WIDE FIELD-OF-VIEW ATOM PROBE

Abstract

In an atom probe having a specimen mount spaced from a detector, and preferably having a local electrode situated next to the specimen mount, a lens assembly is insertable between the specimen (and any local electrode) and detector. The lens assembly includes a decelerating electrode biased to decelerate ions from the specimen mount and an accelerating mesh biased to accelerate ions from the specimen mount, with the decelerating electrode being situated closer to the specimen mount and the decelerating electrode being situated closer to the detector. The decelerating electrode and accelerating mesh cooperate to divert the outermost ions from the specimen mountwhich correspond to the peripheral areas of a specimenso that they reach the detector, whereas they would ordinarily be lost. Because the detector now detects the outermost ions, the peripheral areas of the specimen are now imaged by the detector, providing the detector with a greatly increased field of view of the specimen, as much as 100 degrees (full angle) or more.

Claims

1-16. (canceled)

17. An atom probe lens assembly including: a. a local electrode having a local electrode emitter side and an opposing local electrode detector side with a local electrode thickness therebetween, and a local electrode aperture extending from the local electrode emitter side to the local electrode detector side; b. a decelerating electrode having a decelerating electrode emitter side and an opposing decelerating electrode detector side with a decelerating electrode thickness therebetween, and a decelerating electrode aperture extending from the decelerating electrode emitter side to the decelerating electrode detector side; c. an accelerating mesh oriented at least substantially perpendicular to an axis extending centrally through the local electrode aperture and the decelerating electrode aperture, wherein the decelerating electrode is situated between the local electrode and the accelerating mesh.

18. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 wherein the local electrode is closer to the decelerating electrode than to the accelerating mesh.

19. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 in an atom probe wherein: a. a specimen mount is situated next to the local electrode, wherein the local electrode aperture is aligned with the specimen mount; b. the local electrode is biased to promote emission of ions from any specimen on the specimen mount; c. the decelerating electrode is biased to decelerate ions traveling from the local electrode; d. the accelerating mesh is biased to accelerate ions traveling from the decelerating electrode; e. a detector is situated to receive ions traveling from the accelerating mesh.

20. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 wherein the local electrode and the decelerating electrode are spaced from each other by a distance less than approximately the sum of the local electrode thickness and the decelerating electrode thickness.

21. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 wherein the local electrode and the decelerating electrode are spaced from each other by a distance of 3 mm or less.

22. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 wherein the decelerating electrode detector side is concave.

23. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the detector has a field of view of a specimen in the specimen mount of greater than 90 degrees (full angle).

24. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the decelerating electrode detector side is spaced from the specimen mount by no greater than 40% of the length of the ion flight path between the specimen mount and the detector.

25. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the accelerating mesh detector side is spaced from the specimen mount by no greater than 80% of the length of the ion flight path between the specimen mount and the detector.

26. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. wherein the decelerating electrode has a potential between that of the specimen mount and the local electrode.

27. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. wherein the specimen mount and accelerating mesh have a potential difference therebetween which is greater than a potential difference between the specimen mount and the local electrode.

28. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 in an atom probe including: a. an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. an actuator configured to move the accelerating mesh out of the ion flight path to an extent sufficient that the accelerating mesh does not interfere with ions traveling from the decelerating electrode.

29. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 17 in an atom probe including: a. an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. an actuator configured to dither the accelerating mesh along a plane oriented at least substantially perpendicular to the ion flight path.

30. An atom probe lens assembly including: a. a local electrode having a local electrode emitter side and an opposing local electrode detector side with a local electrode thickness therebetween; b. a decelerating electrode having a decelerating electrode emitter side and an opposing decelerating electrode detector side with a decelerating electrode thickness therebetween; c. an accelerating mesh having an accelerating mesh emitter side and an opposing accelerating mesh detector side with an accelerating mesh thickness therebetween; wherein the local electrode and the decelerating electrode are spaced from each other by a distance less than approximately the sum of the local electrode thickness and the decelerating electrode thickness.

31. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 wherein the local electrode is closer to the decelerating electrode than to the accelerating mesh.

32. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 in an atom probe wherein: a. a specimen mount is situated next to the local electrode, wherein the local electrode aperture is aligned with the specimen mount; b. the local electrode is biased to promote emission of ions from any specimen on the specimen mount; c. the decelerating electrode is biased to decelerate ions traveling from the local electrode; d. the accelerating mesh is biased to accelerate ions traveling from the decelerating electrode; e. a detector is situated to receive ions traveling from the accelerating mesh.

33. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 wherein the decelerating electrode is situated between the local electrode and the accelerating mesh.

34. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 wherein the local electrode and the decelerating electrode are spaced from each other by a distance of 3 mm or less.

35. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 wherein the decelerating electrode detector side is concave.

36. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the detector has a field of view of a specimen in the specimen mount of greater than 90 degrees (full angle).

37. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the decelerating electrode detector side is spaced from the specimen mount by no greater than 40% of the length of the ion flight path between the specimen mount and the detector.

38. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the accelerating mesh detector side is spaced from the specimen mount by no greater than 80% of the length of the ion flight path between the specimen mount and the detector.

39. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. wherein the decelerating electrode has a potential between that of the specimen mount and the local electrode.

40. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. wherein the specimen mount and accelerating mesh have a potential difference therebetween which is greater than a potential difference between the specimen mount and the local electrode.

41. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 in an atom probe including: a. an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. an actuator configured to move the accelerating mesh out of the ion flight path to an extent sufficient that the accelerating mesh does not interfere with ions traveling from the decelerating electrode.

42. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 30 in an atom probe including: 1. an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. an actuator configured to dither the accelerating mesh along a plane oriented at least substantially perpendicular to the ion flight path.

43. An atom probe lens assembly including: a. a local electrode having a local electrode emitter side and an opposing local electrode detector side with a local electrode thickness therebetween, and a local electrode aperture extending from the local electrode emitter side to the local electrode detector side; b. a decelerating electrode having a decelerating electrode emitter side and an opposing decelerating electrode detector side with a decelerating electrode thickness therebetween, the decelerating electrode being biased to decelerate ions received from the local electrode; c. an accelerating mesh biased to accelerate ions received from the local electrode; d. a detector situated to receive ions from the decelerating electrode and accelerating mesh, wherein the local electrode is closer to the decelerating electrode than to the accelerating mesh.

44. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 wherein the local electrode and the decelerating electrode are spaced from each other by a distance less than approximately the sum of the local electrode thickness and the decelerating electrode thickness.

45. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 wherein the local electrode and the decelerating electrode are spaced from each other by a distance of 3 mm or less.

46. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 wherein the decelerating electrode detector side is concave.

47. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the detector has a field of view of a specimen in the specimen mount of greater than 90 degrees (full angle).

48. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the decelerating electrode detector side is spaced from the specimen mount by no greater than 40% of the length of the ion flight path between the specimen mount and the detector.

49. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; b. wherein the accelerating mesh detector side is spaced from the specimen mount by no greater than 80% of the length of the ion flight path between the specimen mount and the detector.

50. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. wherein the decelerating electrode has a potential between that of the specimen mount and the local electrode.

51. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 in an atom probe: a. including an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. wherein the specimen mount and accelerating mesh have a potential difference therebetween which is greater than a potential difference between the specimen mount and the local electrode.

52. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 in an atom probe including: a. an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. an actuator configured to move the accelerating mesh out of the ion flight path to an extent sufficient that the accelerating mesh does not interfere with ions traveling from the decelerating electrode.

53. The atom probe lens assembly of claim 43 in an atom probe including: a. an ion flight path extending between a specimen mount and a detector, with the local electrode, decelerating electrode, and accelerating mesh situated along the ion flight path; and b. an actuator configured to dither the accelerating mesh along a plane oriented at least substantially perpendicular to the ion flight path.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary preferred lens assembly 100 installed within an exemplary atom probe 1000, showing the local electrode 110, decelerating electrode 120, and accelerating mesh 130 of the lens assembly 100 situated between a specimen 10 and a detector 1004, with a laser 1006 oriented at the specimen 10 to promote ionization.

[0013] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another exemplary preferred lens assembly 100 installed within an exemplary atom probe 2000, wherein an Einzel-type lens 2008 is provided in lieu of a drift region electrode 1008 (as in FIG. 1).

[0014] FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another exemplary preferred lens assembly 100 installed within an exemplary atom probe 3000, wherein a reflectron 3008 is situated along the ion flight path between the lens assembly 100 and detector 3004.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED VERSIONS OF THE INVENTION

[0015] Reviewing the foregoing discussion of the lens assembly 100 in greater detail, the exemplary version of the lens assembly 100 shown in FIG. 1 has its local electrode 110, decelerating electrode 120, and accelerating mesh 130 situated in series within a straight flight path atom probe 1000 between a specimen 10 to be analyzed and a detector 1004. A field-free drift region, which is optional, is situated between the accelerating mesh 130 and the detector 1004, and is provided by an electrode 1008 surrounding the ion flight paths (schematically depicted by phantom/dashed lines). In operation, an optical microscope or other alignment tool is used to situate the specimen 10 coaxially with the local electrode aperture 116, with its specimen apex roughly within the plane of the aperture 116 for superior electric field enhancement (and ease of specimen ionization). If the specimen 10 extends slightly through the local electrode aperture 116, it preferably does so by no greater than a distance r (r being the radius of the local electrode aperture 116, typically 50-150 m). Further extension through the aperture 116 decreases field enhancement on the specimen 10 apex, while at the same time increasing the field on the local electrode 110 about its aperture 116. The increased field on the local electrode 110 can result in field emission of electrons from the local electrode 110, which creates noise on the detector 1004 and may damage both the specimen 10 and the local electrode 110. If the specimen 10 is spaced from the local electrode aperture 116, it is preferably spaced by a distance no greater than 0.78 r to avoid the aperture's interference with the detector's field of view of the specimen 10.

[0016] The local electrode 110 is then preferably maintained at a bias that is substantially less than that of the specimen 10, thereby promoting ion emission from the specimen 10 and through the local electrode aperture 116. The local electrode 110 serves to increase the electric field on the specimen surface to promote evaporation of ions from the specimen 10, and also shields the specimen 10 from the electric fields created by the decelerating electrode 120. While the local electrode 110 is depicted in FIG. 1 as a (disc-shaped) planar electrode having the local electrode aperture 116 formed at its center, other configurations are possible, e.g., a bowl shape with either the concave or convex side oriented toward the specimen 10, or a conical/funnel shape. However, designs of this naturewhich further space the decelerating electrode 120 from the specimen 10are typically not preferred, as it is preferable to have the decelerating electrode 120 decelerate ions soon after their evaporation from the specimen 10.

[0017] The decelerating electrode 120 is preferably maintained at a bias between those of the local electrode 110 and the specimen 10, thereby decelerating ions traveling from the local electrode 110 and through the decelerating electrode aperture 126. Most preferably, the decelerating electrode 120 is kept at a relatively modest bias of approximately 0.5 times the difference of the specimen 10 bias and the local electrode 110 bias, as stronger decelerating voltages can increase chromatic aberration. To reduce aberrations, the shape of the decelerating electrode 120 and its placement with respect to the accelerating mesh 130 and local electrode 110 require careful design. As for the shape of the decelerating electrode 120, its decelerating electrode detector side 124 is preferably concave, with a conical/funnel shape or possibly a bowl shape, such that its surface profile approximates the trajectory of the outermost ions in the flight cone defined by the ions evaporated from the specimen 10. The overall thickness of the decelerating electrode 120 can vary depending on the scale of other atom probe 1000 components, but in preferred versions of the lens assembly 100, the thickness is approximately 3-5 mm. The aperture 126 of the decelerating electrode 120 is preferably as small as possible without interfering with the flight path of the ions, and is typically between 1 and 10 mm. As for placement, the decelerating electrode 120 is preferably placed as close to the plane of the local electrode aperture 116 as possible to create a uniform decelerating field concentric with the specimen apex, while at the same time avoiding the local electrode's interference with the fields generated by the decelerating electrode 120 (and accelerating mesh 130). At a minimum, the decelerating electrode 120 could have zero spacing from the local electrode 110i.e., the aperture of the decelerating electrode 120 could be in the same plane as the aperture of the local electrode 110, with the local electrode 110 being situated within the decelerating electrode aperture 126 (and possibly having a conical/bowled shape which widens as it extends toward the detector 1004, a configuration which may reduce spherical aberration in the atom probe image). With typical operating voltages, the distance between the decelerating electrode 120 and local electrode 110 must be greater than about 50 m since smaller gaps will result in high voltage breakdown. It is typically sufficient to space the decelerating electrode 120 from the local electrode 110 by a distance up to approximately the sum of the local electrode thickness and the decelerating electrode thickness, which amounts to approximately 3 mm in a preferred version of the FIG. 1 arrangement, but can be as great as 6 mm. At most, the decelerating electrode 120 is preferably spaced from the specimen mount 1002 such that its decelerating electrode detector side 124 is no further than 40% of the length of the ion flight path (as measured between the specimen mount 1002 and the detector 1004).

[0018] The accelerating mesh 130 is constructed from an electrically conductive material which preferably has a pitch of greater than 20 lines per centimeter, and a transparency greater than approximately 60%. In a preferred version of the FIG. 1 arrangement, a pitch of 80 lines per centimeter has been found to work well. The accelerating mesh 130 is preferably oriented perpendicular to an axis extending centrally through the local electrode aperture 116 and the decelerating electrode aperture 126, and spaced from the decelerating electrode 120 sufficiently closely that it receives substantially all of the ions from the decelerating electrode 120, and at most is preferably spaced from the specimen mount 1002 such that its detector side 134 is no further than 80% of the length of the ion flight path (as measured between the specimen mount 1002 and the detector 1004). In a preferred arrangement, the accelerating mesh 130 and the decelerating electrode 120 are spaced by a distance approximately equal to the thickness of the decelerating electrode 120 (i.e., 3-5 mm). When the decelerating electrode 120 is biased to decelerate ions, the accelerating mesh 130 is simultaneously biased to attract ions toward the detector 1004, preferably at a potential that is approximately 0.5 times the difference of the specimen voltage and the local electrode voltage. Under the combined influence of the decelerating electrode 120 and accelerating mesh 130, the ion flight paths from the specimen 10which are typically substantially straightare pulled inwardly toward the center of the flight cone, giving the flight paths a more parabolic shape and reducing the flight cone's angular spread. This effectively increases the field of view of the detector 1004 without significant spherical aberration. It is notable that while exceptional performance is obtained with a planar mesh 130, the mesh 130 might alternatively be domed/bowled, or otherwise be given a non-planar configuration, to address image artifacts such as spherical aberration. As previously noted, the accelerating mesh 130 is ideally oriented perpendicular to the axis of ion flight, and where a non-planar accelerating mesh 130 is usede.g., a domed/bowled shapethis perpendicular orientation should be understood to mean that the ion flight axis is perpendicular to, and intersects, a plane tangential to the apex of the dome, or to the base of the bowl, with the dome/bowl extending substantially symmetrically outwardly from the axis.

[0019] The transparency of the accelerating mesh 130 limits the overall detection efficiency of the atom probe 1000, since some ions will be lost to collision with the mesh. Conventional atom probe detectors have limited detection efficiency due to their use of microchannel plates, and typically, this limit is on the order of 50%. Use of the accelerating mesh 130 can further increase detection losses by approximately 10%-20%, a relatively small amount compared to those caused by the microchannel plates. Nonetheless, the mesh 130 creates a shadow that is highly visible in the data, and also creates spatial variations in the detection efficiency. One way to reduce these issues is to dither the location of the mesh 130, as by reciprocating the mesh 130 along its plane by use of an actuator 1010 such as a piezoelectric flexure stage. Such motion could simply oscillate the mesh 130 along a linear path, or may include more complex motions, e.g., orbiting the mesh 130 along closed paths (e.g., circular, elliptical, hypocycloidal, polygonal, or other closed paths), translating the mesh 130 randomly about a plane, rotating the mesh 130 about its center, etc. Varying the position of the mesh 130 changes the location of the shadow without changing the ion optics of the lens assembly 100. By moving the mesh 130 quickly enough during data collection, with such motion preferably spanning a distance at least equal to the pitch of the mesh 130, the shadow becomes evenly distributed over the entire detector 1004 and is no longer visible in the data. It is particularly preferred that the actuator 1010 (or an adjunct actuator, e.g., an actuator upon which the actuator 1010 rides) be capable of moving the accelerating mesh 130 out of the ion flight path to an extent sufficient that the accelerating mesh 130 does not interfere with ions traveling from the decelerating electrode 120. This allows a user to select from a full field-of-view operating mode wherein the mesh 130 is used (and limits the detection efficiency), and a limited field-of-view operating mode wherein the mesh 130 is removed to enhance detection efficiency. This arrangement allows for a very versatile atom probe design where a user can tailor the flight path to meet experimental requirements.

[0020] It is also possible to create a full field-of-view atom probe 1000 without the use of an accelerating mesh 130, by having the face of the detector 1004 take the place of the mesh 130 in the lens assembly 100. Removal of the mesh 130 enhances detection efficiency, but also significantly enhances chromatic aberrations and degrades mass resolving power. Thus, a meshless arrangement is not preferred.

[0021] In the preferred arrangement of FIG. 1, the detector 1004 has a diameter greater than 40 mm and is placed at a distance of approximately 100 mm from the specimen 10. As with the accelerating mesh 130, the detector 1004 is also preferably maintained at a bias substantially below that of the local electrode 110, thereby attracting ions toward the detector 1004. In the preferred configuration of FIG. 1, wherein the atom probe 1000 has a straight flight path, the detector 1004 and drift region electrode 1008 are maintained at substantially the same voltage as the accelerating mesh 130. However, a small bias (e.g., 100 V) might be applied to the drift region electrode 1008 to collect stray electrons or ions, thereby reducing noise on the detector 1004. Preferably, the overall length of the drift region is approximately 90% of the total ion flight path. Increasing the length of the drift region enhances mass resolution, albeit at the expense of field of view; for example, doubling the flight path length from 100 mm to 200 mm increases mass resolving power from approximately 750 to 1400, but field of view decreases from approximately 100 degrees (full angle) to 40 degrees. To compare, a conventional atom probe (without decelerating electrode 120 and accelerating mesh 130) having a 100 mm flight path has a field of view of approximately 40 degrees (full angle), but a mass resolving power of only approximately 800comparable to that of the atom probe 1000 using the lens assembly 100, but with a greatly diminished field of view.

[0022] In a conventional straight flight path atom probe, the areal density of detected ions decreases towards the edges of the detector. This results in the edge of the detector being underutilized and degrades the multiple hit performance of the detector (i.e., the detector's ability to discern individual ions when multiple ions strike the detector simultaneously, or nearly so). This problem could potentially be much worse in a full field-of-view atom probe due to the large angular acceptance of the electrostatic lens. However, in the preferred arrangement, the bending of the flight paths achieved by the decelerating electrode 120 and accelerating mesh 130 serves to compress the image towards the edges of the detector 1004 to create a roughly uniform hit density distribution. Because the ion hit detection of the detector 1004 is most reliable when hits are spaced in distance on the detector (and/or in time), distributing the hits across the detector 1004 can enhance the ability to identify distinct hits, as this arrangement will tend to enhance the spacing between at least some of the hits.

[0023] The preferred arrangement of FIG. 1 can be enhanced by adding an Einzel-type lens (electrode arrangement) 2008 to the flight path, as shown in FIG. 2. By adding such a lens 2008, the ions can be further collimated and the length of the flight path can be extended. In testing, arrangements similar to FIG. 2 have yielded improved mass resolution near the center of the detector 2004, but deteriorating mass resolution away from the center owing to chromatic aberrations (with chromatic aberrations limiting the overall mass resolving power of the peripheral ion trajectories to approximately m/m=400, regardless of the flight path length).

[0024] Another modification, shown in FIG. 3, involves incorporating a reflectron 3008, e.g., the curved reflectron of U.S. Pat. No. 8,134,119, in an atom probe 3000 incorporating the lens assembly 100. A reflectron 3008 can improve the overall mass resolving power by increasing the total flight time of the ions, and compensating for energy spread of the evaporated ions.

[0025] In summary, the lens assembly 100 is capable of adapting conventional atom probe flight paths to allow for an acceptance angle of greater than 60 degrees (full angle), with acceptance angles of greater than 100 degrees being possible, thereby allowing collection of virtually all ions emitted from a typical specimen. The decelerating electrode 120 and accelerating mesh 130 form a compact assembly that may easily be inserted into and removed from the flight path, allowing an atom probe user to trade field-of-view for detection efficiency.

[0026] Throughout this document, where a measurement or other value is qualified by the terms approximately or aboutfor example, approximately 50 cmthis can be regarded as referring to a variation of 10% from the noted value. Thus, approximately 50 cm or about 50 cm can be understood to mean between 45 and 55 cm.

[0027] It should be understood that the versions of the invention described above are merely exemplary, and the invention is not intended to be limited to these versions. Rather, the scope of rights to the invention is limited only by the claims set out below, and the invention encompasses all different versions that fall literally or equivalently within the scope of these claims.