SOLID FORMULATIONS OF LIQUID BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE AGENTS

Abstract

The instant invention relates to a solid product comprising a liquid biologically active agent which is intimately associated to a stabilizing agent; particularly a solid product that can be reconstituted to a clear, stable, stabilized nanodispersion or loaded micelles comprising a polymer as a stabilizing agent and a liquid, preferably water immiscible, biologically active agent. The instant invention is further directed toward a process for the production of the above solid product; particularly to micelles or nanodispersions produced by hydration of a cake or powder of the solid product, produced via an effective treatment of a stabilized solution comprising for example a polymer as a stabilizing agent, such as an amphiphilic block copolymer or a small molecular weight surfactant, loaded with a liquid biologically active agent, such as propofol, an optional additive, and a suitable solvent.

Claims

1. A solid product suitable for reconstitution to an essentially clear, stable solution upon addition of an aqueous reconstituting solvent thereto, said solid product comprising an intimate mixture of at least one stabilizing agent and at least one liquid biologically active agent loaded within said stabilizing agent, in such a manner that said liquid biologically active agent is intimately associated with said stabilizing agent in a substantially solid product; whereby upon hydration with a reconstituting aqueous solvent or solution, said solid product forms said essentially clear stable solution in which said at least one biologically active agent is present as stable nanodispersions or micelles loaded with said at least one biologically active agent.

2. A solid product according to claim 1, which comprises about 0.1% to about 25% w/w of said biologically active agent.

3. A solid product according to claim 2, which comprises about 1% to about 12% w/w of said biologically active agent.

4. A solid product according to claim 1, wherein said liquid biologically active agent is insoluble in water.

5. A solid product according to claim 1 wherein said liquid biologically active agent is adapted for use as an intravenous injection.

6. A solid product according to claim 1 wherein said liquid biologically active agent is an anaesthetic agent.

7. A solid product according to claim 1 wherein said liquid biologically active agent is selected from the group consisting of propofol, 2-phenoxyethanol, quinaldine, methoxyflurane, and combinations thereof.

8. A solid product according to claim 6 wherein said anaesthetic agent is propofol.

9. A solid product according to claim 1 which is obtained by lyophilizing or spray-drying a mixture of said at least one stabilizing agent, said at least one liquid biologically active agent and at least one solvent therefore.

10-18. (canceled)

19. A solid product according to claim 9 wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, t-butanol, n-butanol, dioxane, pyridine, pyrimidine, piperidine, sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and mixtures thereof.

20. A solid product according to claim 19 wherein said solvent comprises water.

21. A process for the production of a solid product suitable for reconstitution to a clear stable solution upon addition of an aqueous solution thereto, which comprises forming a first mixture comprising a solution of at least one stabilizing agent and at least one solvent, under conditions to achieve micelle or nanodispersion formation; adding at least one liquid biologically active agent to said first mixture in such a manner to load said micelle or nanodispersion therewith and form a second mixture; treating said second mixture under conditions effective to remove said solvent therefrom while forming a substantially solid product that contains said liquid biologically active agent intimately associated with said stabilizing agent, said solid product upon hydration being capable of forming a clear stable solution in which said at least one biologically active agent is present as nanodispersion or micelle loaded with said at least one biologically active agent.

22. A process for the production of a stabilized nanodispersion or loaded micelle containing a liquid biologically active agent which comprises hydrating a solid product as defined in claim 1, under conditions to provide said stabilized nanodispersions or loaded micelle.

23. Process according to claim 21 which comprises adding at least one additive to said first and/or second mixture.

24. The process according to claim 21 which comprises filtering said solution to yield a sterile filtrate.

25.-26. (canceled)

27. The process in accordance with claim 22 wherein said step of hydrating includes combining said solid product with a sufficient amount of water, saline solution or dextrose solution.

28. The process in accordance with claim 23 wherein said additive is at least one member selected from the group consisting of a buffer, a cryoprotectant, an analgesic, a lyoprotectant, a bulk forming agent, e.g. poly(vinylpyrrolidone, lidocaine, poly(ethylene glycol), lactose, trehalose, mannitol, saccharides, amino acids soluble in said solvent, or combinations thereof.

29. The process in accordance with claim 21 wherein said forming step further includes at least one dissolution enhancing means selected from the group consisting of sonicating, vortexing and heating.

30. (canceled)

31. The process according to claim 21 wherein said liquid biologically active agent is water insoluble.

32. The process according to claim 21 wherein said water insoluble liquid biologically active agent is selected from the group consisting of propofol, 2-phenoxyethanol, quinaldine, and methoxyflurane, and combinations thereof.

33.-38. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0062] FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of pharmacodynamic effects obtained in vivo 001 (example 3) of Diprivan versus three propofol polymeric micelle formulations after iv administration at 10 mg/kg in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

[0063] FIG. 2 is a graph showing the comparison of the time for righting reflex in pharmacodynamic study #1 (example 3) and #2 (example 9).

[0064] FIG. 3 is a graph showing the mean concentration-time profiles of propofol in blood following the intravenous administration of Diprivan and three PPF-PM formulations (10 mg/kg).

[0065] FIG. 4 is a graph showing the mean concentration-time profiles of propofol in plasma following the intravenous administration of Diprivan and three PPF-PM formulations.

[0066] FIG. 5 is a graph showing the mean (SD) withdrawal reflex time, time of first movement and time of righting following the intravenous administration of Diprivan(1), PPF-PM 7%, PPF-PM 10% and PPF-PM 12% in male Sprague-Dawley rats obtained in vivo 003 study (example 10).

[0067] FIG. 6 is a graph showing the mean (SD) pay withdrawal reflex time following the intravenous administration of Diprivan (1), PPF-PM 7% (2), PPF-PM 10% (3) and PPF-PM 12% (4) in male Sprague-Dawley rats obtained in vivo 003 study (example 10).

[0068] FIG. 7 is a graph showing Staphylococcus Aureus growth in water, in polymer solution in water, propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in water for injection and Diprivan.

[0069] FIG. 8 is a graph showing Staphylococcus Aureus growth in dextrose, in polymer solution in dextrose (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in dextrose and Diprivan.

[0070] FIG. 9 is a graph showing Staphylococcus Aureus growth in saline, in polymer solution in saline (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in saline and Diprivan.

[0071] FIG. 10 is a graph showing E, Coli growth in water, in polymer solution in water (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in water and Diprivan.

[0072] FIG. 11 is a graph showing E. Coli growth in dextrose, in polymer solution in dextrose (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in dextrose and Diprivan.

[0073] FIG. 12 is a graph showing E. Coli growth in saline, in polymer solution in saline (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in saline and Diprivan.

[0074] FIG. 13 is a graph showing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa growth in water, in polymer solution in water (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in water and Diprivan.

[0075] FIG. 14 is a graph showing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa growth in dextrose, in polymer solution in dextrose (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in dextrose and Diprivan

[0076] FIG. 15 is a graph showing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa growth in saline, in polymer solution in saline (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in saline and Diprivan.

[0077] FIG. 16 is a graph showing Candida Albicans growth in water, in polymer solution in water (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in water and Diprivan.

[0078] FIG. 17 is a graph showing Candida Albicans growth in dextrose, in polymer solution in dextrose (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in dextrose and Diprivan.

[0079] FIG. 18 is a graph showing Candida Albicans growth in saline, in polymer solution in saline (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) solution in saline and Diprivan.

[0080] FIGS. 19A-C illustrate colony counts after 24 hour incubation time of all strains and all reconstitution media, polymer solutions and formulations.

[0081] FIG. 20 is a schematic representation of a drug loading procedure and preparation of an essentially clear solution thereof according to the invention.

[0082] FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration of a device for producing a solid drug formulation according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0083] In accordance with the schematic representation set forth in FIG. 20, predetermined amounts of a stabilizing agent, e.g. a suitable polymer, copolymer or a surfactant or a dispersing agent, and optionally, an additive, e.g. a buffer, a cryoprotectant/a lyoprotectant/a bulk forming agent or the like (e.g. commercially available poly (vinylpyrrolidone) Kollidon 12 PF or 17PF, BASF) and/or additional stabilizing agents are dissolved in a solvent, e.g. water, an aqueous solution, at least one non-aqueous organic solvent, or combinations of water or an aqueous solution and said at least one non-aqueous organic solvent to form a first mixture in the form of a micellar solution. It has been realized that proper mixing achieves micelle or nanodispersion formation within the first mixture.

[0084] Once the first mixture is well formed, a liquid drug, here propofol, although any other liquid biologically active agent may be used as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, is added to the first mixture under conditions well known to those skilled in the art, whereby the micelle or nanodispersion will be loaded with the liquid drug in a second mixture in the form of a drug micellar clear solution.

[0085] In either or both of the mixing steps described above, a suitable additive could be added for purposes well known to those skilled in the art. Non limiting examples of additives include, but are not limited to buffers, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, analgesics and bulk forming agents. Other suitable additives include, but are not limited to poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethylene glycol), sugars (lactose, trehalose), polyols (mannitol), saccharides and amino acids soluble in the solvent or solvent mixture. As broadly recited herein, the term solvent is understood to mean water alone, water with at least one non-aqueous organic solvent, or combinations of water and said at least one non-aqueous organic solvent. In one illustrative embodiment, additional dissolution enhancing means, here stirring, may be employed to aid in the forming of the liquid comprising a biologically active agent, a stabilizing agent and a solvent, prior to treatment to form a solid product. Illustrative, but non-limiting examples of said dissolution enhancing means may include a process, for example, wherein the mixture may be stirred, vortexed and sonicated, if needed. For some polymers, the solution may also need to be heated to speed up dissolution.

[0086] In the illustrated embodiment, the solution is filtered through a sterilizing filter, e.g. through a 0.2 m filter. Subsequently, the solution is freeze-dried to form a sterile dry cake or powder or the like.

[0087] Lastly, for administration to a patient, the dried powder or cake is reconstituted with water, saline 0.9%, dextrose 5%, or other suitable solvent, or drug containing aqueous solutions, whereby a stable nanodispersion or loaded micelle is spontaneously produced.

[0088] The reconstituted formulation comprising nanodispersions or micelles in a suitable (usually aqueous) solvent may be characterized by; [0089] 1. Particle size and particle size distribution of the nanodispersion or micelle e.g. as determined by dynamic light scattering; [0090] 2. Clarity of the liquid e.g. as determined by degree of light transmittance at 660 nm; [0091] 3pH; [0092] 4Drug content/dose/concentration; [0093] 5Viscosity (not in examples though); [0094] 6Osmolality

[0095] In the present invention, the drug loading levels of 1 to 10% w/w were found to produce clear/stable solutions at any volume of reconstitution from 10 mg/mL, (found in commercially available propofol emulsions), to 100 mg/mL. However, at the latter concentration, the solution's viscosity becomes an issue for injection. Hence, the concentration of polymer in water is the limiting factor for reconstitution volume of formulations.

[0096] Starting at around 12% drug loading level, reconstituted solutions, while remaining essentially clear, become increasingly opalescent, with a blue tint at 12% to a transparent, cloudy suspension at 20% and more. Nevertheless, all of these formulations of the instant invention were found to be stable for more than 24 hours, i.e. they do not precipitate upon dilution in water and/or albumin 35 g/L solutions. The opalescence suggests the swelling of the micelles to bigger sizes causing light diffraction observable by the naked eye.

[0097] The presence of albumin does not affect the stability of the propofol formulation of the current invention. Dilutions of 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL formulations at 5% w/w, 7% w/w, 10% w/w, and 15% w/w drug loading levels in 35 g/L albumin solutions showed no significant turbidity or differences with reconstituted solutions in water, saline or dextrose. That is, the clear solutions stayed clear, with no visible precipitation of polymer and/or albumin and/or floating propofol (phase separation is not present). Similarly, the opalescent suspensions stayed opalescent, but less so after dilution, with no precipitation of polymer and/or albumin and/or floating propofol.

[0098] With reference to FIG. 21, a device for carrying out the preparation of a solid product according to the invention comprises a container 1 which is connected in known manner to a supply 3 of solvent, here water, and a supply 5 of a stabilizing agent, here PVP-PDLLA. A mixer 7 is provided in container 1 to stir the mixture of water and PVP-PDLLA under conditions for forming a micelle or nanodispersion.

[0099] A supply 9 of propofol is also connected in known manner to container 1 to add propofol thereto once micelle or nanodispersion is achieved through stirrer 7 thereby forming a second mixture comprising a micelle or nanodispersion loaded with propofol.

[0100] In the non limiting illustrated embodiment, there is provided a filter 11 allowing for sterilization of the micelle or nanodispersion, filter 11 being connected in known manner to container 1 through duct 13. Vials 15 are provided at 15 downstream of filter 11, to receive filtered quantities of sterilized micelle or nanodispersion. Vials 15 are connected in known manner through duct 17 to filter 11.

[0101] The device also comprises a lyophilizer 19 of known construction connected in known manner to vials 15 through duct 21 downstream of vials 15. A recipient 23 is finally connected to vials 15 through duct 25 to collect the solid product 27 obtained through lyophilization.

EXAMPLES

[0102] The invention will now be illustrated but is not limited by means of the following examples. The stabilizing agents used are different types of commercially available poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(d,l-lactide) copolymers, while the liquid biologically active agent is propofol. It is understood that other stabilizing agents and liquid biologically active agents could also be used with similar results as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art.

[0103] Characteristics of PVP-PDLLA lots used in the following examples are given in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Characteristics of PVP-PDLLA lots used in the following examples PDLLA PDLLA PVP-PDLLA Wt %.sup.1 mol %.sup.1 Mw.sup.2 Mn.sup.2 PDI POLYMER 1 36.7 47.2 3900 3500 1.1 POLYMER 2 38.1 48.8 4500 3900 1.2 POLYMER 3 35.7 46.4 4961 4177 1.2 POLYMER 4 36.7 47.2 4591 4012 1.1 POLYMER 5 33.6 43.8 4685 3872 1.2 .sup.1Weight and molar percentages were measured from elemental analysis of polymer samples. .sup.2Absolute molecular weights were determined using a Gel Permeation Chromatography system equipped with a light scattering detector.

Example 1

[0104] PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 1 and POLYMER 2) samples were dissolved in mixtures of water and various amounts of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). Propofol is then added to the PVP-PDLLA solution. Water is then added to the TBA/PVP-PDLLA/propofol solution to the desired final volume. Final TBA concentration in these solutions was 10-30%. Drug loading levels, % w/w of propofol/(propofol PVP-PDLLA), were also varied from 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20%. Solutions were then frozen in a dry ice/acetone bath and lyophilized for at least 24 hours. Lyophilized cakes obtained were then reconstituted by adding water to obtain an aqueous solution of propofol 1% w/v in less than 30 seconds. Overall results indicated that at 10% w/w drug loading levels and below, solutions were 100% homogenous. At drug loading levels above 10% w/w, the solutions were gradually more and more opalescent (bluish tint caused by diffracted light). At 20%, solutions are cloudy, but stable (no precipitation for more than 8 hours).

Example 2

[0105] PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 1) is dissolved directly in water at concentrations between 100 to 350 mg/mL. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. The solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol. 7, 10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 m sterile filters and frozen in acetone/dry ice bath or in 80 C. freezer for at least 4 hours before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes of 7, 10 and 12% w/w were reconstituted by adding water for injection. 7 and 10% w/w drug loading levels yield homogenous solutions, while the 12% w/w yielded a slightly opalescent solution (bluish tint). All where stable for more than 8 hours, i.e. no precipitation or phase separation under visual observation.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Reconstituted formulation characteristics of example 1. Sample ID DLL theo DLL exp Osmolality Particle size.sup.1 FR041124 (% w/w) (%) mOsm (nm) POLYMER 1 7 6.7 438 23 (99%)* POLYMER 1 10 9.6 355 26 (99%)* POLYMER 1 12 11.4 342 20 (99%)* *size of main peak (intensity signal) and volume percentage occupied by the main peak. All were reconstituted in 5% Dextrose

Example 3

[0106] Formulations found in table 2 were tested in female Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Injection time was 1 minute. All formulations prepared had a propofol concentration of 1% w/v, i.e. 10 mg/mL.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Pharmacodynamic parameters of Diprivan versus three propofol polymeric micelle formulations in Sprague-Dawley rats. Time of Time of Time of First Righting Full Onset Movement Reflex Recovery Formulation of (min (min (min (n = 5) % DLL Sleep Std Dev) Std Dev) Std Dev) Diprivan ca. 7% <1 min .sup.8 3.4 10.4 2.7 19.2 3.3 FR041124-11 7% <1 min 8.7 1.5 9.3 1.5 17.7 0.6 FR041124-21 10% <1 min 10.2 2 10.4 2.1 17.4 2.7 FR041124-31 12% <1 min 9.8 3.0 11.2 1.9 18.2 1.1

[0107] The results of the above study are illustrated in FIG. 1 which is a sleep/recovery study upon iv administration of 10 mg/kl of propofol formulation in rats (onset of sleep less than 1 min).

Example 4

[0108] PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 2) is dissolved in water at concentrations between 100 to 350 mg/mL. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. The solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol. 7, 10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 m sterile filters and frozen in acetone/dry ice bath before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes of 7, 10 and 12% w/w were reconstituted by adding water. 7 and 10% w/w drug loading levels yielded homogenous solutions, while the 12% w/w yielded a slightly opalescent solution (feeble blue tint). All where stable for more than 8 hours, i.e. no precipitation or phase separation under visual observation.

Example 5

[0109] PVP-PDLLA (lot # POLYMER 3) is dissolved in water at concentrations between 100 to 350 mg/mL. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. The solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol. 7, 10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 m sterile filters and frozen in acetone/dry ice bath before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes of 7, 10 and 12% w/w were reconstituted by adding water. 7 and 10% w/w drug loading levels yielded homogenous solutions, while the 12% w/w yielded a slightly opalescent solution (feeble blue tint). All were stable for more than 8 hours, i.e. no precipitation or phase separation under visual observation.

Example 6

[0110] PVP-PDLLA (lot# POLYMER 2) is dissolved in sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. 10% drug loading level is tested. Water is then added to obtain a 1% w/v propofol concentration and a sodium phosphate buffer concentration ranging from 10 to 100 mM. Osmolality, pH and particle size of reconstituted solutions were obtained (table 4).

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 pH, Osmolality and particle size as a function of sodium phosphate buffer concentration and time. Phosphate Time after buffer conc. reconstitution Osmolality Particle size (mM) hours pH (mOsm) (nm) ca. 100 0 7.4 356 41 ca. 24 7.1 369 36 75 0 7.3 323 35 ca. 24 7.1 336 32 50 0 7.2 232 32 ca. 24 6.9 241 30 10 0 6.5 105 29 ca. 24 5.9 110 30

Example 7

[0111] PVP-PDLLA (lot # POLYMER 1, POLYMER 2, POLYMER 3, POLYMER 4 and POLYMER 5) is dissolved directly in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at concentrations between 100 to 350 mg/mL. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. The solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol and 70 mM of sodium phosphate buffer concentration. 7, 0.10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 m sterile filters and frozen in acetone/dry ice bath or in 80 C. freezer for at least 4 hours before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes of 7, 10 and 12% w/w were reconstituted by adding water for injection. 7 and 10% w/w drug loading levels yield homogenous solutions, while the 12% w/w yielded a slightly opalescent solution (bluish tint). All reconstituted solutions were stable for more than 24 hours, i.e. no precipitation or phase separation under visual observation. Characteristics of samples can be found in tables 5, 6 and 7.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Formulation characteristics for lot # POLYMER 3 at 70 mM sodium phosphate buffer concentration Propofol DLL (%) Osmolarity Particle size.sup.1 Conc.sup.2 % T + w/w pH mOsm (nm) (mg/mL) (660 nm) POLYMER 3 7 6.96 370 42 (100%) 10.1 99.0 POLYMER 3 10 7.05 292 39 (99.9%) 9.9 98.6 POLYMER 3 12 7.1 283 50 (99.3%) 9.8 97.5

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Formulation characteristics for POLYMER 4 at 70 mM sodium phosphate buffer concentration DLL Particle Propofol Water Sample ID (%) Osmolarity size.sup.1 Conc.sup.2 % T content.sup.3 MT050816 w/w pH mOsm (nm) (mg/mL) (660 nm) (% w/w) POLYMER 4 7 6.85 282 26.9 10.1 99.6 0.7 (100%) POLYMER 4 10 6.94 243 26.1 10.2 98.9 0.9 (100%) POLYMER 4 12 7.0 226 27.4 10.0 99.1 0.9 (100%)

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Formulation characteristics for POLYMER 5 at 70 mM sodium phosphate buffer concentration DLL Particle Propofol Water Sample ID (%) Osmolarity size.sup.1 Conc.sup.2 % T content.sup.3 MT050809 w/w pH mOsm (nm) (mg/mL) (660 nm) (% w/w) POLYMER 5 7 6.83 292 28.1 9.8 98.7 0.6 (100%) POLYMER 5 10 6.93 248 29.5 9.4 98.8 0.8 (99.8%) POLYMER 5 12 6.96 230 30.0 8.7 96.6 0.9 (99.0%) .sup.1Particle size measured using Malvern zeta sizer. Size is selected from the main peak of the intensity signal. Percentages in brackets represent the volume fraction of micelles of that main peak. .sup.2Propofol concentration is determined by HPLC method. .sup.3Water content is determined by Karl Fisher titration.

Example 8

[0112] PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 4) is dissolved directly in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at concentrations between 140 to 300 mg/mL, depending on drug loading level. One of the two 10% w/w drug loading level formulations was dissolved in water. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solutions and mixed until homogenous solutions are obtained. The solutions are then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol and 70 mM of sodium phosphate buffer concentration. 7, 10 and 12% w/w drug loading levels were tested. All solutions were then filtered using 0.2 m sterile filters and frozen in 80 C. freezer for at least 4 hours before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes of 7, 10 and 12% w/w were reconstituted by adding water for injection, except for one formulation containing no phosphate buffer that was reconstituted in 5% dextrose w/w. All reconstituted solutions were stable for more than 24 hours, i.e. no precipitation or phase separation under visual observation.

Example 9

[0113] In-vivo 002. Using propofol-PM formulations presented in Example 8, and Diprivan (commercial propofol 1% w/v formulation), a pharmacodynamic study was performed. The objectives of this study were: [0114] 1. Evaluate the pharmacodynamic effect of changing PVP-PDLLA molecular weight in the formulation [0115] 2. Evaluate the changes in pharmacodynamic parameters when using a sodium phosphate buffer to control pH and Osmolality [0116] 3. Compare results

[0117] Lyophilized solid formulations of propofol-PM were reconstituted to a homogenous solution by adding water for injection (WFI) or dextrose 5% w/v for injection (sample MT050816-3). Final propofol concentration in solutions is 1%, equivalent to the commercial formulation Diprivan. Female Sprague Dawley rats were injected a bolus dose of 10 mg/kg in 60 seconds. Pharmacodynamic parameters were then measured. Tables 8 and 9 present selected characteristics and parameters of interest.

[0118] For a comparison of a time for righting reflex measured in in vivo 002 and in vivo 001 sleep/recovery study, reference is made to FIG. 2.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 In-house propofol-PM formulation compositions to be tested in second pharmacodynamic study. Final concentration Reconstitution propofol Polymer % w/w of Phosphate % T conc. Lot# batch# DLL* Buffer (mM) Medium Speed (660 nm) (mg/mL) MT050816-1 POLYMER 4 7% 70 WFI <1 min 99.6 10.2 MT050816-2 POLYMER 4 10% 70 WFI <1 min 98.9 10.46 MT050816-3 POLYMER 4 10% 0 Dextrose <1 min 98.9 9.9 5% MT050817-4 POLYMER 4 12% 70 WFI <1 min 99.1 10.26 *All parts percentages of drug loading reported herein are weight per unit weight (w/w), in which the weight in the denominator represents the total weight of the formulation (polymer and drug, excluding buffering excipients).

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 In-house propofol-PM formulation compositions to be tested in second pharmacodynamic study: Characteristics and results RESULTS Time of Micelle size* Righting Formulation % DLL (nm) Osmolality % T Onset of Reflex (min (n = 5) w/w (Volume %) pH mOsmol (660 nm) Sleep Std Dev) Diprivan Ca. 7% ND 7 311 ND <1 min 10.4 3.3 MT050816-1 7% 30.3 (100) 6.86 284 99.6 <1 min 11.6 1.7 MT050816-2 10% 31.5 (100) 6.95 240 98.9 <1 min 10.4 2.9 MT050816-3 10% 37.6 (99.5) 3.32 315 98.9 <1 min 10.4 1.7 (no PB) MT050817-4 12% 32.8 (99.95) 7.02 224 99.1 <1 min 10.3 1.3 *Particle size measured using Malvern zeta sizer. Size is selected from the main peak of the intensity signal. Percentages in brackets represent the volume fraction of micelles of that main peak.

Example 10

[0119] In-vivo 003. Using formulations prepared according to the protocol in example 8, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in Male Sprague-Dawley rats. Formulations tested and pharmacokinetic study design, which included Diprivan, are presented in the table below.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Pharmacokinetic groups and details Dose Injection Number Dose volume time of Group Formulation (mg/kg) (mL/kg) (sec) Animals Matrix 1 Diprivan 10 1 30 5 Blood 2 5 Plasma 3 Propofol-PM 10 1 30 5 Blood 4 (7% w/w) 5 Plasma 5 Propofol-PM 10 1 30 5 Blood 6 (10% w/w) 5 Plasma 7 Propofol-PM 10 1 30 5 Blood 8 (12% w/w) 5 Plasma Forty male Sprague-Dawley Rats (300-325 g) were used to determine the pharmacokinetic properties The animals were equally allotted into four groups (n = 5) A, B, C and D corresponding to the four treatments Diprivan, Propofol-PM 7%, 10% and 12% (w/w).

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Summary of mean pharmacokinetic parameters for propofol in blood for Diprivan and PPF-PM formulations PK PPF-PM PPF-PM PPF-PM parameters Units Diprivan 7% w/w 10% w/w 12% w/w C.sub.max g/mL 18.65 .sup.14.4 * 19.1 19.0 C.sub.0 g/mL 20.4 14.1 21.7 18.5 AUC t g .Math. min/mL 262.3 246.6 255.6 258.1 AUC inf g .Math. min/mL 301.1 271.5 272.8 282.9 CL mL/min/kg 31.3 28.4 22.5 25.4 MRT Min 34.1 39.6 37.1 36.6 T Min 28.6 22.5 20.0 22.9 T {acute over ()} Min 3.1 2.6 2.9 3.0 T Min 40.9 24.7 37.8 26.0 .sub.1 /min 0.262 0.303 0.349 0.245 .sub.2 mL/kg 0.024 0.032 0.027 0.028 V.sub.1 g/mL 447.8 608.5 400.1 452.6 Vss g/mL 1347.9 1119.0 833.0 921.7 * p < 0.05

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Summary of mean plasmatic pharmacokinetic parameters for Diprivan and PPF-PM formulations PK PPF-PM PPF-PM PPF-PM parameters Units Diprivan 7% w/w 10% w/w 12% w/w C.sub.max g/mL 11.7 6.0 *** 7.6 6.1 *** C.sub.0 g/mL 12.4 6.2.sup. 6.6 6.8 AUC t g .Math. min/mL 126.5 77.3 **** 84.2 *** 76.7 **** AUC inf g .Math. min/mL 132.8 87.2 *** 89.2 **** 85.4 *** CL mL/min/kg 19.2 27.2 *** 21.9 28.3 MRT Min 77.1 122.5 *** 113.0 **** 130.9 ** T Min 17.5 23.8 **** 19.5 26.1 T {acute over ()} Min 1.4 3.5 * 2.0 3.1 T Min 16.6 38.7 20.3 32.2 * .sub.1 /min 0.508 0.243 *** 0.432 0.287 * .sub.2 mL/kg 0.042 0.024 *** 0.038 0.024 **** V.sub.1 g/mL 626.0 1875.0 **** 1052.9 *.sup. 1622.0 **** Vss g/mL 1467.5 3293.3 **** 2481.9 *** 3632.1 **** * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.03 *** p < 0.02 **** p < 0.01

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Mean partition coefficient (Kp RBC: Plasma) of propofol in blood following a single intravenous dose (target 10 mg/kg) of Diprivan and 3 PPF-PM formulations (7, 10 and 12%) Time Kp Kp PPF-PM Kp PPF-PM Kp PPF-PM (min) Diprivan 7% w/w 10% w/w 12% w/w 1 8.5 10.4 14.0 15.7 3 7.6 9.9 12.0 11.3 5 6.4 5.8 9.8 10.5 7.5 5.6 5.9 5.9 7.0 10 3.7 4.2 4.2 5.7 15 2.1 4.1 3.9 3.2 30 2.2 2.7 2.1 2.5 60 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 75 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6

Example 11

[0120] PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 1) was dissolved directly in water at concentrations between 140 to 350 mg/mL. Propofol is added to the PVP-PDLLA solution and mixed until a homogenous solution is obtained. The solution is then diluted to a concentration of 1% w/v of propofol (7%, 9%, 10% and 12% w/w drug loading levels), The solutions were then filtered using 0.2 m sterile filters and frozen in ethanol/dry ice bath before being lyophilized for 48 hours. Solid lyophilized cakes were reconstituted by adding sterile dextrose 5% for injection to yield a propofol concentration of 1% w/v (10 mg/mL). Micelle size distributions were then measured at 1% w/v and 0.1% w/v propofol concentrations to evaluate the effect of dilution. At 0.01% w/v (1/100 dilution), the light scattering signal was very weak for obvious reasons. The sample at 7% w/w drug loading level was the only one measured at 0.01% w/v-propofol concentration. All solutions were stable visually and no phase separation or precipitation was observed upon dilution. Characteristics of these formulations are presented in the table below.

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Characteristics and, particle size and stability, of propofol polymeric micelle formulations upon dilution Sample ID DLL Micelle Size (nm) POLYMER (%) Dilution 1% w/v 0.1% 0.01% 1 w/w medium PPF w/v w/v FR041124 7 Dextrose 5% 23 23 18 (99.4%) (99.4%) (100%) DLG041123 9 Dextrose 5% 24 24 ND (99.6%) (99.9%) DLG041123 10 Dextrose 5% 24 25 ND (99.5%) (99.6%) DLG041123 12 Dextrose 5% 26 30 ND (97%) (98.6%)

Example 12: Microbial Growth Study

[0121] Formulations prepared as per example 2 were reconstituted in three different media (water for injection, dextrose 5% w/v and saline 0.9% w/v) inoculated with 4 different strains of bacteria. Furthermore, reconstitution media alone (saline, dextrose 5% and water for injection) and polymer solutions without any propofol in all three different reconstitution media were also inoculated for comparison, 110.sup.4 cfu/mL were added to each articles tested (solutions, formulations, media). Dirpivan emulsion was also inoculated for comparison. Characteristics of polymer solutions and formulations follow (table) and graphical results on microbial proliferation in different tests are presented below.

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Characteristics of formulation and polymer solutions tested for microbial growth study. Formulation Propofol Reconstitution POLYMER DLL Conc. 1 (%) w/w Medium Time Clarity (mg/mL) PVP-PLA 0 WFI <30 Clear 0 sec PVP-PLA 0 Dextrose <30 Clear 0 sec PVP-PLA 0 0.9% Saline <30 Clear 0 w/v sec PPF-PM 10 WFI <30 Clear 9.56 sec PPF-PM 10 Dextrose <30 Clear 9.72 sec PPF-PM 10 0.9% Saline <30 Clear 9.89 w/v sec

[0122] Results of the microbial growth study indicate that the PVP-PLA solutions of the invention (containing no propofol) are most of the time not significantly different than proliferation observed in the reconstitution media (water for injection, saline 0.9% w/v and dextrose 5% w/v) alone. The addition of propofol to form the propofol polymeric micelle (PPF-PM) formulations demonstrates that the intrinsic bactericidal property of propofol is active in killing all bacteria inoculated, independent on the reconstitution media or the polymer. Diprivan as shown highest microbial growth support in all cases.

[0123] FIGS. 7-18: Microbial growth time profile of polymer solutions (PVP-PLA), propofol polymeric micelle formulations (PPF-PM), Diprivan and reconstitution media of all 4 strains of bacteria tested.

Example 12

[0124] PVP-PDLLA (POLYMER 4) is dissolved directly in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Propofol is added to the solution and mixed. Once the clear solution is obtained, the solution is diluted to 1% w/v propofol concentration and a final buffer concentration of 75 mM. The solutions were then lyophilized. The freeze dried cakes were then reconstituted directly with 2%, 1% and 0.2% w/v lidocaine solutions. Particle size and pH of solutions were measured daily over a period of 5 days. Results are presented below.

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Propofol polymeric micelle stability in solution with different lidocaine concentration Propofol 1% Particle size (nm)/pH Lidocaine At concentration reconstitution Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 0.2% (2 mg/mL) 35.1/6.35 35.8/6.4 36.8/6.20 39.2/6.36 39.9/6.26 1% (10 mg/mL) 33.9/6.53 34.5/6.38 33.0/6.39 37.5/6.49 37.0/6.43 2% (20 mg/mL) 31.9/6.87 34.5/6.56 33.2/6.60 32.4/6.71 31.1$6.65

Example 13

[0125] Two other liquid biologically active agents have also been successfully loaded in PVP-PLA micelles using the same procedure. 2-phenoxyethanol (50 mg/mL) and quinaldine (10 mg/mL) were added to aqueous PVP-PLA solutions (90 mg/mL) containing 75 mM (final concentration) of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The clear solutions were then diluted to suitable concentration for UV absorbance measurements prior to freezing and lyophilization. The resulting lyophilizate was then reconstituted by addition of water to approximately the same concentration, i.e. 50 mg/mL for 2-phenoxyethanol and 10 mg/mL for quinaldine. Clear solutions were obtained. UV absorbance was then measured to assess the presence of the two drugs. Results below indicate that the two biologically active liquids were retained in the PVP-PLA, micelles.

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Formulation 1: 2- Phenoxyethanol (final concentration of drug = 50 mg/mL) Formulation 1 Abs (228 nm) Before freeze drying 0.76040 After reconstitution 0.62017

[0126] Formulation 1. was diluted with USP water to a 0.5 mg/mL concentration for UV measurement

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Formulation 2: Quinaldine (final concentration of drug = 10/mL) Formulation 2 Abs (225 nm) Before freeze drying 2.08290 After reconstitution 1.72110

[0127] Formulation 2 was diluted with USP water to a 0.1 mg/mL concentration for UV measurement.

[0128] It is to be understood that while a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangement herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown and described in the specification and drawings/figures.

[0129] One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments, methods, procedures and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments, are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the appended claims.

[0130] Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.