Abstract
The present subject matter comprises a simple, passive skylight dome with relatively tall partially vertical sides comprising partially transparent material which diffuses the transmitted light, and a mostly opaque sun shade near the top of the relatively tall partially vertical sides. The partially vertical sides are able to better intercept sunlight from low sun elevation angles than conventional horizontal skylights. The mostly opaque sun shade is able to block sunlight from high sun elevation angles to prevent such sunlight from entering the building below the dome. By enhancing the collection of low-sun-elevation-angle light, the subject matter improves the daylight performance of the skylight early and late in the day, and all day in the winter months. By reducing the collection of high-sun-elevation-angle light, the subject matter reduces the solar heat gain near solar noon in the summer months, thereby reducing air conditioning loads and related costs.
Claims
1. A skylight dome for reducing the amount of high sun elevation light passing into an opening of a building and maximizing the admittance of low sun elevation light into the opening, comprising: at least one partially vertical wall extending from the opening to a top portion of the dome, said partially vertical wall comprised of at least a partially light-transmitting material and defining a boundary of the opening; a sun shade on the top portion of the dome; the sun shade having a relative thickness greater than the thickness of the at least one partially vertical wall, wherein a projection of the sun shade upon the opening defines a first area greater than zero and less than a second area defined by the opening in the horizontal plane, and wherein the at least one partially vertical wall and the sun shade are formed of the same material.
2. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the first area is greater or equal to half of the second area.
3. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein a height of the at least one partially vertical wall is greater than one of a width or length of the opening.
4. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the opening comprises a polygon in the horizontal plane.
5. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the top portion of the dome comprises an extension of the at least one partially vertical wall.
6. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the opening comprises a cross section of a rotatable solid in the horizontal plane.
7. The skylight dome of claim 1, further comprising the at least one partially vertical wall comprising a partially light-diffusing material.
8. The skylight dome of claim 1, further comprising a second transparent dome having at least one wall extending from the opening and above the top portion of the dome, said at least one wall comprised of at least a partially light-transmitting material and enveloping the at least one partially vertical wall.
9. The skylight dome of claim 1, further comprising a second transparent dome having at least one wall extending from the opening to below the top portion of the dome, said at least one wall comprised of at least a partially light-transmitting material and the at least one partially vertical wall enveloping the second transparent dome.
10. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the at least one partially vertical wall has a first side exposed to the exterior of the dome and a second side exposed to the interior of the dome, wherein the first and second sides are substantially parallel.
11. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the at least one partially vertical wall comprises a filter for selectively passing light into the dome.
12. The skylight dome of claim 11, wherein the at least one partially vertical wall comprises a filter for selectively reflecting light into the opening.
13. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the material comprises impact resistant acrylic plastic, polycarbonate plastic or tempered glass.
14. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the sun shade further comprises a cap covering the top portion, and the thickness of the sunshade is a function of the thickness of the top portion and the thickness of the cap.
15. The skylight dome of claim 1, wherein the at least one partially vertical wall comprises surface features selected from the group consisting of prisms and bulk additives to provide diffusion of the sunlight transmitted into the dome.
16. A method for reducing the amount of high sun elevation light passing into an opening of a building and maximizing the admittance of low sun elevation light into the opening comprising: positioning a transparent dome over the opening of a building, wherein the transparent dome comprises at least one partially vertical wall extending from the opening to a top portion of the dome, said partially vertical wall comprised of at least a partially light-transmitting material and defining a boundary of the opening; forming the top portion of the dome out of the same material as the at least one partially vertical wall with a greater thickness than the al least one partially vertical wall to form a sun shade on the top portion of the dome; wherein a projection of the sun shade upon the opening defines a first area greater than zero and less than a second area defined by the opening in the horizontal plane; blocking high sun elevation light incident on the transparent dome from passing into the opening with the sun shade on the top portion of the dome; and passing low sun elevation light through the at least one partially vertical wall into the transparent dome and into the opening.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of passing low sun elevation light through the at least one partially vertical wall into the transparent dome and into the opening further comprises, reflecting the low sun elevation light passed through the at least one partially vertical wall off another of the at least one partially vertical wall into the passage.
18. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of positioning a second transparent dome over the opening, wherein the second transparent dome is within the transparent dome.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of forming the top portion further comprises positioning a cap over the top of the dome, wherein the thickness of the sunshade is a function of the thickness of the dome and the thickness of the cap.
20. A skylight dome for reducing environmental utility costs by reducing the amount of high sun elevation light passing into an opening of a building and maximizing the admittance of low sun elevation light into the opening, comprising: a plurality of transparent domes, each of the plurality of transparent domes nested with at least another of the plurality of transparent domes; each of the plurality of transparent domes comprising at least one partially vertical wall extending from the opening to a top portion, said partially vertical wall comprised of at least a partially light-transmitting material and substantially defining a boundary of the opening; wherein at least one of the plurality of transparent domes comprises a sun shade covering the top portion of the respective transparent dome; wherein a projection of the sun shade upon the opening defines an area greater than zero and less than a second area defined by the opening in the horizontal plane and; an insulating volume of gas between the nested domes wherein the sun shade has a relative thickness greater than the at least one partially vertical wall, and is formed of the same material as the at least one partially vertical wall.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C present a perspective view and top view respectively of one preferred embodiment of the new skylight subject matter, comprising a rectangular geometry for the dome and shade.
(2) FIG. 2 presents a perspective view of a second preferred embodiment of the skylight subject matter, comprising a circular geometry for the dome and shade.
(3) FIG. 3 presents a perspective view of a third preferred embodiment of the new skylight subject matter, comprising a rectangular geometry for the dome and shade, with a second interior dome for the better thermal performance.
(4) FIG. 4 presents a perspective view of a third preferred embodiment of the new skylight subject matter, comprising a rectangular geometry for the dome and shade, with a second exterior dome for better thermal performance.
(5) FIG. 5 presents a perspective view of one preferred embodiment of the new skylight, including the curb on which the skylight is mounted, the relatively tall transparent or translucent dome forming the main light-collecting feature of the skylight, and the light-diffusing partial cap 7 on top of the dome to perform the dual functions of (1) light collection and delivery into the building below of low sun elevation angle sunlight, and (2) structural strengthening of the skylight to not only prevent personnel from falling through the skylight from the roof to the floor of the building, but to also prevent hail penetration of the skylight with likely damage to the contents in the building below.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(6) The present subject matter is best understood by referring to the attached drawings, which show four preferred embodiments. Referring first to FIG. 1A, the new subject matter is an improved skylight dome, one preferred embodiment of which is shown. The present subject matter will normally comprise a transparent dome 4 which can be a variety of shapes, but is shown for example only as a rectangular pyramidal shape in FIG. 1A. The transparent dome 4 can be made from acrylic plastic or polycarbonate plastic or tempered glass. The transparent dome 4 can include surface features such as prisms and/or bulk additives such as white pigment to provide diffusion of the sunlight transmitted into the dome, thereby minimizing glare from direct solar rays. The transparent dome 4 comprises a geometry with partially vertical sides (panes 5a-5d) able to collect sunlight from low sun elevation angles near the horizon. A thicker top portion 6 is located near the top of the transparent dome 4 to block high-sun-elevation-angle light from entering the building below the dome. The dome 4 with sun shade 6 of FIG. 1A is generally installed on a curb structure 2 which provides support and weatherproofing for the skylight.
(7) For the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, the transparent dome 4 can be made from impact resistant acrylic plastic, to withstand hail and wind and sunlight exposure. The sun shade (thicker portions) 6 can be made of the same material as the rest of the dome 4, but simply thicker.
(8) As would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, the shape of the dome 4 and the sun shade 6 could comprise a variety of configurations while still providing the basic benefits of the present subject matter, with FIG. 1A showing just one preferred embodiment. FIG. 1A also shows the sun shade 6 may extend on to the partially vertical sides.
(9) FIG. 1B is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 1A. The area of the opening in the horizontal plane is generally represented as 10 and the area of the sun shade is generally represented as reference number 20.
(10) Referring next to FIG. 1C, a second preferred embodiment of the new subject matter is shown in a round geometry. The present subject matter will normally comprise a transparent dome 4 which can be a variety of shapes, but is shown for example only as a cylindrical cone shape in FIG. 2. The transparent dome 4 can be made from acrylic plastic or polycarbonate plastic or tempered glass. The transparent dome 4 can include surface features such a prisms and/or bulk additives such as white pigment to provide diffusion of the sunlight transmitted into the dome, thereby minimizing glare from direct solar rays. The transparent dome 4 comprises a geometry with partially vertical sides able to collect sunlight from low sun elevation angles near the horizon. A thicker portion creating a sun shade 6 is located near the top of the transparent dome 4 to block high-sun-elevation-angle light from entering the building below the dome. This sun shade is formed to block vertical light by being thinker than the side or partially vertical panels. The top portion being significantly thicker, but made of the same material as the side material. The circular sun shade 6 can have a reflective inner surface, either diffusely reflecting like white paint or specularly reflecting like aluminized film to enhance the delivery to the building below of diffuse light which enters the dome 4. The dome 4 with sun shade 6 of FIG. 2 is generally installed on a curb structure 2 which provides support and weatherproofing for the skylight.
(11) For the second preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the transparent dome 4 can be made from impact resistant acrylic plastic, to withstand hail and wind and sunlight exposure. The sun shade 6 can be made of the same material as the rest of the dome 4. As would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, the shape of the dome 4 and the sun shade 6 could comprise a variety of configurations while still providing the basic benefits of the present subject matter, with FIG. 1C showing just one preferred embodiment.
(12) Referring next to FIG. 3, a third preferred embodiment of the new subject matter is shown in a rectangular geometry. The present subject matter will normally comprise a transparent dome 4 which can be a variety of shapes, but is shown for example only a rectangular pyramidal shape in FIG. 3. The transparent dome 4 can be made from acrylic plastic or polycarbonate plastic or tempered glass. The transparent dome 4 can include surface features such as prisms and/or bulk additives such as white pigment to provide diffusion of the sunlight transmitted into the dome, thereby minimizing glare from direct solar rays. The transparent dome 4 comprises a geometry with partially vertical sides to collect sunlight from low sun elevation angels near the horizon. A thicker portion forming the sun shade 6 as previously described is located near the top of the transparent dome 4 to block high-sun-elevation-angle light from entering the building below the dome. The rectangular sun shade 6 can have a reflective inner surface, either diffusely reflecting like white paint or specularly reflecting like aluminized film, to enhance the delivery to the building below of diffuse light which enters the dome 4. The dome 4 with sun shade 6 of FIG. 3 is generally installed on a curb structure 2 which provides support and weatherproofing for the skylight.
(13) For the third preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the transparent dome 4 can be made from impact resistant acrylic plastic, to withstand hail and wind and sunlight exposure. The sun shade 6 can be made of the same material as the rest of the dome 4.
(14) The primary difference between the third embodiment shown in FIG. 3 compared to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1A is the addition of a second dome 8 to the skylight configuration. This secondary dome 8 can be placed beneath the dome 4 to reduce the heat loss from the building in the winter months, and to reduce the heat gain into the building in the summer months. This secondary dome 8 can be clear or diffuse in terms of transmitting sunlight. The secondary dome 8 may be made of the same material or may be of another material since it does not need to be protected from the environment.
(15) As would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, the shape of the dome 4, the second dome 8, and the sun shade 6 could comprise a variety of configurations while still providing the basic benefits of the present subject matter, with FIG. 3 showing just one preferred embodiment.
(16) Referring next to FIG. 4, a fourth preferred embodiment of the new subject matter is shown in a rectangular geometry. The present subject matter will normally comprise a transparent dome 4 which can be a variety of shapes, but is shown for example only as a rectangular pyramidal shape in FIG. 4. The transparent dome 4 can be made from acrylic plastic or polycarbonate plastic or tempered glass. The transparent dome 4 can include surface features such as prisms and/or bulk additives such as white pigment to provide diffusion of the sunlight transmitted into the dome, thereby minimizing glare from direct solar rays. The transparent dome 4 comprises a geometry with partially vertical sides able to collect sunlight from low sun elevation angels near the horizon. A thicker portion forming the sun shade 6 is located near the top of the transparent dome 4 to block high-sun-elevation-angle light from entering the building below the dome. The rectangular sun shade 6 can have a reflective, either diffusely reflecting like white paint or specularly reflecting like aluminized film, inner surface to enhance the delivery to the building below of diffuse light which enters the dome 4. The dome 4 with sun shade 6 of FIG. 4 is generally installed on a curb structure 2 which provides support and weatherproofing for the skylight.
(17) For the fourth preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the transparent dome 4 can be made from impact resistant acrylic plastic, to withstand hail and wind and sunlight exposure.
(18) The primary difference between the fourth embodiment shown in FIG. 4 compared to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1A is the addition of a second dome 8 to the skylight configuration. This secondary dome 8 can be placed above the dome 4 to reduce the heat loss from the building in the winter months, and to reduce the heat gain into the building in summer months. This outer second dome 8 can be clear or diffuse in terms of transmitting sunlight. Additionally, the volume between the first and second dome may be filled with a gas such as air, or may be filled with an insulating gas, such as argon, carbon dioxide, CF.sub.4, or SF.sub.6 to further improve the insulating properties of the skylight. This same introduction of insulating gas is also envisioned as being beneficial to the embodiment of FIG. 3.
(19) Another embodiment of the disclosed subject matter is best understood by referring to the attached FIG. 5. Referring to the isometric view of FIG. 1, the new curved skylight comprises three key elements: (1) a skylight curb 2 for mounting the skylight to the roof of the building, (2) a light-transparent or light-translucent dome 4 for collecting daylight from the sky, and (3) a light-diffusing partial cap 7 instead or in combination with the sun shade for collecting sun elevation angle light and delivering part of this light to the building below. The partial cap 7 also provides an extra layer of strengthening to the skylight, thereby preventing personnel falls through the skylight and thereby also minimizing hail penetration to the skylight and consequential damage to the contents of the building below. The relatively tall dome 4 is made of transparent or translucent material, such as acrylic plastic, polycarbonate plastic, or glass. The cap 7 is made of light-diffusing material, such as acrylic plastic, polycarbonate plastic, or glass with prisms or surface roughness or added particles or pigments to diffuse light that intercepts the cap.
(20) Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the cap 7 can be attached to the dome 4 in a variety of ways. While not specifically shown in FIG. 5, the preferred method of attachment of the cap 7 to the dome 4 will provide a dead air space between the cap 7 and the dome 4, and a seal around the bottom joint between the cap 7 and the dome 4 to preclude dust and dirt infiltration into the dead air space. The method of attachment can therefore include spacers adhesively bonded to both the cap 7 and the dome 4, and sealant such as clear silicone caulk around the inner bottom edge of the cap 7 to fill and seal the space between the cap 7 and the dome 4.
(21) The preferred embodiment of the new skylight in FIG. 5 is merely exemplary, and the configuration can be modified by those of ordinary skill of the art to perform the functions taught by this invention, while still falling within the scope and spirit of this invention. For example, the rectangular skylight geometry of FIG. 5 could be modified to be round or hexagonal or any other shape and still employ the diffusing partial cap to obtain the key benefits of the new invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will quickly recognize that these and other variations of the new invention fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosed subject matter.
(22) As would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, the shape of the dome 4, the second dome 8 and the sun shade 6 could comprise a variety of configurations while still providing the basic benefits of the present subject matter, with FIG. 4 showing just one preferred embodiment.
(23) The new skylight subject matter, of the four embodiments shown in FIGS. 1A through 5, and many other embodiments which can be conceived by those of ordinary skill in the art, offers many advantages over conventional skylights of the current state of the art. Unlike far more expensive skylight units which use motors and mechanisms to orient mirrors under the dome to help collect low sun elevation angle light, the new subject matter uses simpler, cheaper, passive means to accomplish the same objective. Unlike other less effective skylight units which use curved mirrors or prismatic lenses, the new subject matter uses simple, partially vertical, light-transmitting and light-diffusing surfaces to accomplish the same objective. Unlike conventional horizontal skylights, the new subject matter is able to collect far more low-sun-elevation-angle sunlight, providing much higher illumination early and late in the day, and in the wintertime when the sun is low in the sky all day for non-tropical latitudes. The new skylight subject matter thereby saves more energy for conventional electrical lighting, and therefore provides better economics, i.e., better return on investment and faster payback time.
(24) An aspect of the current subject matter as discussed above is the relationship of area of the shaded portion to that of the unshaded portion. The subject matter seeks to maximize the collection of low sun elevation light and minimize the entry of high sun elevation light. The area of the sun shade 20 (thicker portion) is less than the area of the opening 20 and preferably greater or equal to the non-shaded area as measured from a projection on a horizontal plane, (greater or equal to half the area of the opening 10). Likewise, in maximizing the low sun elevation light, it is preferable that the height of the transparent dome is equal or greater than one of the width or length of the base, or both. These parameters have a direct effect of minimizing unwanted light and maximizing desired light.
(25) Another aspect of the current subject matter is the use of a one way reflective material on the inter portion of the transparent dome. The reflective inner coating allows light to pass from the outside into the transparent dome, but reflects at least some of the light incident upon it from the interior side. For example, with respect to FIG. 1A, a portion of the light passing through pane 5a from the low sun is reflected downward off the reflective interior surface of pane 5c, similarly light passing through pane 5c, is reflected downward off the interior surface of pane 5a. This one way reflection may be accomplished with thin film filters, coating or polarization. The important aspect of the sun shade is that it reflects/blocks high sun elevation light with the reflection characteristics of interior incident light being secondary to that primary function. With respect to the reflective properties of the transparent dome described above, the reflective material may be incorporated within, on the outside or inside of the panes of the dome. The above reflective properties may be incorporated not only on the dome 4, but also in the secondary dome 8.
(26) The new skylight subject matter of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1A through 5, and of many other embodiments which will be generated by those skilled in the art of skylights based upon this subject matter, also blocks excessive sunlight when the sun is nearly overhead in the summer months. Blocking this excessive light and heat from entering the building will reduce air conditioning loads in the summer, thereby reducing the costs for cooling equipment and the energy to run such equipment. A more comfortable level of illumination will result from this shading of high-sun-elevation-angle light. The building occupants will be more comfortable from the reduced heat and light provided by this simple shade during the hours around solar noon in the hot summer months.
(27) The opening or curb is envisioned as being of several shapes, such as rectangular, square, or polygonal as shown in the Figs. The shape may also be from a cross section of a rotated solid, such as circular or elliptical. In addition, while as shown in the Figs as being a flat separate surface from the wall, the sun shade because of the thickness actually extends down the walls, its lower surface is shown with reference to 6a and its projection onto the horizontal plane may be of any practical geometric shape to include rectangular, circular, elliptical, star, cross etc. It is important to note that while not shown in the Figs. the vertical wall portions also have a thickness, but substantially less than the thickness of the shade 6. As described previously, the thicker the given medium the less light transmitted. Thus the thicker sun shade transmits less light than the thinner vertical wall made of the same material.
(28) While preferred embodiments of the disclosed subject matter have been described, it is to be understood that the embodiments described are illustrative only and that the scope of the invention is to be defined solely by the appended claims when accorded a full range of equivalence. Many variations and modifications naturally occurring to those of skill in the art from a perusal hereof are likewise encompassed.
(29) This current subject matter is simple, easy to manufacture, easy to install, and therefore extremely cost-effective. The invention provides improved performance early and late in the day year-round, and all day long in the winter months for high latitude locations.
(30) This current subject matter improves safety by reducing the probability of people falling through the skylight into the building below.
(31) This current subject matter improves skylight longevity by reducing the probability of hail impact penetration through the skylight, and consequential water damage to the contents of the building below.
