation point. The salt carnallite (KCl.MgCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O) is of a particular value because comprises the final product KCl. Most of NaCl containing in the brine should be crystalized prior to the carnallite precipitation. After the carnallite precipitates, a highly salinized brine (EBEnd Brine) remains, comprising mainly CaCl.sub.2 and MgCl.sub.2 of ?35 wt. % TDS. This brine is depleted back to the Dead Sea.

[0108] The production rate of Carnallite should be enhanced, however, unfortunately no extra evaporation area is available. In addition the removed water should be recycled back to the Dead Sea in order to keep the hydrological balance preventing the negative impact on the Dead Sea level. Therefore the forward osmosis application dewatering the Dead Sea brine (DS) has been studied. The draw solution is the EB, the highly concentrated brine containing mainly CaCl.sub.2 MgCl.sub.2. The EB flows from the final evaporation pond. The EB should draw water from the feed (DS) pumping to the first evaporation pond. The removed water should dilute the draw solution before it returns back to the sea. Water removal should cause NaCl precipitation from the feed.

?50 hour test with DS as the feed solution and with EB as the draw solution yielded a final averaged flux of ?1.94 LMH, which provides a principle feasibility of the presented invention
During the osmotic relaxation process in the ?50 hour test, the feed to solution (DS) recirculation continues at normal. A vacuum is pulled on the draw side of the membrane with the EB recirculation pump by closing the inlet valve towards the plate. Once 0.6 bar vacuum is achieved, the EB pump is stopped and the plate is completely isolated by finally closing the outlet valve. The vacuum is held for the desired relaxation time. Once the predetermined relaxation time interval is completed both valves are opened and the EB flow restarted. The majority of crystals are immediately swept away by the DS crossflow. The few residual remaining crystals that are still adhered to the membrane are encouraged to leave the surface by pulsing a vacuum several times using the inlet valve. This process is relatively robust and reliable however is non-optimized yet.

Example 2

[0109] Following completion of the first ?50 hour test, the membrane plate was drained and removed from the tank, and placed into a sealed bag prior to further testing.

[0110] Preparation of brines: The used EB and DS brines were recovered for reuse. The End Brine was heated to 55? C. and aerated for 3 days in order to evaporate the 17.5 L of water that was drawn during the past test. The Dead Sea water was heated to 55? C. and had 17.5 L of water added to it. Continuous mixing was used to completely dissolve all the solids that had precipitated during the previous test.

Testing Conditions:

[0111] Time=46.2 hr

[0112] Temperature=34.4 to 36.7? C.

[0113] Membrane Area=0.188 m2

[0114] Plate Gap=10 mm

[0115] DS CFV=41.6 cm/s

[0116] EB CFV=2.46 cm/s

[0117] Osmotic Relaxation:

[0118] Time=5 min per 60 min

[0119] Vacuum=0.65 bar

[0120] It was found that an osmotic relaxation duration of 5 min/hr combined with a predetermined pulsation was sufficient to evacuate all solids;

Results:

[0121] The test was run over 46 hours of operation using a continuous procedure of 55 min FO operation followed by a 5 min osmotic relaxation.

[0122] This resulted in an average water flux of 2.02 LMH; compared to the initial result of 1.94 LMH over 48 hr. This demonstrates a good repeatability of results and thus a reliability of the proposed invention. [0123] DS Vol.=520.fwdarw.502.45 L (3.38% concentration) [0124] EB Vol.=138 .fwdarw.155.55 L (12.72% dilution)

Example 3

[0125] An exemplary single 0.5 m?1.5 m?25 mm thick double sided plate having to a total of 1.5 m2 membrane area was subjected to an end brine (EB) flow, as the draw solution, inside the plate.

[0126] A test duration of 65 hours was conducted.

[0127] The EB is continuously circulated (except during osmotic relaxation) through the membrane. An EB tank on a balance is used to measure the rate of water transfer. Every ?5 hours, the diluted EB is drained from this tank and is replaced with fresh EB due to the reduction in the driving force (osmotic potentials difference). The DS operates in a continuous feed and bleed mode while the EB is batch processed.

[0128] The original DS and EB tanks were heated to ?35? C. and mixed to ensure homogeneity. Brine samples were taken initially and every ?5 h during the test. Weights were measured and recorded online. Temperature values and densities were measured manually every hour. The osmotic relaxation was manually performed during 5 min every hour. Injectors were used for circulation. Salt precipitation inside the injectors throughout the test was minor and did not require rinsing.

Results and Discussion

[0129] The gross total flux and water removal during the test are presented in Table 5 below.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 5 Gross total flux and water removal Operation Net Water removal Gross tot flux duration (h) duration (h) tot (kg) (LMH) 65 56 180 2.1

Example 4

Osmotic Relaxation Process:

[0130] During the osmotic relaxation process the DS recirculation continues at normal. A vacuum is pulled on the draw side of the membrane with the EB recirculation pump by simply closing the inlet valve to the plate. Once 60 kPa of vacuum is achieved, the EB recirculation is stopped and the plate fully isolated by finally closing the outlet valve. The vacuum is held for the desired relaxation time. Then both valves are opened and the EB flow restarted. The majority of crystals are immediately swept away by the DS crossflow. The few remaining crystals that are still loosely adhered to the membrane are encouraged to leave the surface by pulsing a 60 kPa vacuum 5 times with the inlet valve.

Test Parameters:

Testing Conditions:

[0131] Duration=48 hr

[0132] Temp=34 to 36? C.

[0133] Area=0.188 m2

[0134] Plate Gap=10 mm

[0135] DS CFV=0.42 cm/s

[0136] EB CFV=0.025 cm/s

[0137] Starting DS Vol=520 L

[0138] Ending DS Vol=503 L (3.3% concentration)

[0139] Starting EB Vol=138 L

[0140] Ending EB Vol=155 L (12.3% dilution)

Osmotic Relaxation Time:

[0141] Time 01-18 hr=20 min per 2.0 hr

[0142] Time 18-20 hr=10 min per 2.0 hr

[0143] Time 20-22 hr=5 min per 2.0 hr

[0144] Time 22-33 hr=5 min per 1.5 hr

[0145] Time 33-48 hr=5 min per 1.0 hr

[0146] Osmotic relaxation of 5 min/hr was found sufficient to evacuate solids; shorter times are also expected to work well.

[0147] While this invention has been described in terms of some specific examples, many modifications and variations are possible. It is therefore understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be realized otherwise than as specifically described.