Method of increasing mass transfer rate of acid gas scrubbing solvents

Abstract

A method and catalysts for increasing the overall mass transfer rate of acid gas scrubbing solids is disclosed. Various catalyst compounds for that purpose are also disclosed.

Claims

1. A compound having a chemical formula: ##STR00048## where: (a) M is any group VII B through XII B element; (b) x=neutral sigma donor or monovalent anion; and (c) ##STR00049## ##STR00050## R.sub.1H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl, Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q]+[A]; and [CH.sub.2Q]+[A]= ##STR00051## where A=monovalent anion: Cl, Br, I, F, PF.sub.6, BF.sub.4, acetate, trifluoroacetate, ClO.sub.4, NO.sub.3, and Q=monovalent cation: P(R).sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, Aryl, O-alkyl, O-Aryl; N(R).sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, N-heterocyclic ring, imidazole; and R.sub.2=CE; where C=any alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl, and E=OH or NH.sub.2.

2. A compound consisting of a chemical formula: ##STR00052## where: (a) M is any group VII B through XII B element; (b) x=neutral sigma donor or monovalent anion; and (c) ##STR00053## ##STR00054## R.sub.1H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl, Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q]+[A]; and [CH.sub.2Q]+[A]= ##STR00055## where A=monovalent anion: Cl, Br, I, F, PF.sub.6, BF.sub.4, acetate, trifluoroacetate, ClO.sub.4, NO.sub.3, and Q=monovalent cation: P(R).sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, Aryl, O-alkyl, O-Aryl; N(R).sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, N-heterocyclic ring, imidazole; and R.sub.2=CE; where C=any alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl, and E=OH or NH.sub.2.

3. A method of increasing overall mass transfer rate of acid gas scrubbing solvents, comprising: adding a catalyst compound to a fluid stream including an acid gas and an acid gas scrubbing solvent, said catalyst compound having a chemical formula: ##STR00056## where: (a) M is any group VII B through XII B element; (b) x=neutral sigma donor or monovalent anion; and (c) ##STR00057## ##STR00058## R.sub.1H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q]+[A]; and [CH.sub.2Q]+[A]= ##STR00059## where A=monovalent anion: Cl, Br, I, F, PF.sub.6, BF.sub.4, acetate, trifluoroacetate, ClO.sub.4, NO.sub.3, and Q=monovalent cation: P(R).sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, Aryl, O-alkyl, O-aryl N(R).sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, N-heterocyclic ring, imidazole R.sub.2=CE; where C=any alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl, and E=OH or NH.sub.2.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said neutral sigma donor or monovalent anion is selected from a group consisting of H.sub.2O, Cl, Br F, I, acetate, triflate, perchlorate, nitro, pyridine, ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said acid gas scrubbing solvent includes an amine.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein said acid gas scrubbing solvent includes a mixture of a primary amine, secondary amine, or a tertiary amine.

7. The method of claim 3, wherein said acid gas scrubbing solvent includes a material selected from a group consisting of monoethanolamine (MEA), 1-amino-2-propanol (1A2P), 3-amino-1-propanol, 2-amino-1-propanol, 2-amino-1-butanol, 1-amino-2-butanol, 3-amino-2-butanol, 2-(alkylamino)ethanonol (MAE), diglycolamine, morpholine, piperazine (PZ), 1-methylpiperazine (NMP), 2-methylpiperazine, hydroxypiperadine, hydroxyalkylpiperazine, 2-piperidineethanol, N-aminoethylpierazine (AEP), aminopropylmorpholine, 4-aminopiperidine, 3-aminopiperidine, 2-amino-piperidine, diethanolamine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), diethanolamine (DEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA), glycine, alanine, R-alannine, sarcosine, isopropanolamine, benzylamine, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), triethanolamine (TEA), alkali carbonate, N,N,-dialkylethanolamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalky-1,8-naphthalenediamine, N,N,-dialkylbenzylamine, 1,4-dialkylpiperazine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,6-hexanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,5-pentanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,4-butanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,3-propanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, N,N,N,N,N-pentaalkyldiethylenetriamine, N,N,N,N,N-pentaalkyldipropylaminetnamine, N,N,-dialkylcyclohexylamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkylbis(aminoethyl)ether, N,N,-dimethyl-2(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, where alkyl represents any methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl isomer, and mixtures thereof.

8. The method of claim 3, wherein said catalyst compound is provided at a concentration of between about 0.05 mM and about 100 mM.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

(1) The accompanying drawings incorporated herein and forming a part of the specification, illustrate several aspects of the present method and together with the description serve to explain certain principles thereof. In the drawings:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematical illustration of a process for removing acid gas from a fluid stream utilizing solvent and thermal swing regeneration.

(3) FIG. 2 is a plot of mass transfer coefficients versus carbon loading from WWC testing of 30 wt % MEA and 30 wt % MEA with 2 mM CAER-C3P at 40 C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(4) This document relates generally to methods and catalysts for increasing overall mass transfer rate of acid gas scrubbing solvents as well as to novel transition metal monomer complexes incorporating a single transition metal atom.

(5) The method may be broadly described as comprising adding a catalyst compound to a fluid stream including an acid gas and an acid gas scrubbing solvent. The catalyst compound has a chemical formula:

(6) ##STR00023##
where:

(7) (b) M is any group VII B through XII B element;

(8) (b) x=neutral sigma donor or monovalent anion;

(9) (c)

(10) ##STR00024##

(11) where RH, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl, Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(12) R.sub.2H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(13) R.sub.3H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(14) R.sub.4H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(15) R.sub.5H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(16) R.sub.6H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(17) R.sub.7H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(18) R.sub.8H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.; and [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.=

(19) ##STR00025##

(20) where A=monovalent anion: CI, Br, I, F, PF.sub.6, BF.sub.4, acetate, trifluoroacetate, ClO.sub.4, NO.sub.3, and

(21) Q=monovalent cation: PR.sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, Aryl, O-alkyl, O-Aryl

(22) NR.sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, N-heterocyclic ring, imidazole; and

(23) (d)

(24) ##STR00026##

(25) where E.sub.1=N, P, S, B E.sub.2=N, P, S, O, B n=1-10.

(26) Specific catalyst compounds useful in this method include, but are not limited to the following:

(27) ##STR00027##

(28) In another possible embodiment, the method may be broadly described as comprising adding a catalyst compound to a fluid stream including an acid gas and an acid gas scrubbing solvent. The catalyst compound has a chemical formula:

(29) ##STR00028##
where:

(30) (a) M is any group VII B through XII B element;

(31) (b) x=neutral sigma donor or monovalent anion;

(32) (c)

(33) ##STR00029##

(34) where R.sub.1H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl, Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(35) R.sub.2H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(36) R.sub.3H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(37) R.sub.4H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(38) R.sub.5H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(39) R.sub.6H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(40) R.sub.7H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.

(41) R.sub.8H, any alkyl, RCOOH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-10 carbons); OligoPEG, phosphate, ROH (R=alkyl ranging from 0-5 carbons), [OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2]-m (m=number of repeat units); OH; SO.sub.3; NO.sub.2; amine, amide, carbonyl Cl, Br, I, F, BH.sub.3, [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.; and [CH.sub.2Q].sup.+[A].sup.=

(42) ##STR00030##

(43) where A=monovalent anion: Cl, Br, I, F, PF.sub.6, BF.sub.4, acetate, trifluoroacetate, ClO.sub.4, NO.sub.3, and

(44) Q=monovalent cation: PR.sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, Aryl, O-alkyl, O-Aryl

(45) NR.sub.3, R=alkyl, cyclic alkyl, N-heterocyclic ring, imidazole

(46) (d)

(47) ##STR00031##

(48) where E.sub.1=N, P, S, B E.sub.2=N, P, S, O, B n=1-10.

(49) Specific catalyst compounds useful in this embodiment of the method include, but are not limited to the following:

(50) ##STR00032##

(51) Still further, the method relates to a more efficient removal of carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide and/or other acidic gases. In particular, the method separates carbon dioxide from a gas mixture using a combination of a homogeneous CO.sub.2 hydration catalyst in the presence of an amine(s) and/or ionic carbonate/bicarbonate. The combination of catalyst and amine(s) and/or chemicals provides an overall increase in mass transfer rate resulting in either 1) lower capital cost for CCS due to smaller absorber tower, or 2) reduced energy cost in the stripper from obtaining a more carbon rich solution. The catalysts have the ability to react with CO.sub.2 in the gas stream to form bicarbonate which reacts with the amine(s) to form an ammonium bicarbonate or carbamate where the CO.sub.2 is now considered absorbed.

(52) It was originally believed that CO.sub.2 hydration catalyst required a 4-coordinate ligand in order to stabilize the metal center and show CO.sub.2 hydration activity under carbon capture conditions. However, recent results obtained at the CAER show that catalysts containing 2-coordinate (bidentate) ligands of the general structure

(53) ##STR00033##
are capable of increasing the overall mass transfer of carbon capture by aqueous capture solutions. A recent catalyst identified by the CAER

(54) ##STR00034##

(55) This catalyst contains a 2-coordinate, bidentate moiety from the ligand while monovalent anions occupy the other coordination sites.

(56) Without limiting the scope of the method, a possible example of the system would consist of 0.001-0.1 wt % of catalyst containing a bidentate ligand and more than 20 wt % of amine(s), ethanolamine (MEA), methylydiethanolamine (MDEA), triethanolamine (TEA), dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), 1-amino-2-propanol (1A2P), 2-amino-1-propanol (1A2P), 3-aminopropanol, sodium ion, potassium ion, or combinations thereof, for examples.

(57) Addition of catalyst CAER-C3P (2 mM) to a 30% ethanolamine solution resulted in a 25% increase in mass transfer rate over the working range of the solvent (see FIG. 2). As shown in FIG. 2, a greater enhancement in mass transfer is observed at higher carbon loadings (C/N>0.4, where C/N is the ratio of moles of carbon in solution compared to the moles of amine). This suggests that the rate of the catalyst is on the order of 10.sup.5 M.sup.1s.sup.1, two orders of magnitude higher than previous state-of-the-art catalyst, [Zn(cyclen)(H.sub.2O)].sup.2+. Primary amines react very rapidly with CO.sub.2 and in order for a catalyst to contribute to the overall mass transfer second order rate constants must of the magnitude of 10.sup.5 M.sup.1s.sup.1. This is the first example of catalysts containing a 2-coordinate, bidentate ligand showing activity in concentrated primary amine solutions.

(58) The success of catalyst CAER-C3P in increasing overall mass transfer rates in 30 wt % MEA opened a new and novel area for catalyst development towards carbon capture purposes. Based on these results we developed a new family of CO.sub.2 hydration catalysts that are less synthetically demanding than previous catalysts and thus more cost effective. That new catalyst family is schematically illustrated below.

(59) ##STR00035##

(60) In another possible embodiment, the method may be broadly described as comprising adding a catalyst compound to a fluid stream including an acid gas and an acid gas scrubbing solvent. The catalyst compound has a chemical formula:

(61) ##STR00036##
where:

(62) (a) M is any group VII B through XII B element;

(63) (b) x=neutral sigma donor or monovalent anion; and

(64) (c)

(65) ##STR00037##

(66) For any of the embodiments, the neutral sigma donor or monovalent anion may be selected from a group consisting of H.sub.2O, Cl, Br, F, I, acetate, triflate, perchlorate, nitro, pyridine, ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate and nitrite.

(67) For any of the method embodiments the acid gas scrubbing solvent may include an amine. In one possible embodiment the acid gas scrubbing solvent includes a mixture of (a) a promoter amine, selected from a group of primary and secondary amines, and (b) a tertiary amine, and/or (c) non-amine chemical compounds.

(68) Such a mixture is described in detail in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/853,186, filed on Mar. 29, 2013 and entitled Solvent and Method for Removal of an Acid Gas from a Fluid Stream, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Promoter amines useful in the present method include, but are not limited to, the primary and secondary amines such as 3-N-sulfonylamine (SA), 3-aminopropionitrile (APN), diethyl 2-aminoethanephosphonate (EtP2), N-methyltetrahydrothiophen-3-amine 1,1-dioxide, 2,2-sulfonyldiethanamine, 3,3-sulfonyldipropaneamine, 4,4-sulfonyldibutanenamine, 2-aminoethyl methyl sulfone, 4-aminobutanenitrile, 6-aminohexanenitrile, 3-(methylamino)propanenitrile, diethyl [2-(methylamino)ethyl]phosphonate, diethyl (3-aminopropyl)phosphonate, diethyl (4-aminobutyl)phosphonate, diethyl (5-aminopentyl)phosphonate, diethyl (6-aminohexyl)phosphonate, 2-(tert-butoxy)ethan-1-amine, N-methyl-2-[(2-methyl-2-propanyl)oxy]ethanamine and mixtures thereof.

(69) Tertiary amines and carbonate based salts useful in the present method include but are not limited to methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), triethanolamine (TEA), N,N,-dialkylethanolamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalky-1,8-naphthalenediamine, N,N,-dialkylbenzylamine, 1,4-dialkylpiperazine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,6-hexanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,5-pentanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,4-butanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,3-propanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N,N,N,N-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, N,N,N,N,N-pentaalkyldiethylenetriamine, N,N,N,N,N-pentaalkyldipropylaminetriamine, N,N,-dialkylcyclohexylamine, N,N,N,N-tetraalkylbis(aminoethyl)ether, N,N,-dimethyl-2(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, alkali carbonates where alkyl represents any methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl isomer, and mixtures thereof. In one possible embodiment, the catalyst compound is provided in the fluid stream with a concentration of between about 0.05 mM and about 50 mM. In another possible embodiment the catalyst compound is provided in the fluid stream with a concentration of between 50.1 mM and 75 mM. In yet another possible embodiment, the catalyst compound is provided in the fluid stream with a concentration of between about 75.1 mM and 100 mM.

(70) Primary and secondary amines useful in the present method include but are not limited to monoethanolamine (MEA), 1-amino-2-propanol (1A2P), 3-amino-1-propanol, 2-amino-1-propanol, 2-amino-1-butanol, 3-amino-2-butanol, 1-amino-2-butanol, 2-(alkylamino)ethanonol (MAE), diglycolamine, morpholine, piperazine (PZ), 1-methylpiperazine (NMP), 2-methylpiperazine, hydroxypiperadine, hydroxymethylpiperazine, 2-piperidineethanol, N-aminoethylpierazine (AEP), aminopropylmorpholine, 4-aminopiperidine, 3-aminopiperidine, 2-amino-piperidine, diethanolamine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), diethanolamine (DEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA), glycine, alanine, -alannine, sarcosine, isopropanolamine, benzylamine, ethylene diamine (EDA), 1,3-propanediamine, 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, 1,6-hexanediamine.

(71) In any of the embodiments, the catalyst compound must be stable under the relatively high temperature conditions (e.g. between perhaps 70 and 170 C.) found within the stripper 12. The present catalyst compounds meet this requirement.

(72) The following examples further illustrate how to synthesize or manufacture certain representative catalysts used in the method of increasing the overall mass transfer rate of acid gas scrubbing solvents.

Example 1

(73) ##STR00038##

(74) Preparation of (H.sub.2L7)[Cl]: A 100 mL round bottom flask was charged with 30 mL EtOH and 1-(3-Formyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-3-triphenylphosphonium chloride (4.334 g, 10.03 mmol). An ethanolic solution of 2-Amino-2-methyl propanol (0.912 g 10.24 mmol) was added drop wise to the solution. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum to give yellow solids. The yellow solids were washed with ethanol (315 mL) and diethyl ether (315 mL) and collected via filtration (4.425 g, 78%).

(75) Preparation of CAER-C7z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with (H.sub.2L7)[Cl] (5.043 g, 10.01 mmol) and EtOH (30 mL) was added to make a colorless slurry. Triethyl amine 3.2 mL (23.023 mmol) was added slowly under vigorous stirring. An ethanolic solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (1.632 g, 12.0 mmol, 5 mL) was added drop wise to the mixture. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours. The solution was cooled to 25 C. and a pale yellow solid precipitated out of solution. The pale yellow solid was collected by filtration and washed with ethanol (315 mL) and diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (4.852 g, 85%).

Example 2

(76) ##STR00039##

(77) Preparation of (H.sub.2L8)[Cl]: A 100 mL round bottom flask was charged with EtOH (30 mL) and 1-(3-Formyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-3-triphenylphosphonium chloride (4.327 g, 10.01 mmol). An ethanolic solution of monoethanolamine (0.9 mL, 15.01 mmol, 5 mL) was added drop wise to the solution and the mixture was heated at reflux for two hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a yellow residue. Diethyl ether was added to the reaction vessel and stirred overnight to give a yellow powder which was collected via filtration and washed with diethyl ether (330 mL) (4.452 g, 93%).

(78) Preparation of CAER-C8z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with (H.sub.2L8)[Cl] (4.812 g, 10.12 mmol) and EtOH (30 mL) was added to make a clear solution. Triethylamine (3.2 mL, 23.023 mmol) was added slowly while stirring. An ethanolic solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (1.687 g, 12.35 mmol, 5 mL)) was added drop wise to the mixture. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours. The mixture was cooled to 25 C. and a pale yellow solid was collected via filtration and washed with ethanol (315 mL) then diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (4.688 g, 86%).

Example 3

(79) ##STR00040##

(80) Preparation H.sub.2L9: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged salicylaldehyde (1.95 mL, 16.5 mmol) and EtOH (10 mL) to make a clear solution. Ethanolamine (1 mL, 16.6 mmol) was added dropwise to the above solution with continuous stirring. The solution was stirred at room temperature (25 C.) for one hour and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give the product as a viscous, yellow-orange oil (2.219 g, 81%).

(81) Preparation of CAER-C9z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with H.sub.2L9 (1.656 g, 10.01 mmol) and EtOH (30 mL) to make a clear solution. Triethylamine (3.2 mL, 23.0 mmol) was added while stirring. An ethanolic solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (1.687 g, 12.35 mmol, 5 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours. The mixture was cooled to 25 C. and a pale yellow solid was collected via filtration and washed with ethanol (315 mL) then diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (2.199 g, 80%).

Example 4

(82) ##STR00041##

(83) Preparation of H.sub.2L10: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged salicylaldehyde (3 mL, 28.3 mmol) and EtOH (10 mL) to make a clear solution. 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (2.6775 g, 16.6 mmol) was added to the above solution with continuous stirring. The solution was stirred at room temperature for one hour and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give a yellow residue. The yellow residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and n-pentane was added (20 mL) to produce a yellow powder. The yellow powder was collected via filtration and washed with ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (4.767 g, 87%).

(84) Preparation of CAER-C10z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with H.sub.2L10 (1.933, 10.0 mmol) and EtOH (30 mL) to make a clear solution. Triethylamine (3.2 mL, 23 mmol) of was added while stirring. An ethanolic solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (1.687 g, 12.35 mmol) was added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was stirred for 48 hr at room temperature (25 C.). The solvent was reduced under vacuum to 5 mL and acetonitrile was added to the solution to give a pale yellow powder. The pale yellow solid was collected via filtration and washed with acetonitrile (315 mL) then diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (2.456 g, 81%).

Example 5

(85) ##STR00042##

(86) Preparation of H.sub.2L11: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged salicylaldehyde (2.7 mL, 25 mmol) and EtOH (10 mL) to make a clear solution. 2-methoxyethylamine (2 mL, 23 mmol) was added to the solution with continuous stirring. The solution was stirred at room temperature for two hour and the solvent was removed under reduced vacuum to give the desired product as a dark yellow-orange, viscous liquid (3.769 g, 83%).

(87) Preparation of CAER-C11 z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with H.sub.2L11 (1.793, 10.01 mmol) and EtOH (30 mL) to make a clear solution. Triethylamine (3.2 mL, 23 mmol) was added while stirring. An ethanolic solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (1.687 g, 12.35 mmol, 5 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was heated at reflux for 3 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a yellow oil. Diethyl ether was added to the oil to give a yellow powder which was collected via filtration. The yellow powder was washed with diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (2.444 g, 85%).

Example 6

(88) ##STR00043##

(89) Preparation of H.sub.2L12: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged salicylaldehyde (2.06 mL, 19.5 mmol) and EtOH (10 mL) to make a clear solution. 4-(Aminomethyl)piperidine (2.0256 g, 17.8 mmol) was added to the solution with continuous stirring. The solution was stirred at room temperature for two hours at which point the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the desired product as a yellow power (3.521 g, 87%).

(90) Preparation of CAER-C12z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with H.sub.2L12 (2.19, 10.0 mmol) and acetonitrile (30 mL) to make a clear solution. Triethylamine (3.2 mL, 23.023 mmol) was added while stirring. An acetonitrile solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (1.776 g, 12.50 mmol) was added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature (25 C.) for 3 hours at which point a yellow powder was generated. The yellow powder was collected via filtration and washed with acetonitrile (315 mL) and diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (2.668 g, 83%).

Example 7

(91) ##STR00044##

(92) Preparation of (H.sub.2L13)[Cl]: A 100 mL round bottom flask was charged with EtOH (30 mL) and 5-(1-methylimidazolemethyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde chloride (2.528 g, 10.0 mmol). An ethanolic solution of 2-Amino-2-methyl propanol (0.912 g 10.24 mmol) was added drop wise to the solution. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a yellow powder which was collected via filtration and washed with ethanol (315 mL) and diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (2.872 g, 89%).

(93) Preparation of CAER-C13z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with (H.sub.2L13)[Cl] (3.238 g, 10.01 mmol) and EtOH (30 mL) to make a clear solution. Triethylamine (3.2 mL, 23.023 mmol) was added while stirring. An ethanolic solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (1.687 g, 12.35 mmol) was added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours at which point a yellow powder was produced which was collected via filtration and washed with ethanol (315 mL) then diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (3.123 g, 81%).

Example 8

(94) ##STR00045##

(95) Preparation of (H.sub.2L7)[BF.sub.4]: A 100 mL round bottom flask was charged EtOH (30 mL) and 5-(triphenylphosphine-methyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde tetrafluoroborate (4.842 g, 10.0 mmol) of. An ethanolic solution of 2-Amino-2-methyl propanol (0.912 g 10.2 mmol) was added drop wise to the solution. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a yellow residue. Diethyl ether was added to the reaction vessel and stirred overnight to give a yellow powder which was collected via filtration and washed with diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (4.956 g, 89%).

(96) Preparation of CAER-C14z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with (H.sub.2L7)[BF.sub.4] (1.1108 g, 2.002 mmol) and MeOH (30 mL) to make a colorless slurry. Triethylamine (0.332 m, L 2.30 mmol) was added to the stirred mixture. An ethanolic solution of ZnBF.sub.4 (0.2868 g, 1.12 mmol, 5 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours. The solution mixture was cooled to room temperature (25 C.) to give a yellow powder which was collected via filtration and washed with ethanol (315 mL) and diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (1.011 g, 86%).

Example 9

(97) ##STR00046##

(98) Preparation of CAER-C15z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with H.sub.2L9 (1.986 g, 12.02 mmol) and EtOH (15 mL) to make a clear solution. Triethylamine (1.95 mL, 13.8 mmol was added while stirring. An ethanolic solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (1.804 g, 13.2 mmol, 5 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was heated at reflux for two hours to give a bright yellow powder which was collected via filtration and washed with ethanol (315 mL) then diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (1.8449 g, 62%).

Example 10

(99) ##STR00047##

(100) Preparation of CAER-C16z: A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with H.sub.2L10 (5.500 g, 28.5 mmol) and EtOH (20 mL) to make a clear solution. Triethylamine (7.93 mL, 57.0 mmol) was added while stirring. An ethanolic solution of ZnCl.sub.2 (4.264 g, 30.8 mmol, 5 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature (25 C.) for 48 hr. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a yellow residue and acetonitrile was added to give a yellow powder which was collected via filtration and washed with acetonitrile (315 mL) then diethyl ether (315 mL) to give the desired product (4.1758 g, 51%).

Example 11

(101) Preparation of CAER-C3p: To a 100-mL round-bottom flask was added [H2LP]C12 (5.002 g, 5.63 mmol), EtOH (40 mL), and triethylamine (1.75 mL, 12.0 mmol) was added to give a clear yellow solution. Zinc chloride (1.363 g, 10.00 mmol) dissolved in EtOH (10 mL) was added, producing a pale yellow slurry. The reaction flask was immersed in a silicon fluid bath at 85 C. and was stirred for 3 h, producing a pale yellow precipitate which was collected via filtration through a medium porosity glass fritted funnel. The pale yellow powder was washed with EtOH then ether (320 mL) and air dried to give the desired product (5.679 g, 93%).

(102) The foregoing has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally and equitably entitled.