POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR AN IMAGING DEVICE

Abstract

A positioning system for an imaging device, in particular a MR imaging device to position an insertion element on or in the body of a subject, in particular an animal, wherein the imaging device comprises a bore, in which the subject is received, wherein the positioning system comprises a robot which can be at least partially arranged in the bore of the imaging device and comprises a holding element to hold the insertion element; wherein the robot further comprises at least one actuator acting on the holding element, such that an end portion of the insertion element is movable, wherein said at least one actuator is arranged with a distance D from the bore to minimize magnetic and/or electromagnetic interferences between the imaging device and the at least one actuator and said first actuator is coupled to the holding element in a form-fit- and/or a force-fit-manner.

Claims

1. A positioning system for an imaging device, in particular a MR imaging device, to position an insertion element on or in the body of a subject, in particular an animal, wherein the imaging device comprises a bore, in which the subject is received, wherein the positioning system comprises a robot, which can be at least partially arranged in the bore of the imaging device and comprises a holding element to hold the insertion element; characterized in that the robot further comprises at least one actuator, acting on the holding element such that an end portion of the insertion element is movable, wherein said at least one actuator is arranged with a distance D from the bore to minimize magnetic and/or electromagnetic interferences between the imaging device and the at least one actuator and said first actuator is coupled to the holding element in a form-fit- and/or a force-fit-manner.

2. The positioning system according to claim 1, characterized in that the imaging device is a fMRI-device comprising an MRI scanner, using a magnetic field preferably in the range of ca. 3 T to ca. 21 T, more preferably in the range of ca. 7 T to ca. 14 T, and a bore diameter of preferably in the range of 50 cm to 6 cm, more preferably 12 cm, wherein the insertion element can be a fiber-optic for optogenetic stimulation and fluorescent recording from endogenous/exogenous biosensors of metabolites of the subject brain, an electrode for recording electrophysiological or electrochemical signal, and an implantable pump/needle for direct drug delivery to treat tumor or other diseases.

3. The positioning system according to claim 1, characterized in that the bore (4) has a longitudinal expansion along an X-axis and further expands along a Z-axis and a Y-axis, wherein said X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are orthogonal to each other, wherein at least the end portion of the insertion element has a longitudinal extension along an A-axis, wherein the A-axis and the Z-axis form an angle , which is in the range between 0 and 90, preferably in the range between 0 and 45.

4. The positioning system according to claim 3, characterized in that the robot comprises a head part, a first and a second drive mechanism, wherein a first actuator acts on the holding element via the first drive mechanism such that the end portion of the insertion element is linearly movable along the A-axis, wherein a second actuator acts on the holding element via the second drive mechanism such that the end portion of the insertion element can be pivoted about an pivot axis B, wherein by said pivoting-motion the angle , is adjusted.

5. The positioning system according to claim 4, characterized in that the first drive mechanism comprises a first pulley, which is connected to the first actuator by a first belt, a shaft, which is received in a central hub portion of the first pulley and connects the first pulley and a converting element, on which the holding element is mounted, wherein the converting element converts a rotational motion of the first pulley into a linear motion of the holding element along the A-axis.

6. The positioning system according to claim 5, characterized in that the converting element comprises a disc-like element with a first surface on which a first guiding element is arranged, wherein the holding element comprises at least one preferably at least three second guiding element(s), which engage(s) the first guiding element.

7. The positioning system according to claim 6; characterized in that the first guiding element has a continuous course, which originates in or in the proximity of a center of the disc-like element, wherein the continuous course evolves in form of a spiral to an edge of the disc-like element, wherein the spiral is described by a polar equation of r=a*, wherein r is the radial distance, is the polar angle and a is a constant >0.

8. The positioning system according to claim 4, characterized in that the second drive mechanism comprises a second pulley, which is connected to the second actuator by a second belt, and a cup-like element, which is rigidly connected to the second pulley, wherein the cup-like element comprises a receiving element, which extends along the A-axis and receives the holding element, wherein cup-like element engages the holding element such that a rotational motion of the cup-like element causes a pivoting-motion of the holding element around the B-axis.

9. The positioning system according to claim 4, characterized in that the head part of the robot is connected to a holding rod via a connection element, wherein the robot further comprises a third actuator which acts on the a holding rod via a third drive mechanism, such that the head part of the robot can be moved along the Y-axis, wherein the robot further comprises a fourth actuator which acts on the holding rod via a fourth drive mechanism, such that the head part of the robot can be moved along the X-axis.

10. The positioning system according to claim 9, characterized in that the third drive mechanism comprises a third pulley, which is connected to the third actuator by a third belt, wherein the third pulley is rigidly connected to a threaded spindle on which a nut is arranged, wherein the nut is connected to the holding rod of the robot, wherein the threaded spindle is arranged perpendicularly to the holding rod, wherein a rotation of the third pulley causes a rotation of the threaded spindle and a movement of the nut and the holding rod along the Y-axis.

11. The positioning system according to claim 1, characterized in that the positioning system comprises a platform on which the robot is arranged, wherein the subject is suspended and/or held at a head part of the platform which can be arranged in the bore of the imaging device, wherein the first, second, third and fourth actuators are arranged at the foot part of the platform wherein the threaded spindle is arranged on a holder connected to the platform.

12. The positioning system according to claim 1, characterized in that the robot and the platform mainly consisting of MRI-compatible materials, such as nonmagnetic, dielectric materials, plastics, rubbers, ceramics.

13. The positioning system according to claim 1, characterized in that the positioning system comprises at least one, preferably at least two MRI-compatible camera(s), which is mounted on the head part of the platform.

14. The positioning system according to claim 1, characterized in that the positioning system further comprises a navigation unit comprising a control unit, which controls the motion of the first, second, third and fourth actuator, an image processing unit, which processes real time images of the imaging device and/or the at least one camera in the bore.

15. A method to position an insertion element using a positioning system according to claim 1 in a MR imaging device, the method comprising the steps of: a. lowering the insertion element by the robot to a first position on the subject or close to the subject; b. acquiring a 3D-MRI image and process the image via the image processing unit to identify the location of subject, as well as the position of insertion element; c. calculation of the coordinates of the target point and the insertion element and calculation of an optimized movement trajectory for the insertion element by the control unit; d. monitoring movement trajectory by real-time MRI image via the image processing unit.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0065] FIG. 1 shows the platform with the robot arranged in the imaging device according to one embodiment.

[0066] FIG. 2A shows the head part of the robot according to one embodiment.

[0067] FIG. 2B shows the head part of the robot and its components according to one embodiment in an exploded view.

[0068] FIG. 3A shows the converting element and the holding element according to one embodiment. FIG. 3B shows schematically the principle of the converting element.

[0069] FIG. 4 shows the robot according to one embodiment mounted on the platform.

[0070] FIG. 5 shows the robot according to one embodiment.

[0071] FIG. 6 shows the robot according to one embodiment.

[0072] FIG. 7 shows the head part of the platform according to one embodiment.

[0073] FIG. 8 shows the principle function of the positioning system according to one embodiment and an MRI-system.

[0074] FIG. 9 shows an image of a fiber position above a hole in a rat skull.

[0075] FIGS. 10A-10D show a fiber placement of perfused rat brain in vitro.

[0076] FIG. 11 shows a fiber placement of perfused rat brain in vitro with different moving distances.

[0077] FIG. 12 shows time-lapsed images of fiber optic targeting in the rat brain in vivo.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0078] Without limiting the generality, in the following embodiments a MRI-(Magnetic resonance imaging) device is assumed as imaging device. Such an imaging device (2) is a fMRI-device comprising an MRI-scanner, using a magnetic field preferably in the range of ca. 3 T to ca. 21 T more preferably in the range of ca. 7 T to ca. 14 T, and a bore diameter of preferably in the range of 50 cm to 6 cm, more preferably 12 cm, wherein the insertion element can be a fiber-optic for optogenetic stimulation and fluorescent recording from endogenous/exogenous biosensors of metabolites of the subject brain, an electrode for recording electrophysiological or electrochemical signal, and an implantable pump/needle for direct drug delivery to treat tumor or other diseases.

[0079] FIGS. 1 to 8 display a positioning system (1) for an imaging device (2), in particular a MR imaging device, to position an insertion element (3) on or in the body of a subject, in particular an animal, wherein the imaging device (2) comprises a bore (4), in which the subject is received, wherein the positioning system (1) comprises a robot (5), which can be at least partially arranged in the bore (4) of the imaging device (2) and comprises a holding element (7) to hold the insertion element (3); wherein the robot (5) further comprises at least one actuator (8, 9, 10, 11), acting on the holding element such that an end portion (3a) of the insertion element (3) is movable, wherein said at least one actuator (8, 9, 10, 11) is arranged with a distance D from the bore to minimize magnetic and/or electromagnetic interferences between the imaging device (2) and the at least one actuator (8, 9, 10, 11) and said first actuator (8, 9, 10, 11) is coupled to the holding element (3) in a form-fit- and/or a force-fit-manner.

[0080] FIG. 1 shows a MRI-scanner, typically located in a scanner room, and a platform (40), on which the robot (5) is arranged. The bore (4) of the imaging device (2) has a longitudinal expansion along an X-axis and further expands along a Z-axis and a Y-axis, wherein said X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are orthogonal to each other. The platform (40) has a longitudinal expansion along the X-axis of at least the distance D and a width which expands along the Y-axis. Further, the platform is mounted on a support device (48) which is equipped with several wheels and is partially arranged in the bore (4) of the imaging device (2).

[0081] The robot (5) further comprises a first (12) and a second drive mechanism (13) and a first (8) and a second actuator (9). These components are depicted in FIGS. 2 to 6. The first actuator (8) acts on the holding element (7) via the first drive mechanism (12) such that the end portion (3a) of the insertion element (3) is linearly movable along the A-axis. The second actuator (9) acts on the holding element (7) via the second drive mechanism (13) such that the end portion (3a) of the insertion element (3) can be pivoted about a pivot axis B, wherein by said pivoting-motion the angle , is adjusted. The first (8) and the second actuator (9) are mounted at a foot part (42) of the platform (40) wherein the foot part (42) is arranged with a distance D from the bore (4) to minimize magnetic and/or electromagnetic interferences between the imaging device (2) and the actuators (8, 9).

[0082] The holding element (7) comprises a body (7a) of an essentially rectangular shape which extends along the A-axis. The bores for the second guiding elements (24) in form of pins are arranged in row, placed in the center of the rectangular body (24a). On the body (7a) a gripping portion (7b) is arranged, by which the insertion element (3) is fastened. Further, the body (24a) comprises two lateral grooves (54a, 54b).

[0083] The FIGS. 2A and 2B display a head part (6) of the robot (5), wherein the individual components of the head part (6) are shown in FIG. 2B in an exploded view. The components of the head part (6) are the holding element (7), a first pulley (14), a second pulley (26), a shaft (16) which is rigidly connected to a converting element (18), a cup-like element (28), a connection element (33), which connects the head part (6) to a holding rod (32), and a fixing element (49).

[0084] The first drive mechanism (12) comprises the first pulley (14), which is connected to the first actuator (8) by a first belt (15), the shaft (16), which is received in a central hub portion (17) of the first pulley (14) and connects the first pulley (14), and the converting element (18), on which the holding element (7) is mounted. The converting element (18) converts a rotational motion (19) of the first pulley (14) into a linear motion (20) of the holding element (7) along the A-axis. Thus, the coupling of the first actuator (8) to the holding element (7) in a form-fit- and/or a force-fit-manner is achieved by such a belt drive. The first belt (15) is looped over the first pulley (14) and a pulley (50) connected to the first actuator (8). FIG. 5 displays this connection between the first pulley (14) and the pulley (50) connected to the first actuator (8) by the first belt (15). The first belt (15) is a toothed belt having teeth (15a) that fit into matching teeth (14a) of the first pulley (14) and teeth of the pulley (50) connected to the first actuator (8). By such a design, slippage of the belt is avoided.

[0085] The shaft (16) is rigidly connected to the central hub portion (17) of the first pulley (14) and the converting element (18). The rotational motion of the first pulley (14) is therefore transmitted by the shaft (16) to the converting element (18).

[0086] The converting element (18) comprises a disc-like element (21) with a first surface (22) on which a first guiding element (23) is arranged. The disc-like element has a circular form with a center (21a) and an edge (21b). The shaft is rigidly connected to a second surface (51) opposite to the first surface (22).

[0087] The first guiding element (23) has a continuous course, which originates in, or in the proximity of the center (21a) of the disc-like element (21), wherein the continuous course evolves in form of a spiral (25) to the edge (21b) of the disc-like element (21). The spiral (25) is described by a polar equation of r=a*, wherein r is the radial distance, is the polar angle and a is a constant >0. Such a spiral (25) is called an Archimedean spiral. The Archimedean spiral has the property that any ray from the center (21a) intersects successive turnings of the spiral (25) in points with a constant separation distance (equal to 2*a, is measured in radians). The first guiding element (23) in the form of a spiral (25) is designed as a projection projecting from the first surface (22).

[0088] The holding element (7) comprises a plurality of second guiding elements (24), which engage the first guiding element (23). The second guiding elements (24) are in form of a projection or a pin which is either formed directly on the holding element (7) or rigidly arranged in bores of the holding element (7). The second guiding elements (24) in form of pins fit in the space (25a) between two opposing points of the projecting spiral (25), preferably without play. FIG. 3B displays the principle of the drive using an Archimedean spiral. The spiral (25) and the holding element (7) with three exemplary second guiding elements (24): second guiding element one (24a), second guiding element two (24b) and second guiding element three (24c) are shown in this FIG. 3B. The distance between second guiding element one (24a) and second guiding element two (24b) is the same as the distance between second guiding element two (24b) and second guiding element three (24c). A rotation of the Archimedean spiral (25) will drive the holding element (7) up or down along the direction of arrow (53).

[0089] In this embodiment one round of the Archimedean spiral (25) displaces the holding element (7) by 2 mm and the smallest step-size of the holding element (7) along the A-axis is 10 m. Thus, it is possible to accurately and precisely target the deep brain nuclei with a simple and inexpensive mechanism.

[0090] The holding element (7) is further secured by the cup-like element (28). The cup-like element (28) is rigidly connected to the second pulley (26), encloses the disc-like element (21) and comprises a receiving element (29), which extends along the A-axis and receives the holding element (7). The disc-like element (21) is received in the inner space (28a) of the cup-like element (28) such that it may rotate freely. The holding element (7) is received in the receiving element (29) such that only the linear motion (20) along the A-axis is allowed. In this way a rotation of the holding element due to a force transmission, for example due to the friction between the disc-like element (21) and the holding element, is prevented.

[0091] The receiving element (29) is designed as a slit in the frontal part (28b) of the cup-like element (28). The slit comprises two opposing guiding projections (52a, 52b) on its edges, which project radially inwards and extend along the A-axis. Each of the guiding projections (52a, 52b) engages in a groove (54a, 54b) of the holding element (7), which also extends along the A-axis.

[0092] The second drive mechanism (13) comprises a second pulley (26), which is connected to the second actuator (9) by a second belt (27), and a cup-like element (28), which is rigidly connected to the second pulley (26). The cup-like element (28) comprises the receiving element (29), which extends along the A-axis and receives the holding element (7). The cup-like element (28) engages the holding element (7) such that a rotational motion (30) of the cup-like element (28) causes a pivoting-motion (31) of the holding element (7) around the B-axis. In particular the rotational motion of the second pulley (26) is transferred to the holding element (7) via the engagement of the guiding projections (52a, 52b) in the lateral grooves (54a, 54b) of the holding element (7). Thus, the coupling of the second actuator (9) to the holding element (7) in a form-fit- and/or a force-fit-manner is achieved by such a belt drive. The second belt (27) is looped over the second pulley (26) and a pulley (55) connected to the second actuator (9). FIG. 5 displays this connection between the second pulley (26) and the pulley (55) connected to the second actuator (9) by the second belt (27). The second belt (27) is a toothed belt having teeth (27a) that fit into matching teeth (26a) of the second pulley (26) and teeth of the pulley (55) connected to the second actuator (9). By such a design, slippage of the belt is avoided.

[0093] Once the angle is adjusted by the pivoting-motion (31) of the holding element (7) around the B-axis, the actuator blocks any further motion. In this way an effective guidance of the linear motion (20) of the holding element (7) along the adjusted A-axis by the engagement of the guiding projections (52a, 52b) in the lateral grooves (54a, 54b) is ensured.

[0094] The shaft (16) projects through the center of the second pulley (26). However, there is no connection between the shaft (16) and the second pulley (26), which would transmit rotational motion between the second pulley (26) and the shaft (16) or vice versa. The minimal friction forces between the shaft (16) and the second pulley (26) are negligible (which is highly dependent on the material used, e.g. fiber glass or titanium with high rigidity is preferred). Thus, the rotational motions of the first pulley (14) and the second pulley (26) are effectively decoupled from each other. Additionally the shaft is fixed by a fixing element (49).

[0095] Between the first (14) and the second pulley (26) the connection element (33), which connects the head part (6) of the robot (5) to the holding rod (32), is arranged. The connection element (33) comprises a loop portion (33a) and an insertion portion (33b). The shaft (16) projects through the loop portion (33a). However, there is no connection between the shaft (16) and the loop portion (33a), which would transmit rotational motion between the second pulley (26) and the shaft (16) or vice versa. The minimal friction forces between the shaft (16) and the loop portion (33a) are negligible. The arrangement of the loop portion (33a) of the connection element (33) between the first (14) and second pulley (26) is further advantageous, since a direct contact between the pulleys (14, 26) and a transmission of rotational movement between the pulleys are avoided.

[0096] The insertion portion (33b) of the connection element (33) has a cross-like shape and is inserted in a tube-like end portion (32a) of the holding rod (32). It is also conceivable that the holding rod (32) is tubular over its full length.

[0097] The holding rod (32) extends over the distance D along the platform (40) and is supported by at least one holder (43) which is connected to the platform 40. Eventually the holding rod (32) is mounted on a first translation stage (56) at the foot part (42) of the platform (40).

[0098] The robot (5) further comprises a third actuator (10) which acts on the holding rod (32) via a third drive mechanism (34), such that the head part (6) of the robot (5) can be moved along the Y-axis. Additionally, the robot (5) comprises a fourth actuator (11) which acts on a holding rod (32) via a fourth drive mechanism (35), such that the head part (6) of the robot (5) can be moved along the X-axis. The third actuator (10) and the fourth actuator (11) are partially arranged underneath the first translation stage (56). The drive mechanisms (12, 13, 34, 35) are depicted in FIGS. 4 to 6.

[0099] The third drive mechanism (34) comprises a third pulley (36), which is connected to the third actuator (10) by a third belt (37). The third pulley (36) is rigidly connected to a threaded spindle (38) on which a nut (39) is arranged. The nut (39) is connected to the holding rod (32) of the robot (5). Further, the threaded spindle (38) is arranged perpendicularly to the holding rod (32). Thus, a rotation of the third pulley (36) causes a rotation of the threaded spindle (38) and a movement of the nut (39) and with it the holding rod (32) along the Y-axis. Thus, the coupling of the third actuator (10) to the holding element (7) in a form-fit- and/or a force-fit-manner is achieved by such a belt drive. The third belt (37) is looped over the third pulley (36) and a pulley (not shown in the figures) connected to the third actuator (10). The third belt (37) is a toothed belt having teeth (37a) that fit into matching teeth (36a) of the third pulley (36) and teeth of the pulley connected to the third actuator (10). By such a design, slippage of the belt is avoided. The threaded spindle (38) is mounted on the holder (43) by bearings (58).

[0100] It is further conceivable that the third drive mechanism (34) comprises further threaded spindles with accompanied nuts. These spindles may be arranged along the length of the holding rod (32) at equal distances. Each spindle is driven by a belt which is connected to a pulley arranged on spindle closer to the third actuator (10). In this way a chain-like drive is obtained.

[0101] Additionally, the third drive mechanism (34) acts on the first translation stage (56) at the foot part (42) of the platform (40). On the first translation stage (56) the holding rod (32) is mounted at the mounting element (57). Further, the first actuator (8), the pulley (50) connected to the first actuator (8), the second actuator (9) and the pulley (55) connected to the second actuator (9) are mounted on the first translation stage. A translation of the first translation stage (56) along the Y-axis results therefore in a translation of said elements as a whole mounted on it along the Y-axis. A translation along the Y-axis, driven by the third pulley (36) and the third belt (37), of the one or more nuts (39), connected to the holding rod (32), is, therefore, accompanied by a translation of the first translation stage (56) along the Y-axis. Obviously, the translation distance of the first translation stage (56) and the one or more nuts (39), connected to the holding rod (32) needs to be the same. Such a translation along the Y-direction allows an accurate displacement without bending the holding rod (32) or causing tension in the holding rod (32). Thus, the third drive mechanism (34) further comprise a gear, a threaded spindle or the like, which is driven by the third actuator (10), and is also arranged at the foot part of the platform (40) at a distance D from the bore (4).

[0102] The fourth drive mechanism (35) acts on a second translation stage (62) at the foot part (42) of the platform (40). On second translation stage (62) the first translation stage (56) and the third actuator (10) are arranged. A translation of the second translation stage (62) along the X-axis results therefore in a translation of the first translation stage (56), its elements mounted on it and the third actuator (10) as a whole along the X-axis. Thus, the fourth drive mechanism (35) can be a gear, a threaded spindle or the like, which is driven by the fourth actuator (11) and which is also arranged at the foot part of the platform (40) at a distance D from the bore (4). In FIGS. 4-6 the third (10) and fourth actuators (11) and the first (56) and second translation stage (62) are shown.

[0103] Hence, upon a command, the holding rod (32) with the whole first translation stage (56) is movable back-to-forth (along the X-axis) driven by actuator (11), and for the left-to-right motion (along the Y-axis) driven by actuator (10), the holding rod moves with the first translation stage (59) only. Such a translation along the X- and Y-axis allows an accurate displacement without bending the holding rod (32). or causing tension in the holding rod (32).

[0104] The positioning system (1) comprises at least one, preferably at least two MRI-compatible camera(s) (44), which is (are) mounted on a head part (41) of the platform (44). As already mentioned, the positioning system (1) comprises a platform (40), on which the robot (5) is arranged. The platform (40) comprises a head part (41), which can be arranged in the bore (4) of the imaging device (2), wherein the subject is suspended and/or held at this head part of the platform (40). The platform (40) with the head part (41) and the robot (5) are displayed in FIG. 4. The head part (41) is shown in detail in FIG. 7. The head part (41) comprises a holder for the subject (59) and four mounts (60), each designed to mount MRI-compatible camera (44).

[0105] The positioning system further comprises a navigation unit (45), comprising a control unit (46), which controls the motion of the first (8), second (9), third (10) and fourth (11) actuator, an image processing unit (47), which processes real time images of the imaging device (2) and/or the at least one camera (44) in the bore (4). FIG. 8 shows the principle function of the positioning system and an MRI-system.

[0106] The MRI-system comprises a Host Workstation and MRI-Hardware which communicate with the MRI-scanner. In which the multi DOF (degrees of freedom) robot of the positioning system (1) is arranged. The Host Workstation communicates via a 1000 Base-T Ethernet with the image processing unit (47) of the navigation unit (45). In particular the MRI-images are sent in real time to the image processing unit (47). Further, the at least one camera (44) sends images to the image processing unit (47). The navigation unit (45) further comprises a brain atlas and a control unit (46). The control unit (46) communicates with the actuators (8, 9, 10, 11) via USB Serial bus. This communication comprises control commands from the control unit (46) to the actuators (8, 9, 10, 11) and a position feedback from the actuators (8, 9, 10, 11) to the control unit (46). Eventually a power supply is provided for the power supply of the actuators (8, 9, 10, 11). The power supply, the actuators (8, 9, 10, 11) and the MRI-scanner are placed in the scanner room. The Host Workstation, MRI-Hardware and the navigation unit (45) are placed in a control room.

[0107] These components may be applied for a method to position an insertion element (3) using a positioning system (1) according to any one of the preceding embodiments in a MR imaging device (2):

[0108] a. Lowering the insertion element (3) by the robot (5) to a first position on the subject or close to the subject;

[0109] b. Acquiring a 3D-MRI image and process the image via the image processing unit (47) to identify the location of subject, as well as the position of insertion element;

[0110] c. Calculation of the coordinates of the target point and the insertion element (3) and calculation of an optimized movement trajectory for the insertion element (3) by the control unit (46);

[0111] d. Monitoring movement trajectory by real-time MRI image via the image processing unit (47).

[0112] In the following, working results are presented on tests of said positioning system and method.

[0113] FIG. 9 shows an image by MRI-compatible cameras (44) of a fiber position above a hole in a rat skull. Two cameras (44) are positioned to obtain visual guidance of the brain intervention. Camera-based visual signals are presented in the navigation unit (45). Thus, an operator can monitor the real time situation inside the MRI-scanner (2). After the operator can clearly see the fiber (3) above the rat brain, and the hole in the skull (61), a laser is switched on. The light from the tip (3a) can be used as a marker of fiber tip (3a) for further 3D registration with MRI images (visual cue-based 3D registration will be solved by script with self-design algorithm). The operator could also manually adjust the probe position to target the craniotomy window above the animal skull.

[0114] Firstly, the fiber (3) will be moved to be above the hole (61) on the rat skull using the third (10) and fourth actuators (11). Secondly, the operator sets the steps and distance for the final movement, down to the brain using the first actuator (8) and the second actuator for holding the angle position (9). In parallel, the real time camera signals are displayed.

[0115] FIGS. 10A-10D present a fiber (3) placement of perfused rat brain in vitro. The capability to place the fiber (3) with different depth is particularly useful to target multiple sites along the insertion path. FIG. 10A shows the targeting position in the rat brain atlas with the bregma and Interaural position: 3.48 mm and 5.52 mm, respectively. FIG. 10B shows the fiber location in the targeted brain region, centrolateral thalamic nucleus (CL), which is illustrated in FIG. 10D.

[0116] FIG. 11 shows three images with two actuator (8) steps (with a step distance of 100 m) to clarify the precision of the robot (5). Three continuous MRI images with step distance 100 m. Because the MRI resolution is 100 m, it can be seen that every step of the fiber (3) moving distance is approximately 100 m. At each step, the fiber (3) was one line of voxel deeper. Meanwhile, this distance difference was maintained through the whole fiber insertion procedure.

[0117] FIG. 12 shows time-lapsed images of fiber optic targeting in the rat brain in vivo. In this application, the damage of the brain is visible during the insertion, as illustrated in FIG. 12. When the fiber tip (3a) touched the ventricle, the pushing force caused deformation of the parenchyma tissue of the ventricle border, but lead tissue bleeding. After penetrating the ventricle, the fiber (3) was further deepened to target the subcortical regions in the rat brain.

[0118] All the features disclosed in the application documents are claimed as being essential to the invention if, individually or in combination, they are novel over the prior art.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

[0119] 1 positioning system [0120] 2 imaging device [0121] 3 insertion element [0122] 3a end portion of the insertion element [0123] 4 bore of the imaging device [0124] 5 robot [0125] 6 head part of the robot [0126] 7 holding element [0127] 7a body of the holding element [0128] 7b gripping portion holding element [0129] 8 first actuator [0130] 9 second actuator [0131] 10 third actuator [0132] 11 fourth actuator [0133] 12 first drive mechanism [0134] 13 second drive mechanism [0135] 14 first pulley [0136] 14a teeth of first pulley [0137] 15 first belt [0138] 15a teeth of first belt [0139] 16 shaft [0140] 17 central hub portion of the first pulley [0141] 18 converting element [0142] 19 rotational motion of the first pulley [0143] 20 linear motion of the holding element along the A-axis [0144] 21 disc-like element [0145] 21a center of the disc-like element [0146] 21b edge of the disc-like element [0147] 22 first surface of disc-like element [0148] 23 first guiding element [0149] 24 second guiding element [0150] 24a second guiding element one [0151] 24b second guiding element two [0152] 24c second guiding element three [0153] 25 spiral [0154] 25a space between two opposing points of the spiral [0155] 26 second pulley [0156] 26a teeth of second pulley [0157] 27 second belt [0158] 27a teeth of second belt [0159] 28 cup-like element [0160] 28a inner space of the cup-like element [0161] 28b frontal part of the cup-like element [0162] 29 third guiding element [0163] 30 rotational motion of the cup-like element [0164] 31 pivoting-motion of the holding element [0165] 32 holding rod [0166] 32a tube-like end portion of the holding rod [0167] 33 connection element [0168] 33a loop portion of the connection element [0169] 33b insertion portion of the connection element [0170] 34 third drive mechanism [0171] 35 fourth drive mechanism [0172] 36 third pulley [0173] 36a teeth of third pulley [0174] 37 third belt [0175] 37a teeth of third belt [0176] 38 threaded spindle [0177] 39 nut [0178] 40 platform [0179] 41 head part of the platform [0180] 42 foot part of the platform [0181] 43 holder [0182] 44 camera [0183] 45 navigation unit [0184] 46 control unit [0185] 47 image processing unit [0186] 48 support device [0187] 49 fixing element [0188] 50 pulley connected to the first actuator [0189] 51 second surface of disc-like element [0190] 52a, 52b guiding projections [0191] 53 direction [0192] 54a, 54b grooves [0193] 55 pulley connected to the second actuator [0194] 56 first translation stage [0195] 57 mounting element [0196] 58 bearings [0197] 59 holder for subject [0198] 60 mount MRI-compatible camera [0199] 61 hole in the skull [0200] 62 second translation stage [0201] X-axis [0202] Y-axis [0203] Z-axis [0204] A-axis [0205] B-axis [0206] angle