CIRCUIT FOR PROVIDING A HIGH AND A LOW IMPEDANCE AND A SYSTEM COMPRISING THE CIRCUIT

Abstract

A system including a transducer and an amplifier as well as a circuit which always has a high impedance at low voltages. In addition, at high voltages, the circuit has a high impedance at high frequencies but a low impedance at low frequencies. In biased transducers, this circuit may be used between the charge pump and the transducer. In general, the circuit may be provided in a signal path between the transducer and the amplifier. The circuit has as an advantage that at startup, low frequency signals at high intensities may overload the amplifier, whereas at operation, higher frequency signals are desired fed to the amplifier at the same intensity. This is facilitated by the circuit.

Claims

1. A system comprising: a transducer with an output, an amplifier with an input, a transport element for receiving a signal from the transducer output and feeding a corresponding signal to the amplifier input and a circuit having a first and a second terminal and an impedance, between the first and second terminals which: exceeds 100 GOhm when an absolute voltage below 0.2V is provided over the first and second terminals, exceeds 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency exceeding 50 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals and is lower than 10 GOhm when a signal with an absolute voltage exceeding 0.4V and a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals, wherein the first terminal is connected to the transport element and the second terminal is connected to a predetermined voltage.

2. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a first voltage supply configured to output a first voltage, and wherein the transducer comprises: one or more stationary elements, a movable element movable in relation to the stationary element(s) and a voltage input configured to receive the first voltage and provide the first voltage between two of the movable element and the stationary element(s) the system further comprising an additional circuit having a first and a second terminal and an impedance, between the first and second terminals which: exceeds 100 GOhm when an absolute voltage below 0.2V is provided over the first and second terminals, exceeds 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency exceeding 50 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals and is lower than 10 GOhm when a signal with an absolute voltage exceeding 0.4V and a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals, the additional circuit having its first terminal connected to the voltage input and the second terminal to a second, predetermined voltage.

3. A system comprising: a first voltage supply configured to output a first voltage, a transducer comprising: one or more stationary elements, a movable element movable in relation to the stationary element(s), a voltage input configured to receive the first voltage and provide the first voltage between two of the movable element and the stationary element(s), and a transducer output, an amplifier with an input, a transport element for receiving a signal from the transducer output and feeding a corresponding signal to the amplifier input and a circuit having a first and a second terminal and an impedance, between the first and second terminals which: exceeds 100 GOhm when an absolute voltage below 0.2V is provided over the first and second terminals, exceeds 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency exceeding 50 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals and is lower than 10 GOhm when a signal with an absolute voltage exceeding 0.4V and a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals, wherein the first terminal is connected to the voltage input and the second terminal to a predetermined voltage.

4. A system according to claim 3, further comprising a second circuit having a first and a second terminal and an impedance, between the first and second terminals which: exceeds 100 GOhm when an absolute voltage below 0.2V is provided over the first and second terminals, exceeds 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency exceeding 50 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals and is lower than 10 GOhm when a signal with an absolute voltage exceeding 0.4V and a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals, the second circuit having the first terminal connected to the transport element and the second terminal to a predetermined voltage.

5. A system according to claim 1, wherein the circuit is formed by a first sub-circuit and a second sub-circuit connected in series between the first and second terminals, where: the first sub-circuit has an impedance: exceeding 100 GOhm when a signal with an absolute voltage exceeding 0.4V is provided over the first and second terminal, lower than 10 GOhm when a signal with an absolute voltage lower than 0.2V is provided over the first and second terminal, the second sub-circuit has an impedance: exceeding 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency exceeding 50 Hz is provided over the first and second terminal, lower than 10 GOhm when a signal with a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the first and second terminal.

6. A system according to claim 5, wherein the first sub-circuit comprises a diode.

7. A system according to claim 5, wherein the second sub-circuit comprises: a third terminal and a fourth terminal, a first transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its base connected to the third terminal and its collector connected to a predetermined voltage, a second transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its collector connected to the third terminal and its emitter connected to the fourth terminal, a resistor connected between the emitter of the first transistor and the base of the second transistor, a third transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its base connected to the base of the second transistor, its collector connected to the emitter of the first transistor and its emitter connected to the fourth terminal, and a capacitor connected between the base of the second transistor and the fourth terminal.

8. A system according to claim 5, wherein the second sub-circuit comprises: a third terminal and a fourth terminal, a first transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the third terminal and its drain connected to a predetermined voltage, a second transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its drain connected to the third terminal and its source connected to the fourth terminal, a resistor connected between the source of the first transistor and the gate of the second transistor, a third transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the gate of the second transistor, the drain to the source of the first transistor and its source connected to the fourth terminal, and a capacitor connected between the gate of the second transistor and the fourth terminal.

9. A system according to claim 7, the second sub-circuit further comprises, connected between the third and fourth terminals: another first transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its base connected to the third terminal and its collector connected to another predetermined voltage, another second transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its collector connected to the third terminal and its emitter connected to the fourth terminal, another resistor connected between the emitter of the other first transistor and the base of the other second transistor, another third transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its base connected to the base of the other second transistor, its collector connected to the emitter of the other first transistor and its emitter connected to the fourth terminal, and another capacitor connected between the base of the other second transistor and the fourth terminal where the first, second and third transistors are one of n-type and p-type transistors and wherein the other first, second and third transistors are the other of the n-type and p-type transistors.

10. A system according to claim 7, the second sub-circuit further comprising, connected between the third and fourth terminals: another first transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the third terminal and its drain connected to another predetermined voltage, another second transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its drain connected to the third terminal and its source connected to the fourth terminal, another resistor connected between the source of the other first transistor and the gate of the other second transistor, another third transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the gate of the other second transistor, the drain to the source of the other first transistor and its source connected to the fourth terminal, and another capacitor connected between the gate of the other second transistor and the fourth terminal, where the first, second and third transistors are one of n-type and p-type transistors and wherein the other first, second and third transistors are the other of the n-type and p-type transistors.

11. A system according to claim 1, the circuit comprising a third and a fourth sub-circuits connected in parallel between the first and second terminals, were the third sub-circuit has an impedance which: exceeds 100 GOhm when an positive voltage below 0.2V is provided to the first terminal compared to the second terminal, exceeds 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency exceeding 50 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals, exceeds 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the terminals, the signal having a negative voltage exceeding 0.4V provided to the first terminal compared to the second terminal and is lower than 10 GOhm when a signal with a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the terminals, the signal having a positive voltage exceeding 0.4V provided to the first terminal compared to the second terminal and where the fourth sub-circuit has an impedance which: exceeds 100 GOhm when a negative voltage below 0.2V is provided to the first terminal compared to the second terminal, exceeds 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency exceeding 50 Hz is provided over the first and second terminals, exceeds 100 GOhm when a signal with a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the terminals, the signal having a positive voltage exceeding 0.4V provided to the first terminal compared to the second terminal and is lower than 10 GOhm when a signal with a frequency lower than 10 Hz is provided over the terminals, the signal having a negative voltage exceeding 0.4V provided to the first terminal compared to the second terminal.

12. A system according to claim 11, wherein one of the third and fourth sub-circuits comprises: a third terminal and a fourth terminal, a first transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its base connected to the third terminal and its collector connected to a predetermined voltage, a second transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its collector connected to the third terminal and its emitter connected to the fourth terminal, a resistor connected between the emitter of the first transistor and the base of the second transistor, a third transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its base connected to the base of the second transistor, its collector connected to the emitter of the first transistor and its emitter connected to the fourth terminal, and a capacitor connected between the base of the second transistor and the fourth terminal.

13. A system according to claim 11, wherein one of the third and fourth sub-circuits comprises: a third terminal and a fourth terminal, a first transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the third terminal and its drain connected to a predetermined voltage, a second transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its drain connected to the third terminal and its source connected to the fourth terminal, a resistor connected between the source of the first transistor and the gate of the second transistor, a third transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the gate of the second transistor, the drain to the source of the first transistor and its source connected to the fourth terminal, and a capacitor connected between the gate of the second transistor and the fourth terminal.

14. A system according to claim 12, wherein the other of the third and fourth sub-circuits further comprises, connected between the third and fourth terminals: another first transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its base connected to the third terminal and its collector connected to another predetermined voltage, another second transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its collector connected to the third terminal and its emitter connected to the fourth terminal, another resistor connected between the emitter of the other first transistor and the base of the other second transistor, another third transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter and having its base connected to the base of the other second transistor, its collector connected to the emitter of the other first transistor and its emitter connected to the fourth terminal, and another capacitor connected between the base of the other second transistor and the fourth terminal where the first, second and third transistors are one of n-type and p-type transistors and wherein the other first, second and third transistors are the other of the n-type and p-type transistors. a third transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the gate of the second transistor, the drain to the source of the first transistor and its source connected to the fourth terminal, and a capacitor connected between the gate of the second transistor and the fourth terminal.

15. A system according to claim 12, wherein the other of the third and fourth sub-circuits comprises, connected between the third and fourth terminals: another first transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the third terminal and its drain connected to another predetermined voltage, another second transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its drain connected to the third terminal and its source connected to the fourth terminal, another resistor connected between the source of the other first transistor and the gate of the other second transistor, another third transistor having a gate, a source and a drain and having its gate connected to the gate of the other second transistor, the drain to the source of the other first transistor and its source connected to the fourth terminal, and another capacitor connected between the gate of the other second transistor and the fourth terminal, where the first, second and third transistors are one of n-type and p-type transistors and wherein the other first, second and third transistors are the other of the n-type and p-type transistors.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0156] In the following, preferred embodiments will be described with reference to the drawing, wherein:

[0157] FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art system using anti parallel diodes,

[0158] FIG. 2 illustrates a desired characteristic of a high impedance system.

[0159] FIG. 3 illustrates a number of high impedance systems according to the invention,

[0160] FIG. 4 illustrates a more specific embodiment of a single direction of the far right system of FIG. 3,

[0161] FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the direction of FIG. 4,

[0162] FIG. 6 illustrates the embodiment of FIG. 5 now in both directions,

[0163] FIG. 7 illustrates a back plate biased system in a general illustration and using the system of FIG. 6,

[0164] FIG. 8 illustrates a diaphragm biased system in a general illustration and using the system of FIG. 6,

[0165] FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative embodiment where two high impedance networks co-operate and

[0166] FIG. 10 illustrates an alternative to the embodiment of FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0167] In FIG. 1, the usual system is illustrated wherein a capacitive transducer 12 has two terminals, where an upper terminal is biased by a charge pump 14. The biasing voltage is supplied via a high impedance circuit, here in the form of a pair of anti parallel diodes 16. The upper terminal, which in this embodiment is connected to the diaphragm, d, which in this embodiment is connected to an input of an amplifier 20 via a DC decoupling capacitor 18 maintaining the constant charge mode of the transducer 12. The biasing voltage may be provided to any terminal of the transducer, and any terminal may be used for outputting the signal thereof.

[0168] The lower terminal of the transducer is connected to ground. Also provided is a second high impedance circuit 22, also in the form of a pair of anti parallel diodes, preventing the output of the transducer 12 from exceeding the forward voltage of the diodes.

[0169] Ideally, the element 22 to be used for biasing the input of the amplifier to a defined DC level has a very high impedance. The reasons for this are: 1) the impedance should not load the signal source and cause attenuation; 2) the noise current caused by the high impedance should be as low as possible, so that the noise contribution due to the biasing element is preferably lower or much lower than the noise contribution of the amplifier. There are different possible embodiments for such a high impedance; e.g. thick film resistors, thin film resistors or semiconductor circuits. Commercially available (low-cost) integrated circuit processes however usually don't comprise high resistive elements, so that in practice the choice is limited to semiconductor circuits. Examples of simple, passive, semiconductor circuits are anti-parallel diodes, and MOSFET devices (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,149,371) configured to simulate diodes. This type of circuit can have a very high impedance for small signals, but also has a certain threshold level above which the impedance will drop.

[0170] The characteristic of a diode is that it has a large impedance only if the voltage across it is below, in one direction, the breakdown voltage, and, in the other direction, the forward voltage. In the anti-parallel set-up, the relevant voltage is the forward voltage, as it is the lowest (typically 0.2-0.4V).

[0171] A drop in impedance by any of the elements 16 and 22 would be equally detrimental to the operation of the transducer 12.

[0172] In FIG. 2, the desired operation of the high impedance elements 16/22 is described as a table and in a graph illustrating signal value (voltage) as a function of the impedance and for three different frequencies: low, intermediate and high. The operation is that at small signal values, i.e. small output voltages, such as 0.2V or lower, of the transducer 12, the impedance is high, such as more than 100 GOhm or higher. Also, a high impedance is desired at high frequencies, such as 50 Hz or higher, and high signal values, such as 0.4V and higher. However, at high signal values and low frequencies, a low impedance is desired.

[0173] The advantage of this set-up may be seen at start-up of the system, where the voltages of the system are unknown and where the charge pump 14 is starting up, generating a low frequency high voltage signal to the transducer but then also to the high impedance elements 22. Without special measures, the bias voltage applied to the capacitive transducer takes a long time to settle to the final desired value. This is prevented by the operation illustrated in FIG. 2, where a low impedance acts to accelerate the settling of the bias voltage across the transducer. At usual operation modes, where high signal values may be seen at high frequencies, the high impedance is desired to keep the transducer in the constant charge mode.

[0174] In FIG. 3A, an embodiment of a high impedance circuit according to the invention is illustrated for replacing the diodes 22 and/or the diodes 16. Instead of the diodes, two general circuits are provided in series where one (Z(V)) has an impedance defined by the voltage across it whereas the other (Z(f)) has a frequency dependent impedance.

[0175] The operation of the circuits is for both directions of the current. Naturally, as is also illustrated further below, individual circuits may be provided for operating in only one direction of the current.

[0176] One manner of embodying the system of FIG. 3A is seen in FIG. 3B: a voltage dependent high impedance (anti parallel diode pair) 221 in series with an inductance (the frequency dependent part) 222. In practice it is preferred to use an electronically simulated inductance here, because a suitable inductance would not fit inside the transducer package.

[0177] The same functionality, however, may be obtained using (FIG. 3C) a gyrator-C set-up, which is two anti-parallel transconductance amplifiers, one having a positive and the other having a negative transconductance and coupled in series with a capacitor. The first transconductance amplifier converts the input voltage to a current. The voltage on the capacitor is proportional with the time integrated current. The second transconductance amplifier converts that voltage to a current at the input node opposite to the capacitor.

[0178] The inductance at the input of the gyrator-C coupling is: L=C/(Gm1*Gm2).

[0179] It is noted that the transconductances Gm1 and Gm2 need not be the same in the present context.

[0180] In FIG. 3D, an embodiment is seen where the operation of the transconductance amplifiers may be obtained by the circuit illustrated. Two sub-circuits are provided, one for each current direction. E.g. one is active when the voltage over the sub-circuit is positive from bottom to top and the other is active when that voltage is negative.

[0181] Thus, in general the first and/or second sub-circuits 221/222 may be formed by separate circuits each operating in a separate one of the directions of the current through the circuit, such as from one terminal to another.

[0182] The operation of the capacitor is duplicated in each sub-circuit as capacitors 2222 and 2222.

[0183] The transconductance amplifier with transconductance Gm1 has the operation of the two resistors 2223 and 2223 (R1/Gm1), whereas the transconductance amplifier with transconductance Gm2 has the operation of the two transistors 2221 and 2221 (with the transconductance Gm2).

[0184] In FIG. 3E, the diodes of the diode pair 221 have been divided also, as they also each have their main functions in one direction. Thus, the serial set-up of FIG. 3A may be replaced by a parallel set-up as seen in FIG. 3E where two sub-circuits are provided in parallel. In FIG. 3E, a dashed line is seen between the lower portions of the two diodes. This connection may be removed, as is described in relation to FIG. 4.

[0185] It is seen that at high frequencies, the low pass filter (2222 and 2223) is blocking and thus maintains the impedance high even at high signal values, which would open the diode. At low frequencies and at low signal strengths, the operation of the diode is the usual: high impedance, but at high signal strengths and at low frequencies, the low pass filter conducts and thus allows the diode to have its usual characteristics at high voltages: low impedance.

[0186] FIG. 4 illustrates another implementation of the left side of the circuit in FIG. 3E, in which the dashed connection between the two halves of FIG. 3E may be removed. An additional MOSFET 2224 provides a path to discharge capacitor 2222 during the negative phase of the signal. A second MOSFET 2225 is added, which amplifies the current flowing into the filter and which greatly increases the impedance of the frequency dependent part. The operation of MOSFETS 2224 and 2225 can be explained referring to FIG. 3C. Instead of implementing the first transconductance amplifier Gm1 as resistance 2223, the current flowing into the resistance is now provided by MOSFETS 2224 and 2225, and no longer flows through the diodes 221.

[0187] Due to additional current drawn from Vdd, the low Z node preferably is able to sink current, and the resulting impedance is asymmetrical. This means that the low Z node should be connected to a DC reference voltage, and that the high Z node should be connected to the signal carrying node that is to be biased at that DC level without affecting the signal.

[0188] FIG. 5 illustrates another implementation of the sub-circuit of FIG. 4, where the voltage dependent part 221 is now not embodied as a diode but as a MOSFET 2211 with its gate connected to its source, thus providing a diode-like voltage-current characteristic. The advantage of this approach is that, when using a state-of-the-art CMOS process, the characteristic of anti-parallel diodes can be obtained without one of the cathodes being connected to the substrate. In order to keep the parasitic capacitance on the high impedance node as small as possible, this MOSFET preferably has small dimensions. A second MOSFET 2212 may be added in order to increase the impedance of the sub-circuit even more. MOSFET 2212 may be larger than MOSFET 2211, the increase in impedance on the high Z node being increased by the same scaling factor n.

[0189] The embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 5 are able to sink current from the high Z node when the voltage on that node is positive relative to the low Z node. Referring back to FIG. 3E, FIGS. 4 and 5 only illustrate sub-circuits for use in one direction.

[0190] FIG. 6 illustrates a complete circuit in that it also has a complementary sub-circuit (components 2211, 2212, 2225, 2224, 2223, 2222 and 2221) added in parallel to the high impedance, which is capable of sourcing current to the high Z node when the voltage on that node is negative relative to the low Z node. The complementary sub-circuit is created by replacing the n-channel MOSFETS by equivalent p-channel MOSFETS, and replacing the positive supply voltage (Vdd) by a negative supply voltage (Vss).

[0191] It is seen that the circuit of FIG. 6 is not divided into a serial connection of a voltage dependent sub-circuit and a frequency dependent sub-circuit but rather into two parallel sub-circuits which have the desired properties but only in one of the two directions of the current (voltage between the upper and lower terminals.

[0192] It is noted that FIGS. 4-6 do not show the well-connections of the MOSFETs. These wells should all be connected to an appropriate voltage, so that the source-to-well and drain-to-well junctions always stay reversed biased. Dedicated circuitry may be required to actively drive the well voltages so that this condition is fulfilled.

[0193] FIG. 7 illustrates, in the upper part, a general system with a back plate biased transducer 12 having terminals 121 and 122 and a diaphragm outputting, via the terminal 121, the signal to the amplifier 20 and where two high impedance elements 16 and 22 are provided. In this embodiment, the output of the transducer terminal 121 is fed directly to the amplifier input. Alternatively, the back plate could output the signal to the amplifier.

[0194] In this situation, the high impedance element 16 connecting the charge pump 14 to the terminal 122 and the backplate bp (and filter capacitor 18) has constant voltages on both nodes, and need not be replaced.

[0195] Conversely, it is desired to implement the high impedance element 22 as e.g. that seen in FIG. 6. This is illustrated in the lower part of FIG. 7.

[0196] It is noted that the two supply connections (Vdd and Vss) of the high impedance circuit 22 should be connected to voltages higher than the maximum voltage and lower than the lowest voltage occurring on the amplifier input. In the present situation, as the high impedance system is connected to ground the quiescent voltage on the amplifier is 0 V. In general, Vdd and Vss should be on either side of the voltage to which the lower terminal of the element 22 is connected.

[0197] FIG. 8 illustrates, in the upper part, a general system with a diaphragm biased transducer 12 having terminals 121 and 122 and with a diaphragm d outputting, via the terminal 121, the signal to the amplifier 20 and where two high impedance elements 16 and 22 are provided. A capacitor 18, Ck prevents DC coupling to the amplifier while passing all frequencies which may be output by the transducer to the amplifier input.

[0198] In this situation, both high impedance nodes carry the same signal, whereby it is desired to also implement the high impedance component 16 as that of e.g. FIG. 6. This is illustrated in the lower part of FIG. 8.

[0199] In this respect, it is, again, desired that the supply voltages to the high impedance element 22 is above and below, respectively, maximum and minimum voltage on the transducer connection.

[0200] As to the high impedance element 16, it is preferred that this is supplied with voltages above and below, respectively, the biasing voltage of the charge pump 14.

[0201] This latter supplying of multiple voltages to the high impedance circuits and especially voltages higher than the biasing voltage may be avoided.

[0202] In addition to this, clearly the operation of the two high impedance elements is desired to be the same.

[0203] In FIG. 9, an embodiment is seen illustrating a part of a system, namely the transducer 12, the high impedance circuit 16, the capacitor 18, the high impedance circuit 22 and the amplifier 20. Comparing to FIGS. 7 and 8, a number of elements are left out, such as the charge pump, to simplify the drawing.

[0204] It is seen that the high impedance element 16 has a structure corresponding to that of FIG. 3D, where the diodes are replaced by transistors having the same functionality.

[0205] The high impedance element 22 on the other hand corresponds to that of FIG. 6.

[0206] Only some of the components in these circuits have been provided with reference signs in order to provide a clear illustration.

[0207] It is seen that the impedance element 22 is connected, via two DC decoupling capacitors 181 and 182, to the element 16, whereby the element 16 does not need a power supply of its own.

[0208] Also, it is seen that the operation of the transistors (see FIGS. 6) 2225 and 2225 is transferred, via the capacitors 181 and 182 to the element 16

[0209] The element 16 acts as a slave element to the element 22 controlling the element 16, as both elements receive the same signal on its respective side of the capacitor 18.

[0210] In this manner, the high impedance element 16 does not need its own power supply, and only a single power supply is required for the two circuits. This power supply supplies voltages relating to the output of the transducer and not the biasing thereof.

[0211] In FIG. 10, an alternative is illustrated, the main difference being the choice of another type of transistor.