LIQUID SEASONING, COOKING METHOD, AND COOKED FOOD

Abstract

A cooking method of providing food with stewed taste includes providing a liquid preparation comprising oil, sodium chloride, and emulsifier; placing the liquid preparation and food ingredients in a cooking container; and heating the liquid preparation and the food ingredients in the cooking container at a temperature of 80? C. or higher. The mass ratio of the emulsifier to the oil in the liquid preparation is at least 1:1000. The liquid preparation has a pH of from 4.0 to 7.0, a Brix value of from 1 to 15, an oil concentration of from 0.1 to 4 mass %, an emulsifier concentration of 1 mass % or less, and a static viscosity of from 5 to 100 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 when heated at 80? C.

Claims

1. A cooking method of providing food with stewed taste, comprising: providing a liquid preparation comprising oil, sodium chloride, and emulsifier; placing the liquid preparation and food ingredients in a cooking container; and heating the liquid preparation and the food ingredients in the cooking container at a temperature of 80? C. or higher, wherein the mass ratio of the emulsifier to the oil in the liquid preparation is at least 1:1000, and wherein the liquid preparation has a pH of from 4.0 to 7.0, a Brix value of from 1 to 15, an oil concentration of from 0.1 to 4 mass %, an emulsifier concentration of 1 mass % or less, and a static viscosity of from 5 to 100 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 when heated at 80? C.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating is performed for a minute or less.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating is convection heating.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food ingredients are ingredients of starch-based food or hot pot food.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the food ingredients are pasta.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the emulsifier is lecithin.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein 20 mass % or more of the lecithin is lysed.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the mass ratio of the lysed lecithin to the sodium chloride is from 1:2 to 1:2000.

9. The method according to claim 6, wherein the lecithin is derived from soybean or egg yolk.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid preparation further comprises starch syrup.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the providing comprises: diluting a concentrated liquid seasoning comprising the oil, the sodium chloride, and the emulsifier, wherein the mass ratio of the emulsifier to the oil in the concentrated liquid seasoning is at least 1:1000.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the concentrated liquid seasoning is diluted 2 to 20 times.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein a concentration of the oil in the concentrated liquid seasoning is 0.1 to 25 mass %.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the mass ratio of the emulsifier to the oil in the concentrated liquid seasoning is 1:1000 to 1:20.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein a concentration of the sodium chloride in the concentrated liquid seasoning is 1.0 to 10 mass %.

16. A cooking method of providing food with stewed taste, comprising: providing a liquid preparation by diluting a concentrated liquid seasoning comprising oil, sodium chloride, lecithin, and starch syrup; placing the liquid preparation and food ingredients in a cooking container; and convection-heating the liquid preparation and the food ingredients in the cooking container at a temperature of 80? C. or higher for a minute or less, wherein the mass ratio of the lecithin to the oil in the concentrated liquid seasoning is at least 1:1000, wherein the liquid preparation has a pH of from 4.0 to 7.0, a Brix value of from 1 to 15, an oil concentration of from 0.1 to 4 mass %, a lecithin concentration of 1 mass % or less, and a static viscosity of from 5 to 100 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 when heated at 80? C., wherein the lecithin is derived from soybean or egg yolk, 20 mass % or more of the lecithin is lysed, and the mass ratio of the lysed lecithin to the sodium chloride in the concentrated liquid seasoning is from 1:2 to 1:500, wherein the concentrated liquid seasoning is diluted 2 to 20 times, and wherein the food ingredients are pasta.

Description

EXAMPLES

[0048] Examples of the liquid seasoning, the method of cooking, and the cooked food according to the present embodiment will be described in more detail below.

Experimental Example 1

[0049] In EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1, several concentrated liquid seasonings for noodles (for udon) were prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 1. In detail, a thickener (xanthan gum), oil materials (rapeseed oil and chicken oil), emulsifier (lecithin), common salt, and other seasonings (umami seasoning, chicken extract, soup stock (dashi), and cereal vinegar) were prepared. The thickener was swollen in water, and then other materials (the oil materials, lecithin, common salt, and other seasonings) were added and mixed homogeneously. After mixing the materials, the liquid seasoning was cooled and an appropriate volume of water was added to prepare a sample liquid preparation having a desired concentration factor (4.6 in this example) for cooking for udon.

[0050] The xanthan gum content was set at several levels (2.7, 6.4, and 10.0 parts by mass), and the lecithin content was set at several levels (0.0, 0.7, 10.4, and 16.0 parts by mass) to prepare 12 samples in total. These concentrated samples were analyzed to determine the lecithin concentration, oil concentration, pH, Brix, salt concentration, and viscosity at 20? C. The results are shown in Table 1. Furthermore, these samples were diluted into concentrations at the time of cooking, and were analyzed based on the straight-equivalent liquid seasonings to determine the lecithin concentration, the oil concentration, the ratio of the lecithin to the oil, the pH, the Brix, the salt concentration, the ratio of lysed lecithin to common salt, and the static viscosity at 80? C. The results are also shown in Table 1.

[0051] According to the analytical results of liquid preparations for cooking (straight-equivalent liquid seasonings), the lecithin concentration was 0.0 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparations for cooking 1, 5, and 9) and 0.34 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparations for cooking 4, 8, and 12). The oil concentration had a constant value (1.5 mass %). Consequently, the mass rate of the lecithin to the oil was 0.0% at the lowest (Liquid preparations for cooking 1, 5, and 9) and 21.8% at the highest (Liquid preparations for cooking 4, 8, and 12). The pH was 5.10 at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 4) and 5.19 at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 10). The Brix was 2.9 at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 1) and 3.8 at the highest (Liquid preparations for cooking 3, 7, and 8). The salt concentration was 0.9 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 10) and 1.5 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 7). The ratio of lysed lecithin to common salt was 0.0 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparations for cooking 1, 5, and 9) and 22.7 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparations for cooking 8 and 12). Liquid preparations for cooking 1 to 4 showed relatively low viscosity, Liquid preparations for cooking 5 to 8 showed comparatively medium viscosity, and Liquid preparations for cooking 9 to 12 showed relatively high viscosity. The minimum static viscosity at 80? C. was 3 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 in Liquid preparation for cooking 1, and the maximum value was 56 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 in Liquid preparation for cooking 11.

[0052] Using each sample of the resulting liquid preparations for cooking, udon noodles were actually cooked for a relatively short period of time (specifically heating at 80? C. for 1 minute). A sensory evaluation was conducted to taste and evaluate the finished udon noodles (i.e., cooked udon as cooked food). This sensory evaluation scored six items, i.e., deliciousness, mellowness, astringent saltiness, richness, incongruous smell and stewed flavor and texture, at five levels, respectively. In detail, five levels for deliciousness are 5 for delicious, 4 for somewhat delicious, 3 for ordinary, 2 for not so delicious, and 1 for not delicious. Five levels for mellowness are 5 for mellow, 4 for somewhat mellow, 3 for ordinary, 2 for rather not mellow, and 1 for not mellow. Five levels for astringent saltiness are 5 for no astringent saltiness, 4 for less astringent saltiness, 3 for ordinary, 2 for somewhat remaining astringent saltiness, and 1 for remaining astringent saltiness. Five levels for richness are 5 for rich, 4 for somewhat rich, 3 for ordinary, 2 for rather not rich, and 1 for not rich. Five levels for incongruous smell are 5 for weak incongruous smell, 4 for slightly weak incongruous smell, 3 for ordinary, 2 for slightly strong incongruous smell, and 1 for strong incongruous smell. Five levels for stewed flavor and texture are 5 for noticeable stewed flavor and texture, 4 for considerable stewed flavor and texture, 3 for ordinary, 2 for slight stewed flavor and texture, and 1 for no stewed flavor and texture. The arithmetic mean values of the scores of 20 participants in total were calculated by rounding off of the number of the first decimal place to summarize the results of the evaluations.

[0053] The details of the method of the sensory evaluation (sensory test) are as follows. The sensory test was conducted by trained sensory assessors. In a training of sensory assessors, identification training such as A) to C) below was conducted. Highly qualified assessors were selected and objective sensory tests were conducted by 20 assessors in total.

A) a taste identification test for accurately identifying each taste sample from seven samples consisting of five aqueous solution samples each having a concentration close to the threshold value of each component for five tastes (sweet taste: taste of sugar, sour taste: taste of tartaric acid, umami: taste of sodium glutamate, salty taste: taste of sodium chloride, and bitter taste: taste of caffeine) and two distilled water samples;
B) a level difference identification test for accurately identifying the level difference of five saline solution samples and acetic acid aqueous solution samples slightly different in concentration; and
C) a three-point identification test for accurately identifying the soy sauce sample manufactured by Company B from three samples (two samples by Company A and one sample by Company B). Then, comprehensive evaluation was then conducted based on the results of the evaluation s of these six items by the sensory assessors. In the comprehensive evaluation, the results were ranked into five levels: A for very delicious, B for delicious, C for ordinary, D for slightly delicious, and E for not delicious. From the results of these six items, compatibility between a group of five items, i.e., deliciousness, mellowness, astringent saltiness, richness, and incongruous smell, and the remaining item stewed flavor and texture were evaluated comprehensively at five levels (5 for good, 4 for somewhat good, 3 for ordinary, 2 for somewhat bad, and 1 for bad). The arithmetic mean values of the scores of a total of 20 participants were calculated by rounding off of the number of the first decimal place, and the evaluation was ranked into the following criteria: 5 points for A, 4 points for B, 3 points for C, 2 points for D, and 1 point for E.

[0054] The results are shown in the tables below.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Low viscosity Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking preparation 1 preparation 2 preparation 3 preparation 4 <Formulations of liquid cooking preparations> Xanthan gum Parts by mass 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Rapeseed oil Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 Chicken oil Parts by mass 21 21 21 21 Lecithin (emulsifier) Parts by mass 0.0 0.7 10.4 16.0 Egg yolk Parts by mass 0 0 0 0 Starch syrup Parts by mass 0 0 0 0 Umami seasoning Parts by mass 23 23 23 23 Common salt Parts by mass 51 51 51 51 Chicken extract Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 Soup stock (dashi) Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 Cereal vinegar Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 Water Remnant Remnant Remnant Remnant Total Parts by mass 1000 1000 1000 1000 <Analytical values of liquid cooking preparations> Lecithin concentration mass % 0.00% 0.07% 1.01% 1.55% Oil concentration mass % 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% pH 5.00 4.97 5.00 5.00 Brix 15.3 15.2 15.2 15.2 Salt concentration mass % 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.5 Viscosity (20? C.) mPas 514 526 521 526 <Analytical values of straight-equivalent liquid seasonings> Dilution factor 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 Lecithin concentration mass % 0.00% 0.02% 0.22% 0.34% oil concentration mass % 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% Ratio of lecithin to oil mass % 0.0% 1.0% 14.2% 21.8% pH 5.11 5.13 5.15 5.10 Brix 2.9 3.2 3.8 3.5 Salt concentration mass % 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 Ratio of lysed lecithin to mass % 0.0% 0.9% 12.5% 21.2% common salt Static viscosity (80? C.) mPasg/cm.sup.3 3 4 5 5 <Foodstuff used> Udon Udon Udon Udon <Sensory evaluation> Deliciousness 3 4 4 3 Mellowness 3 4 5 4 Astringent saltiness 1 3 4 4 Koku (richness) 3 4 4 4 Lecithin smell 5 5 3 2 Stewed flavor and texture 1 4 5 4 Comprehensive evaluation D B A B Medium viscosity Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking preparation 5 preparation 6 preparation 7 preparation 8 <Formulations of liquid cooking preparations> Xanthan gum Parts by mass 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 Rapeseed oil Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 Chicken oil Parts by mass 21 21 21 21 Lecithin (emulsifier) Parts by mass 0.0 0.7 10.4 16.0 Egg yolk Parts by mass 0 0 0 0 Starch syrup Parts by mass 0 0 0 0 Umami seasoning Parts by mass 23 23 23 23 Common salt Parts by mass 51 51 51 51 Chicken extract Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 Soup stock (dashi) Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 Cereal vinegar Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 Water Remnant Remnant Remnant Remnant Total Parts by mass 1000 1000 1000 1000 <Analytical values of liquid cooking preparations> Lecithin concentration mass % 0.00% 0.07% 1.01% 1.55% Oil concentration mass % 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% pH 5.03 5.02 5.00 5.12 Brix 15.6 15.5 15.6 15.4 Salt concentration mass % 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.0 Viscosity (20? C.) mPas 2184 2205 2100 2121 <Analytical values of straight-equivalent liquid seasonings> Dilution factor 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 Lecithin concentration mass % 0.00% 0.02% 0.22% 0.34% oil concentration mass % 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% Ratio of lecithin to oil mass % 0.0% 1.0% 14.2% 21.8% pH 5.11 5.13 5.15 5.15 Brix 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.8 Salt concentration mass % 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.1 Ratio of lysed lecithin to mass % 0.0% 0.8% 11.4% 22.7% common salt Static viscosity (80? C.) mPasg/cm.sup.3 25 30 28 30 <Foodstuff used> Udon Udon Udon Udon <Sensory evaluation> Deliciousness 3 5 4 3 Mellowness 3 5 4 4 Astringent saltiness 1 4 5 4 Koko (richness) 3 4 5 4 Lecithin smell 5 4 4 2 Stewed flavor and texture 1 5 5 4 Comprehensive evaluation D A A B High viscosity Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking preparation 9 preparation 10 preparation 11 preparation 12 <Formulations of liquid cooking preparations> Xanthan gum Parts by mass 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Rapeseed oil Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 Chicken oil Parts by mass 21 21 21 21 Lecithin (emulsifier) Parts by mass 0.0 0.7 10.4 16.0 Egg yolk Parts by mass 0 0 0 0 Starch syrup Parts by mass 0 0 0 0 Umami seasoning Parts by mass 23 23 23 23 Common salt Parts by mass 51 51 51 51 Chicken extract Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 Soup stock (dashi) Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 Cereal vinegar Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 Water Remnant Remnant Remnant Remnant Total Parts by mass 1000 1000 1000 1000 Analytical values of liquid cooking preparations> Lecithin concentration mass % 0.00% 0.07% 1.01% 1.55% Oil concentration mass % 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% pH 5.02 5.02 5.01 5.01 Brix 15.9 16.1 16.0 15.9 Salt concentration mass % 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.0 Viscosity (20? C.) mPas 4738 4706 4763 4696 <Analytical values of straight-equivalent liquid seasonings> Dilution factor 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 Lecithin concentration mass % 0.00% 0.02% 0.22% 0.34% oil concentration mass % 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% Ratio of lecithin to oil mass % 0.0% 1.0% 14.2% 21.8% pH 5.15 5.19 5.18 5.18 Brix 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 Salt concentration mass % 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.1 Ratio of lysed lecithin to mass % 0.0% 1.3% 12.1% 22.7% common salt Static viscosity (80? C.) mPasg/cm.sup.3 48 54 56 54 <Foodstuff used> Udon Udon Udon Udon <Sensory evaluation> Deliciousness 3 5 5 3 Mellowness 3 5 4 4 Astringent saltiness 3 5 5 5 Koku (richness) 3 5 4 4 Lecithin smell 5 5 4 2 Stewed flavor and texture 1 4 3 3 Comprehensive evaluation E B B C

[0055] The results of sensory evaluation, such as astringent saltiness, richness, and stewed flavor and texture, of Liquid preparation for cooking 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 11 containing an appropriate amount of lecithin are generally good, being rated as B or higher in terms of the comprehensive evaluation. Among them, Liquid preparations for cooking 3, 6, 7, and 10 were classified into A in terms of the comprehensive evaluation, with sufficient stewed flavor and texture (5 points). Liquid preparations for cooking 4, 8 and 12 containing a slightly higher lecithin had a relatively high evaluation of stewed flavor and texture, but the incongruous smell stood out, and the comprehensive evaluation tended to be somewhat lower. In contrast, Liquid preparations for cooking 1, 5 and 9 which do not contain lecithin at all have low evaluations of astringent saltiness and stewed flavor and texture, resulting in low comprehensive evaluation.

[0056] As apparent from these results, it was demonstrated that addition of predetermined amounts of specific components (oil, common salt, and lecithin) and adjustment of the analytical value (Brix, pH, and viscosity) of the liquid preparations for cooking to a specific range can impart a freshly cooked texture and a stewed flavor and texture to udon without long-time cooking.

Experimental Example 2

[0057] In EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 2, several concentrated liquid preparations for cooking for udon noodles were prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 2. Samples of liquid preparations for cooking were prepared as in EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1. In this example, the content of starch syrup, which is one of the Brix adjusters, was set at several levels (20, 40, and 60 parts by mass) and the content of lecithin was set at several levels (0.7, 10.4, and 16.0 parts by mass) to prepare five samples in total. These concentrated samples were then analyzed to determine the lecithin concentration, oil concentration, pH, Brix, salt concentration, and viscosity at 20? C. The results are shown in Table 2. Furthermore, these samples were diluted so as to have concentrations at the time of cooking, and were analyzed based on the straight-equivalent liquid seasonings to determine the lecithin concentration, the oil concentration, the ratio of the lecithin to the oil, the pH, the Brix, the salt concentration, the ratio of lysed lecithin to common salt, and the static viscosity at 80? C. The results are also shown in Table 2.

[0058] According to the analytical results of each sample of liquid preparations for cooking (straight-equivalent liquid seasonings), the lecithin concentration was 0.02 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 13) and 0.34 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 15). The oil concentration was a constant value (1.5 mass %). Consequently, the rate of the lecithin to the oil was 1.0 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 13) and 21.8 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 15). The pH was 5.12 at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 13) and 5.21 at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 14). The Brix was 3.8 at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 15) and 5.0 at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 17). The salt concentration was 1.1 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 17) and 1.4 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 15). The ratio of lysed lecithin to common salt was 0.9 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 13) and 17.8 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 15). Liquid preparations for cooking 13 to 17 all showed medium viscosity, and the minimum static viscosity at 80? C. was 30 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 of Liquid preparation for cooking 13, and the maximum value was 36 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 of Liquid preparation for cooking 16.

[0059] Udon was actually cooked using each sample of the resulting Liquid preparations for cooking, and sensory evaluation was carried out to taste and evaluate the finished udon (i.e., cooked food) as in EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1.

[0060] The results are also shown in the table below.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Starch syrup added Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking preparation 13 preparation 14 preparation 15 preparation 16 preparation 17 <Formulations of liquid cooking preparations> Xanthan gum Parts by mass 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 Rapeseed oil Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 50 Chicken oil Parts by mass 21 21 21 21 21 Lecithin (emulsifier) Parts by mass 0.7 10.4 16.0 10.4 10.4 Egg yolk Parts by mass 0 0 0 0 0 Starch syrup Parts by mass 20 20 20 40 60 Umami seasoning Parts by mass 23 23 23 23 23 Common salt Parts by mass 51 51 51 51 51 Chicken extract Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 50 Soup stock (dashi) Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 10 Cereal vinegar Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 10 Water Remnant Remnant Remnant Remnant Remnant Total Parts by mass 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 <Analytical values of liquid cooking preparations> Lecithin concentration mass % 0.07% 1.01% 1.55% 1.01% 1.01% Oil concentration mass % 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% pH 4.99 5.02 5.05 5.09 5.00 Brix 16.8 17.4 17 20.2 22.4 Salt concentration mass % 6.1 5.6 6.5 6.2 5.2 Viscosity (20? C.) mPa .Math. s 1757 1742 1901 2238 2294 <Analytical values of straight- equivalent liquid seasonings> Dilution factor 46 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 Lecithin concentration mass % 0.02% 0.22% 0.34% 0.22% 0.22% oil concentration mass % 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% Ratio of lecithin to oil mass % 1.0% 14.2% 21.8% 14.2% 14.2% pH 5.12 5.21 5.13 5.2 5.14 Brix 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.4 5.0 Salt concentration mass % 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.1 Ratio of lysed lecithin to mass % 0.9% 13.4% 17.8% 12.3% 14.6% common salt Static viscosity (80? C.) mPa .Math. s .Math. g/cm.sup.3 30 31 34 36 35 <Foodstuff used> Udon Udon Udon Udon Udon <Sensory evaluation> Deliciousness 4 5 4 4 4 Mellowness 4 5 4 5 5 Astringent saltiness 4 4 4 5 5 Koku (richness) 5 5 3 5 4 Lecithin smell 5 5 3 4 4 Stewed flavor and texture 5 5 5 5 4 Comprehensive evaluation A A A A A

[0061] The results of the sensory evaluation, such as astringent saltiness, richness, and stewed flavor and texture, of Liquid preparations for cooking 13 to 17 were improved overall as compared to those of EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1, rated as A in the comprehensive evaluation. The content of starch syrup in the liquid preparation for cooking (the diluted liquid seasoning to the straight-equivalent liquid seasoning at the time of cooking) was 0.43 mass % in Liquid preparations for cooking 13 to 15, 0.87 mass % in Liquid preparation for cooking 16, and 1.30 mass % in Liquid preparation for cooking 17. Thus, it was found that the addition of an appropriate amount of starch syrup can significantly enhance the stewed flavor and texture. In place of udon, spaghetti Ma?Ma (registered trademark) Spaghetti 1.4 mm (manufactured by Nisshin Seifun Group Inc.), Maccherone Ma?Ma (registered trademark) Salad Macaroni (manufactured by Nisshin Seifun Group Inc.), and Penne Ma?Ma (registered trademark) Penne (manufactured by Nisshin Seifun Group Inc.) were prepared. Pasta (i.e., cooked pasta) was prepared under the same conditions as in the method of Liquid preparation for cooking 17, except that the boil time was varied to a time specified in each product using Liquid preparation for cooking 17 (straight-equivalent liquid seasoning), and the test was carried out under the same conditions. The results of this test were as good as those of the udon, especially good for long pasta spaghetti. It is confirmed that the effect according to one or more embodiments of the present invention was exhibited in pasta in general, and that it was particularly favorable in the spaghetti, which is subjected to a significant change in texture by heating.

Experimental Example 3

[0062] In EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 3, several concentrated liquid preparations for cooking for udon noodles were prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 3. The sample of liquid preparation for cooking was prepared as in EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1. In Liquid preparations for cooking 18 to 20, the content of rapeseed oil was increased to three or more times (from 50 to 160 parts by mass) and the lecithin content was set at 3 levels (0.7, 10.4, and 16.0 parts by mass), so that three samples in total were prepared. These concentrated samples were then analyzed to determine the lecithin concentration, the oil concentration, the pH, the Brix, the salt concentration, and the viscosity at 20? C. The results are shown in Table 3. These samples were diluted so as to have a concentration at the time of cooking, and were analyzed based on the straight-equivalent liquid seasonings to determine the lecithin concentration, the oil concentration, the ratio of the lecithin to the oil, the pH, the Brix, the salt concentration, the ratio of lysed lecithin to common salt, and the static viscosity at 80? C.

[0063] According to the analytical results each sample of liquid preparations for cooking (straight-equivalent liquid seasonings), the lecithin concentration was 0.02 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 18) and 0.34 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 20). The oil concentration had a constant value (3.9 mass %). Consequently, the rate of the lecithin to the oil was 0.4 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 18) and 8.6 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 20). The pH was 5.0 at the lowest (Liquid preparations for cooking 19 and 20) and 5.1 at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 18). The Brix was 2.9 at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 18) and 3.2 at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 20). The salt concentration was 1.3 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 18) and 1.5 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparations for cooking 19 and 20). The ratio of lysed lecithin to common salt was 0.9 mass % at the lowest (Liquid preparation for cooking 18) and 16.8 mass % at the highest (Liquid preparation for cooking 20). Liquid preparations for cooking 18 to 20 showed relatively medium viscosity

[0064] Udon was actually cooked using each sample of the resulting liquid preparations for cooking, and sensory evaluation was carried out to taste and evaluate the finished udon as in EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1.

[0065] The results are shown in the tables below.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Egg yolk Salad oil added added Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking preparation 18 preparation 19 preparation 20 preparation 21 <Formulations of liquid cooking preparations> Xanthan gum Parts by mass 6.4 6.4 6.4 4.8 Rapeseed oil Parts by mass 160 160 160 50 Chicken oil Parts by mass 21 21 21 21 Lecithin (emulsifier) Parts by mass 0.7 10.4 16.5 0.0 Egg yolk Parts by mass 0 0 0 80 Starch syrup Parts by mass 0 0 0 0 Umami seasoning Parts by mass 23 23 23 23 Common salt Parts by mass 51 51 51 51 Chicken extract Parts by mass 50 50 50 50 Soup stock (dash) Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 Cereal vinegar Parts by mass 10 10 10 10 Water Remnant Remnant Remnant Remnant Total Parts by mass 1000 1000 1000 1000 <Analytical values of liquid cooking preparations> Lecithin concentration mass % 0.07% 1.01% 1.60% 0.05% Oil concentration mass % 18.1% 18.1% 18.1% 7.1% pH 4.93 4.99 4.95 5.10 Brix 15.4 15.6 15.8 20.3 Salt concentration mass % 6.1 7.0 6.9 6.1 Viscosity (20? C.) mPas 2059 1976 2101 1515 <Analytical values of straight-equivalent liquid seasonings> Dilution factor 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 Lecithin concentration mass % 0.02% 0.22% 0.35% 0.01% oil concentration mass % 3.9% 3.9% 3.9% 1.5% Ratio of lecithin to oil mass % 0.4% 5.6% 8.8% 1% pH 5.1 5 5 5.22 Brix 2.9 3.0 3.2 4.2 Salt concentration mass % 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 Ratio of lysed lecithin to mass % 0.9% 10.8% 17.3% 0.6% common salt Static viscosity (80? C.) mPasg/cm.sup.3 31 30 31 22 <Foodstuff used> Udon Udon Udon Udon <Sensory evaluation> Deliciousness 5 5 3 4 Mellowness 4 5 4 5 Astringent saltiness 5 5 4 5 Koku (richness) 5 5 4 5 Lecithin smell 5 5 4 4 Stewed flavor and texture 2 4 4 5 Comprehensive evaluation D B B B Pasta Concentration factor varied Liquid cooking Liquid cooking Liquid cooking preparation 22 preparation 23 preparation 24 <Formulations of liquid cooking preparations> Xanthan gum Parts by mass 4.8 2.4 9.6 Rapeseed oil Parts by mass 50 25 100 Chicken oil Parts by mass 21 11 42 Lecithin (emulsifier) Parts by mass 7.5 3.8 15.0 Egg yolk Parts by mass 0 0 0 Starch syrup Parts by mass 0 0 0 Umami seasoning Parts by mass 23 11 46 Common salt Parts by mass 51 26 102 Chicken extract Parts by mass 50 25 100 Soup stock (dashi) Parts by mass 10 5 20 Cereal vinegar Parts by mass 10 5 20 Water Remnant Remnant Remnant Total Parts by mass 1000 1000 1000 <Analytical values of liquid cooking preparations> Lecithin concentration mass % 0.73% 0.36% 1.46% Oil concentration mass % 7.1% 3.6% 14.2% pH 4.99 5.08 4.91 Brix 15.9 8.6 34.8 Salt concentration mass % 6.1 3.0 12.9 Viscosity (20? C.) mPa .s 1441 214 7328 <Analytical values of straight-equivalent liquid seasonings> Dilution factor 4.6 2.3 9.2 Lecithin concentration mass % 0.16% 0.16% 0.16% oil concentration mass % 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% Ratio of lecithin to oil mass % 10% 10% 10% pH 5.06 5.02 5.03 Brix 4.2 4.1 4.0 Salt concentration mass % 1.3 1.3 1.4 Ratio of lysed lecithin to mass % 9.5% 9.1% 8.5% common salt Static viscosity (80? C.) mPasg/cm.sup.3 19 20 21 <Foodstuff used> Pasta Udon Udon <Sensory evaluation> Deliciousness 5 5 5 Mellowness 5 5 5 Astringent saltiness 5 5 5 Koku (richness) 5 5 5 Lecithin smell 5 5 5 Stewed flavor and texture 5 5 4 Comprehensive evaluation A A A

[0066] According to the comprehensive evaluation, Liquid preparations for cooking 19, 20 were ranked as B and liquid preparation for cooking 18 as C. Accordingly, the comparison of Liquid preparations for cooking 6 to 8 having reduced oil concentrations of EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1 with Liquid preparations for cooking 18 to 20 of EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 3 showed that the former liquid preparations for cooking tended to give favorable results. The reason for this is presumed to be that the former are adjusted such that the oil concentration in the liquid preparation for cooking (straight-equivalent liquid seasoning) is 0.1 mass % to 2 mass %. Furthermore, the amounts of xanthan gum in the formulation of Liquid preparation for cooking 22 were adjusted to prepare samples having a static viscosity (80? C.) of 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3, respectively. The samples were tested in the same manner as Liquid preparation for cooking 22. As a result, in the case of the sample having a static viscosity (80? C.) of 120 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3, the fluidity of the seasoning decreased, so that the seasoning components hardly penetrated the ingredients. Furthermore, the convective heating could not be performed, resulting in remarkably declined results of comprehensive evaluation (average point of the comprehensive evaluation: 1 point or E). In the case of the samples having a static viscosity (80? C.) of 100 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 and 80 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3, the fluidity of the liquid preparations for cooking increase, so that the seasoning components readily penetrated the ingredients, resulting in remarkably improved results of comprehensive evaluation (average point of the comprehensive evaluation: 4 point or B). In the case of the samples having a static viscosity (80? C.) of 60 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3, 40 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3, and 30 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3, the results of comprehensive evaluation were highest (average point of the comprehensive evaluation: 5 point A), and especially improvement of richness was significant. Furthermore, the same sample as Liquid preparation for cooking 22 was prepared except that lecithin (emulsifier) in the formulation was replaced with an equal amount of whey protein concentrate and tested in the same manner as Liquid preparation for cooking 22, resulting in the same results as Liquid preparation for cooking 22. The detailed experimental conditions in EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLEs 1 to 3 (Liquid preparations for cooking 1 to 21, 23 and 24) are as follows.

<Preparation of Straight-Equivalent Liquid Seasoning>

[0067] The dilution factor of Liquid preparations for cooking 1 to 21 was 4.6, and thus water (156.5 g) was added to each liquid preparation for cooking (43.5 g) to prepare a straight-equivalent liquid seasoning.

[0068] The dilution factor of Liquid preparations for cooking 23 was 2.3, and thus water (113.0 g) was added to the liquid preparations for cooking (87.0 g) to prepare a straight-equivalent liquid seasoning.

[0069] The dilution factor of Liquid preparations for cooking 24 was 9.2, and thus water (178.3 g) was added to the liquid preparations for cooking (21.7 g) to prepare a straight-equivalent liquid seasoning.

<Placement of Foodstuffs>

[0070] (1) The straight-equivalent liquid seasoning (200 g) was weighed into a heating container (stainless steel mug).
(2) Katokichi (registered trademark) Frozen Sanuki Udon (manufactured by TableMark Co., Ltd.) was boiled in boiling water in a pot different from that used in Step (1) for 1 minute to prepare udon.
(3) The boiled udon (30 g) prepared in Step (2) was immediately weighed before the udon was cooled to room temperature, and placed into the straight-equivalent liquid seasoning in the heating container used in Step (1). The placed udon was completely immersed in the liquid seasoning.
(4) The straight-equivalent liquid seasoning in the stainless steel mug was heated convectively using an IH cooking heater at over 80? C. for 1 minute while the udon was being immersed under the liquid surface.
(5) The udon was taken from the liquid seasoning and subjected to tasting evaluation by 20 sensory assessors. The detailed experimental conditions for Liquid preparation for cooking 22 are as follows.

<Preparation of Straight-Equivalent Liquid Seasoning>

[0071] The dilution factor of Liquid preparations for cooking 22 was 4.6, and thus water (156.5 g) was added to the liquid preparations for cooking (43.5 g) to prepare a straight-equivalent liquid seasoning.

<Placement of Foodstuffs>

[0072] (1) The straight-equivalent liquid seasoning (200 g) was weighed into a heating container (stainless steel mug).
(2) Ma?Ma (registered trademark) spaghetti 1.4 mm (manufactured by Nisshin Seifun Group Inc.) was boiled in boiling water in a pot different from that used in Step (1) for 5 minutes to prepare pasta.
(3) The boiled Pasta (30 g) prepared in Step (2) was immediately weighed before the pasta was cooled to room temperature, and placed into the straight-equivalent liquid seasoning in the heating container used in Step (1).

[0073] The placed pasta was completely immersed in the liquid seasoning.

(4) The straight-equivalent liquid seasoning in the stainless steel mug was heated convectively using an IH cooking heater at over 80? C. for 1 minute while the pasta was being immersed under the liquid surface.
(5) The pasta was taken from the liquid seasoning and subjected to tasting evaluation by 20 sensory assessors.

Experimental Examples 4 to 6

[0074] In EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 4, a concentrated liquid preparation for cooking for udon noodles was prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 3. In this example, egg yolk was used instead of lecithin, and a sample of the liquid preparation for cooking was prepared as in EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1. In EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 5, a concentrated liquid preparation for cooking for pasta noodles was prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 3 and the preparation procedure of EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1. In EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 6, a concentrated liquid preparation for cooking for udon noodles was prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 3. In this example, the concentration factor was varied and two samples of each liquid preparation for cooking were prepared according to the procedure of EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1. In detail, Liquid preparation for cooking 23 was of a 2.3-fold concentrated type, and Liquid preparation for cooking 24 was of a 9.2-fold concentrated type. These samples were then analyzed in a concentrated state to determine the lecithin concentration, the oil concentration, the pH, Brix, the salt concentration, and the viscosity at 20? C. The results are shown in Table 3. Furthermore, each samples was diluted so as to have a concentration at the time of cooking, and was analyzed based on the straight-equivalent liquid seasonings to determine the lecithin concentration, the oil concentration, the ratio of the lecithin to the oil, the pH, the Brix, the salt concentration, the ratio of lysed lecithin to common salt, and the static viscosity at 80? C. The results are also shown in Table 3.

[0075] The results of the sensory evaluation, such as astringent saltiness, richness, and stewed flavor and texture, of Liquid preparations for cooking 22, 23, and 24 were generally good, being rated as A in the comprehensive evaluation.

CONCLUSION

[0076] These results demonstrate that a freshly cooked texture and a stewed flavor and texture can be imparted to cooked dishes without a long-time cooking according to the above examples of the present embodiment. In other words, cooking starch-based foods such as noodles and cooking ingredients placed in the liquid seasoning according to one or more embodiments of the present invention can provide cooked dishes having a combination of the texture of freshly cooked ingredients and stewed flavor and texture, which has never been achieved. One or more embodiments of the present invention eliminate a long heating process to impart a stewed flavor and texture, so that industrial applications such as eating out or home-meal replacement are expected in addition to the domestic applications.

[0077] It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and these embodiments may be modified as appropriate without departing from the gist of the invention.

[0078] Technical concepts supported by the above-described embodiments are listed below:

(1) In any one of Means 1 to 8, the starch syrup concentration in the liquid preparation for cooking (when used as a straight-equivalent liquid seasoning) is adjusted to be 0.1 mass % to 5 mass % (preferably 0.2 mass % to 4 mass %).
(2) A liquid preparation for cooking comprising oil, common salt, and an emulsifier, further comprising pH adjuster, Brix adjuster, and viscosity modifier, the mass ratio of the emulsifier to the oil being 0.1% or more, wherein the amounts of oil, the emulsifier, the pH adjuster, the Brix adjuster, the viscosity modifier are adjusted such that the resultant liquid preparation for cooking has a pH of from 4.0 to 7.0, a Brix of from 1 to 15, an oil concentration of from 0.1 mass % to 4 mass %, an emulsifier concentration is 1 mass % or less, and a static viscosity of 100 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 or less at 80? C., when the liquid preparation for cooking is used as a straight-equivalent liquid seasoning.
(3) An n-fold concentrated type liquid preparation for cooking comprising oil, common salt, and an emulsifier, further comprising pH adjuster, Brix adjuster, and viscosity modifier, the ratio of the emulsifier to the oil being 0.1 mass % or more, wherein the amounts of oil, the emulsifier, the pH adjuster, the Brix adjuster, the viscosity modifier are adjusted such that the resultant liquid preparation for cooking has a pH of from 4.0 to 7.0, a Brix of from 1 to 15, an oil concentration of from 0.1 mass % to 4 mass %, an emulsifier concentration is 1 mass % or less, and a static viscosity of 100 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 or less at 80? C., when the liquid preparation for cooking is n-fold diluted for cooking.
(4) In the technical concepts (2) or (3), a liquid preparation for cooking is characterized in that the emulsifier is lecithin or lysed lecithin.

[0079] Terms used in this specification will now be described.

[0080] The term stewing generally refers to a method of heating a foodstuff placed in a liquid medium by heating the liquid.

[0081] The term stew cooking generally refers to a method of cooking a foodstuff involving heating with a liquid seasoning, for example, at a temperature of about 80? C. to 99? C. in a heating container, and typically refers to a method of cooking the foodstuff involving a repeated three processes: 1) the heat propagates into the foodstuff by convection heating, 2) the components of the liquid seasoning migrates into and absorbed in the foodstuff, and 3) the components of the foodstuff are dissolved in the liquid seasoning.

[0082] The term stewed flavor and texture generally refers to flavor and texture achieved by an ingredient that is well impregnated with seasonings, does not exhibit astringent saltiness, and has its own umami texture, and mainly refers to a favorable taste or flavor, which is imparted to the foodstuff by the repeated process of absorption of the components dissolved in Process 3) by the foodstuffs in Process 2) resulting in an equilibrium between the liquid seasoning and the components of the foodstuff.

[0083] The term cooking mainly refers to a cooking process involving increasing the temperature of a food by applying heat directly to the food using fire or microwave, or by indirectly applying heat through a medium such as water or air (baking, simmering, stir-frying, steaming). In general, the heating temperature in cooking is mainly about 80? C. to 99? C.

[0084] The term cooked dish mainly refers to starch-based foods in general that are not usually eaten without being cooked, and are eaten after being cooked and mainly refers to foods and noodles (such as pasta) mainly composed of gluten-containing starch, causing a variation in texture by heating.

[0085] The term freshly cooked texture mainly refers to a desirable state of chewy noodles without excess softening after long-time cooking, or a state of a hot pot dish of ingredients less disintegrated and maintaining their own textures or a long-time cooking.

[0086] The term convective heating mainly refers to a heating process in which heated liquid circulates, for example, in such a way that fluid liquid in a heating container such as a pan is heated to a temperature of about 80? C. to 99? C. to decreases its density and to move to the upper part in the vertical direction, resulting in thermal convection.

[0087] The liquid seasoning having a static viscosity exceeding 100 mPa.Math.s.Math.g/cm.sup.3 at a heated temperature of 80? C. has poor fluidity, so that thermal convection does not occur sufficiently during heating and convection heating cannot be performed. Since thermal convection is generated by heating the lower part of the container, liquid in a container is heated by heat from a container such as a pot in example convection heating. In this case, thermal convection can be carried out by heat transferring through the pan and heating the liquid (conduction heating) and generating thermal convection in the heated liquid.

[0088] The term cooking involving heating foodstuffs together with liquid seasonings refers to cooking of foodstuffs immersed in a liquid seasoning functions as a heating medium that is circulated by heat convection in a heating container such as a pot.

[0089] The term food mainly composed of starch refers to, for example, a food containing starch as a component which accounts for the largest proportion among the solid contents of the food. The term starch-based food refers to a food produced mainly from starch or foodstuffs rich in starch (for example, cereals such as rice, wheat, and potatoes), including pasta.

[0090] The term noodle refers to a product made by extending dough composed of a powdered cereal such as wheat flour or starch, water and salt into a long and thin form (udon and long pasta such as spaghetti belong to noodles).

[0091] Pasta is an Italian word that has almost the same concept with noodles, referring to a paste mainly composed of wheat flour (fresh pasta) and a dried product (dried pasta). The main raw material is wheat flour, and other materials such as water, salt, and chicken eggs are used. Pasta can be broadly divided into two types, long noodle pasta represented by spaghetti and small short pasta represented by macaroni. In addition, there are other shapes like dumplings and plates. For example, the following types of pasta are available.

[0092] Examples of long pasta include spaghetti, spaghettini, fedelini, vermicelli, capellini, linguine, bucatini, chitarra, tagliatelle, pappardelle, bigoli, pizzoccheri, passatelli, stroncatelli, tagliolini, trenette, udon (Japanese pasta), and ramen (Chinese pasta).

[0093] Examples of short pasta include maccherone, penne, rigatoni, farfalle, conchiglie, fusilli, ruote, orecchiette, garganelli, gasse, stelline, zite, casarecce.

[0094] Examples of other pastas include ravioli, tortelli, tortellini, anolini, calzonicchi, cannelloni, casonsei, cialzons, culingiones, panzerotti, lasagne, gnocchi, cuscus, risoni, maltagliati, and pasta mista.

[0095] The term pasta sauce generally refers to a liquid seasoning used for cooking or seasoning of pasta, and refers to, for example, a liquid seasoning used for seasoning of in pasta after boiling.

[0096] The following types of pasta sauce are available.

[0097] Examples of oil sources include aglio, olio e pepperoncino. Examples of tomato sauces include Arrabbiata, Amatriciana, Puttanesca, Pescatore, and Marinara. Examples of meat sauces include Bolognese. Examples of cream sauces include Alfredo and Carbonara.

[0098] Examples of basil sauces include Genovese, Pesto trapanese, and examples of soup-based sources include vongole, Marinata and Scheveningen. Other examples include K?sesp?tzle, Boscaiola, Nero, and Japanese style sauce.

[0099] The term nerimono (paste) refers to paste generally produced by kneading moist food.

[0100] The term udon (Japanese pasta) refers to a type of noodle like long pasta eaten in Japan in general and having a certain width and thickness, which is made by kneading wheat flour and cut long.

[0101] The term aeru (mix) refers to mixing seasonings with foodstuffs in general.

[0102] The term permeation mainly refers to a phenomenon of components of a liquid seasoning that are migrated into a foodstuff such as pasta immersed in the liquid seasoning.

[0103] The term n-fold concentrated type refers to a seasoning which is used after 1 unit mass of the liquid seasoning or solid seasoning is diluted with a (n?1) mass unit of dilution liquid such as water, and thus refers to a liquid seasoning having concentrated components, based on the assumption of dilution with water before use.

[0104] Usually, a container of the n-fold concentrated type liquid seasoning discloses a prescription on such dilution. In this case, the dilution factor of the liquid seasoning is expressed as n-fold, and the components of the liquid seasoning after dilution are 1/n-fold.

[0105] Straight-equivalent refers to a diluted state to 1/n-fold by adding a diluting liquid such as water to an n-fold concentrated liquid seasoning. In the case where the liquid seasoning is of a 1-fold concentrated type, the term indicates a state where no water is added.

[0106] The term emulsifier typically works at the interface between materials which are inherently immiscible, such as water and oil, and has the effect of creating a homogeneous state, for example, described in paragraph [0029]. Proteins that are easy to associate with lipids such as whey protein can also be used as emulsifiers. Examples of oil include animal and vegetable fats and oils separated from a foodstuff legally permitted for use in foods in Japan, such as olive oil, in addition to those described in paragraph [0027].

[0107] The term oil concentration refers to the percentage of animal and vegetable fats and oils to be used for edible purposes contained in the liquid seasoning.

[0108] The term common salt mainly refers to substances containing sodium chloride as its main component, produced by the drying of seawater and the extraction of rock salt.

[0109] The term emulsifier in an amount of 0.1 mass % or more with respect to the oil refers to a mass ratio of 0.1% or more of the emulsifier to the oil in the formulation.

[0110] In the case where the emulsifier is a food having an emulsifying action such as egg yolk or whey protein, the mass of the blended emulsifier can be calculated from the content of the component having emulsifying action. For example, the content of lecithin in egg yolk and the content of protein in whey protein can be regarded as the mass of the blended emulsifier. In the case where a plurality of emulsifiers are used, the total of them can be regarded as the mass of the blended emulsifiers.

[0111] The term PH refers to an index of the properties (degree of acidity/alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. In the examples, a pH meter (HORIBA F-51) calibrated at three points of pH 9 (borate) standard solution, pH 7 (neutral phosphate) standard solution and pH 4 (phthalate) measures the values for the liquid seasonings adjusted to 20? C. In addition, the electrode was immersed in the liquid seasoning for 2 minutes, and the stable value was taken as a measured value.

[0112] The term Brix refers to the scale of the observed value of a sugar meter (refractometer). In a seasoning liquid containing various dissolved components, the Brix value is close to a soluble solid content (percentage of soluble solids contained in the sample). In the examples, the value of a liquid solution was measured at 20? C. with a Brix meter (ATAGO PR-201) that was reset to zero with water.

[0113] The term Lecithin is a generic name of a mixture mainly composed of various phospholipids taken out from animals (e.g., egg yolk etc.) and plants (e.g., soybeans etc.) and is described, for example, in paragraph [0029], referring to phosphatidylcholine in a narrow sense.

[0114] The term lysed lecithin refers to a substance that is typically produced by hydrolysis of lecithin, and is emulsifiable to form a stable emulsion against pH and a variation in temperature, compared to lecithin.

[0115] The mass ratio of lecithin to common salt refers to the mass ratio of lecithin to sodium chloride in the formulation.

[0116] The term hot pot dish refers to a dish that is heated in a heating container such as a pot while foodstuffs are immersed in a liquid seasoning (e.g., bouillabaisse).

[0117] The starch syrup generally includes those that are legally permitted for use in foods in Japan such as a mucous sweetener which is a mixture of glucose, maltose, and dextrin, made by hydrolysis of starch.

[0118] The term static viscosity refers to a measure of the force required to vibrate an object in liquid, which is described in the following document: Naoto IZUMO, and Atsushi KOIWAI Technological Background and Latest Market Requirements concerning Static Viscosity Measurement with a Tuning-fork Vibration Viscometer, Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Measurement of Weight, Force and Torque (APMF 2009) Jun. 1-4, 2009, Tokyo, Japan, p. 51-57.

[0119] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the definition of the fluidity at the time of cooking requires to measure the static viscosity at a heated temperature of at 80? C., and accordingly a vibration viscometer used for measuring the static viscosity can be suitably used since it barely affects the temperature of the sample at the time of measurement. The fluidity can be also calculated from the viscosity (mPa.Math.s) at 80? C. and the density (g/cm.sup.3) at 80? C.

[0120] The term heating container refers to a container for cooking having a concave portion for containing food (e.g., a pot or a frying pan) that can cook the food inside the container by heating the container.

[0121] The term astringent saltiness refers to the sharp salty taste of sodium chloride itself. For example. Sea water salt with a high content of sodium chloride (with a low content of minerals, for example, magnesium chloride, other than sodium chloride) has a stronger astringent saltiness.

[0122] The term deliciousness refers to preference, such as taste, texture, and flavor in comprehensive consideration.

[0123] The term mellowness mainly refers to softness and mildness of mouthfeel.

[0124] The term koku (richness) is also commonly referred to as kokumi, which refers to a taste that can be felt from foods, such as dishes containing a variety of foodstuffs and cooked for a long time (e.g., stew), foods having been aged for a long time (e.g., cheese) and foods containing much fat (e.g., meat). In other words, kokumi is a taste created by a mixture of a variety of foodstuffs or a taste of foodstuffs that have undergone long-term production process.

[0125] The richness is also enhanced by peptides, such as Glutathione, and ?-Glu-Val-Gly. For details, refer to, for example, the article: Motonaka Kuroda, Naohiro Miyamura, Mechanism of the perception of kokumi substances and the sensory characteristics of the kokumi peptide, ?-Glu-Val-Gly, Flavor magazine, Feb. 24, 2015.

[0126] The term incongruous smell refers to a scent peculiar to, for example, lecithin, damaging an original preferred flavor of liquid seasoning.

[0127] The term emulsifier concentration refers to the concentration calculated from, for example, the mass of an emulsifier in a formulation. In the case where the emulsifier is a food having an emulsifying action such as egg yolk or whey protein, the mass of the emulsifier can be calculated from the content of components having emulsifying action. For example, the content of lecithin in egg yolk, and the content of proteins in whey is regarded as the mass of emulsifier. When multiple emulsifiers are used, the sum of them can be regarded as the mass of the emulsifier.

[0128] The term pH adjuster refers to an agent for adjusting the pH. Examples include compounds described in paragraph [0024] among foods or food additives legally permitted for use in foods in Japan.

[0129] The term Brix adjuster refers to an agent for adjusting the Brix. Examples include compounds described in paragraph [0026] among foods or food additives legally permitted for use in food in Japan.

[0130] The term viscosity modifier refers to an agent for adjusting the viscosity. Examples include compounds described in paragraph [0022] among foods or food additives legally permitted for use in food in Japan.

[0131] Although the disclosure has been described with respect to only a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that various other embodiments may be devised without departing from the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be limited only by the attached claims.