SINGLE PRIMARY LOOP, DUAL SECONDARY LOOP HYDRONIC HVAC SYSTEM AND METHODS OF OPERATION

Abstract

A hydronic system is provided that includes a primary fluid loop that includes a thermal source for heating or cooling a working fluid, dual secondary fluid loops that include respective thermal loads, and a decoupler. One leg of a supply tee at an output of the source places the output in fluid communication with one end of a decoupler and, beyond the decoupler, with the input of a thermal load of a first secondary fluid loop. Another leg of the supply tee places the source output in fluid communication with the input of a thermal load in a second secondary fluid loop. One leg of a return tee at an input of the source places the input in fluid communication with the other end of the decoupler and, beyond the decoupler, with the output of the thermal load of the first secondary fluid loop. Another leg of the return tee places the input of the source in fluid communication with the input of the thermal load in the second secondary fluid loop.

Claims

1. A thermal management system, comprising: a first thermal source having a source input and a source output; a first thermal load having a first load input and a first load output; a second thermal load having a second load input and a second load output; a decoupler having a first terminal coupled in a three-way coupling with the first thermal source output and the first load input, and a second terminal coupled in a second three-way coupling with the source input and the first load output wherein the source output is coupled in a third three-way coupling with the second load input and the first terminal of the decoupler, and the source input is coupled in a fourth three-way coupling with the second load output and the second terminal of the decoupler, a first hydronic system, including the first and second thermal loads, the decoupler, and the first thermal source, wherein the first thermal source includes a component of a heat pump, the first thermal source being configured to transfer thermal energy between a working fluid of the first hydronic system and a refrigerant of the heat pump, and a second hydronic system that includes a second thermal source configured to transfer thermal enemy between a working fluid of the second hydronic system and the refrigerant of the heat pump.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the decoupler is unregulated, such that fluid can pass in either direction, according to differential fluid flows within the system.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first thermal source comprises a plurality of source elements.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first thermal load comprises a plurality of thermal load elements.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the second thermal load comprises a plurality of thermal load elements.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the first terminal of the decoupler is coupled to the first thermal source via the third three-way coupling and the second terminal of the decoupler is coupled to the source input via the fourth three-way coupling.

7. A thermal management system, comprising: a first thermal load having a first load input and a first load output; a second thermal load having a second load input and a second load output; a decoupler having first and second fluid terminals; a first thermal source having a source output and a source input, wherein the first and second thermal loads, the decoupler, and the first thermal source are components of a first hydronic system; a first fluid tee having a first terminal coupled to the first terminal of the decoupler, a second terminal coupled to the second load input, and a third terminal coupled to the source output; a second fluid tee having a first terminal coupled to the second terminal of the decoupler, a second terminal coupled to the second load output, and a third terminal coupled to the source input; a third fluid tee having a first terminal coupled to the source output, a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the decoupler, and a third terminal operatively coupled to the first load input; a fourth fluid tee having a first terminal coupled to the source input a second terminal coupled to the second terminal of the decoupler, and a third terminal operatively coupled to the first load output; and a second hydronic system having a second thermal source; and a heat pump that includes the first and second thermal sources, one of which is an evaporator configured to extract thermal energy from a working fluid of the first or second hydronic system, and a condenser configured to impart the thermal energy extracted by the evaporator to a working fluid of the other of the first or second hydronic systems.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein: the thermal source is one of a plurality of thermal source elements, each having a respective input and output; the third tee is one of a first plurality of tees coupled in series between the first terminal of the decoupler and the first load input, each of the first plurality of tees having a respective terminal coupled to the output of a corresponding one of the plurality of source elements; the fourth tee is one of a second plurality of tees coupled in series between the second terminal of the decoupler and the first load output, each of the second plurality of tees having a respective terminal coupled to the input of a corresponding one of the plurality of source elements.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] FIGS. 1A and 1B are simplified schematic diagrams of a hydronic system such as might be used in a building for HVAC, for example, according to known principles, and showing various configurations as examples of features that are common in such known systems.

[0038] FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system, according to an embodiment, such as might be used in a building for HVAC.

[0039] FIGS. 3A-3D are diagrams showing fluid flow in the hydronic system of FIG. 2 during operation under respective different conditions, according to an embodiment.

[0040] FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of the hydronic system of FIG. 2, showing an example in which thermal loads of the upper and lower secondary loops each include respective pluralities of sub-loops and load elements, according to an embodiment,

[0041] FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system 180, according to another embodiment, in which the primary loop is shown to include a plurality of source loops with respective source elements.

[0042] FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic diagram of an integrated thermal energy management system, according to an embodiment, which includes a first hydronic system configured as a heating system, and a second hydronic system configured as a cooling system.

[0043] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the integrated thermal management system of FIG. 6, according to an embodiment, in which the first hydronic system is configured to dispose of excess heat collected by the second hydronic system, in order to balance the integrated system during periods in which the total cooling demands on the system exceed the total heating demands.

[0044] FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system, according to an embodiment, which is similar to the system of FIG. 5, but that further includes load and source bypass loops.

[0045] FIG. 9 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system, according to an embodiment, which includes a decoupler with a thermal storage element.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. Other embodiments may be used and/or other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure.

[0047] In referring to elements of embodiments that are described below with reference to the drawings, terms such as upper and lower , and related terms, are used to distinguish otherwise similar elements according to their relative positions in the drawings. This is for convenience and clarity but is not intended to imply any absolute or relative characteristics or positions of physical embodiments that operate under the principles disclosed herein. Even where the terms are used with reference to elements of such physical embodiments, there is no implied limitation, nor are the claims limited by the use of these terms in the specification.

[0048] In many of the drawings, elements are designated with a reference number followed by a letter, e.g., 182a, or 182b. In such cases, the letter designation is used where it may be useful in the corresponding description to differentiate between or to refer to specific ones of a number of otherwise similar or identical elements. Where the description omits the letter from a reference, and refers to such elements by number only, this can be understood as a general reference to any or all of the elements identified by that reference number, unless other distinguishing language is used.

[0049] Definitions

[0050] A working fluid is a gas or liquid that is used to transfer thermal energy into or out of a region of interest. Typically, a working fluid is transmitted in a closed loop, so that the fluid is retained in the system for reuse. In the embodiments described below, the working fluid is assumed to be water, but this is not essential. Other fluids that are commonly used in hydronic systems include glycol, but except where a working fluid is explicitly identified, the claims are not limited to any particular fluid.

[0051] HVAC is used to refer genetically to thermal energy management systems described herein. Such systems are not limited to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems as suggested by the acronym. Embodiments are contemplated in which hydronic systems are also configured to provide thermal energy management and control for various other applications, such as might be found in kitchens, laboratories, gymnasiums, industrial facilities, etc., and that might require e.g., hot and/or cold water, steam, food or specimen refrigeration, surface temperature control, etc. Accordingly, where used, the term HVAC is to be construed broadly so as to include such additional applications.

[0052] As used herein, a tee is a three-way fluid junction with three branches, or terminals, through which fluid can flow from any of the three branches to any one or both of the other branches. It is not necessary that a tee have the same physical arrangement or orientation shown in the drawings. Instead, it can be any coupling whereby a flow can diverge into at least two flows and/or two flows can merge into one flow.

[0053] The term source is used in the specification and claims to refer to a thermal transfer element that operates to condition a working fluid by transferring thermal energy to or from the working fluid for the purpose of modifying a temperature of the fluid, while the term load is used to refer to a thermal transfer element that operates to modify the temperature, or at least a thermal energy content of a thermal demand element , by transferring thermal energy between a working fluid and the thermal demand element. For example, a heat source operates primarily to impart thermal energy to a working fluid, and can be an element such as a boiler or the condenser of a heat pump, etc., configured to heat the working fluid that is circulated therethrough.

[0054] Likewise a cooling source operates primarily to extract thermal energy from a working fluid, and can be an element such as the evaporator of a heat pump configured to chill the working fluid, or a cooling tower configured to transfer heat from the working fluid to exterior air, etc. Conversely, a heat load operates to transfer thermal energy from a working fluid to a thermal demand element, and can be, e.g., an air handling unit (AHU) with a coil through which the working fluid passes and across which air, i.e., the thermal demand element, is circulated, to warm ambient air of a work space, or the evaporator of a secondary heat pump configured as a component of an AHU or a domestic water heater, to transfer thermal energy from a working fluid to a thermal demand element, in this case ambient air or water in a tank, etc. Finally, a cooling load operates to transfer thermal energy from a thermal demand element to a working fluid, and can be, for example, the condenser of a heat pump that is configured to transfer heat from the ambient air of a workspace, or from a refrigerator or freezer, etc., to the working fluid.

[0055] It should be noted that a heat source and a cooling load both increase the temperature of the working fluid, and, similarly, a heat load and a cooling source both decrease the temperature of the working fluid. Ultimately, the distinction depends upon the system in which they are used. A heating system is configured to provide heat in a facility, such as for environmental heating, hot water, etc., and includes heat sources and heat loads, while a cooling system is configured to “provide” cooling—i.e., remove thermal energy—in a facility, such as for air conditioning, refrigeration, etc., and includes cooling sources and cooling loads. It will be recognized that there are many more types and configurations of heat transfer elements that might be used with an HVAC system than can be described here. Nevertheless, the examples provided will suffice for the purposes of the present disclosure, inasmuch as most of those elements are known or discoverable, and adaptable for the disclosed purposes by a person having ordinary skill in the art.

[0056] Current Technology and Associated Deficiencies

[0057] Typically, facilities that use hydronic systems have requirements for both heating and cooling. Thus, it is common for the HVAC plants of such facilities to include both heating and cooling systems. The central plant might include a boiler plant to heat the fluid in the primary loop of a heating system, and a chiller plant to cool the fluid in the primary loop of a cooling system. However, more modern systems commonly employ heat pumps, or heat reclaim chillers, to provide both the heated and cooled fluid. Heat pumps are generally more efficient in HVAC systems because they do not generate heat by conversion from another form of energy, such as electricity, through resistive heating, or fossil fuels via combustion. Instead, a heat pump extracts thermal energy from a lower temperature first medium on the evaporator side of the heat pump and transfers the energy to the condenser side, where it is transferred to a higher temperature second medium. Thus, apart from heat produced by the compressor, no thermal energy is generated by the system. Heat extracted while chilling a first working fluid for a cooling system can be used to heat a second working fluid for a heating system. To do this, a heat pump operates simultaneously as a heat source of the heating system and as a cooling source of the cooling system, transferring thermal energy from the working fluid of the chiller system to the working fluid of the heating system. An example of an embodiment with such a configuration is described below with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.

[0058] Broadly speaking, the layouts of a heating system and a cooling system are very similar. The diagram of the heating system 100 described above could just as easily have been described as a cooling system in which the source 104 is a cooling source rather than a heating source, and the loads 112 are cooling loads rather than heating loads. In fact, the embodiments disclosed below are described as heating systems primarily because for most people it is simpler to visualize the transmission of thermal energy (as heated fluid) in a system rather than the transmission of a relative lack of thermal energy (as cooled fluid). Nevertheless, the principles described herein with reference to a heating system can be applied with equal effectiveness to a cooling system, simply by substituting cooling sources and cooling loads for the heat sources and heat loads described. Furthermore, except where explicitly defined in the claims, the claims are not limited specifically to either heating systems or cooling systems.

[0059] Depending upon the physical characteristics of a facility, the local climate and weather, and the time of year, the heating and cooling demands of a facility are generally not perfectly balanced such that waste heat from a cooling system is exactly equal to the thermal energy demand of a heating system and vice-versa. Instead, facilities typically require supplemental heating in winter and cooling in summer.

[0060] As noted, heat pumps can provide significant improvements in operating efficiency of an HVAC plant, as compared to traditional systems. However, the efficiency of a heat pump varies significantly depending upon the operating conditions. An important factor in the overall efficiency of a heat pump is the temperature of the conditioned fluid as it leaves the device, either from the evaporator or from the condenser. For example, in a heat pump operating as a heat source so as to heat a working fluid in a hydronic system, a difference of a few degrees in a temperature set point of the fluid exiting the heat pump condenser can have a very significant impact on the efficiency of the device—set point refers to a fixed output temperature of a device such as a fluid heater or cooler. So, for example, reducing the set point of a heat-pump based heat source from 80° to 78° (F.) can produce a disproportionate improvement in the efficiency of the heat pump. Likewise, by raising the set point of a heat pump working as a chiller from 50° to 52°, its efficiency can again be significantly improved.

[0061] In the HVAC field, fluid of a more extreme temperature is sometimes referred to as high-grade fluid or high-quality fluid, as compared to fluid that is closer to ambient temperature, which is referred to as being low grade or low quality. In other words, in a heating system, high-grade fluid has a higher temperature than low-grade fluid, while in a cooling system, high-grade fluid is colder than low-grade fluid. To transmit a given amount of energy, it is typically more efficient to produce a larger volume of a relatively low-grade fluid than a smaller volume of a relatively high-grade fluid.

[0062] Another—albeit less significant—factor in system efficiency is the fluid temperature entering the device. For example, in a heat pump operating to heat a working fluid, it is more efficient to heat colder fluid, even though more thermal energy is transferred to bring the colder fluid up to the set point. The transfer of thermal energy between the refrigerant of a heat pump and the working fluid is a function of both the temperature difference between the two fluids and their time in contact with the refrigerant. For example, if the incoming fluid is colder, it will require longer time in contact with the hot refrigerant to reach the set point temperature than if the fluid enters at a higher temperature. However, in this case, the controlling element is the fluid pump that moves fluid through the device. The dimensions of the heat exchanger are fixed, which means that to increase time in contact, the flow rate must be reduced, i.e., the fluid pump must be slowed. Of course, slowing the pump reduces the energy consumption of the pump, so that less electrical energy is required to heat colder fluid to the same temperature.

[0063] The inventor believes that although recent advances have resulted in significant improvements in operational efficiency of known hydronic systems, further improvements can be achieved. For example, the inventor has recognized that an inherent problem in systems like the heating system 100 of FIGS. 1A-1B is that even though many, if not most of the load elements 118 of the system may not require fluid at the temperature supplied by the source 104, the set point temperature of the source must be high enough to meet the requirements of every load element in the system. Thus, for example, if only one of the load elements 118 requires fluid at 120°, the set point of the source 104 must be set to provide conditioned fluid at that temperature, even if all of the other load elements are able to operate satisfactorily with a working fluid temperature of 90° or less.

[0064] The inventor has also recognized that system efficiency and capacity could be increased for all operating conditions of an HVAC system if working fluids supplied to various load elements could be selectively supplied to the loads according to their relative temperature requirements, and if, in the case of multiple heating or cooling sources, fluid from sources with higher-temperature outputs could be selectively supplied to loads that require a higher temperature fluid, and sources with lower-temperature outputs could supply loads that require lower temperature fluid.

Description of Embodiments

[0065] FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system 140, according to an embodiment, such as might be used in a building for heating or cooling, etc. Many of the features are substantially similar to corresponding features of the system 100 described with reference to FIGS. 1A-1B, and so will not be described in detail again.

[0066] One distinction between the system of FIGS. 1A-1B and the system of FIG. 2 is the provision, in the hydronic system 140, of a lower secondary loop 142, which is shown positioned below—as viewed in FIG. 2—the source 104 and the de-coupler 126, and which is defined by the fluid path passing through a load 112b. A lower supply conduit 144 is provided that places an input 114 of the lower load 112b—i.e., the load of the lower secondary loop 142—in fluid communication with the output 106 of the source 104 and with the decoupler 126 via a supply tee 148. Similarly, a lower return conduit 146 is provided, which places the output 116 of the load 112b in fluid communication with the input 122 of the source 104 and with the decoupler 126 via a return tee 150. For clarity, the secondary loop 130, which is defined by the fluid path through the load 112a, and which is shown, diagrammatically, positioned above the decoupler 126, will be referred to hereafter as the upper secondary loop 130. Similarly, the supply conduit 108 and the return conduit 120 will be referred to hereafter as the upper supply conduit 108 and the upper return conduit 120, respectively. Furthermore, the distinction between the upper and lower supply conduits, and the upper and lower return conduits, as also for clarity. In some physical embodiments they may be continuous pipes, with no obvious separation except for the coupling to the decoupler. In other embodiments, they may be in the form of a number of short pipes or transmission lines extending between other system components.

[0067] The provision of the supply and return tees 148, 150 is another significant distinction between the system 140 of FIG. 2 and the prior art system 100 described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B. Referring to the system 100 of FIG. 1A, it can be seen that fluid from the output 106 of the source 104 must flow to the first decoupling tee 124, while fluid returning to the source input 122 comes only from the second decoupling tee 125. In contrast, in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the source output 106 is coupled to the supply tee 148, so that fluid can flow toward the first decoupling tee 124 or toward the lower secondary loop 142, or can divide, with a portion of the flow going in each direction. Likewise, the source input 122 is coupled to the return tee 150 and can therefore receive fluid from either the second decoupling tee 125 or from the lower secondary loop 142, or from both. This novel configuration results in some significant distinctions in the operation of the system 140, as compared to prior art systems. The operation of the system 140 is described in some detail below with reference to FIGS. 3A-3D.

[0068] It should be noted that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the decoupler 126 is positioned, in the fluid circuit, between the load 112a of the upper secondary fluid loop 130, on one side, and the source 104 and the load 112b of the lower secondary fluid loop 142, on the other side. In particular, it can be seen that fluid in the lower secondary loop 142 that follows a path from the load 112b through the source 104 then back to the load 112b does not also pass through the first and second decoupling tees 124, 125. In contrast, fluid in the upper secondary loop 130 that follows a path from the load 112a through the source 104 then back to the load 112a must also pass through the first and second decoupling tees 124, 125, and so may be modified by fluid flowing in the decoupler 126, as previously described.

[0069] Broadly speaking, the system 140 operates in a manner that is similar to the operation described above with reference to the system 100 of FIGS. 1A-1B. However, there are some important differences. For example, in the hydronic system 140, the fluid of the lower secondary loop 142 is largely insulated from dilution by fluid in the decoupler 126 by it position relative to the source 104. Because the output 106 of the source 104 shares the supply tee 148 with the input 114 of the load 112b, the load 112b automatically takes priority over the load 112a of the upper secondary loop 130 with respect to conditioned fluid from the source 104, i.e., the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 is the preferred load while the load 112a of the upper secondary loop is the non-preferred load. If the flow of the lower secondary loop 142 is more than the flow of the primary loop 128, the load 112b takes all of the conditioned fluid from the source 104. If the flow of the lower secondary loop 142 is less than the flow of the primary loop 128, then the flow to the load 112b come entirely from the source 104, while only the portion of the flow that is not taken by the lower load 112b passes to the upper secondary loop 130. Any work done by the source 104 is preferentially supplied to the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 over the load 112a of the upper secondary loop 130, without the need for control valves directing the flow to the preferred load. For similar reasons, fluid from the output of the load 112b is preferentially supplied to the source 104, inasmuch as the input 122 of the source 104 shares the return tee 150 with the output 116 of the load 112b.

[0070] These principles are illustrated in the examples shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, with the system 140 operating under various conditions. Small arrows alongside conduits and tees indicate direction of flow under the conditions described. FIG. 3A illustrates a condition in which flow in the primary loop 128 is greater than the flow in the lower secondary loop 142, and in which the fluid conditioning provided by the source 104 is about equal to the total requirements of the system 140. Fluid from the source output 108 enters the supply tee 148 and divides, with a portion flowing to the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 and another portion flowing through the first decoupling tee 124 toward the load 112a of the upper secondary loop 130. Fluid returning to the source 104 from the upper secondary loop passes through the second decoupling tee 125 and combines with fluid returning from the lower secondary loop 142 at the return tee 150 to enter the source input 122. Because the fluid conditioning provided by the source 104 is about equal to the total requirements of the system 140, there is no flow in the decoupler 126.

[0071] FIG. 3B illustrates a condition in which, as in the previous example, flow in the primary loop 128 is greater than the flow in the lower secondary loop 142, but in which the fluid conditioning provided by the source 104 is less than the total requirements of the system 140. As with the previous example, the flow from the source 104 separates at the source tee 148, with a portion flowing into the lower secondary loop 142 and another portion flowing toward the first decoupling tee 124, and returning fluid from the upper and lower secondary loops 130, 142 recombines at the return tee 150 as it enters the source input 122.

[0072] However, because the total demand for conditioned fluid exceeds the output of the source 104, there is a flow from the second decoupling tee 125 toward the first decoupling tee 124, as a portion of the returning fluid of the upper secondary loop is diverted back to the upper supply conduit 108, substantially as described with reference to the prior art system 100 of FIG. 1A. As a result, fluid supplied to the load 112a of the upper secondary loop 130 is a lower-grade blend of fluid from the source 104 and the decoupler 126. However, as shown in FIG. 3B, all of the fluid supplied to the lower secondary loop 142 is directly from the source 104, without any dilution or reduction in grade. Thus, even though the source 104 is not able to meet the requirements of all of the loads of the system 140, the requirements of the load(s) 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 are fully met. In fact, when the flow from the source 104 passes through the source tee 148, the entire fluid demand of the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 is accommodated before any fluid is transmitted to the upper secondary loop 130. Likewise, all of the flow from the output 116 of the load 112b is supplied directly to the source input 122—via the return tee 150—in preference to fluid returning from the upper secondary loop 130.

[0073] A more extreme example of this condition is illustrated in FIG. 3C, in which the fluid demand of the lower secondary loop 142 is greater than the supply from the source 104. In other words, the flow in the lower secondary loop 142 is greater than the flow in the primary loop 128. In this condition, all of the flow produced by the source 104 passes from the source tee 148 to the input 114 of the load 112b of the lower secondary loop. The difference between the flow drawn by the lower secondary loop 142 and the smaller flow supplied by the source 104 is drawn through the supply tee 148 from the decoupler 126 via the first decoupling tee 124. Meanwhile, fluid from the output 116 of the load 112b divides at the return tee, with a portion passing into the source input 122 and the balance returning to the upper secondary loop via the second decoupling tee 125. Of course, this means that none of the conditioned fluid from the source 104 is supplied directly to the upper secondary loop 130. Instead, fluid in the upper supply conduit 108 is from the decoupler 126, via the first decoupling tee 124.

[0074] It can be seen that when the source 104 cannot meet the requirements of the lower secondary loop 142, all of the fluid produced by the source 104 is supplied to the lower secondary loop, while none is supplied to the upper secondary loop 130. This operating condition also results in another aspect that distinguishes the system 140 from the prior art: in the example of FIG. 3C, the direction of flow in the lower supply conduit 144 and the lower return conduit 146 is reversed from the direction shown in other examples and in the prior art. It can be seen that in the system 140, direction of flow in the lower supply conduit 144 extending between the supply tee 148 and the first decoupling tee 124 can be in either direction, depending upon the operating conditions, and in particular on the requirements of the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 relative to the supply of conditioned fluid by the source 104. Likewise, direction of flow in the lower return conduit 146 extending between the return tee 150 and the second decoupling tee 125 can be in either direction, depending upon operating conditions.

[0075] As illustrated in the examples of FIGS. 3A-3C, in the hydronic system 140, the provision of the supply and return tees 148, 150 and a lower secondary loop coupled to the source 104 without an intervening decoupler results in the lower secondary loop 142 always being supplied preferentially over the upper secondary loop 130. This provides a number of advantages. For example, a system designer can position critical or essential load elements in the lower secondary loop, where they will have priority access to the conditioned fluid from the source 104 over less critical or essential load elements.

[0076] FIG. 3D illustrates a condition in which flow in the primary loop 128 is greater than the flow in the lower secondary loop 142, and in which the fluid conditioning provided by the source 104 exceeds the total requirements of the system 140. Under these circumstances, fluid from the source output 108 enters the supply tee 148 and divides, with a portion flowing to the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 and another portion flowing through the first decoupling tee 124 toward the load 112a of the upper secondary loop 130. Fluid returning to the source 104 from the upper secondary loop passes through the second decoupling tee 125 then combines with fluid returning from the lower secondary loop 142 at the return tee 150 to enter the source input 122. Because the flow from the source 104 exceeds the total load requirements, the flow in the lower supply conduit 144 divides at the first decoupling tee 124, with the flow necessary to meet the requirements of the load 112a of the upper secondary loop 130 entering the upper supply conduit 108, and the remaining fluid passing through the decoupler 126 to the second decoupling tee 125, where it combines with the flow returning from the load 112a, passing thence to the return tee 150 to combine with the flow from the lower secondary loop 142 before entering the source input 122.

[0077] A comparison of the flow patterns illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3D will show that during operation of the system 140, supply of conditioned fluid to the lower secondary loop 142 remains consistent and without change or reduction in quality under most circumstances. Only when all of the conditioned fluid produced by the source 104 is still not adequate to meet the requirements of the lower load 112b does the fluid quality supplied to the lower secondary loop 142 diminish.

[0078] The arrangement described above with reference to the system 140 of FIG. 2 will result in fluid returning to the source 104 at a higher temperature than in the system 100 of FIGS. 1A-1B under similar conditions, because the source will preferentially receive the higher-temperature fluid returned by the lower load 112b. This permits the source 104 to produce a greater flow, since the warmer fluid entering the source 104 means that the fluid can be heated to the set point more quickly, i.e., with a higher flow rate. Additionally, load elements of the lower load 112b are supplied with fluid at the set point temperature of the source for as long as the source 104 produces a flow at least equal to the demand of the lower load, because the output of the source is preferentially provided to the lower load. However, these benefits can be significantly improved through attention to the design of the system.

[0079] FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system 155, according to an embodiment. The system 155 includes all of the elements described with reference to the system 140 of FIG. 2. In the system 155, the thermal load 112a of the upper secondary loop 130 and the thermal load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 each include respective pluralities of sub-loops 110 with respective load elements 118. The hydronic system 140 of FIGS. 2 and 3A-3D is shown and described in an extremely simplified form in order to simplify the description of the basic principles of operation. In practice, embodiments are typically more complex than any of the embodiments described herein, often with many source and load elements, interconnected by networks of conduits, often in combinations of series and parallel connections, or with branching elements, etc. Nevertheless, a person having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that most such systems can be reduced to simpler schematic diagrams, with each element of the diagram representing a corresponding plurality of physical elements. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the system 155 includes multiple load elements 118, which themselves can individually represent, for example, the air handling units of a respective floor of an office building, or all the refrigeration elements of a respective building or lab of a research facility, etc. In particular, unless explicitly defined as such, the use of terms such as load and source , in the singular, is not to be construed as limiting a claim to a single load or source device. In operation, the system 155 of FIG. 4 functions substantially as described with reference to the system 140 of FIG. 2.

[0080] According to an embodiment, during the planning and construction of the hydronic system 155, the load elements 118 of the system are sorted according to criticality. The load elements associated with more critical or essential functions are incorporated into the lower secondary loop 142, and the remaining load elements, presumably those serving functions that are of lower importance or criticality, are incorporated into the upper secondary loop. Accordingly, under operational conditions in which the source is not able to meet the requirements of all of the load elements of the system, the more critical elements are prioritized over the other elements.

[0081] According to another embodiment, during the planning and construction of the hydronic system 155, the load elements 118 of the system are sorted according to the fluid temperature requirements of each of the elements. The load elements 118 that require relatively higher-grade working fluid—i.e., higher temperature fluid—as compared to the other load elements, are incorporated into respective sub-loops of the upper secondary fluid loop 130. Meanwhile, the load elements 118 that require relatively lower-grade working fluid are incorporated into respective sub-loops of the lower secondary fluid loop 142. The distribution can, according to an embodiment, be selected such that most of the load elements of the system are in the lower secondary loop 142. In this arrangement, if the set point of the source 104 is maintained, most of the load elements 118 will continue to be provided with their nominal fluid temperature requirements even, to an extent, after the output flow of the source drops below the total flow required by the load elements of the lower secondary loop 142. This is because, inasmuch as the set point temperature of the source 104 will have been set to meet the highest temperature requirements, which are from load elements of the upper secondary loop 130, the set point may be significantly higher than is required by any of the load elements of the lower secondary loop 142. As a result, even when the output flow from the source 104 drops to a point that the lower secondary loop 142 begins to receive a mixed flow that includes cooler fluid from the decoupler 126, as described above with reference to FIG. 3C, the reduced temperature will still remain above the low-grade requirements of the lower load elements, at least initially.

[0082] This advantage can be improved even further. According to an embodiment, the set point of the source 104 is configured to be reduced under circumstances like those described, i.e., when the demands on the system exceed the capacity or current output of the source. For example, when the flow rate through the source 104 is reduced to a selected threshold, or the temperature of fluid at a selected point in the upper secondary loop drops to a selected temperature threshold, the set point of the source is reduced to a temperature that is about equal to the highest temperature required by any of the load elements of the lower secondary loop 142. With a reduced set point, the source 104 will not be able to fully meet the high-grade fluid requirements of the load elements of the upper secondary loop 130. However, with the lower set point, the source 104 will be able to maintain a higher fluid flow rate while still providing conditioned fluid that meets the requirements of all of the load elements of the lower secondary loop 142.

[0083] The operation described above, and the improvements in efficiency and performance provided, are automatic, and independent of any control or monitoring system. This is surprising, because it is achieved by a simple rearrangement of a few of the elements of the system, and is self-regulating, while some known hydronic systems employ extremely complex control systems without achieving comparable results.

[0084] It should be noted that the efficiency advantages described above with respect to the HVAC systems 140 and 155 of FIGS. 2-4 are realized primarily during periods in which the total system demand for conditioned fluid exceeds the total fluid output of the source. During periods in which the source is able to meet all of the system requirements, the system operates at an efficiency level that is similar to that of the system 100 of FIG. 1.

[0085] In contrast, the operation described below with respect to the hydronic system 180 of FIG. 5 can provide significant improvements in system efficiency under all operating conditions, so the advantages and benefits are obtained continually.

[0086] Furthermore, these advantages and benefits are inherent in the system, and are independent of any control system associated with the hydronic system, etc. Of course, when the system 180 of FIG. 5 is required to operate outside of its nominal ideal operating parameters, it will automatically operate in a manner similar to the operation described above with reference to the system 140, thereby limiting efficiency losses, to the extent possible. FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system 180, according to an embodiment. The system 180 is similar in most respects to the system 140 of FIG. 2. However, the primary loop 128 includes a plurality of source loops 182a-182c coupled in parallel between the lower source conduit 144 and the lower return conduit 146. Each of the source loops 182 includes a source element 136 with an input 122 coupled to the lower return conduit 146 via a corresponding return tee 150, and an output 106 coupled to the lower supply conduit 144 via a corresponding supply tee 148. The supply tees 148a-148c are coupled in series in the lower supply conduit 144 and the return tees 150a-150c are coupled in series in the lower return conduit 146. In the hydronic system 180, the primary loop 128 is defined collectively by the fluid paths through the source elements 136a-136c.

[0087] According to an embodiment, during the planning and construction of the hydronic system 180, the load elements of the system are sorted according to the fluid temperature requirements of each of the elements. The load elements that require relatively higher-grade working fluid are incorporated into respective sub-loops of the upper secondary fluid loop 130, while the load elements that require relatively lower-grade working fluid are incorporated into respective sub-loops of the lower secondary fluid loop 142.

[0088] According to another embodiment, the load elements are divided into two groups according to their temperature requirements, with the division between the groups being selected to correspond to a large temperature gap between a first group of load elements and a second group of load elements, the group with the higher-grade fluid requirements being incorporated into the upper secondary loop 130, and the lower-grade load elements being incorporated into the lower secondary loop 142.

[0089] According to an embodiment, the source loops 182a-c of the system 180 are arranged and configured so that the source element 136a, which is closest to the decoupler 126, has the highest set point of the plurality of sources 136a-c. The set point of the uppermost source element 136a is selected to be sufficient to meet the highest-grade fluid requirement of the plurality of load elements of the upper secondary loop 130. The set points of the remaining source elements 136b, 136c are selected to be sufficient to meet the low-grade fluid requirements of the load elements of the lower secondary loop 142.

[0090] It will be recalled that in the system 140 of FIGS. 2-3D, the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 cannot draw fluid from the decoupler 126 unless it is already drawing all of the fluid output of the source 104 into the lower secondary loop 142, i.e., the condition described with reference to FIG. 3C. Fluid cannot flow in a fluid line or coupling in opposite directions simultaneously. As long as fluid from the source 104 is flowing upward from the supply tee 148 toward the first decoupling tee 124, fluid cannot also flow downward into the supply tee from the first decoupling tee toward the lower secondary loop 142. The same principle prevents the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 from drawing fluid from the middle or upper source loops 182b, 182a during operation of the hydronic system 180 unless it also draws all of the flow from the lower source loop 182c. If there is an upward flow of fluid from the lower supply tee 148c, there cannot also be a downward flow through the same tee toward the input 114 of the lower load 112b. Likewise, the lowermost source loop 182c cannot supply fluid to the upper secondary loop 130 without first meeting all of the fluid demands of the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142. Accordingly, the lower-grade fluid from the lowest source loop 152c will preferentially supply the fluid requirements of the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142, which is the load with the lowest-grade fluid requirements. By the same token, the high-grade working fluid from the upper source 136a, which is closest to the loads 112a of the upper secondary loop 130, is preferentially supplied to the loads with the higher-grade fluid requirements. Additionally, the return fluid from the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 will be returned first to the source 104c, which is closest to the lower secondary loop, while the fluid returned from the load 112a of the upper secondary loop 130 will be supplied first to the source element 136a, closest to the upper secondary loop. As a consequence, the lower-grade return fluid is automatically returned first to the lower source 104c with the lowest-grade temperature set point, while the higher-grade return fluid is automatically returned first to the upper source element 136a with the highest-grade temperature set point.

[0091] The source loop (or loops) 182b that is positioned between the upper source loop 182a and the lower source loop 182c provides conditioned fluid to, and receives returning fluid from the sub-loops of the upper and lower secondary fluid loops 130, 142 according to the flow of fluid drawn by the respective loads 112a, 112b and the flow conditioned by the sources 136a, 136c of the other source loops 182a, 182c. For example, if the load 112b of the lower secondary loop 142 draws more fluid than can be provided by the source 136c of the lower source loop 182c alone, the balance will be drawn first from the second-lowest source loop 182b, which will also receive the same proportion of fluid in the lower return conduit 146 from the lower secondary loop. The balance, if any, of the working fluid conditioned by the middle source loop 182b will of course be carried upward in the supply conduit 108 to the upper secondary loop 130 and the decoupler 126.

[0092] According to an embodiment, the system 180 operates in a facility in which a majority of load elements require relatively low-grade fluid, with a minority of load elements having high-grade fluid requirements. Accordingly, the smaller number of high-grade load elements are configured as elements of the upper secondary loop 130 of the system 180 and the remaining load elements are configured as elements of the lower secondary loop 142. The lower fluid source element 136c, or the two lower fluid source elements 136c and 136b together, are configured to condition most of the working fluid of the system 180 as low-grade fluid, with a relatively small proportion of the fluid being conditioned by the upper source element 136a as high-grade fluid.

[0093] During operation, the load elements of the lower secondary loop 142 are automatically supplied with lower grade primarily fluid by the lower most source element 136c or elements 136c, 136b, while the elements requiring high-grade fluid are automatically supplied primarily by the upper source element 136a. Because the temperature difference between high- and low-grade fluids in a given system can be 50° or more, and because even a change of one or two degrees in the set point temperature of a source element can have a noticeable impact on operational efficiency of that element, by conditioning most of the fluid in a system as low-grade, a very significant improvement in total system efficiency can be achieved, particularly as compared to a system in which all of the source elements operate at a common set point that is at least equal to the highest-grade load requirement in the system in spite of the fact that most of the load elements of the system could operate with much lower grade fluid.

[0094] Depending upon the respective flows of the upper and lower secondary loops 130, 142 relative to the flow of the primary loop 128 and the flows of the individual source loops 182, the flows within the lower supply conduit 144 and the lower return conduit 146 can divide at any of the supply and return tees 148, 150 and flow in opposite directions within the respective conduits. For example, if the flow drawn by the lower load 112b is greater than the flow in the lower source loop 182c, but less than the flows in the lower and middle source loops 182c, 182b, then the flow in the middle source loop 182b will divide at the middle supply tee 148b, with a portion flowing downward toward the load 112b and the balance flowing upward toward the upper secondary loop 130. The downward portion will combine with the flow in the lowermost source loop in the lower supply tee 148c, which will also flow downward toward the load 112b, and the upper portion of the flow from the middle supply tee will combine, in the upper supply tee 142, with the flow from the upper source loop 182a. Thus, flow within the lower supply conduit 144 will flow in opposite directions, outward from the middle supply tee 148b. The lower return tee 146 will have a corresponding flow pattern, with fluid flowing in opposite directions toward the middle return tee 150b.

[0095] As operating conditions change, flow within the supply conduit 144 can reconfigure, and divide and flow in opposite directions from any of the supply tees, or can divide at the first decoupling tee 124 so that all of the flow in the lower supply conduit 144 is toward the lower load 112b, while any flow in the upper supply conduit 108 is upward, toward the upper load 112a. With any such changes of flow configuration in the lower supply conduit 144, a corresponding reconfiguration will occur in the lower return conduit 146.

[0096] This arrangement, in which multiple source elements are coupled in parallel between supply and return conduits via respective supply and return tees, provides the system 180 with significant flexibility to accommodate changes in operating conditions, while also providing the potential for significantly improved efficiency, compared to the prior art in equivalent conditions.

[0097] FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic diagram of an integrated thermal energy management system 160, according to an embodiment. The integrated system 160 includes a first hydronic system 162 and a second hydronic system 164, each of which is a separate closed-fluid system. The first system 162 is configured as a heating system, similar to the hydronic system 140 described above with reference to FIG. 2, while the second system 164 is a cooling system that includes elements that are analogous to elements described with reference to the system 140. For example, the first and second hydronic systems 162, 164 each include a respective primary fluid loop 128 with a source 104, upper and lower secondary fluid loops 130, 142 with corresponding upper and lower loads 112, a decoupler 126, etc.

[0098] The source 104a of the first hydronic system 162 is a heat source, configured to impart thermal energy to the working fluid of the first system, while the source 104b of the second system 164 is a cooling source, configured to remove thermal energy from the working fluid of the second system. The loads 112a, 112b of the first system 162 are heat loads, configured to transfer thermal energy from the working fluid of the first system to respective thermal demand elements, while the loads 112c, 112d are configured as cooling loads, configured to transfer thermal energy from respective thermal demand elements to the working fluid of the second system.

[0099] According to an embodiment, the source 104a of the first hydronic system 162 and the source 104b of the second system 164 are, respectively, the condenser and the evaporator of a heat pump 166 that is configured to transfer thermal energy H from the working fluid of the second hydronic system 164 to the working fluid of the first hydronic system 162.

[0100] It is common, even in systems that employ heat pump technology, for heating and cooling systems to be completely separate and independent. However, this means that all of the heat collected in a cooling system must be disposed of as waste heat, while, in a heating system operating in the same environment, heat must be separately generated or drawn in from the exterior of the facility, to dispose of what might be thought of as “waste cold.” However, during operation of the integrated system 160 of FIG. 6, waste heat collected by the second hydronic system 164 is reclaimed for use by the first system 162. Thus, the only heat generation or disposal necessary in the integrated system 160 is to balance the system. This provides a significant savings over systems in which heating and cooling operations are completely independent.

[0101] During periods in which the relative demands on the first and second hydronic systems 162, 164 are approximately equal, there is no requirement for supplemental heat production or cooling. However, when one of the systems has a relatively higher demand, the other system can be configured to make up the difference.

[0102] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the integrated thermal management system 160 of FIG. 6, according to an embodiment, in which the first hydronic system 162 is configured to dispose of excess heat collected by the second hydronic system 164, in order to balance the integrated system 160 during periods in which the total cooling demands on the system exceed the total heating demands. The first hydronic system 162 includes first and second sub-loops 110d, 110e in the lower secondary loop 142 with corresponding first and second heat load elements 118d, 118e. The second heat load element 118e is configured to dissipate heat to the exterior. The second load element 118e can be a cooling tower or any other appropriate structure capable of rejecting waste heat from the working fluid of the first system 162.

[0103] In operation, when the available thermal energy in the first hydronic system 162 exceeds the system requirements—as in the illustrated hypothetical case—the flow rate in the primary loop 128a is increased by increasing pump speed. This passes the working fluid through the source 104a more quickly and thereby reduces the amount of thermal energy transferred to the fluid, so as not to heat the fluid above the set point. When the flow in the primary loop 128a exceeds the total demand for conditioned fluid, the excess flow passes through the decoupler 126 and returns to the source 104a, as previously described, for example, with reference to FIG. 3D. Meanwhile, as fluid flow in the decoupler 126 from the first decoupling tee 124 toward the second decoupling tee 125 rises, signaling a surplus of thermal energy in the first hydronic system 162, the second heat load element 118e is controlled to begin to draw fluid through the sub-loop 110e and the second heat load element 118e. The second heat load element 118e is configured as a “heat rejection” element, i.e., an element configured to dispose of waste heat. Accordingly, the second heat load element 118e transfers thermal energy from the working fluid of the first system 162 to a medium that is removed from the environment of the integrated thermal management system 160. This can be accomplished, for example, via thermal contact with exterior air in a heat exchanger or a cooling tower, via a geothermal cooling system, or by any other appropriate means.

[0104] As the flow rate in the second heat load element 118e increases, this increases the flow from the supply tee 148 downward toward the lower load 112b and thereby also decreases the flow from the supply tee upward toward the first decoupling tee, causing the flow in the decoupler 126a to drop. Cooled fluid from the output 116 of the second heat load element 118e returns to the input 122 of the source 104a where it combines with fluid from the lower return conduit 146 in the return tee 150, reducing the temperature of the fluid entering the source 104a. In response to the reduced input temperature, the source 104a reduces pump speed to permit the cooler fluid to reach the set point temperature, which further reduces the flow toward the decoupler.

[0105] It should be noted that because the second heat load element 118e is in the lower secondary fluid loop 142, fluid flow from its output 116 is carried directly to the return tee 150 and the input 122 of the source 104a, without the possibility of any portion being diverted through the decoupler 126—under these operating conditions there is a downward flow in the lower return conduit 146 toward the return tee 150, so the upward flow from the second heat load element 118e can only pass into the source input 122 from the return tee. Thus, the source 104a receives a greater proportion of the cooled fluid from the second heat load element 118e than it would if the same element were part of a single secondary loop, as in prior art systems.

[0106] According to an embodiment, the flow rate in the second sub-loop 110e is controlled to increase until the combined flows in the upper and lower secondary loops 142, 130 of the first system 162 is about equal to the flow rate in the primary loop 128 of that system, at which point the first system is disposing of all the waste heat from the second system, and the first and second hydronic systems 162, 164 are balanced. In this way, while operating as a heat load element of the first hydronic system 162, the load element 118e acts, effectively, as part of the cooling source 104b of the second hydronic system 164. The effectiveness of this configuration is enhanced by the position of the second heat load element 118e in the lower secondary loop 142 of the first hydronic system 162.

[0107] FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system 190, according to an embodiment. The system 190 is similar to previous embodiments, but further includes load and source bypass loops 192, 198. The load bypass loop 192 is configured to return output of the load 112b to its own input 114 and includes a selectively controllable valve 194 and a check valve 196. The source bypass loop 198 is configured to bypass a source element 104a and includes a selectively controllable valve 194 and a check valve 196.

[0108] By selectively bypassing fluid from the output 116 of the load 112b to the input 114, the temperature of the fluid that is supplied to the load 112b can be controlled, which also modifies the temperature of the fluid returning to the source 104c. For example, in the case of a heating system, fluid at the output 116 of the load 112b is cooler than at the input 114. By returning a portion of the cooled fluid in the lower secondary loop 142 directly to the input of the load 112b, the fluid temperature at the input is reduced, and thus the output temperature is also reduced, which in turn reduces the fluid temperature at the input 122 of the lower source element 136c. By selectively controlling the flow in the bypass loop 192, the temperature of the fluid that is returned to the source 104c can be selected, at least within a range.

[0109] Similarly, by selectively bypassing fluid from the output 122 of the upper source element 104a, via the source bypass loop 198 the temperature at the output of that element can be regulated independently of the rate of flow through the source.

[0110] FIG. 9 is a simplified schematic diagram of a hydronic system 170, according to an embodiment. The system 170 is similar in most respects to the system 140 of FIG. 2, except that it comprises a decoupler 172 that includes a thermal storage element 174. The thermal storage element 174 can include a fluid tank, a system for storing thermal energy geothermally, or any other compatible thermal storage device or system.

[0111] In describing various embodiments of the invention, a number of different schemes for distributing the load elements of a given system between the various secondary loops and sub-loops, in order to obtain particular results and advantages. However, these schemes are provided as examples, only. The actual selection of which load elements are to be incorporate into each of the secondary loops is a matter of design choice, and can be made according to schemes like those described above, or by any other criteria chosen by a system's designers. The claims are not limited to any particular scheme except where such limitations are explicitly recited therein.

[0112] Ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second , third , etc., are used in the claims according to conventional claim practice, i.e., for the purpose of clearly distinguishing between claimed elements or features thereof, etc., without imposing further limitations on those elements. Ordinal numbers may be assigned arbitrarily, or assigned simply in the order in which elements are introduced. The use of such numbers does not suggest any other relationship, such as order of operation, relative position of such elements, etc.

[0113] Furthermore, an ordinal number used to refer to an element in a claim should not be assumed to correlate to a number used in the specification to refer to an element of a disclosed embodiment on which that claim reads, nor to numbers used in unrelated claims to designate similar elements or features.

[0114] Unless the context dictates otherwise, directional language used in the claims is to be construed schematically. For example, in a hypothetical claim that recites terminals of first, second, and third elements coupled to a conduit, with the first element coupled to the conduit on a side of the second element opposite the third element, this does not require that the second element be physically positioned between the first element and the third element. Instead, this means that fluid passing through the conduit from the first element would pass a coupling to the second element before reaching a coupling to the third element.

[0115] The abstract of the present disclosure is provided as a brief outline of some of the principles of the invention according to one embodiment, and is not intended as a complete or definitive description of any embodiment thereof, nor should it be relied upon to define terms used in the specification or claims. The abstract does not limit the scope of the claims.

[0116] Elements of the various embodiments described above can be omitted or combined to provide further embodiments. Any and all U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.

[0117] Aspects of the embodiments can be modified to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.

[0118] These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.