Connector system impedance matching

Abstract

Connector inserts and receptacles that provide signal paths having desired impedance characteristics. One example may provide a connector system having a connector insert and a connector receptacle. Contacts in the connector insert may form signal paths with corresponding contacts in the connector receptacle. Additional traces in the connector insert and receptacle may be part of these signal paths. The signal paths may have a target or a desired impedance along their lengths such that the power paths electrically appear as transmission lines. Constraints on physical dimensions of the connector insert and connector receptacle contacts may result in variations in impedance along the signal paths. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may provide structures to reduce these variations, to compensate for these variations, or a combination thereof.

Claims

1. A connector system comprising: a connector receptacle comprising: a tongue having a top side, a bottom side, and a leading edge facing a connector insert when the connector insert is mated with the connector receptacle, the tongue comprising: a first plurality of contacts on the top side; a second plurality of contacts on the bottom side; and a central ground plane between the top side and the bottom side, wherein the central ground plane extends from the leading edge of the tongue to physically and electrically connect to a central ground plane of a connector insert when the connector insert is mated with the connector receptacle.

2. The connector system of claim 1, wherein the tongue is formed of a printed circuit board.

3. The connector system of claim 2, wherein the first plurality of contacts are printed on the top side of the tongue.

4. The connector system of claim 3, wherein the first plurality of contacts are connected to traces in the printed circuit board.

5. The connector system of claim 4, wherein the printed circuit board is part of a logic board for an electronic device housing the connector receptacle.

6. The connector system of claim 1, wherein the tongue is formed of plastic.

7. The connector system of claim 1, further comprising: the connector insert comprising: a housing having a top side, a bottom side, and a leading edge facing a connector receptacle when the connector receptacle is mated with the connector insert, the housing supporting: a first plurality of contacts on a top side; a second plurality of contacts on a bottom side; and the central ground plane between the top side and the bottom side.

8. The connector system of claim 7, wherein the central ground plane of the connector insert extends from the leading edge of the housing to physically and electrically connect to the central ground plane of the connector receptacle when the connector receptacle is mated with the connector insert.

9. The connector system of claim 8, wherein the central ground plane of the connector receptacle physically contacts the central ground plane of the connector insert at a connection point when the connector receptacle is mated with the connector insert.

10. The connector system of claim 9, wherein the connection point is between one of the first plurality of contacts of the connector insert and one of the second plurality of contacts of the connector insert when the connector receptacle is mated with the connector insert.

11. A connector system comprising: a connector receptacle comprising: a tongue having a top side, a bottom side, and a leading edge facing a connector insert when the connector insert is mated with the connector receptacle, the tongue comprising: a first plurality of contacts on the top side; a second plurality of contacts on the bottom side; a central ground plane between the top side and the bottom side; and a first trace connected to one of the first plurality of contacts on the top side, the first trace routed through the tongue between the top side and the central ground plane, wherein the first trace is located a first distance from the central ground plane for a first length and a second distance from the central ground plane for a second length, wherein the first trace has an average impedance along its length, an impedance of the first trace along the first length is lower than the average impedance and an impedance of the first trace along the second length is higher than the average impedance, wherein the average impedance, the impedance of the first trace along the first length, and the impedance of the first trace along a the second length are impedances at a frequency of data signals conveyed by the first trace.

12. The connector system of claim 11, wherein the tongue is formed of a printed circuit board and the first trace is routed on different layers of the printed circuit board.

13. The connector system of claim 12, wherein the first plurality of contacts are printed on the top side of the tongue.

14. The connector system of claim 13, wherein the printed circuit board is part of a logic board for an electronic device housing the connector receptacle.

15. The connector system of claim 11, wherein the tongue is formed of plastic.

16. A connector system comprising: a connector receptacle comprising: a tongue having a top side, a bottom side, and a leading edge facing a connector insert when the connector insert is mated with the connector receptacle, the tongue comprising: a first plurality of contacts on the top side; a second plurality of contacts on the bottom side; a central ground plane between the top side and the bottom side; and a first trace connected to one of the first plurality of contacts on the top side, the first trace routed through the tongue between the top side and the central ground plane, wherein the first trace is located a first distance from the central ground plane for a first length and a second distance from the central ground plane for a second length, wherein an average impedance of the first trace at a frequency of data signals conveyed by the first trace is a function of a capacitance between the first trace and the central ground plane, an impedance of the first trace along the first length at a frequency of data signals conveyed by the first trace is a function of a capacitance between the first length of the first trace and the central ground plane, and wherein an impedance of the first trace along the second length at a frequency of data signals conveyed by the first trace is a function of a capacitance between the second length of the first trace and the central ground plane.

17. The connector system of claim 16, wherein the tongue is formed of a printed circuit board and the first trace is routed on different layers of the printed circuit board.

18. The connector system of claim 17, wherein the first plurality of contacts are printed on the top side of the tongue.

19. The connector system of claim 18, wherein the printed circuit board is part of a logic board for an electronic device housing the connector receptacle.

20. The connector system of claim 16, wherein the tongue is formed of plastic.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a connector system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates a transmission line model for a signal path in the connector system of FIG. 1;

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates an example of the variation in impedance along a signal path for the connector system of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 4 illustrates a front cross-section view of a connector receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(5) FIG. 5 illustrates another front cross-section view of a connector receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(6) FIG. 6 illustrates another front cross-section view of a connector receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(7) FIG. 7 illustrates another front cross-section view of a computer receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(8) FIG. 8 illustrates another front view cross-section of a computer receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(9) FIG. 9 illustrates another front view cross-section of a computer receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(10) FIG. 10 illustrates another connector system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(11) FIG. 11 illustrates another connector system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(12) FIG. 12A illustrates a spectrum of a signal passing through signal path according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(13) FIG. 12B illustrates a differential signal path having a high common-mode impedance according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(14) FIG. 12C illustrates a differential signal path having a low common-mode impedance according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(15) FIG. 13 illustrates a portion of a top surface of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(16) FIG. 14 illustrates a cutaway view of the tongue section of FIG. 13;

(17) FIG. 15 illustrates a top of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(18) FIG. 16 illustrates a cross section of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(19) FIG. 17 illustrates a top view of a portion of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(20) FIG. 18 illustrates a top view of a portion of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(21) FIG. 19 illustrates a top view of a portion of a tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(22) FIG. 20 illustrates a top view of a portion of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

(23) FIG. 21 illustrates another top view of a portion of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

(24) FIG. 1 illustrates a connector system according to an embodiment of the present invention. This figure, as with the other included figures, is shown for illustrative purposes and does not limit either the possible embodiments of the present invention or the claims.

(25) In connector system 100, a portion of a connector insert has been inserted into a connector receptacle. Shown are connector insert contacts 110 supported by connector insert housing 120. Connector insert contacts 110 may electrically connect to conductors in a cable (not shown.) A central ground plane 130 may be located in connector insert housing 120 and may be connected to the cable as well. The connector insert may be inserted into a connector receptacle including tongue 140. Tongue 140 may support a number of contacts 150. Traces 152 may electrically connect contacts 150 to circuitry inside a device housing tongue 140. Tongue 140 may further include one or more planes 160 and 170. Planes 160 and 170 may be power supply, ground, or other types of planes. For example, plane 170 may be a power supply plane having ground plane on a top and bottom side.

(26) In this example, signals may propagate along contacts 110 until they reach contact point 112. The signals may then propagate through contacts 150 and traces 152. Conversely, signals may propagate in the other direction, through traces 152 to contacts 150, through contact point 112 and through connector insert contact 110.

(27) Again, it may be desirable that this signal path have a matched impedance along its entire length. For example, it may be desirable that this signal path have a 50 ohm, 85 ohm, 110 ohm, or other specific impedance along its entire length. Unfortunately, aspects of these paths may create impedance errors, variations, or fluctuations along their lengths. These errors may cause reflections and signal distortions that may reduce the data rates that would otherwise be achievable.

(28) Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may mitigate or reduce these errors. In this way, signals may be distorted to a lesser degree such that sufficiently high data rates are still achievable. For example, impedance errors may be limited resulting in signal rising and falling edges that may be distorted to a limited degree such that high data rates are possible. These and other embodiments may compensate for, or at least somewhat cancel, these errors. In this way, signals may be distorted in ways that cancel each other out such that significantly high data rates are still achievable. For example, signal rising and falling edges may be distorted in ways the cancel each other out such that high data rates remain possible. Some of the sources of these impedance errors, as well as both reduction and cancellation strategies for them are shown in the following figures.

(29) FIG. 2 illustrates a transmission line model for a signal path in the connector system of FIG. 1. In this example, a length of connector insert contact 110 over central ground plane 130 in the connector insert may be modeled as transmission line 210. A spacing between connector insert contact 110 and ground plane 130 may be sufficiently large and well-controlled that transmission line 210 may have a characteristic impedance very near a desired level.

(30) As connector insert contact 110 extends beyond housing 120, it may reach an open area 180 between housing 120 and a connector insert tongue 140 in the connector receptacle. Transmission line 220 may be used to model this length. The characteristic impedance of transmission line 220 may be higher than desired since ground plane 130 may be absent below connector insert contact 110. In this and the other examples, an impedance may be increased by increasing an inductance, decreasing a capacitance, or both. Similarly, an impedance may be decreased by decreased an inductance, increasing a capacitance, or both.

(31) At point 112, connector insert contact 110 may engage corresponding contact 150 on tongue 140 of the connector receptacle. The portion of the signal path may be modeled by transmission line 240. Extraneous edges and portions of connector insert contact 110 and connector receptacle contact 150 may be modeled as transmission line stub portions 230 and 250. Specifically, portion 114 of contact 110 and portions 153 and 154 of contact 150, and others, may be modeled as transmission line stub portions 230 and 250. These transmission lines stubs may act as capacitors to reduce the characteristic impedance along this length.

(32) After reaching contact 150, signals may be routed through traces 152. Traces 152 may have various sections, modeled here as transmission lines 260 and 270.

(33) FIG. 3 illustrates an example of the variation in impedance along a signal path for the connector system of FIG. 1. Again, where connector insert contact 110 is above ground plane 130 and housing 120 of the connector insert, the characteristic impedance 310 may be very near a desired impedance level, shown here as 85 ohms. Where ground plane 130 is absent below contact 110, the impedance 320 may rise, in this example to 95 ohms. Further along, stub portions of the contacts may reduce impedance. In this example, the resulting impedance 340 may be shown as 75 ohms.

(34) The relative lengths and impedance of transmission lines 220 and 240 may determine whether the overall impedance of the signal is higher or lower than desired. In this example, the lengths and impedances are shown as causing the signal path impedance to be low. To compensate for this, the impedance 360 may be purposefully raised, for example to 95 ohms. Similarly, its length may be adjusted to provide a correct amount of increase in impedance. A remaining portion of traces 152 may be at or near the nominal impedance of 85 ohms. In this way, the total average or effective impedance of the signal path may be adjusted to the desired level.

(35) In this example, the impedance 310 may correspond to the characteristic impedance of transmission line 210, impedance 320 may correspond to the characteristic impedance of transmission 220, the impedance 340 may correspond to the characteristic impedance of transmission line 240 and stubs 230 and 250, the impedance 360 may correspond to the characteristic impedance of transmission line 260, while impedance 370 may correspond to characters impedance of transmission line 270 in FIG. 2.

(36) In this and other embodiments of the present invention, one or more connector insert contacts 110 may be ground or power contacts. Contacts 150 on tongue 140 may directly connect to one of the planes 160 or 170, for example through a via or other interconnect structure. This direct connection may reduce the effect of transmission line components 250, 260, and 270. This may improve the impedance of the ground or power contacts. It may also reduce loop currents that may otherwise cause connector suckout. The width and length of the via may be varied to adjust an inductance of the direct connection. This inductance may be tuned to compensate for one or more of the capacitances associated with transmission lines 210, 220, 230, 240, or other capacitance. That is, a peaking or gain provided by the inductor may be used to cancel or reduce a dip or attenuation caused by one or more of the capacitances associated with transmission lines 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, or other capacitance.

(37) Similar techniques may be used on contacts 110 that are not power or ground contacts. That is, inductances, for example formed using vias, may be inserted in the signal path on tongue 140. These inductances may be tuned to provide a peak that cancels or reduces a dip or attenuation caused by one or more of the capacitances associated with transmission lines 210, 220, 230, 240, or other capacitance.

(38) In one example, spacing 180 may be increased in order to make transmission line 220 more inductive and have a higher impedance to compensate for the capacitances caused by transmission line stubs 230 and 250. An increase in spacing 180 may cause an increase in crosstalk between contacts 110 on opposite sides of the connector insert, so there may be a limit on how big this spacing 180 may be made.

(39) Again, embodiments of the present invention may reduce these various errors in order to limit signal distortions through these paths. These and other embodiments of the present invention may compensate or attempt to reduce or cancel a total error through the signal path. Examples of structures used to reduce impedance errors are shown in the following figures.

(40) FIG. 4 illustrates a front cross-section view of a connector receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, contacts or traces 410 and 416 on tongue 400 may be used for power, ground, or other low impedance path. Contacts or traces 412 and 414 may be used to convey signals, such as a differential signal. A depth of contacts or traces 412 and 414 may be reduced such that a distance 440 to ground plane 420 may be greater than a distance 420 below power or ground contact 410. This increase in distance may raise the impedance of a signal line at contacts or traces 412 and 414. In FIG. 2, this may be used to increase a characteristic impedance of transmission line 240, while in FIG. 3 this may be used to raise impedance 340. Using this arrangement, these contact impedances may be increased, while power and ground contacts or traces 410 may retain a large cross-section to increase their current carrying capabilities.

(41) Again, in various embodiments of the present invention, tongue 400 may be formed in various ways. For example, tongue 400 may be formed of metallic contacts, traces, and planes in a plastic or other nonconductive housing. In embodiments where the tongue is a printed circuit board, meaningful differences in contact depths may be difficult to achieve and more reliance may be placed on the other reduction and compensation techniques shown below, though the reduction techniques shown in FIGS. 4-9 may be suitable for printed circuit board tongues as well. In the various embodiments of the present invention where the tongue may be formed of a printed circuit board, the printed circuit board may be part of a larger logic or motherboard for an electronic device.

(42) FIG. 5 illustrates another front cross-section view of a connector receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In tongue 500, ground plane 520 may be notched at points 522 to further increase distance 540 relative to distance 530. As before, contacts or traces 510 and 516 may be used to convey power and ground or other low impedance paths, while contacts or traces 512 and 514 may be used to convey signals, such as a differential signal.

(43) FIG. 6 illustrates another front cross-section view of a connector receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, holes 622 have been opened in ground plane 620. This may further increase distance 640 relative to distance 630, thereby further reducing impedance loss. Cross talk between signal contacts or traces 612 and 613 on opposite sides of tongue 600 may be possible with this arrangement. However, it may be that an improvement in impedance is enough to warrant use of openings 622 depending on the exact embodiment of the present invention. In various embodiments of the present invention, notches or openings, such as notches 522 and opening 622 may be located at least approximately directly below contacts 612 and the ground planes 520 and 620 may have their full dimensions elsewhere. In other embodiments of the present invention, notches or openings such as these may be joined or continuous for nearby or adjacent contacts.

(44) In these and other embodiments of the present invention, the crosstalk between contacts or traces 612 and 613 may be mitigated by moving one or more contacts or traces laterally such that they do not align with each other. For example, contacts or traces 632 and 633 may be offset from each other such that they do not align with each other through opening 644.

(45) Again, other embodiments of the present invention may employ more than one central power or ground plane. The above techniques may be used in these situations as well. Examples are shown in the following figures.

(46) FIG. 7 illustrates another front cross-section view of a computer receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, tongue 700 may include power plane 760 having ground planes 720 and 770 on each side. In this example, a depth of signal contacts or traces 712 and 714 are reduced as compared to power and ground contacts or traces 710 and 716 such that distance 740 is greater than distance 730.

(47) Again, a high capacitance dielectric may be placed between the power 760 and ground planes 720 and 770 in order to form bypass capacitors between power and ground. This capacitance may help to reduce the return path impedance and may help to reduce power supply noise. For example, a dielectric having a dielectric constant or relative permittivity on the order of 100 to 1,000 or higher may be used. For example, a high capacitance dielectric having a relative permittivity greater than 500 may be used.

(48) FIG. 8 illustrates another front view cross-section of a computer receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, notches 822 may be formed to further increase distance 840.

(49) FIG. 9 illustrates another front view cross-section of a computer receptacle tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, openings 922 may be formed in ground planes 920 and 970 to further increase distance 940 as compared to distance 930. In other embodiments of the present invention, power plane 960 may have an opening as well. Again, this may result in cross talk, though improvement in impedance matching may make it worthwhile to accept this downside.

(50) The above techniques may be used to reduce impedance losses near contacts on a connector receptacle tongue. Again, the embodiments shown in FIGS. 4-9 are particularly well-suited for use with tongues having metallic or conductive contacts, traces, and planes that are supported by tongue housings formed of plastic or other nonconductive materials, though they may be used with embodiments that employ tongues formed of printed circuit boards as well. Other embodiments of the present invention may help to prevent impedance gains that may occur at openings between a connector insert and the connector receptacle ground planes. These embodiments of the present invention may be well-suited for use with both plastic tongues and tongues formed using printed circuit boards, which again may be part of a larger logic board, motherboard, or other board in an electronic device. An example is shown in the following figure.

(51) FIG. 10 illustrates another connector system according to an embodiment of the present invention. As before, connector insert contacts 1010 may engage contacts 1050 on connector receptacle tongue 1040. Traces 1052 may electrically connect to contacts 1050. In this example, connector insert ground plane 1030 and connector tongue ground plane 1070 may be extended such that they meet at connection point 1080. This may prevent an increase in impedance in the signal path of this point. In FIG. 2, this may correspond to maintaining reducing the impedance of transmission line 220, and in FIG. 3, it may result in maintaining or reducing the impedance 320.

(52) Again, the above embodiments of the present invention may reduce impedance errors in a signal path in a connector system. In these and other embodiments of the present invention, other impedance errors may be introduced in order to compensate for the above, and other, impedance errors. In this way, the average or effective impedance for a signal path may be close to a desired level. An example is shown in the following figure.

(53) FIG. 11 illustrates another connector system according to an embodiment of the present invention. As before, connector insert contacts 1110 may engage contacts 1150 on connector receptacle tongue 1140. Traces 1152 may electrically connect to contacts 1150. Traces 1152 may have various sections or portions, shown here as sections 1154 and 1156. The height over ground plane 1170 may vary among sections. For example, section 1154 may be spaced from ground plane 1170 by distance 1155, while section 1156 may be spaced from ground plane 1170 by distance 1157. Since distance 1157 is shorter than distance 1155, section 1156 may have a lower impedance than section 1154. These techniques may be well-suited for use in embodiments of the present invention that employ tongues formed of printed circuit boards, plastic housings, or other types of tongues.

(54) This variation in impedance may be used to adjust the average or effective value of a signal path to be close to a desired value. In making this adjustment, it should be noted that signals propagating through the above signals paths may pass through the various high-impedance and low-impedance sections or zones in a short amount of time. That is, each of the various high-impedance and low-impedance sections may have a short delay associated with them. These delays may be shorter than the rise and fall times of the propagating signals. The result is that the variation in impedance may be reduced when compared to what may be calculated. That is, the effective impedance for each section may be closer to the desired impedance value. The effective impedance of each section, and the effective impedance of the signal path, may be determined using conventional methods, such as transmission-line theory.

(55) For example, in FIG. 3, the impedances 320 and 340 may be determined. Again, for illustrative purposes, the impedance 320 is shown as 95 ohms, which is 10 ohms higher than the desired value, while the impedance 340 is shown as 75 ohms, which is 10 ohms less than the desired value of 85 ohms. However, since the delays through transmission line sections 220 (which corresponds to impedance 320) and 240 (which corresponds to impedance 340) may be short when compared to the rise and fall times of a signal propagating through them, the effective impedances of transmission lines 220 and 240 may be closer to 85 ohms than these calculated values. Again, these effective impedances, and the effective impedance of the signal path, may be determined using conventional methods, such as transmission-line theory.

(56) In various embodiments of the present invention, the spacing, sizes, and arrangements of transmission line segments in a tongue may be varied to create a filter. Such a filter may remove common-mode energy from differential signal pairs and other types of signals. For example, a choke, notch, low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or other type filter may be formed. These and similar techniques may be used to filter power supplies as well, for example by forming a common-mode low-pass or choke filter. An example is shown in the following figures.

(57) FIG. 12A illustrates a spectrum of a signal passing through signal path according to an embodiment of the present invention. A signal path may have a spectrum 1230 that may be plotted as an amplitude 1210 over frequency 1220. The spectrum may have a null or low value near a Nyquist frequency. Variations in rise and fall times caused by the above impedance mismatches may create a spike 1232 near the Nyquist frequency. Common-mode and differential-mode impedances of signal paths through the tongue may be varied to form a common-mode filter to reduce the amplitude of spike 1232.

(58) FIG. 12B illustrates a differential signal path having a high common-mode impedance according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, contacts 1250 may be spaced away from ground plane 1240 by a distance 1242 and away from each other by distance 1252. When distance 1242 is relatively high, the impedance between contacts 1250 and ground plane 1240 may be high. The resulting common-mode impedance may be approximately half of the impedance between each contacts 1250 and ground plane 1240. This transmission line portion may be combined with other transmission line portions, such as the one shown in the following figure, to achieve signal filtering.

(59) FIG. 12C illustrates a differential signal path having a low common-mode impedance according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, signal paths 1270 are spaced from each other by distance 1272 and are a distance 1262 above ground plane 1260. In this example, the impedance between each signal path 1270 and ground plane 1260 may be low, resulting in the low common-mode impedance.

(60) In various embodiments of the present invention, filters may be formed of these trace sections by varying distances 1252, 1272, 1242, and 1262, both in absolute terms and relative to each other. Similarly the thickness and width of traces 1250 and 1270, in absolute terms and relative to each other, may be varied. The material between and among these structures may be varied to change the dielectric constant or permittivity These techniques may be well-suited for use in connector systems that employ tongues formed using printed circuit boards, tongues using metallic contacts, traces, and planes supported by a plastic or nonconductive housing, or other types of tongues.

(61) Again, various techniques may be used by embodiments of the present invention to increase or otherwise vary a signal path's impedance to ground. Also, common-mode and differential-mode impedances may be varied among different sections of traces or interconnect in a connector. These impedances may be arranged to form distributed element filters along these traces. Examples are shown in the following figures.

(62) FIG. 13 illustrates a portion of a top surface of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, two traces 1310 and 1320 may be formed on a surface of a tongue, where the tongue is formed of a material 1330. Material 1330 may be plastic or other material. Material 1330 may be removed in one or more sections 1340 from between traces 1310 and 1320. This removal may decrease a dielectric constant or permittivity between traces 1310 and 1320 near sections 1340. This decrease in the dielectric constant or permittivity may reduce coupling capacitance, thereby increasing the impedance between signal lines or traces 1300 and 1320.

(63) In various embodiments of the present invention, sections 1340 may be formed in various ways. For example, sections 1340 may be formed by etching, molding, micro-machining, drilling, routing, cavitation, laser etching or ablation, or by using other manufacturing techniques.

(64) FIG. 14 illustrates a cutaway view of the tongue section of FIG. 13. This section view may be taken along cutline A-A in FIG. 13. Again, traces 1310 and 1320 may be formed in a tongue made of a material 1330. Section 1340 may be formed between traces 1310 and 1320. A center ground plane 1410 may also be included.

(65) In this example, sections 1340 may form filter sections along traces 1310 and 1320. For example, a differential impedance between traces 1310 and 1320 may vary along their length to due to these presence of sections 1340. This may form a differential filter. In various embodiments of the present invention, these sections are short enough such that a signal may not react to their presence and may not be filtered.

(66) In various embodiments of the present invention, impedances at a contact on a tongue may be varied. Examples are shown in the following figures.

(67) FIG. 15 illustrates a top of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, tongue 1500 may include two contacts, contacts 1510 and 1520. Contacts 1510 and 1520 may form areas to be contacted by pins or contacts of a corresponding connector. Contacts 1510 and 1520 may be connected to circuitry or components through traces 1512 and 1522.

(68) In various embodiments of the present invention, it may be desirable to either increase or decrease an impedance at contacts 1510 and 1520. It may also be desirable that these contacts form a portion of a common-mode filter. By blocking common-mode currents at these contacts, return currents may not be routed through a shield of this connector. By preventing currents from being routed on the shield, the currents do not generate a voltage at the resistance of the shield. In this way, electromagnetic interference that would otherwise be generated by the connector may be reduced.

(69) FIG. 16 illustrates a cross section of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, contacts 1510 may be separated from center ground plane 1610 by material 1620. One or more openings 1630 may be formed in material 1620. These openings may have a lower dielectric constant, thereby decreasing a capacitance between contacts 1510 and ground plane 1610. This may result in a higher impedance for contact 1510.

(70) In this and other examples shown, instead of simply removing material to form sections such as 1340 and 1630, other material having different dielectric constant may be used to form these sections. As before, sections 1630 may be formed by etching, molding, micro-machining, drilling, or by using other manufacturing techniques.

(71) FIG. 17 illustrates a top view of a portion of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. Again, tongue portion 1500 may include contacts 1510 and 1520. Either or both the dielectric below contacts 1510 and 1520 or the center ground plane may include a number of perforations or micro-vias 1710. Perforations 1710 may be formed using a drill, etch, micro-machining, or other techniques. These perforations may act to reduce a capacitance and increase an impedance between contacts 1510 and 1520 and ground. In various embodiments of the present invention, the use of perforations 1710 may be limited to avoid weakening the structure of tongue 1500.

(72) Again, in various embodiments of the present invention, it may be desirable to either raise or lower an impedance of a contact or trace. An example is shown in the following figure.

(73) FIG. 18 illustrates a top view of a portion of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. Again, contacts 1510 and 1520 may be located over or a tongue including central ground plane 1800. Center ground plane 1800 may include features 1810 and 1820. Features 1810 and 1820 may be a lowered recess, a raised mesa, or other type of feature. A lowered recess may cause a decrease in capacitance and an increase the impedance between contacts 1510 and 1520 and center ground plane 1800. A raised mesa may increase the capacitance and decrease the impedance between contacts 1510 and 1520 and center ground plane 1800.

(74) FIG. 19 illustrates a top view of a portion of a tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, features 1810 and 1820 have been merged into a single feature 1910.

(75) Again, common-mode and differential-mode impedances may be varied among different sections of traces or interconnect in a connector. Other structures, such as open ended or shorted stubs may be included. These impedances may be arranged to form distributed element filters along these traces.

(76) In these and other embodiments of the present invention, a differential-mode impedance may be kept constant while the common-mode impedance may be varied along a pair of traces, or a differential trace. These variations in common-mode impedance along a differential trace may be arranged using distributed element filter and transmission filter techniques to form filters to block common-mode signals while allowing differential-mode signals pass.

(77) In general, to vary a common-mode impedance while maintaining a differential-mode impedance between a first section of a differential trace and a second section of a differential trace, two or more parameters, such as spacing, width, thickness, dielectric constant, or other parameter, may be varied between the first and second sections. In one example, a width and a spacing may be varied such that they cancel each other in terms of differential-mode impedance, but cause a variation in common-mode impedance along the trace. An example is shown in the following figure.

(78) FIG. 20 illustrates a top view of a portion of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, two traces, or a differential trace, in section 2010 may be varied in spacing and width. In this example, along line B-B, the traces in section 2010 may be wider than the traces in section 2012 along line A-A. The traces in section 2010 may be further away from each other along line B-B than the traces in sections 2012 are along line A-A.

(79) A common-mode impedance along trace section 2010 may be higher than a common-mode impedance of the section 2012. This is because the traces are wider in section 2010 than the traces in section 2012. This change in common-mode impedance may be enhanced by changing the materials below the traces in sections 2010 and 2012 such that they have different dielectric constants. The change in common-mode impedance may additionally be enhanced by changing a width of a trace or a center ground plane such that the distance between the two is varied between sections 2010 and 2012. In various embodiments of the present invention, different materials having a different dielectric constant or permittivity may be used for materials 2020 and 2030. This may be used to further change the common-mode impedance between these two sections.

(80) Accordingly, the common-mode impedances between sections 2010 and 2012 may be different. However, the differential-mode impedance between traces in these sections may be a function of the width of traces in a section and a spacing or distance between the traces in a section. Accordingly, the since the traces are narrower but closer together in section 2012 while being wider but further spaced in section 2010, the differential-mode impedances in sections 2010 and 2012 may match.

(81) It should be noted that the term distances as used herein may be an electrical distance and is not limited to a purely physical distance. The electrical distance may be a function of both the physical distance and the dielectric constant or permittivity of any intervening materials. Accordingly, differences in a dielectric constant or permittivity of materials 2020 and 2030 may change the electrical distance even though the physical distance between traces in sections 2010 and 2012 does not change.

(82) In this way, common-mode impedances may be varied along a trace, while a differential-mode impedance may remain relatively constant. These sections may be arranged using distributed element filter and transmission filter techniques to form filters to block common-mode signals while allowing differential-mode signals pass.

(83) In the above example, a width and a spacing may be varied such that they cancel each other in terms of differential-mode impedance, but cause a variation in the common-mode impedance along the differential trace. In other embodiments of the present invention, two parameters may be varied to cancel a variation in one other parameter. For example, a change in dielectric between portions of a differential trace, a change in a width of the trace, and a change in the spacing of the trace, may be varied such that the differential-mode impendence is kept constant while the common-mode impedance is varied. An example is shown in the following figure.

(84) FIG. 21 illustrates a portion of a top surface of a connector tongue according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, two traces having sections 2110 and 2112 may be formed on a surface of a tongue, where the tongue is formed of a material 2120. Material 2120 may be plastic, printed circuit board, or other material. Material 2120 may be removed in one or more sections 2130 from between trace sections 2112. This removal may decrease a dielectric constant or permittivity between trace sections 2112. This decrease in the dielectric constant or permittivity may reduce coupling capacitance, thereby increasing the differential-mode impedance between trace sections 2112.

(85) The traces in section 2112 may also be thinner than the traces in section 2110. This may further decrease coupling capacitance between traces in section 2112, thereby further increasing the differential-mode impedance between trace sections 2112.

(86) To compensate for these increases, the traces in section 2112 may be closer than the traces in section 2110. This may increase coupling capacitance between traces in section 2112, thereby further decreasing the differential-mode impedance between trace sections 2112. This decrease may be adjusted to compensate for the increases in differential-mode impedances caused by the traces having an opening between them and from being narrower in section 2112.

(87) While the differential-mode impedance may be constant between sections 2110 and 2112, the common-mode impedance may vary. For example, the wider traces in section 2110 may result in a higher capacitance to a central ground plane, leading to a lower common-mode impedance as compared to the trace sections 2112.

(88) In various embodiments of the present invention, opening sections 2130 may be formed in various ways. For example, opening sections 2130 may be formed by etching, molding, micro-machining, drilling, cavitation, laser etching or ablation, or by using other manufacturing techniques.

(89) In various embodiments of the present invention, contacts, ground planes, traces, and other conductive portions of connector inserts and receptacles may be formed by stamping, metal-injection molding, machining, micro-machining, 3-D printing, or other manufacturing process. The conductive portions may be formed of stainless steel, steel, copper, copper titanium, phosphor bronze, or other material or combination of materials. They may be plated or coated with nickel, gold, or other material. The nonconductive portions may be formed using injection or other molding, 3-D printing, machining, or other manufacturing process. The nonconductive portions may be formed of silicon or silicone, rubber, hard rubber, plastic, nylon, liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs), or other nonconductive material or combination of materials. The printed circuit boards used may be formed of FR-4, BT or other material. Printed circuit boards may be replaced by other substrates, such as flexible circuit boards, in many embodiments of the present invention.

(90) Embodiments of the present invention may provide connectors that may be located in, and may connect to, various types of devices, such as portable computing devices, tablet computers, desktop computers, laptops, all-in-one computers, wearable computing devices, cell phones, smart phones, media phones, storage devices, portable media players, navigation systems, monitors, power supplies, adapters, remote control devices, chargers, and other devices. These connectors may provide pathways for signals that are compliant with various standards such as Universal Serial Bus (USB) including USB-C, High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI), Ethernet, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, Lightning, Joint Test Action Group (JTAG), test-access-port (TAP), Directed Automated Random Testing (DART), universal asynchronous receiver/transmitters (UARTs), clock signals, power signals, and other types of standard, non-standard, and proprietary interfaces and combinations thereof that have been developed, are being developed, or will be developed in the future. Other embodiments of the present invention may provide connectors that may be used to provide a reduced set of functions for one or more of these standards. In various embodiments of the present invention, these interconnect paths provided by these connectors may be used to convey power, ground, signals, test points, and other voltage, current, data, or other information.

(91) The above description of embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form described, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the teaching above. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Thus, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the following claims.