ENHANCING GAS-PHASE REACTION IN A PLASMA USING HIGH INTENSITY AND HIGH POWER ULTRASONIC ACOUSTIC WAVES

Abstract

This invention relates to enhancing a gas-phase reaction in a plasma comprising: creating plasma by at least one plasma source, and wherein that the method further comprises: generating ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves having a predetermined amount of acoustic energy by at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator, where said ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves are directed to propagate towards said plasma so that at least a part of said predetermined amount of acoustic energy is absorbed into said plasma, and where a sound pressure level of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves is at least substantially 140 dB and where an acoustic power of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves is at least substantially 100 W.

Claims

1. (canceled)

2: A system for enhancing a gas-phase reaction in a plasma comprising: at least one plasma source adapted to create plasma, at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator adapted to generate ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves having a predetermined amount of acoustic energy and being directed to propagate towards said plasma so that at least a part of said predetermined amount of acoustic energy is absorbed into said plasma, and where an acoustic power of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves is at least 100 W; wherein the acoustic wave generator is a gas-jet acoustic wave generator, wherein a sound pressure level of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves is at least substantially 140 dB; and wherein the system comprises further comprises a membrane, wherein the system is adapted to propagate the generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves towards the membrane so that any gases used by the at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator is not mixed with one or more gases used by said plasma source to create said plasma.

3: A system according to claim 2, wherein the membrane is a thermoplastic or thermoset polymer.

4: A system according to claim 2, wherein the membrane is made from a material selected from the group of: polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ultrahigh density polyethylene, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, poly vinyl chloride, poly vinylidene chloride, polystyrene, polyimide, polyamide, poly vinyl ether, polyisobutylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyurethane, poly vinyl acetate, poly-acrylonitrile, natural and synthetic rubbers, polymer alloys, copolymers, and their laminates.

5: A system according to claim 3, wherein the membrane is coated with one or both of organic and inorganic materials.

6: A system according to claim 2, wherein the membrane is a metal foil.

7: A system according to claim 2, wherein the membrane is metal coated or a laminated polymer membrane.

8: A system according to claim 2, wherein the membrane comprises or consists of Aerogel.

9: A system according to claim 2, wherein the sound pressure level of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves is at least substantially 150 dB, at least substantially 160 dB, at least substantially 170 dB, at least substantially 180 dB, at least substantially 190 dB, or at least substantially 200 dB.

10: A system according to claim 2, wherein said acoustic power of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves is at least substantially 200 W, at least substantially 300 W, at least substantially 400 W, about 400 W, greater than substantially 400 W, at least substantially 500 W, at least substantially 1 kW, or selected from about 1-2 kW.

11: A system according to claim 2, wherein said plasma source comprises at least one source selected from a group of: a dielectric barrier discharge plasma source, a surface discharge plasma source, a volume discharge plasma source, a plasma torch source, an arc plasma torch, a gliding arc plasma torch, a cold plasma torch, a pencil-like torch, a direct current plasma source, a capacitively coupled plasma source, a pulsed plasma source, a magnetron plasma source, an electron cyclotron resonance plasma source, an inductively coupled plasma source, a helicon plasma source, a helical resonator plasma source, a microwave plasma source, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet source, a barrier torch, an arc microwave torch, a corona discharge plasma source, a micro-plasma source, a low pressure plasma source, and a high pressure plasma source.

12: A system according to claim 2, wherein a working gas pressure at an inlet of said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator is between approximately 1.9 and approximately 5 bar.

13: A system according to claim 2, wherein said plasma is created at atmospheric pressure.

14: A system according to claim 2, wherein said plasma source comprises at least one electrode and wherein one electrode of said at least one electrode is a mesh type of electrode.

15: A system according to claim 2, wherein the generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves are generated using a gaseous medium and where the acoustic waves are directed towards said plasma and wherein said gaseous medium after exit of said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator is directed away from said plasma.

16: A system according to claim 2, said plasma source comprises at least one electrode and wherein a gas mixture used for creating the plasma is supplied to the at least one electrode substantially in a direction that said ultrasonic acoustic waves propagates towards said plasma.

17: A system according to claim 2, wherein said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator is selected from the group of: a Hartmann type gas-jet generator, a Levavasseur type gas-jet generator, a generator comprising an outer part and an inner part defining a passage, an opening, and a cavity provided in the inner part, where said ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator is adapted to receive a pressurized gas and pass the pressurized gas to said opening, from which the pressurized gas is discharged in a jet towards the cavity, a generator of any of the above mentioned types, which includes any type of concentrators or reflectors of acoustic waves.

18: A system according to claim 2, wherein a food item is subjected to the plasma where the creation of the plasma generates chemical radicals and sterilizes the food item.

19: A system according to claim 2, wherein said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator comprises a first acoustic wave generator for generating high intensity acoustic waves using a gaseous medium where the gaseous medium after exit from said first acoustic wave generator has a first principal direction that is different from a second principal direction of generated high intensity acoustic waves being generated by said first acoustic wave generator, and at least a second acoustic wave generator for generating high intensity acoustic waves, where said first and second acoustic wave generators are located in relation to each other so that at least a part of the generated high intensity acoustic waves, being generated by one of said first and second acoustic wave generator, is directed towards at least a part of the gaseous medium after exit from the other of said first and said second acoustic wave generator.

20: A system according to claim 2, wherein said plasma is used in a process selected from the group of: ozone generation, hydrogen production, exhaust gas cleaning, pollution control, odor removal, fuel conversion, sterilization, and oxidation.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0087] These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the illustrative embodiments shown in the drawings, in which:

[0088] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a prior art plasma apparatus;

[0089] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a block diagram of a plasma apparatus;

[0090] FIG. 3a schematically illustrates a (turbulent) flow without application of ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves;

[0091] FIG. 3b schematically illustrates a flow where the effect of applying ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves to/in air/gas is illustrated;

[0092] FIG. 4 schematically illustrates one embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus;

[0093] FIG. 5 schematically illustrates an alternative embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus;

[0094] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an alternative embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus;

[0095] FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus where the plasma source is a surface discharge (SD) plasma source;

[0096] FIG. 8 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus where the plasma source is a torch plasma source e.g. a gliding arc plasma source:

[0097] FIG. 9 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator wherein a converging supersonic gas jet outgoing a ring-shaped nozzle and braking in a mushroom resonator has the form of a disk (i.e. the so-called disk-jet Hartmann ultrasound generator);

[0098] FIG. 10 is a sectional view along the diameter of the high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator (101) in FIG. 9 illustrating the shape of an opening (302), a gas passage (303) and a cavity (304) more clearly;

[0099] FIG. 11 schematically illustrates another embodiment of a high intensity and high power acoustic generator in form of an elongated body; and

[0100] FIG. 12 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a high intensity and high power acoustic generator comprising two generators.

[0101] Throughout the figures, same reference numerals indicate similar or corresponding features.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0102] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a prior art plasma reaction or generation apparatus. Shown is an example of a plasma generator or plasma source, i.e. any device or method capable of creating a plasma (forth only denoted plasma source) of the well-known so-called dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) type usable even at atmospheric pressure. Shown are a number of gases (111), such as He, Ar, O.sub.2, CO.sub.2, and NH.sub.3 supplied to a gas mixing unit (110) mixing the gases into a proper composition for the given use or application. The selected gases for the plasma should be selected based on the specific type of plasma reaction or compound generation process being used and may be any gas, which is ordinarily used for such processes. Specific and typical examples include air, natural gas, CH.sub.4, He, Ar, Ne, Xe, air, N.sub.2, O.sub.2, H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2, halogen compound gases such as Freon gases (CF.sub.4, CHF.sub.3, C.sub.3F.sub.6, C.sub.4F.sub.8 etc.), halon gases, NH.sub.3, NF.sub.3, SF.sub.6, organic compound gases (CH.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.6, C.sub.2H.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.2, C.sub.6H.sub.6, C.sub.2H.sub.5OH, etc.), NOx (nitrogen oxides), SO.sub.2, silanes etc. and gas mixtures selected from them. In order to stabilize the plasma, the gas(es) can be diluted with He, Ar, see e.g. European patent EP 0508833 B1.

[0103] Further shown are two electrodes (103) placed apart with a discharge gap between them, where at least one of the electrodes (103) is adjoined or covered with an insulating or dielectric material (105) on a side of the electrode facing the other electrode in order to avoid arcing. In the figure, both electrodes (103) are adjoined or covered with dielectric material (105). One electrode (103) is connected to a suitable power supply (114), being connected to ground and supplying AC high voltage, e.g. 0.1 kHz-500 kHz, between the electrodes (103).

[0104] Further, shown is a high voltage probe (113) connected to the power supply (114) and an oscilloscope connected to the high voltage probe (113). The high voltage probe is used for monitoring the applied voltage, but is not relevant for and does not influence plasma process.

[0105] The gas mix is supplied from the gas-mixing unit (110) to the discharge area between the two electrodes (103) and, as a result, plasma (104) is created when voltage is applied to the electrodes (103). A specimen or object (not shown) may be located in the plasma (104) e.g. for surface modification, treatment, processing, etc.

[0106] The plasma process taking place may e.g. involve ozone generation, hydrogen production, syngas production, exhaust gas cleaning, pollution control, odor removal, fuel conversion, sterilization, oxidation, etc.

[0107] Ozone can be formed by recombination in triplets of single oxygen atoms which are split from the diatomic oxygen in a plasma. Fuel conversion is the chemical or physical transformation of a naturally occurring or already modified fuel to improve the quality of the fuel. A fuel conversion process may result in one or more upgraded fuel products which may be solid, liquid, or gaseous, and may generate chemicals or raw materials for chemical manufacture. For example, coal generally requires size reduction, washing, and removal of inert species. Natural gas may need removal of H2S and CO2 with separation of gas liquids and C2 compounds. However, gas-to-liquid fuel conversion (liquefaction) is also of significant importance. Here CH.sub.4, which is the major component of natural gas, is converted to liquid fuels in one or more than one step chemical reactions. One well-known process is first synthesize a syngas (CO+H.sub.2);

CH.sub.4+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.CO+3H.sub.2

CH.sub.4+C.sub.2O.fwdarw.2CO+2H.sub.2

or

CH.sub.4+O.sub.2.fwdarw.CO+2H.sub.2

and subsequently synthesize liquids;

CO+H.sub.2.fwdarw.gasoline, diesel, alcohol, etc.

[0108] Plasma can also synthesize liquids (methanol, ethanol, benzene etc.) and other molecules (ethane, propane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene benzene and heavier hydrocarbons) (K. V. Kozlov, P. Michel, H. E. Wagner Synthesis of organic compounds from mixtures of methane with carbon dioxide in dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure Plasmas and Polymers, 5(3/4) (2000) 129-150, S. Kado, Y. Sekine, T. Nozaki, K. Okazaki Diagnosis of atmospheric pressure low temperature plasma and application to high efficient methane conversion Catalysis Today 89 (2004) 47-55 etc.). Produced hydrogen gas can also be used for other purposes such as an environmentally friendly fuel for fuel cells. Petroleum refining and coal gasification are also examples. Examples of quality upgrades are the manufacture of automotive gasoline by cracking of petroleum components, and removal of sulphur and nitrogen from liquid fuels by reacting the fuel with hydrogen.

[0109] Exhaust gas cleaning can be performed by passing through a plasma or injecting activated species in to the exhaust. Its examples are NOx and SO.sub.2 reduction.

[0110] Plasmas are useful for decomposing toxic gas components such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (K. Urashima, J. S. Chang Removal of volatile compounds from air streams and industrial flue gases by non-thermal plasma technoklogy IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Engineering 7(5) (2000) 602-614) and odor such as NH3 (L. Xia, L. Huang, X. Shu, R. Zhang, W. Dong, H. Hou Removal of ammonia from gas streams with dielectric barrier discharge plasmas 152 (2008) 113-119). They are generally decomposed by oxidation in a plasma.

[0111] A gas-phase reaction in the plasma (104) can be enhanced as shown and explained in the following.

[0112] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a block diagram of a plasma process/apparatus. Illustrated are one or more plasma sources (106) creating or supplying plasma (104).

[0113] Further illustrated are one or more ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic wave generators (101) generating high intensity and high power ultrasound (102). According to the present invention, the generated ultrasound (102) is applied to at least a part of the plasma (104) whereby at least a part of the acoustic energy is absorbed by the plasma (104). The addition of energy to the plasma (104) will enhance the gas-phase reaction and will enhance the plasma process taking place. The application of high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic waves with a sound pressure level of at least substantially 140 dB and an energy of at least substantially 100 W will enhance the gas-phase reaction and thereby the plasma process significantly, as explained in the following in connection with FIGS. 3a and 3b.

[0114] The working gas pressure at the inlet of the ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic wave generators (101) may be optimized so that high acoustic pressure can be generated. It is preferably between 1.9 and 5 bar or between 2.5 to 4 bar and will typically depend on the type generator used. The gas pressure at the outlet of the high-power gas-jet generators is lower than that at the inlet, and can be practically nearly equal to the gas pressure for the plasma process.

[0115] The air-pressure required for operation of gas-jet high-intensity and high-power ultrasonic generators is at least over 1.9 bar for operation under normal conditions and the pressure required for optimal operation providing stable generation of ultrasound with a SPL over 140 dB at 10 cm from the generator orifice is 2.5 to 4 bar depending on a generator type.

[0116] The one or more plasma sources (106) may be any plasma source suitable for the given plasma process, e.g. such sources as explained earlier and in the following and/or combinations thereof or such sources e.g. using one or more gases, as explained earlier, in creating the plasma. The plasma source(s) (106) can be chosen among any existing ones (both low and high pressure plasmas), and more specifically may be e.g. direct current plasmas, capacitively coupled plasmas, pulsed plasmas, magnetron plasmas, electron cyclotron resonance plasmas, inductively coupled plasmas, helicon plasmas, helical resonator plasmas, microwave plasmas, DBDs, SDs, plasma torches such as arc plasma torches, cold plasma torches, APPJs, pencil like torches, barrier torches, arc plasma torches, microwave torches, gliding arc, corona discharge, and microplasmas.

[0117] The gas pressure for the plasma process is preferably higher than 0.4 bar and may be around atmospheric pressure or more, so that the acoustic energy can be delivered efficiently. One the other hand, it is easier to generate plasmas at lower pressures. Therefore, the gas pressure for the plasma process is preferably more than 0.4 bar and less than the pressure at the inlet of the high-power gas-jet generators. More preferable plasma source may be DBDs, SDs, plasma torches such as arc plasma torches, cold plasma torches, APPJs, pencil like torches, barrier torches, microwave torches, gliding arc, corona discharge, and microplasmas, which can be operated at the pressures mentioned above.

[0118] The one or more ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator (101) is a gas-jet acoustic wave generator and may e.g. be one or more Hartmann type gas-jet generators, one or more Levavasseur type gas-jet generators, etc. or combinations thereof and as explained in the following and as shown in FIGS. 9-12.

[0119] The use of a gas-jet acoustic wave generator has advantages like described earlier in terms of acoustic power, high intensity, acoustic impedance, etc.

[0120] If more than a single ultrasonic and high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator is used they need not be of the same type although they can be.

[0121] The plasma process may e.g. be ozone generation, hydrogen production, exhaust gas cleaning, pollution control, fuel conversion, sterilization, oxidation, etc.

[0122] In one embodiment, a food item is subjected to the plasma process where the process will generate chemical radicals and sterilize the food item in a very efficient way.

[0123] FIG. 3a schematically illustrates a (turbulent) flow without application of ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves.

[0124] Shown is a surface (314) of a solid object (100) where a gas or a mixture of gases (500) surrounds or contacts the surface (314).

[0125] Thermal energy can be transported through gas by conduction as well as by the movement of the gas from one region to another. This process of heat transfer associated with gas movement is usually referred to as convection.

[0126] When the gas motion is caused only by buoyancy forces set up by temperature differences, the process is normally referred to as natural or free convection; but if the gas motion is caused by some other mechanism, it is usually referred to as forced convection. With a condition of forced convection, there will be a laminar boundary layer (311) near to the surface (314). The thickness of this layer is a decreasing function of the Reynolds number of the flow, so that at high flow velocities, the thickness of the laminar boundary layer (311) will decrease. When the flow becomes turbulent the layer are divided into a turbulent boundary layer (312) and a laminar boundary layer (313). For nearly all practically occurring gas flows, the flow regime will be turbulent in the entirety of the streaming volume, except for the laminar boundary layer (313) covering the surface (314) wherein the flow regime is laminar. Considering a gas molecule or a particle (315) in the laminar boundary layer (313), the velocity (316) will be substantially parallel to the surface (314) and equal to the velocity of the laminar boundary layer (313). Heat transport across the laminar boundary layer will be by conduction or radiation, due to the nature of laminar flow.

[0127] Furthermore, mass transport across the laminar boundary layer will be solely by diffusion. The presence of the laminar boundary layer (313) does not provide optimal or efficient increased mass transport. Any mass transport across the boundary layer will be solely by diffusion, and therefore often be the final limiting factor in an overall mass transport.

[0128] One impediment to the transfer or transmission of energy and/or mass from a gas to a solid surface is the boundary layer of the gas, which adheres to the solid surface. Even when the motion of the gas is fully turbulent, the laminar boundary layer exists that obstructs mass transport and/or heat transfer. While various methods and types of apparatus have been suggested for overcoming the problem such as by means of driving the gas with sonic waves and vibrating the solid object (100) with external vibration generators, these methods while being effective to some extent, are inherently limited in their ability to generate an effective minimization of the laminar boundary layer and at the same time covering an area large enough to make the method efficient.

[0129] FIG. 3b schematically illustrates a flow where the effect of applying high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic waves to/in air/gas (500) is illustrated.

[0130] More specifically. FIG. 3b illustrates the conditions when the surface (314) of a solid object (100) is applied with high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic waves by a gas-jet acoustic wave generator (not shown; see e.g. 101 in other Figures) and where the high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic waves is absorbed in the plasma so that the reaction is enhanced.

[0131] Again consider a gas molecule/particle (315) in the laminar layer; the velocity (316) will be substantially parallel to the surface (314) and equal to the velocity of the laminar layer prior applying ultrasound. In the direction of the emitted sound field to the surface (314) in FIG. 3b, the oscillating velocity of the molecule (315) has been increased significantly as indicated by arrows (317). As an example, a maximum velocity of v=4.5 m/sec and a displacement of +/32 m can be achieved where the frequency is f=22 kHz and the sound pressure level=160 dB. The corresponding (vertical) displacement in FIG. 3a is substantially zero since the molecule follows the laminar air stream along the surface. As a result, the acoustic waves will establish a forced heat flow and/or mass transport from the surface to surrounding gas/air (500) by increasing the conduction by minimizing the laminar boundary layer. The sound pressure level is in one embodiment substantially 140 dB or larger. Furthermore, the sound pressure level may be selected within the range of approximately 140-160 dB. The sound pressure level may be above substantially 150 dB, above substantially 160 dB, above substantially 170 dB, above substantially 180 dB, above substantially 190 dB or above substantially 200 dB.

[0132] The thinning or destruction of the laminar boundary layer has the effect that heat transfer and mass transport from the surface (314) to the surrounding or contacting gas (500) greatly is increased, as the presence or the reduced size of the laminar boundary layer no longer will hind heat transfer and/or mass transport to the surface of the solid object(s) (100) being subjected to plasma surface modification, i.e. the plasma will more efficiently influence the surface of the object.

[0133] Furthermore, the high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic waves is absorbed in the plasma so that the reaction is enhanced.

[0134] Various embodiments are described in connection with the following figures.

[0135] FIG. 4 schematically illustrates one embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus.

[0136] Shown is at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic wave gas-jet generator (101) generating high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic waves (102) propagating towards and reaching a plasma (104), which will absorb the substantial acoustic energy whereby a gas-phase reaction in the plasma (104) will be enhanced due to the received energy.

[0137] A plasma (104) is created by a plasma source (106) using the shown gas flow, the shown electrodes (103; 103), and an insulator or dielectric material (105) e.g. as explained in connection with FIG. 1. The particular shown plasma source (106) is of the DBD type but could be of another type.

[0138] The insulator or dielectric material (105) may e.g. comprise Al.sub.2O.sub.3 or in general material having a dielectric property or any kind of insulators such as ceramics, polymers and glasses. Ceramics and glasses are more durable against plasma since they have relatively high temperature resistance. They are often preferred, since they typically have high dielectric constants and thus plasma can be generated and sustained at lower AC voltages.

[0139] Further shown is a hom or the like (402) or sound guiding or directing means that ensures that the sound intensity and power is contained and focused towards the plasma/object.

[0140] In one embodiment, a membrane (401) or similar is located between the high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic wave generator (102) and the plasma. This enables control of the gas environment for the plasma generation process so that only the received gas flow is used in creating the plasma. This may be useful for gas driven generators (102) so that the gas from such generators do not interfere with the gas mix used for plasma creation. Other embodiments may exclude the membrane (401). The membrane (401) is preferably relatively thin and relatively transparent to ultrasound. The thickness, size, and/or shape of the membrane (401) and tension applied to it may be optimized for decreasing a loss of ultrasound.

[0141] In some embodiments, the membrane can be dispensed with even though it is not preferred that a mix of the gaseous medium used for generating the high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic waves and the gas(es) used for creating the plasma occurs. This can be achieved by having a high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator where the generated acoustic waves propagates generally in another direction than the general direction of the gaseous medium after exiting the acoustic wave generator.

[0142] In FIG. 12 is shown two such generators where the general direction of the generated acoustic waves are at an angle to the general direction of the gaseous medium after exit from the generator.

[0143] Generators can be designed so that the two directions are about opposite.

[0144] For instance, stem-jet Hartmann generators radiating ultrasound in the so-called high-frequency regime allow such natural spatial separation of the ultrasound field and the outgoing gas flow (see e.g. Y. Y. Borisov, Acoustic gas-jet generators of Hartmann type, in L. D. Rozenberg (ed.) Sources of High-Intensity Ultrasound (New York: Plenum: 1969) part I.). Such generators can be very useful in avoiding the use of a membrane as the gaseous medium may directed away from the plasma. In this way, no gas(es) used for generating the acoustic waves will influence the plasma gas(es). It is to be understood that even in such an arrangement a membrane may still be useful (although it may be of a different design) since it can contain the gas(es) used for creating the plasma contained so they do not diffuse into the surrounding environment, which may be useful since some have a significant cost.

[0145] Any kinds of membranes can be used, as long as there is neither significant loss of ultrasound nor significant gas leakage. As long as they can form thin films, their materials can be chosen from any thermoplastic and thermoset polymers such as polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins (low density (LD) polyethylene (PE), high density (HD) PE, ultrahigh density PE, ultrahigh molecular weight PE, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly (vinylidene chloride), polystyrene, polyimide, polyamide, poly (vinyl vinyl ether), polyisobutylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyurethane, poly (vinyl acetate), poly-acrylonitrile, natural and synthetic rubbers, polymer alloys, copolymers, and their laminates. They can be coated with organic and/or inorganic materials using any existing techniques. Among them, lower density materials such as PE can be used. Furthermore, a metal foil may be used as a membrane. Other examples are metal coated (or material coated with inorganic material) or laminated polymer membranes.

[0146] As an alternative, the membrane may comprise or consist of Aerogel.

[0147] In one embodiment, the electrode located between the plasma (104) and the generator (101) is a mesh type of electrode (103) or another type of perforated electrode. This enables the generated ultrasound to virtually pass unhindered to the object(s) (100) without loosing a significant amount of energy whereby as much energy as possible is present for influencing the laminar sub-layer around the object(s) (100). Other embodiments may exclude the mesh type/perforated electrode (103).

[0148] The direction of outgoing gas/gas mixture, used for creating the plasma (104), and the ultrasound (102) is quite controllable and the angle between their principal directions may vary. In the shown embodiment, the angle is about 90. But the angle may in principal be any angle. In FIG. 5 for example, the angle is about 0.

[0149] The gas or gas mixture used for creating the plasma (104) may also be used for driving the gas-jet acoustic generator(s) (101). The plasma (104) may be generated before, in or after the acoustic generator (101).

[0150] FIG. 5 schematically illustrates an alternative embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus. This embodiment corresponds to the embodiment shown and explained in connection with FIG. 4 except that the gas for the plasma is not fed from the side but rather from the same direction as the high intensity and high power ultrasonic acoustic waves (102).

[0151] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an alternative embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus. This embodiment corresponds to the embodiment shown and explained in connection with FIG. 4 except that it does not comprise a membrane. Such an embodiment is suitable for ambient or normal air plasma. In such an embodiment without a membrane, a high speed air flow used for the generation of high intensity and high power ultrasound can also be used as a process gas for the plasma.

[0152] FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus where the plasma source is a surface discharge (SD) plasma source. The shown embodiment corresponds to the embodiment shown and explained in connection with FIG. 4 except that instead of a DBD plasma source it comprises a surface discharge (SD) plasma source (106) comprising a single insulator or dielectric material (105) and a number of electrodes (103) embedded in the insulator or the dielectric material (105). The shown SD plasma source is the so-called comprises a so-called CDSD discharge element. Alternatively, it could comprise a SPCP discharge element or by of another type of SD plasma source. As an alternative to the gas flow being received from the side, it could be supplied in the direction of the ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves e.g. as shown in FIG. 5 or in another way.

[0153] FIG. 8 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an enhanced plasma apparatus where the plasma source is a torch plasma source e.g. a gliding arc plasma source. The shown embodiment corresponds to the embodiment shown and explained in connection with FIG. 4 except that instead of a DBD plasma source it comprises a torch plasma source e.g. a gliding arc plasma source.

[0154] The torch plasma source could e.g. be a barrier torch design or cold plasma torch design as well-known in the art.

[0155] FIG. 9 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a high intensity and high power acoustic wave gas-jet generator in the form of a disk-shaped disk jet (i.e. a disk-jet Hartmann ultrasound generator). Shown is an embodiment of a high intensity ultrasound generator (101), in this example a so-called disk-jet. The generator (101) comprises a generally annular outer part (305) and a generally cylindrical inner part (306), in which an annular cavity (304) is recessed. Through an annular gas passage (303) gases may be diffused to the annular opening (302) from which it may be conveyed to the cavity (304). The outer part (305) may be adjustable in relation to the inner part (306), e.g. by providing a thread or another adjusting device (not shown) in the bottom of the outer part (305), which further may comprise fastening means (not shown) for locking the outer part (305) in relation to the inner part (306), when the desired interval there between has been obtained. Such an ultrasound device may generate a frequency of about 22 kHz at a gas pressure of 4 atmospheres. The molecules of the gas are thus able to migrate up to 33 m about 22,000 times per second at a velocity of 4.5 m/s. These values are merely included to give an idea of the size and proportions of the ultrasound device and by no means limit of the shown embodiment.

[0156] FIG. 10 is a sectional view along the diameter of the high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator (101) in FIG. 9 illustrating the shape of an opening (302), a gas passage (303) and a cavity (304) more clearly. As mentioned in connection with FIG. 9 the opening (302) is generally annular. The gas passage (303) and the opening (302) are defined by the substantially annular outer part (305) and the substantially cylindrical inner part (306) arranged therein. The gas jet discharged from the opening (302) hits the substantially circumferential cavity (304) formed in the inner part (306), and then exits the high intensity ultrasound generator (101). As previously mentioned the outer part (305) defines the exterior of the gas passage (303) and is further beveled at an angle of about 30 along the outer surface of its inner circumference forming the opening of the high intensity ultrasound generator, wherefrom the gas jet may expand when diffused. Jointly with a corresponding beveling of about 60 on the inner surface of the inner circumference, the above beveling forms an acute-angled circumferential edge defining the opening (302) externally. The inner part (306) has a beveling of about 45 in its outer circumference facing the opening and internally defining the opening (302). The outer part (305) may be adjusted in relation to the inner part (306), whereby the pressure of the gas jet hitting the cavity (304) may be adjusted. The top of the inner part (306), in which the cavity (304) is recessed, is also beveled at an angle of about 45 to allow the oscillating gas jet to expand at the opening of the high intensity ultrasound generator.

[0157] FIG. 11 schematically illustrates another embodiment of a high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator in form of an elongated body. Shown is a high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) comprising an elongated substantially rail-shaped body, where the body is functionally equivalent with the embodiments shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. In this embodiment the outer part comprises one rail-shaped portion (305), which jointly with a rail-shaped other part (306) forms an ultrasound device (101). A gas passage (303) is provided between the rail-shaped portion (305) and the rail-shaped other part (306). The gas passage has an opening (302) conveying emitted gas from the gas passage (303) to a cavity (304) provided in the rail-shaped other part (306). One advantage of this embodiment is that a rail-shaped body is able to coat a far larger surface area than a circular body. Another advantage of this embodiment is that the high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator may be made in an extruding process, whereby the cost of materials is reduced.

[0158] FIG. 12 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a high intensity and high power acoustic generator comprising two generators. Shown is an example of two gas-jet high intensity and high power acoustic wave generators (101; 101), a first (101) and a second (101), where each generator (101; 101) generates high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) using a gaseous medium (121). The gaseous medium (121) exits each generator (101) in a principal direction schematically indicated by arrow (A; A) in a cone-like shape, as represented by the hatched area, towards the generated plasma.

[0159] The high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) generated by the first generator (101) propagate in a principal direction as schematically indicated by arrows (B) that is different than the general direction of the gaseous medium (A) from the first generator (101) due to the design of the high power acoustic wave generator (101).

[0160] The high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) generated by the second generator (101) propagate in a general direction as schematically indicated by arrow (B).

[0161] One example of a high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator operating in a way like this is shown and explained in connection with FIG. 11. This design generates high intensity and high power acoustic waves in a substantial line (seen from above), whereas the design of FIGS. 9 and 10 generates waves in a substantially circular way.

[0162] The first (101) and the second high power acoustic wave generator (101) are located in relation to each other so that at least a part of the generated high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) from the second acoustic wave generator (101) has a general direction (B) that is directed towards at least a part of the gaseous medium (121) from the first acoustic wave generator (101) and that at least a part of the generated high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) from the first acoustic wave generator (101) has a general direction (B) that is directed towards at least a part of the gaseous medium (121) from the second acoustic wave generator (101).

[0163] By directing high intensity and high power acoustic waves generated by the second generator (101) directly towards the gaseous medium (121) from the first generator (101), energy is supplied in as a direct way as possible so that it directly influences the gaseous medium (121) thereby increasing the efficiency or turbulence of the gaseous medium.

[0164] This gives a very compact and efficient setup as the gaseous medium of each generator is enhanced by the high intensity and high power acoustic waves of another generator using a total of only two generators.

[0165] If only a single generator (101) was used, the difference between the general directions of the high intensity and high power acoustic waves (B or B) and the general direction of the gaseous medium (A or A) for a single generator (101) would cause a loss in efficiency since the acoustic waves do not coincide with the gaseous medium (121).

[0166] The location of the generators (101; 101) in relation to each other may vary. One example is e.g. where the two generators are facing each other displaced or shifted but where the high intensity and high power acoustic waves still directly influences the gaseous medium of the other generator.

[0167] In the figure, the shown sizes, directions, etc. of the cones (121; 102) do not relate to any specific physical properties like acoustic wave intensity, etc. but merely serve for illustrational purposes. The intensities and/or power of the two generators (101) may be equal or different (with either one being greater than the other is). Furthermore, the shapes, sizes, and directions may vary from application to application.

[0168] The specific location of one of the generator (101; 101) may also vary in relation to the other generator and may e.g. be placed above or higher than and/or e.g. facing, the other generator (101); as long as the acoustic waves (102) of one generator (101) directly influences the gaseous medium (121) of the other generator (101) and vice versa.

[0169] Although this particular example shows two generators it is to be understood that a given arrangement may comprises additional generators.

[0170] The gaseous medium (102) may in general be any gaseous medium. In one embodiment the gaseous medium (102) is steam. In an alternative embodiment the gaseous medium (102) comprises one or more gases used for creating the plasma.

[0171] It is to be noted, that one or more of the acoustic generators shown in connection with FIG. 12 or any other Figure could comprise one or more reflectors e.g. of generally parabolic or elliptical shape for directing the acoustic energy to a preferred region or spot.

[0172] It should be emphasized that the term comprises/comprising when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components and/or groups thereof.

[0173] In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be constructed as limiting the claim. The word comprising does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. The word a or an preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements.

[0174] The invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer or processor. In the system and device claims enumerating several means, several of these means can be embodied by one and the same item of s hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

Additional Aspects:

[0175] A. A method of enhancing a gas-phase reaction in a plasma comprising: [0176] creating plasma (104) by at least one plasma source (106), and

[0177] characterized in that the method further comprises: [0178] generating ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) having a predetermined amount of acoustic energy by at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101), where said ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves are directed to propagate towards said plasma (104) so that at least a part of said predetermined amount of acoustic energy is absorbed into said plasma (104), and where a sound pressure level of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) is at least substantially 140 dB and where an acoustic power of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) is at least substantially 100 W.

[0179] B. A method according to aspect A, wherein said sound pressure level of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) is [0180] at least substantially 150 dB, [0181] at least substantially 160 dB, [0182] at least substantially 170 dB, [0183] at least substantially 180 dB, [0184] at least substantially 190 dB, or [0185] at least substantially 200 dB.

[0186] C. A method according to any one of aspects A-B, wherein said acoustic power of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) is [0187] at least substantially 200 W, [0188] at least substantially 300 W, [0189] at least substantially 400 W, [0190] about 400 W, [0191] greater than substantially 400 W, [0192] at least substantially 500 W, [0193] at least substantially 1 kW, or [0194] selected from about 1-2 kW.

[0195] D. A method according to any one of aspects A-C, wherein said plasma source (106) comprises at least one source selected from a group of: a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma source, a surface discharge (SD) plasma source, a volume discharge (VD) plasma source, a plasma torch source, an arc plasma torch, a gliding arc plasma torch, a cold plasma torch, a pencil-like torch, a direct current plasma source, a capacitively coupled plasma source, a pulsed plasma source, a magnetron plasma source, an electron cyclotron resonance plasma source, an inductively coupled plasma source, a helicon plasma source, a helical resonator plasma source, a microwave plasma source, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) source, a barrier torch, an arc microwave torch, a corona discharge plasma source, a micro-plasma source, a low pressure plasma source, and a high pressure plasma source.

[0196] E. A method according to any one of aspects A-D, wherein a working gas pressure at an inlet of said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) is between approximately 1.9 and approximately 5 bar.

[0197] F. A method according to any one of aspects A-E, wherein said plasma (104) is created at atmospheric pressure.

[0198] G. A method according to any one of aspects A-F, wherein said plasma source (106) comprises at least one electrode (103; 103) and wherein one electrode (103) of said at least one electrode (103; 103) is a mesh type of electrode.

[0199] H. A method according to any one of aspects A-G, wherein the generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves are propagated towards a membrane (401) so that any gases used by the at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator (101) is not mixed with one or more gases (111) used by said plasma source (106) to create said plasma (104).

[0200] I. A method according to aspects A-H, wherein the generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) are generated using a gaseous medium (121) and where the acoustic waves (102) are directed towards said surface (314) of the object (100) and wherein said gaseous medium (121) after exit of said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) is directed away from said plasma (104).

[0201] J. A method according to any one of aspects A-I, wherein a gas mixture (111) used for creating the plasma (104) is supplied to at least one electrode (103; 103) of the plasma source (106) substantially in a direction that said ultrasonic acoustic waves propagate towards said plasma (104).

[0202] K. A method according to any one of aspects A-J, wherein said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) is selected from the group of: [0203] a Hartmann type gas-jet generator, [0204] a Levavasseur type gas-jet generator, [0205] a generator comprising an outer part (305) and an inner part (306) defining a passage (303), an opening (302), and a cavity (304) provided in the inner part (306), where said ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) is adapted to receive a pressurized gas and pass the pressurized gas to said opening (302), from which the pressurized gas is discharged in a jet towards the cavity (304), [0206] a generator of any of the above mentioned types, which includes any type of concentrators or reflectors of acoustic waves.

[0207] L. A method according to any one of aspects A-K, wherein a food item is subjected to the plasma (104) where the creation of the plasma (104) generates chemical radicals and sterilizes the food item.

[0208] M. A method according to any one of aspects A-L, wherein said generating ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) comprises: [0209] generating high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) by a first acoustic wave generator (101) using a gaseous medium (121) where the gaseous medium (121), after exit from the first acoustic wave generator (101), has a first principal direction (A) that is different from a second principal direction (B) of the high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) generated by the first acoustic wave generator (101), [0210] generating high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) by a second acoustic wave generator (101), [0211] where the first (101) and second acoustic wave generators (101) are located in relation to each other so that at least a part of the generated high intensity acoustic waves (102), being generated by said second acoustic wave generator (101), is directed towards at least a part of the gaseous medium (121) after exit from said first acoustic wave generator (101).

[0212] N. A method according to any one of aspects A-M, wherein said plasma (104) is used in a process selected from the group of: [0213] ozone generation, [0214] hydrogen production, [0215] exhaust gas cleaning, [0216] pollution control, [0217] odor removal, [0218] fuel conversion, [0219] sterilization, and [0220] oxidation.

[0221] O. A system for enhancing a gas-phase reaction in a plasma comprising: [0222] at least one plasma source (106) adapted to create plasma (104), characterized in that the system further comprises: [0223] at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) adapted to generate ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) having a predetermined amount of acoustic energy and being directed to propagate towards said plasma (104) so that at least a part of said predetermined amount of acoustic energy is absorbed into said plasma (104), and where a sound pressure level of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) is at least substantially 140 dB and where an acoustic power of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) is at least 100 W.

[0224] P. A system according to aspect O, wherein the sound pressure level of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) is [0225] at least substantially 150 dB, [0226] at least substantially 160 dB, [0227] at least substantially 170 dB, [0228] at least substantially 180 dB, [0229] at least substantially 190 dB, or [0230] at least substantially 200 dB.

[0231] Q. A system according to any one of aspects O-P, wherein said acoustic power of said generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) is [0232] at least substantially 200 W, [0233] at least substantially 300 W, [0234] at least substantially 400 W, [0235] about 400 W, [0236] greater than substantially 400 W, [0237] at least substantially 500 W, [0238] at least substantially 1 kW, or [0239] selected from about 1-2 kW.

[0240] R. A system according to any one of aspects O-Q, wherein said plasma source (106) comprises at least one source selected from a group of: a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma source, a surface discharge (SD) plasma source, a volume discharge (VD) plasma source, a plasma torch source, an arc plasma torch, a gliding arc plasma torch, a cold plasma torch, a pencil-like torch, a direct current plasma source, a capacitively coupled plasma source, a pulsed plasma source, a magnetron plasma source, an electron cyclotron resonance plasma source, an inductively coupled plasma source, a helicon plasma source, a helical resonator plasma source, a microwave plasma source, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) source, a barrier torch, an arc microwave torch, a corona discharge plasma source, a micro-plasma source, a low pressure plasma source, and a high pressure plasma source.

[0241] S. A system according to any one of aspects O-R, wherein a working gas pressure at an inlet of said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) is between approximately 1.9 and approximately 5 bar.

[0242] T. A system according to any one of aspects O-S, wherein said plasma (104) is created at atmospheric pressure.

[0243] U. A system according to any one of aspects O-T, wherein said plasma source (106) comprises at least one electrode (103; 103) and wherein one electrode (103) of said at least one electrode (103; 103) is a mesh type of electrode.

[0244] V. A system according to any one of aspects O-U, wherein said system further comprises a membrane (401) and where the system is adapted to propagate the generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves towards the membrane (401) so that any gases used by the at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic wave generator (101) is not mixed with one or more gases (111) used by said plasma source (106) to create said plasma (104).

[0245] W. A system according to any one of aspects O-V, wherein the generated ultrasonic high intensity and high power acoustic waves (102) are generated using a gaseous medium (121) and where the acoustic waves (102) are directed towards said plasma (104) and wherein said gaseous medium (121) after exit of said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) is directed away from said plasma (104).

[0246] X. A system according to any one of aspects O-W, said plasma source (106) comprises at least one electrode (103; 103) and wherein a gas mixture (111) used for creating the plasma (104) is supplied to the at least one electrode (103; 103) substantially in a direction that said ultrasonic acoustic waves propagates towards said plasma (104).

[0247] Y. A system according to any one of aspects O-X, wherein said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) is selected from the group of: [0248] a Hartmann type gas-jet generator, [0249] a Levavasseur type gas-jet generator, [0250] a generator comprising an outer part (305) and an inner part (306) defining a passage (303), an opening (302), and a cavity (304) provided in the inner part (306), where said ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) is adapted to receive a pressurized gas and pass the pressurized gas to said opening (302), from which the pressurized gas is discharged in a jet towards the cavity (304), [0251] a generator of any of the above mentioned types, which includes any type of concentrators or reflectors of acoustic waves.

[0252] Z. A system according to any one of aspects O-Y, wherein a food item is subjected to the plasma (104) where the creation of the plasma (104) generates chemical radicals and sterilizes the food item.

[0253] AA. A system according to any one of aspects O-Z, wherein said at least one ultrasonic high intensity and high power gas-jet acoustic wave generator (101) comprises [0254] a first acoustic wave generator (101) for generating high intensity acoustic waves (102) using a gaseous medium (101) where the gaseous medium (101) after exit from said first acoustic wave generator (101) has a first principal direction (A) that is different from a second principal direction (8) of generated high intensity acoustic waves (102) being generated by said first acoustic wave generator (101), and [0255] at least a second acoustic wave generator (101) for generating high intensity acoustic waves (102), where said first (101) and second acoustic wave generators (101) are located in relation to each other so that at least a part of the generated high intensity acoustic waves (102), being generated by one of said first (101) and second (101) acoustic wave generator, is directed towards at least a part of the gaseous medium (101) after exit from the other of said first (101) and said second (101) acoustic wave generator.

[0256] BB. A system according to any one of aspects O-AA, wherein said plasma (104) is used in a process selected from the group of: [0257] ozone generation, [0258] hydrogen production, [0259] exhaust gas cleaning, [0260] pollution control, [0261] odor removal, [0262] fuel conversion, [0263] sterilization, and [0264] oxidation.