Manufacturing method of sintered body for electrolyte and electrolyte for fuel cell using the same

Abstract

Provided is a method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte and an electrolyte for a fuel cell using the same. More particularly, the following disclosure relates to a method for preparing an electrolyte having a firm thin film layer by using a sintered body having controlled sintering characteristics, and application of the electrolyte to a solid oxide fuel cell. It is possible to control the sintering characteristics of a sintered body through a simple method, such as controlling the amounts of crude particles and nanoparticles. In addition, an electrode using the obtained sintered body having controlled sintering characteristics is effective for forming a firm thin film layer. Further, such an electrolyte having a firm thin film layer formed thereon inhibits combustion of fuel with oxygen when it is applied to a fuel cell, and thus shows significantly effective for improving the quality of a cell.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte, which comprises: (i) mixing a solution containing preliminarily formed crude particles dispersed therein with a nanoparticle precursor solution for preparing nanoparticles; (ii) a combustion step wherein nanoparticles are prepared on the surface of the crude particles from the resultant mixture; and (iii) a calcination step wherein impurities are removed from the combustion product, wherein the crude particle is at least one selected from cerium oxides and zirconium oxides, the cerium oxides including at least one selected from the group consisting of gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm) and lanthanum (La), and the zirconium oxides including at least one selected from the group consisting of yttrium (Y), scandium (Sc) and calcium (Ca); and the nanoparticles are prepared in the form of nanoparticles attached to the surface of the crude particles through a combustion process using at least one selected from cerium nitrate, gadolinium nitrate, samarium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, zirconium nitrate, yttrium nitrate, scandium nitrate and calcium nitrate as a precursor.

2. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the crude particles have a diameter of 0.1-3 m, and the nanoparticles have a diameter of 10-100 nm.

3. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the crude particles and nanoparticles are mixed at a molar (M) ratio of 7:3-3:7.

4. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein cerium oxide is gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC), samaria-doped ceria (SDC), lanthanum-doped ceria (LDC) or a mixture thereof.

5. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein zirconium oxide is yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ), calcium-stabilized zirconia (CSZ) or a mixture thereof.

6. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle precursor solution comprises a nanoparticle precursor, solvent, additive and a sintering aid.

7. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 6, wherein the additive is at least one selected from glycine, citric acid and urea.

8. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 6, wherein the nanoparticle precursor and additive are added at a molar (M) ratio of 0.5-0.8:1.

9. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 6, wherein the sintering aid is at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, iron, manganese and lithium.

10. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 6, wherein the solvent is distilled water.

11. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein step (ii) is carried out at a temperature of 100-500 C.

12. The method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein step (iii) is carried out by performing calcination at a temperature of 400-1000 C., and then performing a ball milling process.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1A and 1B show the results of analysis for commercially available gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) powder and the sintered body powder according to Example 1, as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wherein FIG. 1A corresponds to commercially available GDC powder and FIG. 1B corresponds to Example 1.

(2) FIG. 2 is an image illustrating the results of analysis for the ingredients of the sintered body powder according to Example 6.

(3) FIG. 3 is an image illustrating the results of analysis for the sintered body powder according to Example 6, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

(4) FIG. 4 is an image illustrating the results of analysis for the sintered body powder according to Example 6 after it is sintered at a temperature of 1100 C., as determined by scanning electron microscopy.

(5) FIGS. 5A to 5D show the results of scanning electron microscopy for commercially available GDC powder and the sintered body powder according to Example 3, after they are sintered at 1150 C. and 1250 C., wherein FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B correspond to commercially available GDC powder sintered at 1150 C. and 1250 C., respectively, and FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D correspond to Example 3 sintered at 1150 C. and 1250 C., respectively.

(6) FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the results of X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) for commercially available GDC powder and Example 1.

(7) FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating a degree of sintering for commercially available GDC powder and electrolyte powder according to Examples 1-4.

(8) FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating a sintering rate of commercially available GDC powder and electrolyte powder according to Examples 3 and 4 as a function of temperature.

(9) FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the results of linear shrinkage varied with an increase in the molar ratio of glycine and cation nitrate from 0.55 to 0.8 in Examples 3 and 5.

(10) FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the results of linear shrinkage for Examples 3 and 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(11) Hereinafter, various aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure will be explained in more detail.

(12) In one aspect, there is provided a method for manufacturing a sintered body for an electrolyte, which includes: (i) mixing a solution containing preliminarily formed crude particles dispersed therein with a nanoparticle precursor solution for preparing nanoparticles; (ii) a combustion step wherein nanoparticles are prepared on the surface of the crude particles from the resultant mixture; and (iii) a calcination step wherein impurities are removed from the combustion product, wherein the crude particle is at least one selected from cerium oxides including at least one selected from the group consisting of gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm) and lanthanum (La), and zirconium oxides including at least one selected from the group consisting of yttrium (Y), scandium (Sc) and calcium (Ca); and the nanoparticles are prepared in the form of nanoparticles attached to the surface of the crude particles through a combustion process using at least one selected from cerium nitrate, gadolinium nitrate, samarium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, zirconium nitrate, yttrium nitrate, scandium nitrate and calcium nitrate as a precursor.

(13) In step (i), the crude particle solution is mixed with the nanoparticle precursor solution. First, the crude particles are dispersed into a solvent along with additives, such as a dispersant. In a separate container, the nanoparticle precursor is dissolved into a solvent along with additives. Then, the two compositions are mixed in a solution state.

(14) The crude particles refer to particles formed to have a relatively large particle size, while crystals are grown or recrystallization occurs. As used herein, crude particles refer to those having a larger size than the nanoparticles.

(15) Particularly, the crude particle may be at least one selected from cerium oxides including at least one selected from the group consisting of gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm) and lanthanum (La), and zirconium oxides including at least one selected from the group consisting of yttrium (Y), scandium (Sc) and calcium (Ca).

(16) The nanoparticles are those having a size smaller than the crude particles, and may be prepared in the form of nanoparticles attached to the surface of the crude particles through a combustion process using at least one selected from cerium nitrate, gadolinium nitrate, samarium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, zirconium nitrate, yttrium nitrate, scandium nitrate and calcium nitrate as a precursor.

(17) Particularly, the crude particles may have a diameter of 0.1-3 m and the nanoparticles may have a diameter of 10-80 nm. When the crude particles have a size less than 0.1 m, it is difficult to provide an effect of controlling a high sintering rate of the nanoparticles. When the crude particles have a size larger than 3 m, they cannot be used for an electrolyte thin film process. In addition, it is practically difficult for the nanoparticles to maintain a diameter of 10 nm or less after a sintering process. When the nanoparticles have a size larger than 80 nm, it is difficult to accelerate sintering of the nanoparticles as compared to the crude particles.

(18) The crude particles and the nanoparticles may be mixed at a molar (M) ratio of 7:3-3:7. When the molar ratio is not within the above-defined molar ratio, the sintered body may undergo degradation of sintering characteristics.

(19) In other words, the amount of crude particles and that of the nanoparticles increase or reduce the degree of sintering of the sintered body, and thus function to control the sintering characteristics of the sintered body.

(20) The nanoparticle precursor solution may include a nanoparticle precursor, solvent, additives and a sintering aid, wherein the additives may be at least one selected from glycine, citric acid and urea.

(21) The nanoparticles and the additives may be mixed at a molar (M) ratio of 0.5-0.8:1. Since the additives function as fuel for combustion, it is possible to control the sintering characteristics of the sintered body by adjusting the amount of the additives.

(22) In other words, when the molar ratio of the nanoparticles to the additives is not within the above-defined range, the combustion temperature may be changed rapidly, thereby adversely affecting the size of the nanoparticles.

(23) The solvent may be distilled water.

(24) The sintering aid controls shrinking to make initial shrinking slow and later shrinking fast, and functions to decrease the final sintering temperature.

(25) Particularly, the sintering aid may be at least one selected from cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, iron, manganese and lithium, and more particularly cobalt.

(26) In addition, the two solutions may be mixed after carrying out ball milling before the crude particle solution and the nanoparticle precursor solution dispersed in a solvent are mixed with each other. The purpose of ball milling is distributing particles uniformly into the solution.

(27) According to the related art, a sintering aid in the form of an oxide or nitrate is added to and mixed with preliminarily formed powder. However, such a method cannot disperse the sintering aid uniformly, resulting in non-uniformity. This causes a defect in that a region having a relatively higher concentration of sintering aid shrinks faster and thus a difference in sintering rate occurs upon sintering.

(28) Therefore, to solve the above-mentioned problem, according to the present disclosure, distribution uniformity of the sintering aid is ensured by dissolving a sintering aid precursor into the nanoparticle precursor solution and allowing the sintering aid to be introduced simultaneously with the synthesis of nanoparticles during combustion. This functions to improve a degree of sintering effectively.

(29) In step (ii), the mixture obtained from step (i) is subjected to combustion to obtain sintered body powder having a crystal structure.

(30) Herein, the reaction temperature may be maintained at 100-500 C. to perform solvent evaporation, gelation and spontaneous combustion successively. When the reaction temperature is lower than 100 C., combustion does not occur. When the reaction temperature is higher than 500 C., it is difficult to control the process.

(31) In step (iii), the combustion product obtained from step (ii) is subjected to post-treatment so that it may be further sintered to remove residue.

(32) Herein, the post-treatment may be carried out at a reaction temperature of 400-1000 C. for 1-10 hours. When the reaction temperature is lower than 400 C., a part of carbon compounds may not be removed. When the reaction temperature is higher than 1000 C., excessive particle growth may occur in the nanoparticles and the nanoparticles may lose their unique characteristics.

(33) Then, after step (iii), ball milling and drying may be carried out to finish the process.

(34) In another aspect, there is provided an electrolyte including the sintered body obtained by the above-defined method for manufacturing a sintered body, and a solid oxide fuel cell including the electrolyte.

(35) The examples and experiments will now be described. The following examples and experiments are for illustrative purposes only and not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. In addition, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made based on the disclosure of the present disclosure including the following examples.

(36) In addition, the test results described hereinafter merely include representative test results of the examples and comparative examples. The effect of each of different embodiments that are not suggested particularly hereinafter will be described in detail at the corresponding part.

Examples 1-5: Manufacture of Sintered Body to which No Sintering Aid is Added

(37) (i) Preparation of Crude Particle Solution (a) and Nanoparticle Precursor Solution (b)

(38) Gadolinia-doped (GDC) (LSA, Rohdia) and a dispersant (KD-6, Hypermer) are introduced to distilled water and ball milling is carried out by using zirconia balls (5) for 24 hours to obtain a crude particle solution (a).

(39) Cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Kanto Chemical) and gadolinium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Aldrich) are introduced to distilled water, followed by agitation. Then, glycerin is added thereto and agitation is carried out for at least 12 hours to obtain a nanoparticle precursor solution (b).

(40) Then, the crude particle solution (a) and nanoparticle precursor solution (b) are introduced to a reactor and agitation is carried out for 1 hour (particular amount of each ingredient is shown in the following Table 1).

(41) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 *(Crude particle:Nanoparticle) Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 *(7:3) *(6:4) *(5:5) *(4:6) *(5:5) (a) GDC 14 g 12 g 10 g 8 g 10 g Distilled water 100 mL 100 mL 100 mL 100 mL 100 mL Dispersant 0.42 g 0.36 g 0.3 g 0.24 g 0.3 g (b) cerium nitrate 13.625 g 18.167 g 22.709 g 27.250 g 22.709 g hexahydrate gadolinium nitrate 1.575 g 2.100 g 2.625 g 3.150 g 2.625 g hexahydrate Glycine 4.318 g 5.757 g 7.196 g 8.636 g 10.467 g Dispersant 60 mL 60 mL 60 mL 60 mL 60 mL Molar ratio of 0.55:1 0.55:1 0.55:1 0.55:1 0.8:1 glycine:nitrate *Note: (Crude particle:Nanoparticle) refers to a molar ratio

(42) (ii) Combustion

(43) A tempered glass container is heated on a hot plate to a temperature of 250 C., the solution of (i) is poured thereto and the container is covered with a net having a mesh size of about 100 m. Then, combustion is completed as distilled water is evaporated completely to obtain powder.

(44) (iii) Post-Treatment

(45) The powder obtained from (ii) is filtered with a sieve having a size of 150 mesh and sintered at a temperature of 600 C. for 2 hours to remove residue. Then, dry ball milling is carried out by using zirconia balls (5) for 24 hours to obtain sintered body powder.

Example 6: Manufacture of Sintered Body to which Sintering Aid is Added

(46) (i) Preparation of Crude Particle Solution (a) and Nanoparticle Precursor Solution (b)

(47) Example 3 is repeated, except that 0.504 g of cobalt nitrate is further added and glycerin is introduced in an amount of 7.768 g to obtain a nanoparticle precursor solution (b).

(48) (ii) Combustion

(49) Combustion is carried out in the same manner as Example 3.

(50) (iii) Post-Treatment

(51) Post-treatment is carried out in the same manner as Example 3.

Test Example 1: SEM and TEM Analysis

(52) Commercially available gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) powder and the sintered body powder of Example 1 are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the results are shown in FIG. 1-FIG. 4.

(53) First, FIG. 1 shows the results of analysis for commercially available gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) powder and the sintered body powder according to Example 1, as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wherein (a) corresponds to commercially available GDC powder and (b) corresponds to Example 1.

(54) Referring to FIG. 1, in the case of Example 1, it can be seen that nano-scaled micropowder is attached uniformly to the surface of crude powder and substantially no agglomeration of micropowder occurs.

(55) FIG. 2 is an image illustrating the results of analysis for the ingredients of the sintered body powder according to Example 6. FIG. 3 is an image illustrating the results of analysis for the sintered body powder according to Example 6, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

(56) FIG. 4 is an image illustrating the results of analysis for the sintered body powder according to Example 6 after it is sintered at a temperature of 1100 C., as determined by scanning electron microscopy. It can be seen that sintering of the sintered body provides a substantially completely dense and compact structure, and the nanoparticles are attached uniformly to the surface of the crude particles so that cobalt as a sintering aid is also distributed very uniformly without agglomeration.

(57) The above results suggest that addition of a sintering aid fundamentally solves the problem caused by a local difference in sintering aid according to the related art.

(58) In addition, FIG. 5 shows the results of scanning electron microscopy for commercially available GDC powder and the sintered body powder according to Example 3, after they are sintered at 1150 C. and 1250 C., wherein (a) and (b) correspond to commercially available GDC powder sintered at 1150 C. and 1250 C., respectively, and (c) and (d) correspond to Example 3 sintered at 1150 C. and 1250 C., respectively.

(59) Referring to FIG. 5, in the case of (a), little densification occurs and thus a significantly large number of pores is present. In the case of (b) using an increased sintering temperature, it can be seen that densification occurs slightly but the grain size is large due to severe particle growth. Therefore, since an increase in grain size of a film causes degradation of mechanical stability, it is required to carry out densification to an adequate degree while grain growth is inhibited. On the contrary, (c) and (d) corresponding to Example 3 form a dense structure and maintain a very fine grain structure. Further, in the case of (d) using an increased sintering temperature, it forms a more dense structure and maintains a significantly smaller grain size.

Test Example 2: XRD Analysis

(60) Commercially available GDC powder and the sintered body powder of Example 1 are analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and the results are shown in FIG. 6.

(61) Referring to FIG. 6, commercially available GDC powder and the sintered body powder of Example 1 form a phase having the same cubic fluorite structure, which suggests that the sintered body according to an embodiment of the present disclosure shows no difference in crystal structure as compared to the commercially available powder.

Test Example 3: Analysis of Sintering Characteristics

(62) Commercially available GDC powder and the sintered body according to each of Examples 1-4 are analyzed for sintering characteristics depending on temperature, and the results are shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8.

(63) In general, the sintering characteristics of a sintered body can be determined by measuring a linear shrinkage depending on a change in temperature.

(64) Referring to FIG. 7, it can be seen that the sintered body powder according to each of Examples 1-4 shows excellent sintering characteristics as compared to commercially available powder, and a degree of sintering gradually increases as the amount of nanoparticles increases.

(65) In addition, FIG. 8 shows a sintering rate as a function of temperature. While commercially available powder shows the peak of shrinking rate at a single temperature, Examples 3 and 4 shows the peaks of shrinking rate in two steps. This is because sintering of nanoparticles occurs first at low temperature and then sintering of crude particles occurs after the temperature reaches a specific temperature. It can be seen that low-temperature sintering is carried out more as the amount of nanoparticles increases.

(66) In other words, it can be seen based on the above results that when the initial and later sintering behaviors are controlled independently, it is possible to realize a precise sintering behavior required for actual applications.

Test Example 4: Analysis of Sintering Characteristics Depending on Change in Glycine Content and Use of Sintering Aid

(67) A change in degree of sintering is determined by increasing the molar ratio of glycine to cation nitrate in Examples 3 and 5, and the results are shown in FIG. 9.

(68) Referring to FIG. 9, glycine functions as fuel for combustion, and thus combustion temperature varies with the amount of glycine, thereby affecting the size of nanoparticles. In other words, it is possible to control sintering characteristics not only by controlling the amount of nanoparticles and that of crude particles but also by controlling the amount of glycine.

(69) In addition, FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the results of linear shrinkage for Examples 3 and 6. In the case of Example 6 to which a sintering aid is added, an effect of rapid shrinking caused by nanoparticles at the initial time of sintering is degraded but such a shrinking effect is increased at a later time. Thus, it can be seen that sintering is completed at a lower temperature.

(70) In other words, a small amount of sintering aid may be added to control the shrinking in such a manner that the initial shrinking becomes slow and the later shrinking becomes fast. Further, addition of a sintering aid may reduce the final sintering temperature.

(71) Therefore, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, it is possible to control the sintering characteristics of a sintered body through a simple method, such as controlling the amounts of crude particles and nanoparticles. In addition, an electrode using the obtained sintered body having controlled sintering characteristics is effective for forming a firm thin film layer.

(72) Further, such an electrolyte having a firm thin film layer formed thereon inhibits combustion of fuel with oxygen when it is applied to a fuel cell, and thus shows significantly effective for improving the quality of a cell.