UV-PROTECTIVE COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR USE

Abstract

Disclosed are UV-protective compositions comprising swelled polymer matrix macroparticles comprising a thermoplastic polymer swelled with at least one swelling agent, and a plurality of nanoparticles of an inorganic UV-protective agent comprising at least one solid inorganic crystal and a dispersant associated with the crystal, wherein the inorganic nanoparticles are dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles. UV protective compositions comprising zinc titanate having the general formula Zn.sub.2Ti.sub.(1-x)Fe.sub.xO.sub.4 are also disclosed. Method of preparation of such compositions, including of nanoparticles of such inorganic UV-protective agent and uses of compositions comprising the same are also provided.

Claims

1. An article coated with UV-protective composition comprising Fe-doped zinc titanate crystals each independently having the chemical formula Zn.sub.2Ti.sub.(1-x)Fe.sub.xO.sub.4 as an ultraviolet-absorbing agent, wherein x is between 0.005 and 0.1, the Fe-doped zinc titanate crystals forming discrete nanoparticles, wherein at least 50% of a total number of said discrete nanoparticles have at least one dimension of up to 250 nm.

2. The article according to claim 1, wherein x is between 0.025 and 0.05.

3. The article according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of Ti to Fe is 19 to 1.

4. The article according to claim 1, wherein the Fe-doped zinc titanate crystals are in the form of nanoparticles consisting of said crystals, at least 50% of the total number of said nanoparticles having at least one dimension of up to about 200 nm, up to about 150 nm, or up to about 100 nm.

5. The article according to claim 1, wherein the Fe-doped zinc titanate crystals are at a concentration in the range of from about 0.001% to about 40% (w/w) of the composition.

6. The article according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a dispersant and the Fe-doped zinc titanate nanoparticles are dispersed therewith in the composition.

7. The article according to claim 6, wherein the dispersant is selected from: polyacrylic acid and salts thereof; polyhydroxystearic acid; oleic acid; octyldodecyl/PPG-3 myristyl ether dimer dilinoleate; butylphthalimide combined with isopropylphthalimide; C.sub.12-15 alkyl ethylhexanoate; cetyl esters; isononyl isononanoate combined with ethylhexyl isononanoate; C.sub.12-15 alkyl benzoate; ethylhexyl isononanoate; polyglyceryl-3 behenate; ethyl isonanoate combined with cetyl dimethicone; propanediol dicaprylate/caprate combined with diisostearyl malate; PPG-26 dimer dilinoleate copolymer combined with isononyl isononanoate and with ethylhexyl isononanoate; dimer dilinoleyl dimer dilinoleate; diethylhexyl adipate; decyl oleate; dipentaerythrityl tetrahydroxy-stearate/tetraisostearate; octyldodecyl erucate; glyceryl ester; tribehenin; trihydroxystearin; triisostearin; triethylhexanoin; isocetyl behenate; isononyl isonanoate; isostearyl ester; triisostearin/glyceryl behenate; methyl acetyl ricinoleate; neopentylglycol dicaprate/dicaprylate; oleyl lactate; ethylhexyl pelargonate; pentaerythrityl tetraisononanoate; propanediol dicaprylate/caprate; polyglycerol-10 hexaoleate combined with polyglyceryl-6 polyricinoleate; pentaerythrityl ester; cetearyl ethylhexanoate; tridecyl enucate; tribehenin combined with caprylic/capric triglyceride; dimer dilinoeyl dimer dilinoleate combined with triisostearin; trimethylolpropane ester; and trioctyldodecyl citrate.

8-16. (canceled)

17. The article according to claim 1, wherein the composition has a critical wavelength of at least 370 nm.

18. The article according to claim 17, wherein the composition has a critical wavelength of at most 400 nm.

19. The article according to claim 1, wherein the composition has a critical wavelength in the range of 370 nm to 400 nm.

20. The article according to claim 1, wherein the area under the curve (AUC) formed by the UV-absorption of the Fe-doped zinc titanate crystals as a function of wavelength in the range of 280 nm to 400 nm (AUC.sub.280-400) is at least 75% of the AUC formed by the same zinc titanate crystals at the same concentration in the range of 280 nm to 700 nm (AUC.sub.280-700).

21-91. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0247] Some embodiments of the disclosure are described herein with reference to the accompanying figures. The description, together with the figures, makes apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art how some embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced. The figures are for the purpose of illustrative discussion and no attempt is made to show structural details of an embodiment in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the disclosure. For the sake of clarity, some objects depicted in the figures are not to scale.

[0248] In the Figures:

[0249] FIG. 1 is a line graph showing Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of bismuth vanadate and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in Isopar™ L after milling, expressed as number percentage;

[0250] FIG. 2 is a line graph showing a PSD of swelled polymer matrix macroparticles after milling, expressed as number percentage;

[0251] FIG. 3 is a line graph showing absorbance of bismuth vanadate and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alone, prior to their incorporation into the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles of the present disclosure, with a reference comprising the medium in which milling to produce nanoparticles was carried out, i.e. C.sub.12-15 oil and dispersant, with Isopar™ L as diluent;

[0252] FIG. 4 is a line graph showing absorbance of bismuth vanadate and titanium dioxide nanoparticles incorporated into the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles of the present disclosure, with the polymer matrix alone and support glass slide alone as controls;

[0253] FIG. 5 is a high resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HR-SEM) image of a portion of a swelled polymer matrix macroparticle, with dispersed titanium dioxide nanoparticles;

[0254] FIG. 6 is a magnified version of the swelled matrix element macroparticles as shown in the HR-SEM image of FIG. 5;

[0255] FIG. 7 is a HR-SEM image of a portion of a swelled polymer matrix macroparticle, with dispersed bismuth vanadate nanoparticles;

[0256] FIG. 8 is a magnified version of the swelled polymer matrix macroparticle as shown in the HR-SEM image of FIG. 7;

[0257] FIG. 9A schematically illustrates a cross sectional view on a surface of an example of conventionally prepared UV-protective polymers;

[0258] FIG. 9B schematically illustrates in a perspective top view how UV-protective particles entrapped in polymers as shown in FIG. 9A could remain on the target surface;

[0259] FIG. 9C schematically illustrates in a cross-sectional view how particles of a UV-protective agent embedded in swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, such as flakes, may be applied to a target surface;

[0260] FIG. 9D provides a schematic, perspective top view of UV-protective particles embedded and dispersed in swelled polymer matrix macroparticles as shown in FIG. 9C;

[0261] FIG. 10 schematically illustrate a cross-sectional and a top view of a swelled polymer matrix macroparticle having a tentacular flake shape;

[0262] FIG. 11 provides a flow chart of one method according to the present teachings;

[0263] FIG. 12 is a line graph showing powder absorbance of Fe-doped and undoped zinc titanate powder, prepared according to present teachings, as compared to undoped zinc oxide powder and presintered zinc titanate as reference;

[0264] FIG. 13 is a plot showing the powder X ray diffraction (PXRD) diffractogram of Fe-doped and undoped zinc titanate crystals prepared according to the present teachings;

[0265] FIG. 14 is a line graph showing PSD of particles of Fe-doped and undoped zinc titanate powder after milling according to present teachings, expressed as number percentage, as compared to zinc oxide as reference;

[0266] FIG. 15 is a line graph showing absorbance of aqueous suspensions comprising different concentrations of nanoparticles of Fe-doped zinc titanate crystals, prepared according to present teachings, as compared to the same respective concentrations of undoped zinc titanate as reference;

[0267] FIG. 16 is a line graph showing absorbance of aqueous suspensions comprising a same concentration of nanoparticles of zinc titanate crystals at various levels of Fe-doping prepared according to present teachings, as compared to undoped zinc titanate crystals, undoped zinc oxide and a commercially available sunscreen as reference; and

[0268] FIGS. 17A and 17B are HR-SEM images of nanoparticles of zinc titanate crystals prepared according to present teachings, FIG. 17A showing nanoparticles of undoped zinc titanate crystals and FIG. 17B showing nanoparticles of Fe-doped zinc titanate crystals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0269] The following paragraphs numbers 263 to 354 relate to UV-protective compositions comprising swelled polymer matrix macroparticles comprising a thermoplastic polymer swelled with at least one swelling agent, the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles including a plurality of nanoparticles of an inorganic UV-protective agent, dispersed and embedded therein, as also discussed in paragraphs numbers 16 to 141.

[0270] The present disclosure, in at least some embodiments, provides UV-protective compositions, such as sunscreen compositions for protection against ultraviolet radiation, uses of such compositions and methods of making such compositions.

[0271] The UV-protective compositions disclosed herein comprise swelled polymer matrix macroparticles (optionally flakes), comprising a thermoplastic polymer swelled with at least one swelling agent, optionally an oil, and a plurality of nanoparticles including inorganic nanoparticles of at least one UV-protective agent, each of the inorganic nanoparticles comprising at least one solid inorganic crystal and a dispersant associated with the crystal, wherein the inorganic nanoparticles are dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles.

[0272] The plurality of nanoparticles, including the inorganic nanoparticles of a UV-protective agent, the inorganic nanoparticles comprising the solid inorganic crystals of the UV-protective agent and the dispersant associated therewith, can be hereinafter simply referred to the inorganic nanoparticles, or the inorganic nanoparticles of UV-protective agent, or the inorganic nanoparticles of inorganic UV-protective agent, and like modification, unless otherwise clearly dictated by the context. Such inorganic nanoparticles can assume a variety of shapes, such as sphere-like, rod-like or platelet like, as long as the average particle size of such nanoparticles does not exceed 100 nm, as detailed herein.

[0273] As used herein, the term “dispersed” indicates that the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent are “well dispersed” and/or “uniformly distributed” within the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles. “Well dispersed” nanoparticles are individual particles expected to have an absorbance highly similar to the absorbance of same particles when oil-dispersed prior to their incorporation into the matrix elements, a similar spectrum ruling out the undesired formation of agglomerates of nanoparticles within the swollen polymer. “Uniformly distributed” nanoparticles are expected to be present in similar numbers in cells of view of same size, the cells being subdivisions of a microscopic field of view capturing a representative portion of the matrix macroparticle. Depending on the magnification, a field of view can be divided in a different number of non-overlapping cells of same area. The particles are counted in at least three such cells and the number of particles in each cell should not vary by more than 30% amongst the different cells, such measurements being preferably performed on cells of view of similar thicknesses. In this context it should be noted that some microscopic analysis suggest the presence of clusters of particles, which may however represent individual particles residing at different depths within a given matrix macroparticle.

[0274] As used herein, the term “embedded” indicates that the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent are fixedly incorporated within the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles. The term “embedded” is used to exclude situations in which UV-protective agents would essentially exclusively coat or be otherwise externally associated with a polymer core.

[0275] It has surprisingly been found by the present Applicant that, although reduction of particle size of known inorganic UV-absorbing agents to nanometric dimensions (e.g., below 1 micrometer (μm), typically below 100 nm) is known to significantly reduce the maximum wavelength of light, including UV light, which is effectively absorbed by the particles, UV protective compositions according to the present teachings comprising doped or undoped crystals of solid inorganic material milled to nanoparticle size still provide substantial absorption of UV radiation of wavelength from 280 nm (or even shorter wavelength) up to about 400 nm, thus providing broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB radiation, even in the absence of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents.

[0276] The present Applicant previously established that UV-protective compositions comprising doped or undoped solid inorganic material, such as barium titanate, bismuth oxide, bismuth vanadate, bismuth titanate, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or zinc titanate, milled to nanoparticle size, still provide substantial absorption of UV radiation of wavelength from at least 280 nm up to at least 400 nm, thus providing broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB radiation, even in the absence of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents. However, there is some public concern regarding nanoparticles in general and their application, for instance, to the skin or hair of a human subject, which has been considered to possibly be associated with certain harmful effects.

[0277] It has surprisingly been found by the present Applicant that the compositions described herein provide broad spectrum protection, in some embodiments against both UVA and UBV radiation, while having reduced potential toxicity compared to compositions comprising nanoparticles of a UV-protective agent comprising solid inorganic crystals in the absence of a polymer matrix. In some embodiments, the composition has low visibility when applied to a surface such as the skin or hair of a living subject.

[0278] Thus, in some embodiments, UV-protective compositions disclosed herein comprise nanoparticles of a UV-protective agent comprising at least one solid inorganic crystal, such as a crystal of a barium compound (for example, barium titanate), a bismuth compound (for example, bismuth vanadate, bismuth oxide or bismuth titanate), a titanium compound (for example, titanium dioxide), or a zinc compound (for example, zinc oxide or zinc titanate), dispersed and embedded in swelled polymer matrix macroparticles (such as flakes).

[0279] In some embodiments, at least 50%, or at least 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, at least 97.5% or even at least 99% of the inorganic nanoparticles of the UV-protective agent, in terms of number or volume of particles, have a long dimension not exceeding 100 nm.

[0280] In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles of UV-protective agent have an average particle size (D.sub.N50) of up to about 100 nm, 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm or even up to 60 nm. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles have a D.sub.N50 in the range of from about 10 nm to about 80 nm, from about 10 to about 70 nm, from about 20 to about 70 nm or from about 20 to about 60 nm. In some embodiments, the average particle size of the inorganic nanoparticles is the average of the length of 50% of the particles, by number. In some embodiments, the average particle size of the inorganic nanoparticles is the cumulative hydrodynamic diameter of 50% of the particles, by number.

[0281] In some embodiments, the afore-mentioned characteristic sizes or ranges of sizes, be them derived from the length or the hydrodynamic diameter of the inorganic nanoparticles, apply to at least 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 97.5% or at least 99% of the number of the inorganic nanoparticles.

[0282] In some embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent is expressed in terms of the hydrodynamic diameter as measured by DLS techniques. In some embodiments, the population distribution of the nanoparticles is expressed in terms of the cumulative particle size distribution, according to the number of particles in a sample, the hydrodynamic diameter at any given cumulative percentage point of the population being also referred to as the cumulative hydrodynamic diameter.

[0283] In some embodiments, the maximum diameter of the nanoparticles (i.e. the hydrodynamic diameter of at least 90% of the population of particles) is assessed for population distribution measured in terms of number of particles and percentage thereof.

[0284] In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles of UV-protective agent dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles are not visible to the human eye, in particular when applied to the skin or hair of a subject, due to their lack of absorbance in the visible range.

[0285] In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles of UV-protective agent dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles are blended into a coloured composition and need not be substantially transparent and/or invisible, for instance when used in a make-up product, such as a foundation, which is slightly tinted when applied to the skin of a subject or when used in a tinted coating to be applied to an inanimate surface for instance, of similar color.

[0286] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles of the inorganic UV-protective agent are present in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles in a weight per weight concentration of from about 0.1 to about 60% (w/w) of the thermoplastic polymer, such as from about 0.5 to about 50% (w/w), from about 1 to about 40% (w/w), from about 2 to about 30% (w/w) or from about 4 to 25% (w/w). In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles are present in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles at a concentration of about 5% (w/w), about 10% (w/w), about 20% (w/w) or of about 25% (w/w) of the thermoplastic polymer.

[0287] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles of the inorganic UV-protective agent are present at a concentration of up to about 40% (w/w) of the total composition, such as up to about 30%, up to about 25%, up to about 20% or even up to about 10% (w/w) of the total UV-protective composition.

[0288] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles of the inorganic UV-protective agent are present in the composition at a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), from about 1% (w/w) to about 20% (w/w), or even from about 1% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w) of the final UV-protective composition. In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles of UV-protective agent are present at a concentration of about 4% (w/w) of the final composition.

[0289] Suitable thermoplastic polymers are swellable (optionally, oil-swellable) thermoplastic homopolymers or copolymers, preferably clear, transparent and/or colorless. The thermoplastic polymers are preferably functionalized polymers comprising particle-affinic functional group and non-affinic monomer units. The monomer units bearing the particle-affinic functional groups and the non-particle-affinic monomer units can be assembled as a copolymer, including a random copolymer, a block copolymer, an alternating copolymer or a grafted copolymer, and wherein said copolymer can be linear, branched, or grafted.

[0290] For instance, the functional groups may be acidic monomers, whereas the non-affinic groups can be ethylene. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer comprises at least one ethylene polymer, ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) polymer, ethylene-methacrylic acid (EMMA) polymer, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer, substituted or modified versions thereof, ionomers thereof and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the ionomer is selected from magnesium, sodium and zinc. In some embodiments, the ethylene-acrylic polymer comprises from about 5 to about 30% (w/w) acrylic monomer.

[0291] In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer is at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of acid modified ethylene acrylate resins, maleic anhydride modified ethylene copolymer, anhydride modified ethylene vinyl acetate, acid/acrylate-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, anhydride-modified ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid (and zinc ionomers thereof), copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid (and zinc ionomers thereof), low density polyethylene (optionally anhydride modified), terpolymer of ethylene, acrylic ester and maleic anhydride, and terpolymer of ethylene-methyl acrylate-maleic anhydride.

[0292] Such polymers are commercially available, for example, as Bynel® 2022, Bynel® 4157, Bynel® CXA 2002, Bynel® CXA E214, Bynel® CXA 3036, Bynel® CXA 3048, Bynel® CXA 3095, Bynel® CXA 3101, Bynel® CXA 4109, Bynel® CXA 41E687, Bynel® CXA E-326, Bynel® CXA E-369, Bynel® CXA E-374, Elvax® 460, Elvax® 550, Elvax® 650, Elvax® 660, Elvax® 760, Elvax® 770, Nucrel® 0407, Nucrel® 0609, Nucrel® 699, Nucrel® 0903, Nucrel® 0908, Nucrel® 0910, Nucrel® 925, Nucrel® 1202, Nucrel® 2940, Nucrel® 30707, Nucrel® 31001, Surlyn® 1554, Surlyn® 1652, Surlyn® 1702, Surlyn® 1801, and Surlyn® 9910, available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., USA.; and as Lotader® 2308, Lotader® 2400, Lotader® 3200, Lotader® 3210, Lotader® 3300, Lotader® 3410, Lotader® 6200, Lotader® 8200, and Lotader® TX 8030, available from Arkema, France.

[0293] In some embodiments, the at least one swelling agent comprises an oil.

[0294] Oils are generally defined as substances substantially water immiscible at room temperature (circa 23° C.) and atmospheric pressure, and typically, but not necessarily, liquid. They can be characterized, among other things, by the source of the oil, the degree of saturation/unsaturation, the type of fatty acids and/or their relative content, the length of carbon chains, and the like typical parameters. The afore-mentioned chemical characteristics may affect physical behaviour, for instance the melting point and/or the softening point and/or the viscosity and/or volatility of the oil, or mixture thereof, at temperatures of interest (e.g., to the formulation process during milling or matrix preparation, to the application process, to the intended use, etc.). As mentioned, the oil may additionally affect the melting point and/or the softening point of the thermoplastic polymers or combinations thereof.

[0295] In some embodiments, the oil is selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a natural oil, a vegetal oil, an essential oil, a synthetic oil, a mineral oil and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the oil is a cosmetically acceptable oil conventionally used in the preparation of personal care products.

[0296] Suitable mineral oils are clear and odorless derivates/distillates of petroleum.

[0297] Non-limiting examples of synthetic oils include synthetic isoparaffins (as commercially available, for instance, from Exxon Mobil Chemical as Isopar™ L, Isopar™ M and Isopar™ V) and the reaction products of C.sub.12-C.sub.15 Alcohol and Benzoic Acid, namely C.sub.12-C.sub.15 Alkyl Benzoate (as commercially available from Phoenix Chemical as Pelemol® 256), isononlyl isononanoate (as commercially available from ALZO International, Inc.), C.sub.12-C.sub.15 alkyl ethylhexanoate (as commercially available from Innospec Performance Chemicals).

[0298] Non-limiting examples of suitable vegetal oils include argan oil, chokeberry (seed) oil, avocado oil, apricot kernel oil, peach (pits) oil, canola oil, nigella oil, pumpkin seed oil, wild rose (seeds) oil, pomegranate seeds oil, jojoba oil, cocoa butter, wheat sprout oil, coconut oil, safflower oil, corn oil, camelina oil, flax seed oil, macadamia oil, raspberries seeds oil, meadowfoam seeds oil, passiflora seeds oil, almond oil, neem oil, moringa oil, borago oil, olive oil, peanuts oil, hazelnuts oil, walnut oil, palm oil, papaya seeds oil, parsley seeds oil, seabuckthorn oil, castor oil, rice oil, sesame oil, shea butter, sunflower oil, soybean oil, tamanu oil, evening primrose oil, grape seeds oil, cranberry seeds oil.

[0299] Non-limiting examples of essential oils include agar oil, ajwain oil, angelica root oil, anise oil, asafetida, balsam of Peru, basil oil, bay oil, bergamot oil, black pepper oil, buchu oil, birch oil, camphor, cannabis flower essential oil, caraway oil, cardamom seed oil, carrot seed oil, cedarwood oil, chamomile oil, calamus root oil, cinnamon oil, cistus oil, citron oil, citronella oil, clary sage oil, clove leaf oil, coffee oil, coriander oil, costmary oil, costus root oil, cranberry seed oil, cubeb oil, cumin oil, cypress oil, curry leaf oil, davana oil, dill oil, elecampane oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel seed oil, fenugreek oil, fir oil, frankincense oil, galangal oil, galbanum oil, ginger oil, goldenrod oil, grapefruit oil, henna oil, helichrysum oil, hickory nut oil, horseradish oil, hyssop oil, Idaho tansy oil, jasmine oil, juniper berry oil, Laurus nobilis oil, lavender oil, ledum oil, lemon oil, lemongrass oil, lime oil, Litsea cubeba oil, linaloe oil, mandarin oil, marjoram oil, melissa oil, mentha arvenis oil, moringa oil, mountain savory oil, mugwort oil, mustard oil, myrrh oil, myrtle oil, neem oil, neroli oil, nutmeg oil, orange oil, oregano oil, orris oil, palo santo oil, parsley oil, patchouli oil, perilla oil, pennyroyal oil, peppermint oil, petitgrain oil, pine oil, ravensara oil, red cedar oil, Roman chamomile oil, rose oil, rosehip oil, rosemary oil, rosewood oil, sage oil, sandalwood oil, sassafras oil, savory oil, schisandra oil, spearmint oil, spikenard oil, spruce oil, star anise oil, tangerine oil, tarragon oil, tea tree oil, thyme oil, tsuga oil, turmeric oil, valerian oil, vetiver oil, western red cedar oil, wintergreen oil, yarrow oil, ylang-yland oil and zedoary oil.

[0300] In some embodiments, the oil is present at a concentration of from about 10% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w) of the matrix, such as, for example, from about 10 to about 40% (w/w) or from about 20 to about 40% (w/w). In some embodiments, the oil is present at a concentration of about 30% (w/w) of the matrix.

[0301] In some embodiments, at least 50% of the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles have a long dimension (e.g., a flake length Lf) of up to about 4 micrometers (μm), up to about up to about 5 μm or up to about 6 μm, up to about 10 μm, up to about 20 μm, up to about 30 μm, up to about 40 μm or even up to about 50 μm. It can be appreciated that the width of a flake not exceeding its length, the width of the flake can be of at most 50 μm, at most 40 μm, at most 30 μm, at most 20 μm, at most 6 μm, or at most 4 μm, as long as Wf≤Lf.

[0302] It should be noted that in order for a nanoparticle of UV-protective agent to be successfully dispersed and embedded in a swelled polymer matrix macroparticle, the smallest dimension of the matrix macroparticles (e.g., a flake thickness Tf) should preferably be at least two-fold, four-fold, six-fold, eight-fold or even one order of magnitude greater than the length of the inorganic nanoparticles of UV-protective agent.

[0303] The macroparticles of swelled polymer matrix may have any suitable aspect ratio, i.e., a dimensionless ratio between the longest dimension in the largest plane projecting from the particle and a smallest dimension in a direction orthogonal to said plane.

[0304] Such dimensions can be assessed on a number of representative macroparticles by methods known in the art, such as microscopy, including in particular by scanning electron microscope SEM (preferably for the planar dimensions) and by focused ion beam FIB (preferably for the thickness and length dimensions). Macroparticles having an almost spherical shape are characterized by an aspect ratio of approximately 1:1, whereas flake-like particles can have an aspect ratio (e.g. between their length and their thickness, ASP=Lf/Tf) of 100:1 or more. Though not limiting, the macroparticles of swollen polymer matrix according to the present teachings can have an aspect ratio (or average aspect ratio considering a population of matrix flakes, ASP.sub.avg=Lf.sub.avg/Tf.sub.avg) of about 100:1 or less, of about 75:1 or less, of about 50:1 or less, of about 25:1 or less, or even of about 10:1. In some embodiments, the matrix flakes according to the present teachings may have an aspect ratio (or average aspect ratio) of at least 3:1, at least 5:1, at least 10:1, at least 25:1, at least 40:1, or at least 70:1. In some embodiments, the macroparticles according to the present teachings may be flakes having an aspect ratio (or average aspect ratio) within a range of 2:1 to 500:1, 4:1 to 500:1, 8:1 to 500:1, 20:1 to 500:1, 20:1 to 300:1, 20:1 to 250:1, 20:1 to 200:1, or 20:1 to 100:1.

[0305] In some embodiments the nanoparticles of the UV-protective agent are homogeneously dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, such that the surface area of each such nanoparticle is fully encased in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticle. Preferably, the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent are sufficiently dispersed within the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles so as to prevent or reduce formation of clumps or aggregates of nanoparticles.

[0306] As the milling process which ensures the incorporation of the nanoparticles into the matrix polymer, and the size reduction of the latter to matrix macroparticles, is expected to at least further disperse the nanoparticles, it is believed that a population of nanoparticles well dispersed before their embedment in the polymer matrix will remain at least as well dispersed in the matrix elements. Nanoparticles of UV-protective agents fulfilling at least one or more of the size and/or size distribution criteria detailed in the preceding sections when present in the oil-dispersed stock are therefore expected to suitably disperse in the matrix macroparticles, providing for the sought “uniform dispersion” therein

[0307] According to some embodiments, the dispersant may be any additive that increases the dispersability of the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent in at least one of the oil-dispersed stock to be added to the swollen polymer matrix in order to be co-milled and in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles. In some embodiments, the dispersant comprises a carboxylic acid function to interact with oxide on the surface of the nanoparticles and a hydrocarbon portion, rendering the nanoparticles miscible in the macroparticles. In some preferred embodiments, the dispersant comprises fatty acids or polymers thereof.

[0308] In some embodiments, the dispersant has a Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value of no more than 9, no more than 6 or even no more than 3. In some embodiments, the HLB of the dispersant is about 2.5.

[0309] In some embodiments, the weight per weight ratio of dispersant to nanoparticles being dispersed therewith, is between 2:1 and 1:2. In a particular embodiment, the weight per weight ration of dispersant to nanoparticles of UV-protective agent is of about 1:1.

[0310] In some embodiments, the dispersant comprises polyhydroxystearic acid (available commercially from Innospec Performance Chemicals under tradenames Dispersun DSP-OL100 and DSP-OL300).

[0311] Other, non-limiting examples of suitable dispersants include any of the Pelemol esters, available commercially from Phoenix Chemicals, Overland Park, Kans., USA: Pelemol® BIP-PC (butylphthalimide and isoproplylphthalimide); Pelemol® C25EH (C.sub.12-15 alkyl ethylhexanoate); Pelemol® CA (cetyl acetate); Pelemol® 899 (isononyl isononanoate and ethylhexyl isonononoate); Pelemol® 168 (cetyl ehtylhexanoate); Pelemol® 256 (C.sub.12-C.sub.15 alkyl benzoate); Pelemol® 89 (ethylhexyl isononanoate); Pelemol® 3G22 (polyglyceryl-3 beherate); Pelemol® D5R1 (ethyl isonanoate and cetyl dimethicone); Pelemol® D5RV (propanediol dicaprylate/caprate and diisostearyl malate); Pelemol® D899 (PPG-26 dimer dilinoleate copolymer and isononyl isononanoate and ethylhexyl isononanoate); Pelemol® DD (dimer dilinoleyl dimer dilinoleate); Pelemol® DDA (diethylhexyl adipate); Pelemol® DO (decyl oleate); Pelemol® DP-72 (dipentaerythirityl tetrabehenate/poyhydroxystearate-lanolic substitute); Pelemol® EE (octyldodecyl erucate); Pelemol® G7A (glyceryl-7 triacetate); Pelemol® GMB (glyceryl behemate); Pelemol® GMR (glyceryl ricinoleate); Pelemol® GTAR (glyceryl triacetyl ricinoleate): Pelemol® GTB (tribehenin); Pelemol® GTHS (trihydroxystearin); Pelemol® GTIS (triisostearin); Pelemol® GTO (triethylhexanoin); Pelemol® ICB (isocetyl behenate); Pelemol® II (isostearyl isostearate); Pelemol® IN-2 (isononyl isonanoate); Pelemol® ISB (isostearyl behenate); Pelemol® ISHS (isostearyl hydroxystearate); Pelemol® ISNP (isostearyl neopentanoate); Pelemol® JEC (triisostearin/glyceryl behenate); Pelemol® MAR (methyl acetyl ricinoleate); Pelemol® NPGDD (neopentylglycol/dicaprate/dicaprylate); Pelemol® OL (oleyl lactate); Pelemol® OPG (ethylhexyl pelargonate); Pelemol® P-49 (pentaerylthrityl teraisononanoate); Pelemol® P-810 (propanediol dicaprylate/caprate); Pelemol® P-1263 (polyglycerol-10 hexaoleate and polyglyceryl-6 poyricinoleate); Pelemol® PHS-8 (polyhydroxystearic acid); Pelemol® PTIS (pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate); Pelemol® PTL (pentaerythrityl terralaurate); Pelemol® PTO (pentaerythrityl tetraethylhexanoate); Pelemol® SPO (cetearyl ethylhexanoate; Pelemol® TDE (tridecyl enucate); Pelemol® TGC (trioctyldodecyl citrate); Pelemol® TMPIS (trimethylolpropane triisostearate); Pelemol® TMPO (trimethylopropane triethylhexanoate); Pelemol® TT (tribeherin and caprylic acid/capric triglyceride); Pelemol® VL (dimer dilinoelyl dier dilinoleate and triisostearin).

[0312] In some embodiments, the dispersant is oleic acid, polyhydroxystearic acid (such as commercially available as Dispersun DSP-OL300 from InnoSpec or Pelemol® PHS-8 from Phoenix Chemicals), or octyldodecyl/PPG-3 myristyl ether dimer dilinoleate (such as commercially available as PolyEFA from Croda Inc.).

[0313] In some embodiments, the dispersant associated with the nanoparticles of inorganic crystal to ensure their adequate dispersion in the liquid oil before their incorporation into the polymer matrix, is the sole dispersant used in the composition. It is believed that the shape of the matrix macroparticles may affect the need to include further dispersants or increased amount of dispersant, at same or different steps. The Applicant found that matrix macroparticles having a tentacular flake shape loosely flocculate, so that advantageously no further dispersants are needed in compositions consisting of such matrix elements.

[0314] According to some embodiments, the solid inorganic crystal is doped, for example with a metal cation dopant such as iron, copper, manganese or lanthanum

[0315] As used herein, the term “dopant” refers to cations, such as metal cations, which are introduced in low amounts into a crystalline structure.

[0316] In some embodiments the doped solid inorganic crystal comprises from about 90% or even from 95% to about 99.9% mole percentage solid inorganic material and from about 0.1% to about 5% or even 10% mole percentage of a metal cation as a dopant.

[0317] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises silver metal particles. In some embodiments, the silver particles are dispersed in the matrix elements.

[0318] In some embodiments, the silver metal particles are present in the composition as nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles have a length of up to about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles have at a length of up to about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles have a length of up to about 30 nm. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles have a length in the range of from about 10 nm to up to about 50 nm.

[0319] In some embodiments, the afore-mentioned dimensions or ranges of dimensions apply to at least 50%, or at least 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 97.5% or at least 99% of the population of the silver nanoparticles.

[0320] In some embodiments, the aforesaid length of the silver nanoparticles is estimated based on the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles as measured by DLS techniques. In some embodiments, the population distribution of the silver nanoparticles is expressed in terms of the cumulative particle size distribution according to the number of particles in a sample. In some embodiments, the population distribution of the silver nanoparticles is expressed in terms of the cumulative particle size distribution of a sample volume of particles.

[0321] In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles are present in the composition at a concentration in the range of from about 0.01% to about 10% (w/w) of the total composition. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles are present in the composition at a concentration in the range of from about 0.01% to about 5% (w/w), from about 0.05% to about 5% (w/w), or from about 0.1% to about 2% (w/w) of the total composition. In some preferred embodiments, the silver nanoparticles are present in the composition at a concentration of about 1% (w/w) or about 2% (w/w) of the total composition.

[0322] In some embodiments, the UV-protective composition comprises a topical composition. The topical composition may optionally be provided in a form selected from the group consisting of a cream, an emulsion, a gel, a lotion, a mousse, a paste and a spray. If desired, the composition can also be formulated into make-up cosmetics, for example, foundation, blusher, etc.

[0323] In some embodiments, the topical UV-protective composition further comprises a dermatologically or cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0324] In some embodiments, the topical UV-protective composition further comprises one or more dermatologically or cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable additives or excipients, such as colorants, preservatives, fragrances, humectants, emollients, emulsifiers, waterproofing agents, surfactants, thickeners, viscosity modifiers, anti-foaming agents, conditioning agents, antioxidants and the like. Such additives or excipients and the concentrations at which each can effectively accomplish its respective functions, are known to persons skilled in the pertinent art and need not be further detailed.

[0325] In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for application to a surface of an inanimate object, such as, for example, an object, or a material. In some such embodiments, the composition is in the form of a coating, including liquid coatings, such as a varnish, a lacquer or an emulsion, and non-liquid coatings, such as a paste, a gel, or a mousse.

[0326] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for the preparation of the compositions disclosed herein.

[0327] In some embodiments, the method comprises combining the thermoplastic polymer with the swelling agent, such as an oil; mixing the combination of thermoplastic polymer and swelling agent to provide a homogeneous paste of polymer matrix wherein the thermoplastic polymer is swelled with the swelling agent; adding the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent to the homogeneous paste, the inorganic nanoparticles being dispersed in an oil that may be same or different to the swelling agent previously combined with the thermoplastic polymer; and milling the mixture of the oil-dispersed nanoparticles and swollen polymer, so as to size reduce the polymer matrix into swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, while dispersing and embedding the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles.

[0328] In some embodiments, the swelling agent and/or the first oil having served for the dispersion of the nanoparticles (or mixtures of any of the foregoing liquids) are at least partially replaced by a different second oil. In such a case, matrix elements having a first softening temperature when associated with the swelling agent(s) and/or first oil(s) can be tailored to have a different second softening point following such partial replacement. Preferably, the second softening point is greater than the first softening point, and optionally greater than 50° C. For such purpose, the replacing oil can be selected to fulfil at least one of the following conditions: a) it cannot swell the thermoplastic polymer under consideration (e.g., resulting in a gain weight of less than 1 wt. %); and b) it does not act as a plasticizer towards the thermoplastic polymer under consideration (e.g., it does not lower the softening point of the polymer). Such at least partial replacement can be performed by evaporation of the liquid embedded in the matrix elements (e.g., under vacuum for volatile oils), resulting in relatively dried macroparticles. At least part of the weight loss resulting from the partial elimination of the original liquid(s) can be compensated by addition of the second oil, which may serve to redisperse the relatively dried matrix elements having consequently a higher softening point. Such optional step is represented by S105 in FIG. 11.

[0329] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles of the UV-protective agent are milled prior to their addition to the polymer paste. The nanoparticles of UV-protective agent can be size-reduced in an oil that may be the same or different from the swelling agent with which the thermoplastic polymer is combined to provide the homogeneous paste. In some embodiments, the particles of UV-protective agent are milled, optionally in presence of a dispersant, so as to form nanoparticles. Alternatively, the particles of UV-protective agent being added are commercially available as nanoparticles or will be size-reduced to become nanoparticles subsequent to their addition to the oil-polymer paste.

[0330] In some embodiments, the mixing of the thermoplastic polymer and the swelling agent, such as an oil is performed while heating the combination to a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 20° C. above the melting point or the softening point of the thermoplastic polymer, or of up to about 30° C., or up to about 40° C. above the melting or softening point, as appropriate for the thermoplastic polymer.

[0331] In some embodiments, the homogenous paste of swollen polymer is cooled below the melting point or softening point of the thermoplastic polymer

[0332] In some embodiments, the swelling agent-polymer paste (aka, the polymer matrix or swelled polymer matrix) is allowed to cool to ambient temperature (about 23° C.) or less before adding the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent.

[0333] In some embodiments, milling of the homogenous paste with the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent is performed while maintaining the mixture below the melting point or softening point of the thermoplastic polymer.

[0334] In some embodiments, the method further comprises, subsequent to adding the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent, milling the paste to provide swelled polymer matrix macroparticles having a length or a flake length (Lf) of up to about 50 μm.

[0335] The swelled polymer matrix macroparticles can have any suitable shape, and may for example be in the form of flakes, rods, or spheres.

[0336] In some preferred embodiments, at least 50% of the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles are flakes. It is believed that flakes provide better packing and coverage when applied on a surface to protect the surface from a harmful effect of UV irradiation.

[0337] As used herein, the term “flake” refers to a particle, in particular a macroparticle, having a flake length (Lf), a flake width (Wf), and a flake thickness (Tf), wherein the flake aspect ratio (Rf) is defined by:

Rf=(Lf.Math.Wf)/Tf.sup.2

[0338] and wherein Rf is at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50, at least 100, at least 150, at least 250, or at least 500, and optionally, at most 2000, at most 1500, or at most 1000. Said flake aspect ratio can be determined on a representative group of flakes, the group consisting of at least 10 flakes.

[0339] According to some embodiments, the flake aspect ratio (Rf) is within a range of 5 to 2000, 10 to 1000, 12 to 500, 12 to 200, or 15 to 100.

[0340] According to some embodiments, the flake thickness (Tf) of the macroparticle is at most 400 nm, at most 350 nm, at most 300 nm, at most 275 nm, at most 250 nm, or at most 225 nm.

[0341] FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a matrix flake and such characteristic measures are shown, on a cross sectional view and on a top view of the flake. The exemplary flake shown in this figure illustrates the particular case of a tentacular flake having a “core” body from which more narrow appendices extend.

[0342] Advantageously, the method according to the present teachings can provide for swelled polymer matrix macroparticles in the form of flakes, such flakes being optionally tentacular flakes. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that nanoparticles of a UV-protective agent embedded in polymer matrix macroparticles shaped as flakes, and preferably uniformly dispersed therein, can provide significantly better protection than similar particles if merely entrapped in amorphous chunks of polymer or externally coating such polymeric core.

[0343] This is illustrated in FIG. 9, where panel A schematically shows a cross-sectional view of an example of conventionally prepared UV-protective polymers on a target surface. In this example, the particles of a UV-protective agent even, if somehow entrapped in the polymer by typical agitation techniques, generally reside in relatively large and amorphous chunks of polymers. By such method the particles of UV-protective agent are unlikely to be uniformly dispersed within the polymer matrix. Moreover, the conventional chunks would not be expected to be evenly spread on the surface to be protected, due to their disadvantageous shape. Therefore, as schematically illustrated in the perspective top view of panel B, the particles would remain on the target surface as irregularly distributed clusters. Understandingly, such distribution leaves unprotected areas and the scattering that may result from the clusters of particles of UV-protective agent may additionally reduce the efficacy of the composition even in the areas bearing some of the UV-protective agent.

[0344] FIG. 9C schematically illustrates how particles of a UV-protective agent may be embedded and distributed in swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, such as flakes, and how the latter may be suitably applied to a target surface, by virtue of their relatively flat shapes. The schematic top view of the same, FIG. 9D, shows how compositions of the invention are expected to provide at least one of a more uniform distribution of the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent within the matrix elements, a more uniform coverage of the target surface by the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, a more uniform distribution of the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent on the target surface, a reduced light scattering and an improved protection against UV-radiation.

[0345] Additionally, the presence of one or more tentacles on a flake matrix element, as illustrated in the top view provided in FIG. 10, can facilitate the redispersion of matrix elements produced by the present method. As such, matrix elements may be sufficiently large to tend to separate from their carrier over time, the presence of extensions of the elements may serve to increase steric hindrance between neighbouring macroelements, so that any assembly of such elements would be loose and easily dispersible into individual elements upon mild agitation.

[0346] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a UV-protective composition as disclosed herein, for use in protecting a subject, such as a human subject, against a harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments providing broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0347] In some embodiments, the composition is for use in protecting the skin of a subject, against a harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments providing broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0348] In some embodiments, the composition is for use in protecting the hair of a subject, such as a human subject, against ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0349] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a UV-protective composition as disclosed herein, for use in protecting an inanimate object, against a harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments providing broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0350] There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method of protecting a surface from UV radiation, which comprises applying to a surface in need of such protection a UV-protective composition as described herein in an amount sufficient to achieve such protection. In some embodiments, the surface is human skin. In some embodiments, the surface is non-human skin, i.e. animal skin. In some embodiments, the surface is hair. In some embodiments, the hair is human hair. In some embodiments, the hair is non-human hair, i.e. animal hair. In some embodiments, the surface is a surface of an inanimate object.

[0351] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a method of protecting the skin of a subject against ultraviolet radiation, the method comprising applying to the skin of the subject an efficacious amount of a UV-protective composition comprising swelled polymer matrix macroparticles (optionally flakes) comprising a thermoplastic polymer swelled with at least one swelling agent, such as an oil; and a plurality of nanoparticles of an inorganic UV-protective agent, each of the nanoparticles comprising at least one solid inorganic crystal and a dispersant associated with the crystal, the inorganic nanoparticles being dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles.

[0352] In some such embodiments, the UV-protective composition can be in the form of a skin-care product suitable for skin application and/or at least temporary retention thereupon. According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a method of protecting the hair of a subject against ultraviolet radiation, the method comprising applying to the hair of the subject an efficacious amount of a UV protective composition as disclosed herein. In some such embodiments, the UV-protective composition can be in the form of a hair-care product suitable for hair application and/or at least temporary retention thereupon.

[0353] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a method of protecting the surface of an inanimate object against ultraviolet radiation, the method comprising applying to the surface of the object an efficacious amount of a UV protective composition as disclosed herein. In some such embodiments, the UV-protective composition can be in the form of a coating product suitable for application to inanimate surfaces and/or at least temporary retention thereupon.

[0354] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided the use of swelled polymer matrix macroparticles (optionally flakes) comprising a thermoplastic polymer swelled with at least one swelling agent, such as an oil; and a plurality of nanoparticles of an inorganic UV-protective agent, each of the nanoparticles comprising at least one solid inorganic crystal and a dispersant associated with the crystal, the inorganic nanoparticles being dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, in the manufacture of a composition for protection of the skin and/or the hair of a subject against ultraviolet radiation.

[0355] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided the use of a swelled polymer matrix macroparticles (optionally flakes) comprising a thermoplastic polymer swelled with at least one swelling agent, such as an oil; and a plurality of nanoparticles of an inorganic UV-protective agent, each of the nanoparticles comprising at least one solid inorganic crystal and a dispersant associated with the crystal, the inorganic nanoparticles being dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, in the manufacture of a composition for protection of exterior surfaces of an inanimate object against ultraviolet radiation. The exterior surface may comprise the surface of any material, including, but not limited to glass, fabrics, leathers, woods, cardboards, metals, plastics, rubbers, ceramics and other structural materials.

[0356] In some embodiments, the subject is a human subject.

[0357] The skin may be the skin of the face, of the arms, of the legs, of the neck of the torso, or of any other area of the body that can be exposed to UV radiation.

[0358] In some embodiments, the sunscreen composition as disclosed herein is applied to the skin of the subject prior to or during exposure to UV radiation. Advantageously, the composition is at least temporarily retained thereupon. In some embodiments, the composition is reapplied every 10 hours, 9 hours, 8 hours, 7 hours, 6 hours, 5 hours, 4 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours or every hour during exposure to UV radiation.

[0359] In some embodiments, the sunscreen composition for protecting the hair of a subject against ultraviolet radiation is provided in a form selected from the group consisting of a cream, an emulsion, a gel, a lotion, a mousse, a paste and a spray. In some embodiments, the composition is provided in the form of a shampoo, a conditioner or a hair mask.

[0360] In some embodiments, the composition is to be applied to the hair for a fixed period of time (such as up to 1 minute, up to 2 minutes, up to 3 minutes, up to 4 minutes or up to 5 minutes, up to 10 minutes, up to 15 minutes, up to 20 minutes, up to 25 minutes or even up to 30 minutes prior to rinsing. In some embodiments, the conditioner or hair mask is for applying to the hair without rinsing, such that the conditioner or hair mask remains on the hair.

[0361] The following paragraphs numbers 356 to 413 relate to UV protective compositions comprising zinc titanate having the general formula Zn.sub.2Ti.sub.(1-x)Fe.sub.xO.sub.4, as also discussed in paragraphs numbers 143 to 239.

[0362] The present disclosure, in at least some embodiments, provides compositions for protection against ultraviolet radiation, uses of such compositions and methods of making such compositions.

[0363] The UV protective compositions disclosed herein comprise one or more zinc titanate crystals each independently having the chemical formula Zn.sub.2Ti.sub.(1-x)Fe.sub.xO.sub.4, wherein x is between 0 and 0.1, which when present as large particles (e.g., dimensions in each of the X-, Y- and Z-directions being greater than 200 nanometers (nm), resulting for instance in a hydrodynamic diameter of more than 200 nm as measured by DLS) may effectively absorb radiation having wavelengths of greater than about 400 nm. Accordingly, compositions comprising such large particles of zinc titanate crystals, whether or not further substituted (doped) by iron atoms, may provide protection against ultraviolet radiation having wavelengths up to at least 400 nm.

[0364] However, in the case in which the UV-protective composition is a sunscreen composition which comprises doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals, but which also contains particles that absorb light at wavelengths in the range of 400-800 nm, the sunscreen will be visible on the end-user because of the absorption in the visible range (>400 nm).

[0365] It has surprisingly been found by the present Inventors that, although reduction of particle size of known inorganic UV-absorbing agents to dimensions below 1 micrometer (μm), typically below 100 nm (for instance, reduction to nanometric dimensions) is known to significantly reduce the maximum wavelength of light, including UV light, which is effectively absorbed by the particles, UV protective compositions according to the present teachings comprising particles of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals milled to nanoparticle size still provide substantial absorption of UV radiation of wavelength from 280 nm (or even shorter wavelength) up to about 400 nm, thus providing broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB radiation, even in the absence of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents.

[0366] Thus, in some embodiments, UV protective compositions disclosed herein, such as sunscreen compositions, comprise doped or undoped zinc titanate in the form of particles, comprising one or more said crystals, wherein at least 90% of the particles are nanoparticles, such as at least 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% of the particles are nanoparticles. In some embodiments, at least 95%, or at least 97.5% or at least 99% of the particles, in terms of number or volume of particles, are nanoparticles. In some embodiments, at least one dimension of the zinc titanate crystal nanoparticles is expressed in terms of the hydrodynamic diameter as measured by DLS techniques.

[0367] In some embodiments, the cumulative particle size distribution in a sample is assessed in terms of the number of particles in the sample (denoted D.sub.N). In some embodiments, the cumulative particle size distribution in a sample is assessed in terms of the volume of particles in the sample (denoted D.sub.V).

[0368] In some embodiments, the maximum diameter of the nanoparticles is assessed for population distribution measured in terms of number of particles and percentage thereof. In some embodiments, the maximum diameter of the nanoparticles is assessed for population distribution measured in terms of sample volume of particles and percentage thereof.

[0369] Dimensions of particles can also be assessed (or confirmed) by microscopy (e.g., light microscopy, confocal microscopy, SEM, STEM, etc.). Such techniques are deemed more suitable than DLS for particles (such as matrix flakes) having non-globular shapes. The particles may be characterized by an aspect ratio, e.g., a dimensionless ratio between the smallest dimension of the particle and the longest dimension or equivalent diameter in the largest plane orthogonal to the smallest dimension, as relevant to their shape. The equivalent diameter (Deq) is defined by the arithmetical average between the longest and shortest dimensions of that largest orthogonal plane. Particles having an almost spherical shape are characterized by an aspect ratio of approximately 1:1, whereas flake-like particles, such as matrix flakes, can have an aspect ratio of up to 1:100, or more.

[0370] As further detailed herein-below, nanoparticles of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals can in some embodiments be immobilised within a polymer matrix. The matrix can form distinct elements, which may assume a variety of shapes. For topical application, a platelet shape is deemed particularly suitable. Such matrix flakes can be characterized by a flake length (Lf, the longest dimension in the plane of the flake), a flake width (Wf, the largest dimension in the plane of the flake, such width being orthogonal to the length), and a flake thickness (Tf, the largest thickness being measured orthogonally to the plane in which the length and width of the flake are defined). Lf, Wf and Tf can be further used to calculate an aspect ratio (e.g., Rf as below defined) of a matrix flake.

[0371] Such characteristic dimensions can be assessed on a number of representative particles, or a group of representative particles, that may accurately characterize the population (e.g., by diameter, longest dimension, thickness, aspect ratio and like characterizing measures of the particles). It will be appreciated that a more statistical approach may be desired for such assessments. When using microscopy for particle size characterization, a field of view of the image-capturing instrument (e.g., light microscope, etc.) is analyzed in its entirety. Typically, the magnification is adjusted such that at least 5 particles, at least 10 particles, at least 20 particles, or at least 50 particles are disposed within a single field of view. Naturally, the field of view should be a representative field of view as assessed by one skilled in the art of microscopic analysis. The average value characterizing such a group of particles in such a field of view is obtained by volume averaging. In such case, D.sub.V50=Σ[(Deq(m)).sup.3/m].sup.1/3, wherein m represents the number of particles in the field of view and the summation is performed over all m particles. As mentioned, when such methods are the technique of choice for the scale of the particles to be studied or in view of their shape, such measurements can be referred to as D50.

[0372] In some embodiments, the doped or undoped nanoparticles of zinc titanate crystals are substantially invisible to the human eye, in particular when applied to the skin or hair of a subject, or if desired when applied to an inanimate surface, due to their small size.

[0373] In some embodiments, the doped or undoped nanoparticles of zinc titanate crystals are blended into a coloured composition and need not be substantially transparent and/or invisible, for instance when used in a make-up product, such as a foundation, which is slightly tinted when applied to the skin of a subject, or when used in a stain or paint applicable to inanimate surfaces.

[0374] According to some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a UV protective composition comprising undoped zinc titanate crystals.

[0375] According to some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a UV protective composition comprising Fe-doped zinc titanate crystals, the level of doping by iron atoms being such that the Ti:Fe molar ratio can be between 50:1 and 2:1, such as 49:1, 48:1, 47:1, 46:1, 45:1, 44:1, 43:1, 42:1, 41:1, 40:1, 39:1, 38:1, 37:1, 36:1, 35:1, 34:1, 33:1, 32:1, 31:1, 30:1, 29:1, 28:1, 27:1, 26:1, 25:1, 24:1, 23:1, 22:1, 21:1, 20:1, 19:1, 18:1, 17:1, 16:1, 15:1, 14:1, 13:1, 12:1, 11:1, 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1 or 3:1, in particular between Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 (39:1) and 0.95:0.05 (19:1).

[0376] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a UV protective composition comprising doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals for use in protecting the skin of a subject, such as a human subject, against ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments providing broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0377] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a UV protective composition comprising doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals for use in protecting the hair of a subject, such as a human subject, against ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0378] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a method of protecting the skin of a subject against ultraviolet radiation, the method comprising applying to the skin of the subject an efficacious amount of a UV protective composition comprising doped or zinc titanate crystals. In some such embodiments, the UV-protective composition can be in the form of a skin-care product suitable for skin application and/or at least temporary retention thereupon.

[0379] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a method of protecting the hair of a subject against ultraviolet radiation, the method comprising applying to the hair of the subject an efficacious amount of a UV protective composition comprising doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals. In some such embodiments, the UV-protective composition can be in the form of a hair-care product suitable for hair application and/or at least temporary retention thereupon.

[0380] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a method of protecting the surface of an inanimate object against ultraviolet radiation, the method comprising applying to the surface of the object an efficacious amount of a UV protective composition comprising doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals. In some such embodiments, the UV-protective composition can be in the form of a coating product suitable for application to inanimate surfaces and/or at least temporary retention thereupon.

[0381] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided the use of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals in the manufacture of a composition for protection of the skin of a subject against ultraviolet radiation.

[0382] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided the use of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals in the manufacture of a composition for protection of the hair of a subject against ultraviolet radiation.

[0383] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided the use of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals in the manufacture of a composition for protection of surfaces of an object against ultraviolet radiation.

[0384] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a UV protective composition, comprising combining doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals, as an ultraviolet-absorbing agent, with other ingredients in proportions and in a manner suitable to make a UV-protective composition as described herein.

[0385] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the zinc titanate crystals are present in the composition at a concentration of from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), such as about 0.1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35% (w/w), from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 20% (w/w) or from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 15% (w/w) of the final composition.

[0386] In some embodiments, the zinc titanate crystals constitute at least 0.01 wt. %, at least 0.1 wt. %, at least 0.5 wt. %, at least 1 wt. %, at least 2 wt. %, at least 3 wt. %, at least 4 wt. %, at least 5 wt. %, at least 10 wt. %, at least 15 wt. %, at least 20 wt. %, at least 25 wt. %, at least 30 wt. %, or at least 35 wt. % of the composition. In some embodiments, the zinc titanate crystals constitute at most 40 wt. %, at most 35 wt. %, at most 30 wt. %, at most 25 wt. %, at most 20 wt. %, at most 15 wt. %, at most 10 wt. %, at most 5 wt. %, at most 4 wt. %, at most 3 wt. %, at most 2 wt. %, at most 1 wt. %, at most 0.5 wt. %, or at most 0.1 wt. % of the composition.

[0387] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals are present in the composition as nanoparticles having at least one dimension of up to about 200 nm, such as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180 or 190 nm. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles have at least one dimension in the range of from about 10 nm to about 200 nm, from about 20 nm to about 150 nm, from about 20 to about 100 nm, from about 10 nm to about 80 nm, from about 10 to about 70 nm, from about 20 to about 70 nm, or from about 20 to about 60 nm, In some particular embodiments, the nanoparticles have at least one dimension of about 30 nm.

[0388] In some embodiments, the afore-mentioned dimensions or ranges of dimensions apply to at least 95%, or at least 97.5% or at least 99% of the population of the nanoparticles.

[0389] In some embodiments, the aforesaid smallest dimension of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals is estimated based on the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles as measured by DLS techniques. In some embodiments, the population distribution of the particles is expressed in terms of the cumulative particle size distribution, according to the number of particles in a sample. In some embodiments, the population distribution of the particles is expressed in terms of the cumulative particle size distribution of a sample volume of particles.

[0390] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the composition is generally devoid and/or generally free of an organic ultraviolet-absorbing agent.

[0391] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the composition is generally free of an organic ultraviolet-absorbing agent, that is to say the composition contains less than 5 wt. % organic UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition contains less than 4 wt. %, less than 3 wt. %, less than 2 wt. % or less than 1 wt. % organic UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition is largely free of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, i.e. the composition contains less than 0.5 wt. % organic UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition is mostly free of organic UV-absorbing agents, i.e. the composition contains less than 0.1 wt. % organic UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition is principally free of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, i.e. the composition contains less than 0.05 wt. % organic UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition is fundamentally free of organic UV-absorbing agents, i.e. the composition contains less than 0.01 wt. % organic UV absorbing agents. In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the composition is generally devoid of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, considerably devoid of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, significantly devoid of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, substantially devoid of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, essentially devoid of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, substantively devoid of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents or devoid of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents.

[0392] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the composition is generally devoid and/or generally free of an additional inorganic ultraviolet-absorbing agent.

[0393] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the composition if generally free of an additional inorganic ultraviolet-absorbing agent, that is to say the composition contains less than 5 wt. % additional inorganic UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition contains less than 4 wt. %, less than 3 wt. %, less than 2 wt. % or less than 1 wt. % additional inorganic UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition is largely free of additional inorganic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, i.e. the composition contains less than 0.5 wt. % additional inorganic UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition is mostly free of additional inorganic UV-absorbing agents, i.e. the composition contains less than 0.1 wt. % additional UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition is principally free of additional inorganic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, i.e. the composition contains less than 0.05 wt. % additional UV-absorbing agents. In some embodiments the composition is fundamentally free of additional inorganic UV-absorbing agents, i.e. the composition contains less than 0.01 wt. % additional UV absorbing agents.

[0394] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the composition is generally devoid of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents, considerably devoid of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents, significantly devoid of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents, substantially devoid of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents, essentially additional of organic ultraviolet-absorbing agents, substantively devoid of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents or devoid of additional ultraviolet-absorbing agents.

[0395] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals are the sole ultraviolet-absorbing agent.

[0396] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the composition further comprises silver metal particles.

[0397] In some embodiments, the silver metal particles are present in the composition as nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles have at least one dimension of up to about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles have at least one dimension of up to about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles have at least one dimension of up to about 30 nm. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles have at least one dimension in the range of from about 10 nm to up to about 50 nm.

[0398] In some embodiments, the afore-mentioned dimensions or ranges of dimensions apply to at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 97.5% or at least 99% of the population of the silver nanoparticles.

[0399] In some embodiments, the aforesaid at least one dimension of the silver nanoparticles is estimated based on the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles as measured by DLS techniques. In some embodiments, the population distribution of the particles is expressed in terms of the cumulative particle size distribution according to the number of particles in a sample. In some embodiments, the population distribution of the particles is expressed in terms of the cumulative particle size distribution of a sample volume of particles.

[0400] In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles are present in the composition at a concentration in the range of from about 0.01% to about 10% (w/w) of the total composition, such as about 0.1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9% (w/w) of the total composition. In some embodiments, the silver nanoparticles are present in the composition at a concentration in the range of from about 0.01% to about 5% (w/w), from about 0.05% to about 5% (w/w), or from about 0.1% to about 2% (w/w) of the total composition. In some preferred embodiments, the silver nanoparticles are present in the composition at a concentration of about 1% (w/w) or about 2% (w/w) of the total composition.

[0401] In some embodiments, the silver particles constitute at least 0.01 wt. %, at least 0.1 wt. %, at least 0.5 wt. %, at least 1 wt. %, at least 2 wt. %, at least 3 wt. %, at least 4 wt. %, at least 5 wt. % or at least 10 wt. % of the composition. In some embodiments, the silver particles constitute at most 10 wt. %, at most 5 wt. %, at most 4 wt. %, at most 3 wt. %, at most 2 wt. %, at most 1 wt. %, at most 0.5 wt. %, or at most 0.1 wt. % of the composition.

[0402] In some embodiments of the composition, use or method disclosed herein, the UV protective composition is a composition for human or animal use, formulated as a topical composition. The topical composition may optionally be provided in a form selected from the group consisting of a cream, an emulsion, a gel, a lotion, a mousse, a paste and a spray. If desired, the topical composition can also be formulated into make-up cosmetics, for example, foundation, blusher, etc.

[0403] In some embodiments, the topical composition further comprises a dermatologically or cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0404] In some embodiments, the topical composition further comprises one or more dermatologically or cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable additives or excipients, such as colorants, preservatives, fragrances, humectants, emollients, emulsifiers, waterproofing agents, surfactants, dispersants, thickeners, viscosity modifiers, anti-foaming agents, conditioning agents, antioxidants and the like. Such additives or excipients and the concentrations at which each can effectively accomplish its respective functions, are known to persons skilled in the pertinent art and need not be further detailed.

[0405] In some embodiments, the topical composition is a sunscreen composition.

[0406] In some embodiments, the UV protective composition is in the form of a coating that can be applied to the surface of an inanimate object. The coating composition may be provided in a form selected from the group consisting of liquid coat, an emulsion, a cream, a gel, a paste, a film, a powder and a spray.

[0407] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for the preparation of the compositions disclosed herein.

[0408] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a UV protective composition as disclosed herein, for use in protecting a subject, such as a human subject or a non-human animal, against an effect of ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments providing broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0409] In some embodiments, the composition is for use in protecting the skin of a subject, against an effect of ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments providing broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0410] In some embodiments, the composition is for use in protecting the hair of a subject, such as a human subject, against an effect of ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments against effects of both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0411] The skin may be the skin of the face, of the arms, of the legs, of the neck of the torso, or of any other area of the body that can be exposed to UV radiation.

[0412] In some embodiments, the sunscreen composition as disclosed herein is applied to the skin of the subject prior to or during exposure to UV radiation. In some embodiments, the composition is reapplied intermittently, for example every 10 hours, every 9 hours, every 8 hours, every 7 hours, every 6 hours, every 5 hours, every 4 hours, every 3 hours, every 2 hours or every hour, or any intermediate value, during exposure to UV radiation.

[0413] In some embodiments, the UV-protective composition is for protecting the hair of a subject against ultraviolet radiation and is provided in a form selected from the group consisting of a cream, an emulsion, a gel, a lotion, a mousse, a paste and a spray. In some embodiments, the composition is provided in the form of a shampoo, a conditioner or a hair mask.

[0414] In some embodiments, the composition is formulated to be applied to the hair, or is applied to the hair, for a fixed period of time (such as up to 1 minute, up to 2 minutes, up to 3 minutes, up to 4 minutes or up to 5 minutes, up to 10 minutes, up to 15 minutes, up to 20 minutes, up to 25 minutes or up to 30 minutes) prior to rinsing. In some embodiments, the conditioner or hair mask is formulated for application to the hair, or is applied to the hair without rinsing, such that the conditioner or hair mask remains on the hair.

[0415] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a UV protective composition as disclosed herein, for use in protecting an inanimate object, against an effect of ultraviolet radiation, in some embodiments providing broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation.

[0416] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided a method of protecting the skin or the hair of a subject against an effect of ultraviolet radiation, the method comprising applying to the skin and/or the hair of the subject a sunscreen composition comprising a matrix comprising a polymer and an oil; and particles of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals, dispersed in the matrix.

[0417] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided the use of a matrix comprising a polymer and an oil; and particles of a UV protective-agent comprising doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals, dispersed in the matrix, in the manufacture of a composition for protection of the skin and/or the hair of a subject against an effect of ultraviolet radiation.

[0418] According to a further aspect of some embodiments of the disclosure, there is provided the use of a matrix comprising a polymer and an oil; and particles of a UV protective-agent comprising doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals, dispersed in the matrix, in the manufacture of a composition for protection of exterior surfaces of an inanimate object against an effect of ultraviolet radiation. The exterior surface may comprise the surface of any porous or non-porous material, including, but not limited to glass, fabrics, leathers, woods, cardboards, metals, plastics, rubbers, ceramics and other structural materials.

[0419] The composition for the protection of inanimate objects against UV radiation, can be formulated in any form suitable for application to the surface of the inanimate object on which it is to be used.

EXAMPLES

[0420] Materials and Methods

[0421] Materials

[0422] A. Inorganic Materials [0423] a. Anatase titanium dioxide was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. [0424] b. Barium titanate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. [0425] c. Bismuth oxide was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. [0426] d. Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4, Sicopal® yellow L 1600) was purchased from BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany. [0427] e. Manganese doped (5% doping) zinc oxide was prepared as disclosed in PCT/IB2016/051701 [0428] f. Rutile titanium dioxide was purchased from Tayca Corporation, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan. [0429] g. Zinc oxide was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. [0430] h. TiO.sub.2 (99% pure), CAS 13463-67-7, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. [0431] i. Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 (99% pure), CAS 1309-37-1, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich.

[0432] B. Organic Materials

[0433] Bynel® 2022, Bynel® 4157, Bynel® CXA 2002, Bynel® CXA E214, Bynel® CXA 3036, Bynel® CXA 3048, Bynel® CXA 3095, Bynel® CXA 3101, Bynel® CXA 4109, Bynel® CXA 41E687, Bynel® CXA E-326, Bynel® CXA E-369, Bynel® CXA E-374, Elvax® 460, Elvax® 550, Elvax® 650, Elvax® 660, Elvax® 760, Elvax® 770, Nucrel® 0407, Nucrel® 0609, Nucrel® 699, Nucrel® 0903, Nucrel® 0908, Nucrel® 0910, Nucrel® 925, Nucrel® 1202, Nucrel® 2940, Nucrel® 30707, Nucrel® 31001, Surlyn® 1554, Surlyn® 1652, Surlyn® 1702, Surlyn® 1801, and Surlyn® 9910, all thermoplastic polymers, were purchased from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., USA.

[0434] Dispersun® DSP-OL300 (polyhydroxystearic acid) was purchased from InnoSpec Performance Chemicals.

[0435] Oleic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

[0436] Isopar® L (CAS 64742-48-9 isoparaffinic fluid) was purchased from Parchem, New Rochelle, N.Y., USA.

[0437] Lotader® 2308, Lotader® 2400, Lotader® 3200, Lotader® 3210, Lotader® 3300, Lotader® 3410, Lotader® 6200, Lotader® 8200, and Lotader® TX 8030, all thermoplastic polymers, were purchased from Arkema, France.

[0438] Pelemol® 256 (C.sub.12-15 alkyl benzoate) oil, was purchased from Phoenix Chemicals, Overland Park, Kans., USA.

[0439] Pelemol® PHS-8 (vegetable-derived polyester) dispersant was purchased from Phoenix Chemicals, Overland Park, Kans., USA.

[0440] PolyEFA (octyldodecyl/PPG-3 myristyl ether dimer dilinoleate) dispersant was purchased from Croda Inc.

[0441] Isopar® H was purchased from Exxon Mobile, USA.

[0442] Ethylene n-butyl acrylate copolymer: Enable™ 33330 (having according to manufacturer a softening point of 83° C.) was purchased from Exxon Mobile, USA).

[0443] Polyamide: Macromelt 6900 (having according to manufacturer a softening point of 130-155° C.) was purchased from Henkel, Germany.

[0444] Tea tree oil was purchased from Fagron, Italy.

[0445] Poly Acrylic Acid Sodium base (PAA), CAS 9003-04-7, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA.

[0446] Equipment

[0447] High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope Magellan XHR 400L FE-SEM by Nanolab Technologies, Albany, N.Y., USA.

[0448] High Resolution X-ray diffractometer XRD Rigaku SmartLab® with Cu radiation generated at 40 kV and 30 mA (CuKa=1.542 A) as the X-ray source.

[0449] Particle Size Analyser (Light Scattering) Zen 3600 Zetasizer by Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK.

[0450] Oven, Vulcan-Hart 3-1750 multi-stage programmable box furnace.

[0451] Temperature controllable circulating water bath, BL-30L 9 liter ⅓HP by MRC, Hampstead, London, UK.

[0452] Grinding Mill Model HD-01 Attritor by Union Process®, Inc., Akron, Ohio, USA.

[0453] Grinding Mill Dyno®-Mill, WAB Group, Switzerland.

[0454] Thermogravimetric analyzer TGA 55 by TA Instruments.

[0455] Analytical Balance XSE by Mettler-Toledo International Inc., Columbus, Ohio, USA.

[0456] Mortar Grinder Pulverisette 2 by Fritsch, Idar-Oberstein, Germany.

[0457] Double Planetary Mixer by Charles Ross & Son Company, Hauppauge, N.Y., USA.

[0458] Zirconia beads having an average diameter of 2 mm, by PingXiang Lier Ceramic Co., Ltd., PingXiang Park Road, China.

[0459] Zirconia Yttria 3/16″ beads by Glen Mills Inc., Clifton, N.J., USA.

Example 1: Preparation of Nanoparticles of UV-Protective Agent

[0460] Nanoparticles of UV-protective agent comprising at least one solid crystal (crystals of titanium dioxide or bismuth vanadate) were prepared from titanium dioxide or bismuth vanadate stock powders, respectively. Generally, such stock powders contained particles having a size of greater than about 5 μm, and may be referred to hereinafter as the coarse powders. The coarse powders were milled in an Attritor grinding mill using a batch size of 200 g with solid loading 10% (20 g) as follows.

[0461] All materials were weighed using an analytical scale. 20 g of dispersant (Pelemol® PHS-8, unless otherwise indicated) was weighed and dispersed in about 100 ml of deionized water. 20 g of titanium dioxide or bismuth vanadate coarse powder was weighed and introduced into the dispersant-containing liquid to provide a dispersant to inorganic material ratio of 1:1 (w/w) yielding a slurry of the inorganic material. 160 g of C.sub.12-C.sub.15 alkyl benzoate as an oil were added. Water was added to complete batch size to 200 g, the inorganic material thereby constituting about 10 wt. % of the sample.

[0462] The slurry of solid inorganic crystals in oil was then placed in a zirconia pot with 2300 g of 2 mm diameter zirconia grinding beads. The pot was placed in the grinding mill, and the grinding mill activated at 700 RPM for 100 hours at 25° C. It is to be noted that the inorganic UV-protective agents herein contemplated are all classified as relatively hard materials, with a Mohs hardness of no less than about 4 (e.g., bismuth vanadate) and of up to at least about 7 (e.g., titanium dioxide). Such hardness levels can alternatively be provided on the Knoop scale where these materials display hardness numbers between 300 and 1000.

[0463] After 100 hours of milling, the hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles was determined by Dynamic Light Scattering. A sample of the milled nanoparticles was further diluted in Isopar® L to form a suspension having a solid inorganic concentration of about 0.1 wt. % for the sake of such measurements.

[0464] Representative results, showing the percentage of number of titanium dioxide or bismuth vanadate particles having hydrodynamic diameters in the range of 1-1000 nm are presented in FIG. 1.

[0465] As shown in FIG. 1, the nanoparticles of solid inorganic crystals in suspension had hydrodynamic diameters of up to about 100 nm. The majority of bismuth vanadate nanoparticles had hydrodynamic diameters in the size range of from about 20 nm and up to about 80 nm, with a predominant peak around about 30 nm. The majority of titanium dioxide nanoparticles had hydrodynamic diameters in the size range of from about 30 nm and up to about 100 nm, with a predominant peak around about 50 nm. Results of the particle size distribution of the nanoparticles prepared as herein described, namely the maximum hydrodynamic diameter of a percentage of the population, are provided in the Table 1 below, in terms of percent of number of particles.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Max. Hydrodynamic Diameter Material 90.0% 95.0% 97.5% 99.0% BiVO.sub.4 41.9 nm 48.5 nm 55.6 nm 65.7 nm TiO.sub.2 78.6 nm 93.8 nm 114 nm 149 nm

[0466] As can be seen in Table 1 at least 95% of the nanoparticles of titanium dioxide have a hydrodynamic diameter (hence a characteristic dimension) of at most 100 nm, while at least 99% of the nanoparticles of bismuth vanadate have a hydrodynamic diameter not exceeding 100 nm. Such results illustrate the preparation of particles having an average particle size, in the present case assessed by their hydrodynamic diameter, well below 100 nm, the present samples even comprising at least 90% of nanoparticles not exceeding about 80 nm.

[0467] Additional nanoparticles were prepared according to the same method, with oils and/or dispersants as indicated in Table 2 below in which the size distribution of the resulting particles (size being given in nanometers, as well as the standard deviation of the peak) is provided in terms of percent of number of particles of UV-protective agent. The polydispersity index (PDJ), which is a measure of the width of the particle size distribution, is unit-less, indices of less than 0.4 being considered suitable, indices of less than 0.2 or even 0.1 referring to particularly narrow “monodisperse” populations of nanoparticles. In the following tables, N/A indicates that a particular piece of information is not available.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Inorganic Material Oil Dispersant D.sub.N10 D.sub.N50 D.sub.N90 STD PDI Anatase C.sub.12-15 Pelemol ® PHS- 54.7 77.2 136 37.1 0.13 TiO.sub.2 8:PolyEFA (1:1) Anatase C.sub.12-15 Bynel ® 2200 50.9 69.8 114 29.8 0.13 TiO.sub.2 Barium C.sub.12-15 Pelemol ® PHS-8 38.0 52.0 80.3 18.7 0.16 Titanate Bismuth C.sub.12-15 Pelemol ® PHS-8 29.9 40.6 61.2 14.6 0.34 Oxide Bismuth Isopar ® L Pelemol ® PHS-8 35.5 47.9 71.5 15.7 0.18 Oxide Bismuth C.sub.12-15 Pelemol ® PHS-8 24.8 33.9 51.3 11.9 0.22 Vanadate Rutile TiO.sub.2 C.sub.12-15 Pelemol ® PHS-8 38.6 52.4 78.6 17.4 0.15 Zinc Oxide C.sub.12-15 Dispersun DSP- 86.0 138.0 253 66.9 0.19 OL300 Zinc Oxide Isopar ® L Oleic acid 68.6 100 200 57.4 0.17 ZnO—Mn C.sub.12-15 Pelemol ® PHS-8 37.6 51.2 78.9 18.6 0.36 doped Titanium Pelemol ® Pelemol ® PHS-8 31.0 42.0 61.0 N/A N/A dioxide * 256 * milled using Dyno ®-Mill grinding mill

Example 2: Selection of Swellable Polymers

[0468] In order to assess the swellability of thermoplastic polymers by a swelling agent of interest, a known amount of polymer (generally in the form of beads, as provide by suppliers) was weighted, immersed in an excel amount of oil and incubated for a predetermined duration at any desired temperature. The resulting mixture, preferably including a swollen polymer, was allowed to filter through a mesh to remove excess oil not absorbed by the polymer. The so isolated polymer matrix was weighted, and the amount of weight gain was calculated, typically in percentage of original weight.

[0469] In one experiment, 30 g of polymers were immersed in about 100 ml of Isopar™ L (high purity synthetic isoparaffin fluid) and left to incubate for 4 days at 50° C. The weight gains (00 of native polymer weight) are reported in Table 3 below, as well as the melting temperature (T.sub.m) and/or softening temperature (T.sub.s) in degrees Celsius, as provided by the supplier based on thermal analysis. The reported melting points were generally determined according to ASTM D3418 and the reported softening points according to ASTM D1525.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 % Weight Material Supplier Gain T.sub.m T.sub.s Bynel ® 2022 Du Pont 52.61 87° C. 58° C. Bynel ® 4157 Du Pont 26.86 127° C. 93° C. Bynel ® CXA 2002 Du Pont 47.01 91° C. 60° C. Bynel ® CXA 3036 Du Pont 82.19 N/A N/A Bynel ® CXA 3048 Du Pont 33.80 N/A N/A Bynel ® CXA 3095 Du Pont 34.35 N/A N/A Bynel ® CXA 3101 Du Pont 81.43 87° C. 65° C. Bynel ® CXA 4109 Du Pont 27.09 N/A N/A Bynel ® CXA 41E687 Du Pont 30.41 119° C. 84° C. Bynel ® CXA 214 Du Pont 78.64 N/A N/A Bynel ® CXA E-326 Du Pont 89.98 N/A N/A Bynel ® CXA E-369 Du Pont 106.66 N/A N/A Bynel ® CXA E-374 Du Pont 112.73 N/A N/A Elvax ® 460 Du Pont 80.41 88° C. 64° C. Elvax ® 550 Du Pont 53.50 85° C. 62° C. Elvax ® 650 Du Pont 43.44 95° C. 65° C. Elvax ® 660 Du Pont 39.03 96° C. 74° C. Elvax ® 760 Du Pont 31.03 100° C. 82° C. Elvax ® 770 Du Pont 33.71 96° C. 80° C. Lotader ® 2308 Atochem 65.26 112° C. 65° C. Lotader ® 2400 Atochem 46.76 N/A N/A Lotader ® 3200 Atochem 20.36 107° C. 80° C. Lotader ® 3210 Atochem 24.31 107° C. 76° C. Lotader ® 3300 Atochem 29.29 98° C. 70° C. Lotader ® 3410 Atochem 58.57 89° C. 47° C. Lotader ® 6200 Atochem 27.21 102° C. 70° C. Lotader ® 8200 Atochem 32.24 100° C. 61° C. Lotader ® TX 8030 Atofina 42.11 95° C. 65° C. Nucrel ® 0407 ACR Du Pont 21.89 110° C. 90° C. Nucrel ® 0609 HAS Du Pont 21.26 104° C. 88° C. Nucrel ® 0609 HS Du Pont 21.58 N/A N/A Nucrel ® 0903 Du Pont 21.08 101° C. 81° C. Nucrel ® 0903 HS Du Pont 24.36 N/A N/A Nucrel ® 0903 B Du Pont 21.17 N/A N/A Nucrel ® 0908 HS Du Pont 21.84 100° C. 80° C. Nucrel ® 0910 HS Du Pont 23.34 103° C. 86° C. Nucrel ® 1202 Du Pont 23.81 99° C. 75° C. Nucrel ® 699 Du Pont 21.80 94° C. 65° C. Nucrel ® 925 Du Pont 28.14 92° C. 67° C. Nucrel ® 2940 Du Pont 42.41 83° C. 48° C. Nucrel ® 30707 Du Pont 20.33 102° C. 84° C. Nucrel ® 31001 Du Pont 23.57 99° C. 79° C. Primacor ® 3440 Dow 25.47 98° C. 81° C. Surlyn ® 1554 Du Pont 22.33 N/A N/A Surlyn ® 1652 Du Pont 22.64 100° C. 79° C. Surlyn ® 1702 Du Pont 28.43 93° C. 65° C. Surlyn ® 1801 Du Pont 23.15 N/A N/A Surlyn ® 9910 Du Pont 23.67 86° C. 62° C.

[0470] As can be seen from the above-table, a variety of thermoplastic polymers may be swellable, namely gaining at least 20% in weight under present experimental conditions, the oil Isopar™ L being but an example of such swelling agents.

[0471] Preferably the swollen polymer matrix should retain a sufficiently high softening point and/or melting point once combined with an oil that may serve as a plasticizer to the polymer. The softening and/or melting temperature of the swelling polymer mixture or swollen polymer matrix can be determined by DSC by routine procedures.

[0472] The softening point of the polymer matrix including about 22 wt. % of oil swelled into Nucrel® 699 polymer was determined by thermal analysis on a range of 25 to 150° C. at a rate of 10° C./min in a DSC Q2000 of TA Instruments. While a control of native polymer displayed a set-off transition temperature at about 88° C., with a peak of about 100° C. (the T.sub.m provided by the supplier being of about 94° C.), the swollen matrix displayed decreased temperatures of about 74° C. for the set-off transition and about 90° C. for the peak, suggesting that Isopar™ L acts as a plasticizer for this polymer.

[0473] Additional chemically distinct thermoplastic polymers, other than ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA), ethylene-methacrylic acid (EMMA) and ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) polymers above-reported, and bearing different repeating units, have been similarly swelled as follows.

[0474] Each polymer was immersed in Isopar™ H as swelling agent for about 24 hours at room temperature. Subsequently, samples of each of the now-swelled polymers were transferred to a crucible and placed in a thermogravimetric analyzer. The samples, rinsed and dried of excess liquids, were heated at a rate of 10° C./min to a temperature of 160° C., and maintained at that elevated temperature for 3 hours, during which time the swelling agent was evaporated out of the polymer. The changes in the samples' weights were monitored over time until no further change in weight was observed, the percent of weight loss for each polymer at this stage corresponding to its swelling % under the aforesaid swelling conditions. The results are presented in Table 4 below.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Material; Softening Supplier Chemistry point ° C. % swell Kraton ™ Linear triblock copolymer ≥100 * 301.6 FG1924 G; based on styrene and ethylene/ Kraton butylene with a polystyrene content of 13% SEBS/P.P Shore Styrene-(ethylene-butylene)- N/A 163.9 40A; Elastron styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS) and polypropylene (PP) homopolymer Calprene C500; Butadiene/styrene thermoplastic ≥115 498.8 Dynasol copolymer CrystaSense ™ Amide polymer (ester terminated 92 420.8 LP1 MBAL- polyamide) PA-(MV); Croda Licocene ® PP Maleic anhydride grafted 141-147 205.8 MA 5252; polypropylene wax Clariant * The Kraton ™ FG1924 G triblock copolymer has rubber blocks that are soft at room temperature and polystyrene blocks that are hard at room temperature, which enables the polymer to behave as a thermoplastic polymer. In order for the entire copolymer to soften, it is necessary to heat it to above about 100° C.

Example 3: Preparation of Swelled Polymer Matrix Macroparticles

[0475] 25 g of Nucrel® 699 polymer beads (copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid, having a melting point of 94° C., a softening point of 65° C., and having been found swellable according to Example 2) were added to 75 g Isopar™ L (high purity synthetic isoparaffin fluid) to provide a suspension of polymer beads in oil. The suspension was placed in the double planetary mixer and heated to a temperature of about 100° C. with a hot water bath circulator, and mixed for about 4 hours, until a homogeneous soft white paste of oil swelled polymer was obtained. The paste was then allowed to cool for about 12 hours at room temperature, with constant mixing. The resulting paste was further processed as described in Example 4.

[0476] The process was repeated with additional chemically different thermoplastic polymers namely with Enable™ 33330 (ethylene n-butyl acrylate copolymer) and Macromelt 6900 (thermoplastic polyamide) polymers which were combined with swelling agents as reported in Table 5 and maintained in an oven for 24 hours at 55° C., allowing the swelling to occur without mixing.

[0477] The relative concentrations of the ingredients used to prepare the polymer matrices are reported in Table 5 in weight percent (wt. %) by weight of the polymer matrices.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Component type Component Polymer matrix I Polymer matrix II Thermoplastic Enable ™ 33330 30 polymer Macromelt 6900 33.3 Swelling Pelemol ® 256 70 agents Tea tree oil 66.7

Example 4: Preparation of Composition Comprising Swelled Polymer Matrix Macroparticles and Nanoparticles UV-Protective Agent

[0478] 4 weight portions of the swelled polymer matrix, prepared as described in Example 3 (consisting of Nucrel® 699 and Isopar™ L) were mixed with 1 weight portion of the inorganic nanoparticles of UV-protective agent prepared as described in Example 1, the nanoparticles being oil-dispersed with a dispersant. 50-100 g Isopar™ L were added to the mixture of swelled polymer matrix and inorganic nanoparticles to give a final weight of 200 g.

[0479] 200 g of the resulting mixture were placed in a Zirconia pot, 2,500 g of Zirconia 3/32″ diameter beads were added to the pot, and the pot was placed in the grinding mill.

[0480] The temperature of the pot was maintained at 25° C. while the grinding mill was set to mill the contents of the pot at 700 rpm for 12 hours resulting in a composition according to the teachings herein comprising inorganic nanoparticles of UV-protective agent dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles.

[0481] Hydrodynamic diameters of the resulting macroparticles were determined as described above. The percentage (per number) of swelled polymer matrix macroparticles having hydrodynamic diameters in the range of 1-50 μm are presented in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the matrix macroparticles obtained by this process had hydrodynamic diameters of up to about 10 μm. The majority of swelled polymer matrix macroparticles had hydrodynamic diameters in the size range of from about 3 μm and up to about 10 μm, with a predominant peak around about 4 μm. Microscopic analysis detailed below determined that the shape of the resulting matrix elements was flake-like.

[0482] Additional compositions comprising UV-protective nanoparticles in a swelled polymeric matrix were similarly prepared, wherein the titanium dioxide nanoparticles dispersion prepared in Example 1 was combined with a swelled polymeric matrix (containing Enable™ 33330 or Macromelt 6900), prepared in Example 3, and further combined with an oil carrier. The obtained mixture was milled for 24 hours, while maintaining the temperature at 30° C. The resulting compositions are reported in Table 6 below, wherein the reported values correspond to the concentration of each ingredient in weight percent (wt. %) by weight of the total composition.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Component type Component Composition I Composition II UV-protective Titanium dioxide 10.1 10.1 agent Dispersant Pelemol ® PHS-8 1 1 Oil carrier Pelemol ® 256 72.6 58.9 Thermoplastic Enable ™ 33330 4.9 polymer Macromelt 6900 10 Swelling Pelemol ® 256 11.4 agents Tea tree oil 20

Example 5: Absorbance of Oil-Dispersed Titanium Dioxide and Bismuth Vanadate Nanoparticles

[0483] Absorbance of titanium dioxide and bismuth vanadate nanoparticles over the wavelength range of 200-800 nm was measured using a Cary 300 UV-Vis spectrophotometer with quartz cuvette (10 mm light pathway). The fluid carrier in which the inorganic materials were milled as described in Example 1 (namely the C.sub.12-C.sub.15 oil and the dispersant was diluted to the same extent as the nanoparticles (e.g., to provide a solid concentration of 0.1 wt. %). The diluted fluid carrier, free of nanoparticles, was included as reference for comparative purpose. Results are presented in FIG. 3.

[0484] As seen in FIG. 3, absorbance in the 280-400 nm wavelength range was shown for both titanium dioxide and bismuth vanadate, in a pattern clearly distinct from the reference having no significant absorbance in this wavelength range.

Example 6: Absorbance of Titanium Dioxide and Bismuth Vanadate Nanoparticles Dispersed and Embedded in Swelled Polymer Matrix Macroparticles

[0485] As the compositions prepared in accordance with Example 4 are no longer suitable for assessment of absorbance as diluted suspensions, a dry thin film of the compositions was prepared as follows. A standard glass microscope slide was provided as a support. The slide was placed on a flat polytetrafluoroethylene surface and the two ends of the slide were covered with strips of 50 micrometer thick adhesive tape. A glass rod was used to evenly smear 200 mg of the matrix element particles on the glass slide between the two strips of adhesive tape. The glass slide with the smeared matrix element particles was placed in an oven maintained at 50° C. for 4 hours, following which time the two strips of adhesive tape were removed. The glass slide was then placed (composition side up) on a hot plate having a temperature of 100° C. for 30 seconds and a second glass slide was then placed on the heat softened composition. The glass slide was allowed to cool to room temperature, following which the cover slide was removed exposing a dry thin film of the composition under study. Under such sample preparation conditions, the nanoparticles of UV-protective agent embedded in the matrix elements remain relatively immobilized within their respective matrix elements Films prepared by this method typically had a uniform thickness of about 6 μm as measured by a LEXT confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus Corporation).

[0486] Absorbance of titanium dioxide and bismuth vanadate nanoparticles dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, over the wavelength range of 200-800 nm was measured by placing glass slides coated with a thin film of the compositions in a Cary 300 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. An uncoated glass slide and one coated solely with the matrix element particles devoid of the inorganic nanoparticles were included as references for comparative purpose. Results are presented in FIG. 4.

[0487] As seen in FIG. 4, absorption in the 280-400 nm wavelength range was shown for both titanium dioxide and bismuth vanadate nanoparticles dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, with no absorbance in this wavelength range for the glass reference or for the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles alone. As an absorbance value of about 1 indicates a UV blocking of at least about 90%, it can be seen that in the present experiment a swelled polymer matrix macroparticle composition comprising nanoparticles of titanium dioxide can effectively block UV radiation up to about 370 nm, whereas a matrix element particle composition comprising nanoparticles of bismuth vanadate can block radiation to about 450 nm, fully covering the UV range. Even at an absorbance value of 2, indicating blocking of up to 99% of the radiation, the swelled polymer matrix macroparticle composition comprising the nanoparticles of bismuth vanadate can block radiation up to about 360 nm, i.e. all of the UVB range and part of the UVA range.

[0488] The absorbance patterns of the nanoparticles of the two UV-protective agents herein exemplified, though not identical, are highly similar if measured in the liquid oil media, where such particles are dispersed and freely subject to Brownian motion, or in the film of matrix elements, where such particles are immobilized. Importantly, the substantial lack of red shift in the matrix macroparticles as compared to the oil dispersion indicates that the nanoparticles embedded in the polymer matrix did not agglomerate relatively to their original dispersions. Such aggregation of particles would have caused higher scattering and a shift of the absorbance curves towards higher wavelengths, the extent of which may be undesired for particular applications wherein the compositions should be preferably invisible on the target surface. The present findings support that the nanoparticles are well dispersed within the matrix macroparticles of the compositions according to the disclosure.

Example 7: Scanning Electron Microscope Studies

[0489] The bismuth vanadate and titanium dioxide nanoparticles dispersed and embedded in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, as prepared in Example 4, were also studied by High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM).

[0490] FIGS. 5 and 6 show images for titanium dioxide nanoparticles dispersed and embedded in swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, wherein FIG. 6 is a magnified version of a matrix element as shown in FIG. 5.

[0491] FIGS. 7 and 8 show images for bismuth vanadate nanoparticles dispersed and embedded in swelled polymer matrix macroparticles, wherein FIG. 8 is a magnified version of a matrix element as shown in FIG. 7.

[0492] As shown in the Figures, nanoparticles having a spheroid shape with diameters of less than about 100 nm, mainly less than about 70 nm, were obtained. The apparent larger clusters are, in reality, not aggregated, and are attributed to the presence of individual, separate nanoparticles disposed at different depths across the matrix element. The good correlation between the diameters of the inorganic nanoparticles when measured in suspension and in dried form confirms the suitability of the above-described method to prepare nanoparticles of inorganic material having a characteristic dimension (e.g. a hydrodynamic diameter) of up to about 100 nm.

[0493] Such microscopic field of views may be further analyzed to assess that the nanoparticles are relatively uniformly dispersed. Three cells of view of same size were drawn in FIG. 8, the number of particles in each cell counted, the average number per cell calculated and compared to the measurements of each cell. The number of nanoparticles in the selected cells of view differed from the average of all cells by less than 30%.

Example 8: Determination of Critical Wavelength

[0494] Based on the absorbance spectra determined in Examples 5 and 6, critical wavelength was calculated for nanoparticles of TiO.sub.2 (D95˜94 nm) and BiVO.sub.4 (D95˜49 nm) either before or after incorporation in the swelled polymer matrix macroparticles.

[0495] Briefly, in order to quantify the breadth of UV protection, the absorbance of the sunscreen composition was integrated from 290 nm to 400 nm the sum reached defining 100% of the total absorbance of the UV-protective composition in the UV region. The wavelength at which the summed absorbance reaches 90% absorbance was determined as the ‘critical wavelength’ which provided a measure of the breadth of UV protection.

[0496] The critical wavelength λ.sub.c was defined according to the following equation:

[00001]$\stackrel{{\lambda }_c}{\underset{290}{\int }}\mathrm{Ig}\left[1/T\left(\lambda \right)\right]d\lambda =0.9.Math.\stackrel{400}{\underset{290}{\int }}\mathrm{Ig}\left[1/T\left(\lambda \right)\right]d\lambda$

[0497] wherein: [0498] a. λ.sub.c is the critical wavelength; [0499] b. T(λ) is the mean transmittance for each wavelength; and [0500] c. Dλ is the wavelength interval between measurements.

[0501] Critical wavelengths as calculated are presented in Table 7 below.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Critical Inorganic Material/Step Wavelength (nm) BiVO.sub.4 nanoparticles without 387 swelled polymer matrix macroparticles BiVO.sub.4 nanoparticles dispersed and 385 embedded in swelled polymer matrix macroparticles TiO.sub.2 nanoparticles without swelled polymer 378 matrix macroparticles TiO.sub.2 nanoparticles dispersed and embedded in 371 swelled polymer matrix macroparticles

[0502] As can be seen from the above table, nanoparticles of inorganic materials dispersed and embedded in swelled polymer matrix macroparticles to form the compositions according to the present teachings allows retention of the UV protective effect of the particles, as expressed by the highly similar critical wavelengths before and after said incorporation.

Example 9: Preparation of Zinc Titanate Crystals

[0503] Doped and undoped zinc titanate crystals having the general formula Zn.sub.2Ti.sub.(1-x)Fe.sub.xO.sub.4 wherein x is from 0 to 0.1, were prepared by a solid solution method. The Fe-doped crystals included two molar ratios Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 and 0.95:0.05 (i.e. wherein x=0.025 or 0.05, respectively).

[0504] In this process, the constituent metal oxides were mixed together in powder form so as to obtain the desired stoichiometric amount. ZnO, having a MW of 81.4084 g/mol and TiO.sub.2 having a MW of 79.87 g/mol were mixed in desired ratio so that the combined ZnTiO.sub.4 powder amounted to about 200 grams. When desired, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 having a MW of 159.69 g/mol, was added while the amount of titanium dioxide was reduced, the amount of ferric oxide selected to provide the required doping ratio. The powder due to be iron doped amounted likewise to about 200 grams.

[0505] The powders of the constituent reagents were then mixed together for about 10 minutes at 70 rpm at ambient temperature in a mortar grinder, so as to obtain homogeneously mixed presintered powders (to be doped or undoped, as appropriate). The mixed powders were transferred to a 500 ml alumina crucible and sintered or calcined by heating in a ceramic oven at a rate of 40° C. per minute until the temperature reached 1000° C., and maintained at this temperature for 24 hours, allowing for the formation of the desired doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals. It is believed that under such conditions, the iron atoms can substitute the titanium atoms in the orthorhombic structure of the zinc titanate crystals to provide doping without breaking the crystallographic symmetry.

[0506] After 24 hours at 1000° C., the samples were allowed to cool down to ambient temperature (circa 23° C.), at which time they were again ground to homogeneous powder for about 10 minutes at 70 rpm by the mortar grinder.

[0507] Powders of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals prepared as above-described were either used or analyzed “as is” in coarse form, or further size-reduced and used and analyzed in the form of nanoparticles, as described in following examples. It is to be understood that the coarse material was manually ground with a mortar and pestle to disassociate any gross agglomerate that may be present in the resulting powders, so as to eliminate coarse lumps of particles. In bulk size, the zinc titanate compounds displayed a white shade if undoped and a pale reddish tint if doped, the color intensity depending on the degree of iron doping.

Example 10: Absorbance Determination in Powder

[0508] Absorbance correlation of coarse powders over the wavelength range of 200-800 nm was calculated using a Cary 300 UV-Vis spectrophotometer with an integrated sphere detector (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif., USA).

[0509] Briefly, the absorbance of the samples was qualitatively estimated by subtracting the amount of light reflected from the powder sample, gathered by the integrated sphere detector of the spectrophotometer, from the amount of light reflected from a white surface (which reflects all incident light). Since the extent of penetration of the light into the samples and the extent of scattering of the sample is unknown, this measurement provides an absorbance profile of the sample rather than a true quantitative measurement.

[0510] Results, showing correlation to absorbance as a function of wavelength, determined by diffuse reflection measurement gathered by the integrated sphere method, are presented in FIG. 12.

[0511] FIG. 12 shows the absorbance of doped (Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 or 0.95:0.05) or undoped (x=0) zinc titanate crystals, as obtained following the sintering method of Example 9 as compared to undoped zinc oxide or to an undoped presintered mixture of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in appropriate stoichiometric amounts.

[0512] As seen in FIG. 12, undoped zinc oxide exhibits a very sharp decrease in UV absorbance in the range of from about 380 nm to about 400 nm. The presintered mixture of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide corresponding to the undoped zinc titanate displayed an absorbance pattern similar to zinc oxide alone with a sharp decrease at 380 nm. Undoped zinc titanate, differing from its presintered version, has a relatively constant UV absorbance from 200 nm to about 310 nm, with a gradual decrease in the range of from about 310 nm to about 380 nm, followed by a sharper decrease at about 380 nm, but providing higher absorbance levels than undoped zinc oxide (or its presintered mix) in the range of from about 380 nm to about 400 nm. Crystals of doped zinc titanate (Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 or 0.95:0.05) exhibited significantly higher UV absorbance than either undoped zinc oxide or undoped zinc titanate crystals in the 380 nm to 400 nm range, with absorbance of Ti:Fe 0.95:0.05 doped zinc titanate crystals being higher than that of the Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 doped equivalent.

Example 11: Crystal Structure Determination

[0513] The crystal structure of undoped or doped (Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025) zinc titanate, as above-prepared, was determined by powder XRD. The X-ray source (Cu anode) was operated at a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 30 mA on packed powder samples. Data were collected in continuous detector scan mode at a step size of 0.02°/step. Diffractograms were collected over the 20 range of 10° to 80°. The results are shown in FIG. 13, wherein the pattern of undoped zinc titanate crystals is displayed as a continuous line, whereas that of the doped equivalent is shown as a dotted line. For both materials, a predominant peak is seen around 20 of about 350 and doping did not significantly affect the crystalline peaks characteristic of the zinc titanate crystals, the main ones being indicated on the figure.

Example 12: Preparation of Nanoparticles

[0514] Nanoparticles of doped (Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 or 0.95:0.05) or undoped zinc titanate crystals were prepared from the ground sintered samples obtained in Example 9. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide were prepared for comparison from its stock powder. Generally, all such samples or stock powders contained particles having a size greater than about 5 micrometer (μm) and may be referred hereinafter as the coarse materials. The coarse powders were milled in an Attritor grinding mill (HD-01 by Union Process®) using a batch size of 200 g with solid loading 10% (20 g) as follows.

[0515] All materials were weighed using an analytical scale. 20 g of PAA dispersant was weighed and dispersed in about 100 ml of deionized water. 20 g of coarse powder was weighed and introduced into the dispersant-containing liquid to provide a dispersant to inorganic material ratio of 1:1 yielding a slurry of the inorganic material. Water was added to complete batch size to 200 g, the solids constituting about 10 wt. % of the sample.

[0516] The aqueous slurry of inorganic material was then placed in a zirconia pot with 2300 g of 2 mm diameter zirconia grinding beads. The pot was placed in the grinding mill, and the grinding mill activated at 700 RPM for about 75 hours at 25° C.

[0517] The hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles obtained by this method was determined by Dynamic Light Scattering. A sample of the milled nanoparticles was further diluted in deionized water to form a suspension having a solid concentration of about 0.5 wt. %.

[0518] Representative results, showing the percentage of number of doped (Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 and 0.95:0.05) and undoped zinc titanate crystal particles, as well as zinc oxide as reference, having hydrodynamic diameters in the range of 10-1000 nm are presented in FIG. 14.

[0519] FIG. 14 shows that the majority of doped and undoped zinc titanate crystal particles had hydrodynamic diameters in the size range of from about 20 nm and up to about 100 nm. The predominant peaks of doped (Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 and 0.95:0.05) and undoped zinc titanate crystals were each at around 40 nm. Results of the particle size distribution of the nanoparticles prepared as herein described, namely the maximum hydrodynamic diameter of a percentage of the population, are provided in the Table 8 below, in terms of percent of number of particles. Information on zinc oxide is provided for reference.

[0520] As can be seen from the above table, at least 97.5% of the nanoparticles of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals as prepared and size-reduced according to the present teachings have a dimension of at most 100 nm.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Max. Hydrodynamic Diameter (nm) Material 10% 50.0% 90.0% 95.0% 97.5% 99.0% Zinc oxide 20.2 26.4 36.2 39.5 47.7 62.2 Zn.sub.2TiFeO.sub.4 (Fe:Ti 29.8 40.4 60.5 70.7 83.5 110 0.025:0.975) Zn.sub.2TiFeO.sub.4 (Fe:Ti 31.9 42.4 62.2 71.3 82.4 104 0.05:0.95) Zn.sub.2TiO.sub.4 ref 29.2 38 53.7 60.7 70.2 103

Example 13: Absorbance of Suspended Crystal Nanoparticles

[0521] Absorbance of the nanoparticles of doped and undoped zinc titanate crystals prepared according to Example 12 was measured over the wavelength range of 200-800 nm using a Cary 300 UV-Vis spectrophotometer with quartz cuvette (10 mm light pathway). The samples were diluted in the vehicle in which the inorganic materials were milled (namely with deionized water containing 10 wt. % PAA) to provide any desired predetermined solid concentration (e.g., 0.25 wt. %, 0.5 wt. %, and 1.0 wt. %). Results are presented in FIGS. 15 and 16. For convenience, it should be recalled that an absorbance value of 1 indicates a UV blocking of at least about 90%, whereas an absorbance value of 2 indicates blocking of up to 99% of the radiation.

[0522] In FIG. 15, the absorbance in the 200-800 nm wavelength range is shown for nanoparticles of undoped zinc titanate crystals nanoparticles and for 0.975:0.025 Ti:Fe and 0.95:0.05 Ti:Fe doped zinc titanate nanoparticles at three concentrations of 0.25 wt. %, 0.5 wt. % and 1 wt. %.

[0523] As can be seen in the figure, doped and undoped zinc titanate crystals displayed significant absorbance up to at least 360 nm at all concentrations tested, with all materials except for 0.25 wt. % undoped zinc titanate crystals displaying substantial absorbance at 400 nm. Absorbance across the tested range was shown to increase with increasing zinc titanate concentration and degree of doping at the concentrations and Fe:Ti ratios tested.

[0524] FIG. 16 shows absorbance of undoped zinc titanate crystals, doped (Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 or 0.95:0.05) zinc titanate crystals, and zinc oxide as reference, each at a concentration of 0.5 wt. %. As shown in the figure, zinc oxide displayed an insignificant level of absorbance at wavelengths of higher than about 380 nm, displaying at 400 nm an absorbance of about 0.26. For comparison, undoped zinc titanate crystals displayed an absorbance of about 1.3 at 400 nm, while the doped variants each displayed absorbance of at least 2.1 at 400 nm. A commercial sunscreen composition (Skingard® sunscreen composition by Careline® (Pharmagis, Israel)) based on organic UV blockers was included for convenient comparison.

Example 14: Scanning Electron Microscope Studies

[0525] The doped and undoped zinc titanate crystal nanoparticles were also studied by High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM).

[0526] FIG. 17A shows an image for undoped zinc titanate crystal nanoparticles, wherein FIG. 17B shows an image for Fe-doped zinc titanate crystal nanoparticles (Ti:Fe 0.95:0.05).

[0527] As shown in the figures, doped and undoped zinc titanate crystal particles having spheroid shape with diameters of less than about 100 nm, mainly less than about 70 nm, were obtained. Larger clusters are deemed non-representative, resulting from agglomeration of individual particles upon preparation of the sample for HR-SEM analysis, the drying out of the liquid carrier being known to cause such artificial outcome. The good correlation between the diameters of the particles when measured in suspension and in dried form confirm the suitability of the above-described method to prepare nanoparticles having at least one dimension (e.g. a diameter) of up to about 100 nm

Example 15: Determination of Critical Wavelength

[0528] Based on the absorbance spectra determined according to previous Examples, critical wavelength was calculated for undoped zinc titanate crystals and for two Fe-doped variants (Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 and 0.95:0.05), all measured at nanoparticle concentration of 0.25 wt. %, 0.5 wt. % and 1 wt. %. A suspension of nanoparticles of Zinc Oxide at 0.5 wt. % served as control.

[0529] Briefly, in order to quantify the breadth of UV protection, the absorbance of the sunscreen composition was integrated from 290 nm to 400 nm the sum reached defining 100% of the total absorbance of the sunscreen in the UV region. The wavelength at which the summed absorbance reaches 90% absorbance was determined as the ‘critical wavelength’ which provided a measure of the breadth of sunscreen protection.

[0530] The critical wavelength λ.sub.c was defined according to the following equation:

[00002]$\stackrel{{\lambda }_c}{\underset{290}{\int }}\mathrm{Ig}\left[1/T\left(\lambda \right)\right]d\lambda =0.9.Math.\stackrel{400}{\underset{290}{\int }}\mathrm{Ig}\left[1/T\left(\lambda \right)\right]d\lambda$

[0531] wherein: [0532] a. λ.sub.c is the critical wavelength; [0533] b. T(λ) is the mean transmittance for each wavelength; and [0534] c. Dλ is the wavelength interval between measurements.

[0535] Critical wavelengths as calculated are presented in Table 9 below.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Inorganic Critical Wavelength (nm) Material 0.25 wt. % 0.5 wt. % 1 wt. % Zinc titanate undoped 372 377 381 Fe-doped zinc titanate 373 379 383 Ti:Fe 0.975:0.025 Fe-doped zinc titanate 373 380 385 Ti:Fe 0.95:0.05 ZnO Control — 362 —

[0536] As can be seen from the above table, according to the Critical Wavelength Method, undoped and Fe-doped zinc titanate crystal nanoparticles can be classified as providing broad spectrum protection (i.e. having a critical wavelength of 370 nm or more) at concentrations of as low as 0.25 wt. %. Such results are superior to those achieved by the control suspension consisting of ZnO nanoparticles having similar particle size distribution which even when tested at the concentration of 0.5 wt. % displayed a narrower spectrum protection, its critical wavelength being of only 362 nm.

Example 16: Preparation of Composition Comprising Polymer Matrix and Zinc Titanate

[0537] The nanoparticles of doped or undoped zinc titanate crystals prepared according to the present teachings and above-examples can be further processed so as to be embedded or immobilized within a polymer matrix. Suitable methods and polymers are described in the examples above. In particular, Example 3 provides for the preparation of a polymer matrix, whereas Example 4 teaches how to blend such matrix with nanoparticles, and how to further process such mixture so as to obtain polymer embedded particles. A non-limiting example of a suitable polymer matrix comprises Nucrel® (methylene-methacrylic acid copolymer) dispersed in Isopar® (paraffinic oil). Other examples include Enable™ 33330 (ethylene n-butyl acrylate copolymer) dispersed in Pelemol® 256 and Macromelt 6900 (thermoplastic polyamide) polymers dispersed in Tea tree oil.

Example 17: Preparation of Composition Comprising Zinc Titanate in Wood Lacquer

[0538] Doped and undoped zinc titanate crystal nanoparticles are diluted in a clear wood lacquer (Tambour Clear Glossy Lacquer for Wood No. 8, Cat. No. 149-001) to a particle concentration of 1% by weight of the total lacquer composition. The resulting mixtures are sonicated for 30 seconds using a Misonix Sonicator tip (Misonix, Inc.) at amplitude 100, 15 W. The sonicated lacquer dispersions are applied upon a microscopic glass slide at an initial thickness of about 100 μm (using 100 μm thick spacers and a leveling rod). The lacquer coated slides are left to dry for at least 12 hours at ambient temperature (circa 23° C.) resulting in a dried layer of sample of about 5 μm. The lacquer devoid of added nanoparticles serves as control. Absorbance of the dried layers of lacquer over the wavelength range of 200-800 nm is assessed using a Cary 300 UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

[0539] Although the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

[0540] Citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the disclosure.