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METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING ULCERATIVE COLITIS

20230030056 · 2023-02-02

    Inventors

    Cpc classification

    International classification

    Abstract

    Methods and compositions are provided herein for treating and/or diagnosing ulcerative colitis in a subject, using one or more bacterial strains such as Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, or Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31.

    Claims

    1. A method of identifying a subject as having or having an increased likelihood of developing ulcerative colitis, the method comprising: (a) identifying a subject having a sample that has: (i) an increased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as having or having an increased likelihood of developing ulcerative colitis; or (b) identifying a subject having a sample that does not have: (i) an increased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as not having or not having an increased likelihood of developing ulcerative colitis.

    2. A method of diagnosing a subject as having ulcerative colitis, the method comprising: (a) identifying a subject having a sample that has: (i) an increased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as having ulcerative colitis; or (b) identifying a subject having a sample that does not have: (i) an increased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as not having ulcerative colitis.

    3. A method of treating ulcerative colitis in a subject, the method comprising: (a) administering a ulcerative colitis therapy to a subject determined to have a sample that has: (i) an increased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus; or (b) not administering a ulcerative colitis therapy to a subject determined not to have a sample that has: (i) an increased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    4. A method for treating a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) administering a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial species selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as a monotherapy, or in conjunction with another ulcerative colitis therapy, to a subject determined to have a sample that has: (i) an increased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus; or (b) not administering a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as a monotherapy, or in conjunction with another ulcerative colitis therapy, to a subject determined not to have a sample that has: (i) an increased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    5. The method of claim 4, wherein the subject has ulcerative colitis.

    6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the method comprises detecting the level of one or more bacterial species in the sample from the subject.

    7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the level of Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, or Sutterella stercoricanis is increased in comparison to the same bacterial species in a reference sample.

    8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the method comprises determining that the sample has: (i) an increased level of two or more of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of two or more of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the method comprises determining that the sample has: (i) an increased level of three or more of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of three or more of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the method comprises determining that the sample has: (i) an increased level of four or more of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of four or more of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    11. A method for treating ulcerative colitis in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, Ruminococcus callidus, and a combination thereof.

    12. A method for treating ulcerative colitis in a subject, the method comprising: (a) detecting a dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, Ruminococcus callidus, and a combination thereof.

    13. The method of claims 1-10 and 12, wherein the sample is a biopsy sample.

    14. The method of claim 13, wherein the sample is a colorectal biopsy sample.

    15. The method of claim 13, wherein the sample is a fecal sample.

    16. The method of any one of claims 12-15, wherein detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining bacterial gene expression in the sample from the subject.

    17. The method of any one of claims 12-16, wherein detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining bacterial composition in the sample from the subject.

    18. The method of claim any one of claims 12-17, wherein detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining that Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, Sutterella stercoricanis, or a combination thereof, is increased in the sample from subject.

    19. The method of claim any one of claims 12-18, wherein detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining that Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, Ruminococcus callidus, or a combination thereof, is decreased in the sample from subject.

    20. The method of claim 19, wherein Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, Ruminococcus callidus, or a combination thereof, is decreased in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject.

    21. A method for treating a subject in need thereof, the method comprising decreasing a population of an increased bacterial strain in the subject, wherein the increased bacterial strain is selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, Sutterella stercoricanis, and a combination thereof.

    22. The method of claim 21, wherein the subject has ulcerative colitis.

    23. The method of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein decreasing the population of an increased bacterial strain comprises administering to the subject a bacteriophage.

    24. The method of any one of claims 21-23, wherein decreasing the population of an increased bacterial strain comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, Ruminococcus callidus, and a combination thereof.

    25. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 22-24, wherein the ulcerative colitis is distal colitis.

    26. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 22-24, wherein the ulcerative colitis is extensive colitis.

    27. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 22-24, wherein the ulcerative colitis is selected from the group consisting of: ulcerative proctitis, left-sided colitis, proctosigmoiditis, and pancolitis.

    28. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-27, wherein the bacterial species Bacillus sp. comprises the bacterial strain Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2.

    29. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-28, wherein the bacterial species Bacteroides coprocola comprises the bacterial strain Bacteroides coprocola M16.

    30. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-29, wherein the bacterial species Bacteroides coprocola comprises the bacterial strain c CCUG 9559.

    31. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-30, wherein the bacterial species Bacteroides vulgatus comprises the bacterial strain Bacteroides vulgatus 8482.

    32. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-31, wherein the bacterial species Butyricimonas virosa comprises the bacterial strain Butyricimonas virosa MT12.

    33. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-32, wherein the bacterial species Coprococcus eutactus comprises the bacterial strain Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759.

    34. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-33, wherein the bacterial species Desulfovibrio piger comprises the bacterial strain Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749.

    35. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-34, wherein the bacterial species Dolosigranulum pigrum comprises the bacterial strain Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550.

    36. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-35, wherein the bacterial species Eubacterium biforme comprises the bacterial strain Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989.

    37. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-36, wherein the bacterial species Eubacterium eligens comprises the bacterial strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376.

    38. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-37, wherein the bacterial species Fusobacterium prausnitzii comprises the bacterial strain Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768.

    39. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-38, wherein the bacterial species Howardella ureilytica comprises the bacterial strain Howardella ureilytica GPC 589.

    40. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-39, wherein the bacterial species Megasphaera elsdenii comprises the bacterial strain Megasphaera elsdenii LC1.

    41. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-40, wherein the bacterial species Parabacteroides johnsonii comprises the bacterial strain Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165.

    42. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-41, wherein the bacterial species Phascolarctobacterium sp. comprises the bacterial strain Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067.

    43. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-42, wherein the bacterial species Roseburia hominus comprises the bacterial strain Roseburia hominus A2-183.

    44. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-43, wherein the bacterial species Ruminococcus callidus comprises the bacterial strain Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31.

    45. The method of any one of claims 1-20 and 24-44, wherein the bacterial strain is selected from the group consisting of: Roseburia hominus A2-183, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, and a combination thereof.

    46. The method of any one of claims 27-45, wherein the bacterial strain improves intestinal barrier function of the subject.

    47. The method of any one of claims 43-46, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:99.

    48. The method of any one of claims 43-46, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:100.

    49. The method of any one of claims 43-46, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:101.

    50. The method of any one of claims 43-46, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:102.

    51. The method of any one of claims 43-46, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:103.

    52. The method of any one of claims 43-46, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:104.

    53. The method of any one of claims 37-46, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:73.

    54. The method of any one of claims 37-53, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:74.

    55. The method of any one of claims 37-53, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:75.

    56. The method of any one of claims 37-53, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:76.

    57. The method of any one of claims 37-53, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:77.

    58. The method of any one of claims 37-53, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:78.

    59. The method of any one of claims 37-53, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:79.

    60. The method of any one of claims 27-59, wherein the bacterial strain in the composition is viable.

    61. The method of any one of claims 27-60, wherein the bacterial strain is lyophilized.

    62. The method of any one of claims 11-20 and 24-61, wherein the composition further comprises one or more cryopreservants.

    63. The method of any one of claims 27-62, wherein the effective amount of the bacterial strain comprises at least about 1×10.sup.3 colony forming units (CFU) of the bacterial strain.

    64. The method of any one of claims 24-63, wherein the effective amount of the bacterial strain comprises about 1×10.sup.4 to about 1×10.sup.15 CFU of the bacterial strain.

    65. The method of any one of claims 27-62, wherein the effective amount of the bacterial strain comprises about 1×10.sup.6 to about 1×10.sup.10 CFU of the bacterial strain.

    66. The method of any one of claims 27-66, wherein the bacterial strain in the composition is non-viable.

    67. The method of claim 66, wherein the non-viable bacterial strain is heat-killed, irradiated, or lysed.

    68. The method of any one of claims 27-67, wherein the method comprises administering the composition to the subject once, twice, or three times per day.

    69. The method of any one of claims 27-68, wherein the composition is formulated for oral administration.

    70. The method of any one of claims 27-69, wherein the composition is formulated for rectal administration.

    71. The method of any one of claims 27-70, wherein the composition is formulated as a tablet, a capsule, a powder, or a liquid.

    72. The method of any one of claims 27-71, wherein the composition is formulated as a tablet.

    73. The method of claim 72, wherein the tablet is coated.

    74. The method of claim 73, wherein the coating comprises an enteric coating.

    75. The method of any one of claims 11-74, wherein the method further comprises administering another treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy to the subject.

    76. The method of claim 75, wherein the composition comprising the bacterial strain and the treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy are administered simultaneously.

    77. The method of claim 75, wherein the composition comprising the bacterial strain and the treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy are administered sequentially.

    78. The method of any one of claims 75-77, wherein the treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy comprises a probiotic.

    79. The method of any one of claims 75-78, wherein the treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy comprises a therapeutic agent.

    80. The method of claim 79, wherein the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressant, an antibiotic, an anti-diarrheal agent, a pain reliever, an iron supplement, or a combination thereof.

    81. The method of claim 80, wherein the anti-inflammatory agent comprises sulfasalazine, mesalamine, balsalazide, olsalazine, prednisone, hydrocortisone, rednisone, budesonide or a combination thereof.

    82. The method of claim 79 or 80, wherein the immunosuppressant comprises azathioprine, mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, vedolizumab, or a combination thereof.

    83. The method of any one of claims 79-82, wherein the composition comprising the bacterial strain further comprises the therapeutic agent.

    84. The method of any one of claims 1-83, wherein the subject is a human.

    85. A method for treating a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, and a combination thereof.

    86. The method of claim 85, wherein the subject has ulcerative colitis.

    87. A method for treating ulcerative colitis in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, and a combination thereof.

    88. A method for treating ulcerative colitis in a subject, the method comprising: (a) detecting a dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, and a combination thereof.

    89. The method of claim 88, wherein the sample is a biopsy sample.

    90. The method of claim 89, wherein the sample is a colorectal biopsy sample.

    91. The method of claim 88, wherein the sample is a fecal sample.

    92. The method of any one of claims 88-91, wherein detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining bacterial gene expression in the sample from the subject.

    93. The method of any one of claims 88-92, wherein detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining bacterial composition in the sample from the subject.

    94. The method of claim any one of claims 88-93, wherein detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining that Acinetobacter johnsonii B8, Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995, Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601, Aquabacterium parvum B6, Bacteroides plebeius M12, Bacteroides sp 2_2_4, Dechloromonas sp. HZ, Dialister invisus E7.25, Micromonas micros ACM 5086, Sutterella stercoricanis 5BAC4, or a combination thereof, is increased in the sample from subject.

    95. The method of claim any one of claims 88-94, wherein detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining that Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or a combination thereof, is decreased in the sample from subject.

    96. The method of claim 95, wherein Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or a combination thereof, is decreased in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject.

    97. A method for treating a subject in need thereof, the method comprising decreasing a population of an increased bacterial strain in the subject, wherein the increased bacterial strain is selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter johnsonii B8, Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995, Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601, Aquabacterium parvum B6, Bacteroides plebeius M12, Bacteroides sp 2_2_4, Dechloromonas sp. HZ, Dialister invisus E7.25, Micromonas micros ACM 5086, Sutterella stercoricanis 5BAC45, and a combination thereof.

    98. The method of claim 97, wherein the subject has ulcerative colitis.

    99. The method of claim 97 or claim 98, wherein decreasing the population of an increased bacterial strain comprises administering to the subject a bacteriophage.

    100. The method of any one of claims 97-99, wherein decreasing the population of an increased bacterial strain comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, and a combination thereof.

    101. The method of any one of claims 86-96 and 98-100, wherein the ulcerative colitis is distal colitis.

    102. The method of any one of claims 86-96 and 98-100, wherein the ulcerative colitis is extensive colitis.

    103. The method of any one of claims 86-96 and 98-100, wherein the ulcerative colitis is selected from the group consisting of: ulcerative proctitis, left-sided colitis, proctosigmoiditis, and pancolitis.

    104. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-103, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2.

    105. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-104, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Bacteroides coprocola M16.

    106. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-105, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559.

    107. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-106, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Bacteroides vulgatus 8482.

    108. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-107, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Butyricimonas virosa MT12.

    109. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-108, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759.

    110. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-109, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749.

    111. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-110, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550.

    112. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-111, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989.

    113. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-112, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376.

    114. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-113, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768.

    115. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-114, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Howardella ureilytica GPC 589.

    116. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-115, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Megasphaera elsdenii LC1.

    117. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-116, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165.

    118. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-117, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067.

    119. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-118, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Roseburia hominus A2-183.

    120. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-119, wherein the bacterial strain comprises Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31.

    121. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-120, wherein the bacterial strain is selected from the group consisting of: Roseburia hominus A2-183, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, and a combination thereof.

    122. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-121, wherein the bacterial strain improves intestinal barrier function of the subject.

    123. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-122, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:99.

    124. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-123, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:100.

    125. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-124, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:101.

    126. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-125, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:102.

    127. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-126, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:103.

    128. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-127, wherein strain Roseburia hominus A2-183 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:104.

    129. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-128, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:73.

    130. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-129, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:74.

    131. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-130, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:75.

    132. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-131, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:76.

    133. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-132, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:77.

    134. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-133, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:78.

    135. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-134, wherein strain Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:79.

    136. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-135, wherein the bacterial strain in the composition is viable.

    137. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-136, wherein the bacterial strain is lyophilized.

    138. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-137, wherein the composition further comprises one or more cryopreservants.

    139. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-138, wherein the effective amount of the bacterial strain comprises at least about 1×10.sup.3 colony forming units (CFU) of the bacterial strain.

    140. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-139, wherein the effective amount of the bacterial strain comprises about 1×10.sup.4 to about 1×10.sup.15 CFU of the bacterial strain.

    141. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-140, wherein the effective amount of the bacterial strain comprises about 1×10.sup.6 to about 1×10.sup.10 CFU of the bacterial strain.

    142. The method of any one of claims 85-96 and 100-141, wherein the bacterial strain in the composition is non-viable.

    143. The method of claim 142, wherein the non-viable bacterial strain is heat-killed, irradiated, or lysed.

    144. The method of any one of claims 85-143, wherein the method comprises administering the composition to the subject once, twice, or three times per day.

    145. The method of any one of claims 85-144, wherein the composition is formulated for oral administration.

    146. The method of any one of claims 85-145, wherein the composition is formulated for rectal administration.

    147. The method of any one of claims 85-146, wherein the composition is formulated as a tablet, a capsule, a powder, or a liquid.

    148. The method of any one of claims 85-147, wherein the composition is formulated as a tablet.

    149. The method of claim 148, wherein the tablet is coated.

    150. The method of claim 149, wherein the coating comprises an enteric coating.

    151. The method of any one of claims 85-150, wherein the method further comprises administering another treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy to the subject.

    152. The method of claim 151, wherein the composition comprising the bacterial strain and the treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy are administered simultaneously.

    153. The method of claim 152, wherein the composition comprising the bacterial strain and the treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy are administered sequentially.

    154. The method of any one of claims 151-153, wherein the treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy comprises a probiotic.

    155. The method of any one of claims 151-154, wherein the treatment for ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy comprises a therapeutic agent.

    156. The method of claim 155, wherein the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressant, an antibiotic, an anti-diarrheal agent, a pain reliever, an iron supplement, or a combination thereof.

    157. The method of claim 156, wherein the anti-inflammatory agent comprises sulfasalazine, mesalamine, balsalazide, olsalazine, prednisone, hydrocortisone, rednisone, budesonide or a combination thereof.

    158. The method of claim 155 or 156, wherein the immunosuppressant comprises azathioprine, mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, vedolizumab, or a combination thereof.

    159. The method of any one of claims 155-158, wherein the composition comprising the bacterial strain further comprises the therapeutic agent.

    160. The method of any one of claims 85-159, wherein the subject is a human.

    Description

    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

    [0116] FIG. 1 is an exemplary schematic of the analysis.

    [0117] FIG. 2 has plots showing the tallies of strains detected (after prevalence filtering). The top panel tallies the strains detected in increasing number of datasets. The middle panel shows the number of strains that were significantly differentially abundant in 1 or more datasets. The bottom panel shows the number of strains that exhibit concordance in direction of the log 2 fold change, in increasing proportions of datasets in which they were detected. Only strains detected in at least two datasets are included.

    [0118] FIG. 3 is a plot showing that significant findings from isolated dataset analysis rarely exhibits concordance in the direction of shifts across multiple datasets. Each row represents a strain identified as significantly differentially abundant by at least one isolated analysis. Asterisk denotes dataset(s) where significant changes of a strain was observed. Cell color indicates direction of the log 2 fold change: decreased (e.g., decreased) (green) or increased (e.g., enriched) (pink) in dysbiosis and not detected (white). Cells are shaded dark if the direction of log 2 fold change is concordant across all datasets a strain was detected in, i.e., the strain is associated with homeostasis or dysbiosis only. See FIG. 9 for details on contrasts analyzed within each cohort of subjects.

    [0119] FIG. 4 is a plot showing the distribution of effect sizes per dataset. 16S-Hyb refers to profiling of the 16S rRNA gene on the PhyloChip; 16S-NGS and 16S-Sanger refer to sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene via next generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing, respectively.

    [0120] FIG. 5 is a plot showing strains (dots) significantly differentially abundant in eubiotic or dysbiotic state by isolated-dataset analysis (grey squares) or MTMA (grey spheres) in atopic dermatitis. Strains (dots) are sized by the number of datasets in which they were detected and colored as follows: significant by isolated analysis only (dark green); MTMA only (purple); or both (blue). Solid lines connect MTMA results to strains and dashed lines connect isolated analysis results to strains. Thick and thin lines indicate significant and non-significant findings, respectively. Red and green lines indicate enrichment and reduction in dysbiotic state, respectively. Annotation for strains described here are provided in FIG. 10.

    [0121] FIG. 6 is a forest plot demonstrating distribution of log 2 fold changes and 95% confidence intervals for strains that were identified as significantly differentially abundant by MTMA. Circles and triangles indicate log 2 fold change estimated by isolated analysis and MTMA, respectively. Error bars in the forest plots correspond to the 95% confidence interval. Green and blue indicate significant and nonsignificant findings, respectively, and grey indicates cases where an adjusted p-value could not be imputed by the statistical test.

    [0122] FIG. 7 is a plot of MTMA-derived adjusted p-values and log 2 fold changes. Data points are shaded according to the proportion of datasets in which the strain was detected. Significantly dysbiosis-associated strains plot in the upper left quadrant, whereas homeostasis-associated strains plot in the upper right quadrant. FIG. 10 provides strain names for strain identifiers indicated in the plot.

    [0123] FIG. 8 has plots showing the 4KDa-FITC and colon weight/length for mice administered Roseburia hominus A2-183 and Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 cocktail. Mice were administered 2.5% DSS in the drinking water and were concurrently treated with vehicle, or Roseburia hominus A2-183 (2.2×10.sup.8 CFU) and Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 (4.7×10.sup.7 CFU) cocktail twice a day by oral gavage (n=10 per group). On day six, a, translocation of 4KDa-FITC-dextran into serum was measured following oral gavage and b, colon weight to length ratios were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed via a one-way ANOVA compared to DSS+vehicle using a Dunnett's multiple comparison test, *=p<0.05. Graphs depict mean±SEM and summarize the data of an individual experiment.

    [0124] FIG. 9 is a table showing details on contrasts analyzed within each cohort of subjects.

    [0125] FIG. 10 is a table showing the association between the strain identifiers and strain names.

    DETAILED DESCRIPTION

    [0126] This document provides compositions and methods for treating subjects in need thereof (e.g., subjects having ulcerative colitis) using one or more bacterial strains. Inflammation involves the activation of the immune system in response to harmful stimuli, such as a pathogen, an infection, an irritant, or damage to cells. Inflammatory disorders can involve the immune system attacking the body's own cells or tissues, which can lead to abnormal inflammation. Ulcerative colitis can cause long-lasting inflammation and sores (ulcers), in the innermost lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. Ulcerative colitis typically presents with shallow, continuous inflammation. This inflammation generally extends from the rectum and can include part of or the entire colon, and classification of ulcerative colitis is typically according to its location. For example, ulcerative proctitis can refer to ulcerative colitis in which inflammation is confined to the area closest to the anus; proctosigmoiditis can refer to ulcerative colitis in which inflammation involves the rectum and sigmoid colon (lower end of the colon); left-sided colitis (e.g., distal colitis) can refer to ulcerative colitis in which inflammation extends from the rectum up through the sigmoid and descending colon; pancolitis can refer to ulcerative colitis that affects the entire colon; and acute severe ulcerative colitis refers to ulcerative colitis that affects the entire colon and causes severe pain, profuse diarrhea, bleeding, fever and inability to eat. Subjects with inflammation limited to part of the colon (e.g., proctitis) can have mild but frequently recurrent symptoms, whereas subjects with extensive disease (e.g., pancolitis) more commonly have severe symptoms. See, for example, Botoman et al., Am. Fam. Physician, Vol. 57(1):57-68, 1998.

    [0127] In some embodiments, methods for treating a subject in need thereof are provided herein. In some embodiments, one or more of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 are decreased (e.g., decreased) in a sample (e.g., fecal sample or a biopsy sample such as an intestinal biopsy sample or a colorectal biopsy sample) from the subject in need thereof. For example, one or more of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 are decreased (e.g., reduced) in the sample (e.g., fecal sample or a biopsy sample such as an intestinal biopsy sample or a colorectal biopsy sample) from the subject in need thereof compared to a control sample (e.g., a reference sample). Determining that one or more of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 are decreased (e.g., reduced) in the sample from the subject in need thereof can comprise sequencing one or more nucleic acids from the bacteria. In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof has been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis.

    [0128] The methods provided herein can include administering to the subject a composition that includes an effective amount of a bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain can be selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, and a combination thereof (e.g., any two, any three, any four, any five, any six, any seven, any eight, any nine, any ten, any eleven, any twelve, any thirteen, any fourteen, any fifteen, any sixteen, or all seventeen of the bacterial strains). In some embodiments, the bacterial strain can be selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, and a combination thereof (e.g., any two, any three, any four, any five, any six, any seven, any eight, any nine, any ten, any eleven, any twelve, any thirteen, any fourteen, any fifteen, or all sixteen of the bacterial strains). In some embodiments, the bacterial strain can be selected from the group consisting of Roseburia hominis A2-183, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain is Roseburia hominis A2-183.

    [0129] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2. In some embodiments, Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or all) of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, and SEQ ID NO:12. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or all) of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, and SEQ ID NO:12.

    [0130] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Bacteroides coprocola M16. A complete genomic sequence for Bacteroides coprocola M16 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000154845. In some embodiments, the Bacteroides coprocola M16 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000154845. For example, Bacteroides coprocola M16 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000154845. In some embodiments, Bacteroides coprocola M16 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, or all) of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:24. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, or all) of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:24.

    [0131] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559. A complete genomic sequence for Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000155815. In some embodiments, the Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000155815. For example, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000155815. In some embodiments, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or all) of SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, and SEQ ID NO:30. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or all) of SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, and SEQ ID NO:30.

    [0132] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Bacteroides vulgatus 8482. A complete genomic sequence for Bacteroides vulgatus 8482 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000012825. In some embodiments, the Bacteroides vulgatus 8482 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000012825. For example, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000012825. In some embodiments, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, or all) of SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, and SEQ ID NO:42. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, or all) of SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, and SEQ ID NO:42.

    [0133] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Butyricimonas virosa MT12. In some embodiments, Butyricimonas virosa MT12 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:43. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:43.

    [0134] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759. A complete genomic sequence for Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000154425. In some embodiments, the Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000154425. For example, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000154425. In some embodiments, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or all) of SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:50, SEQ ID NO:51, SEQ ID NO:52, SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:54, SEQ ID NO:55, and SEQ ID NO:56. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or all) of SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:50, SEQ ID NO:51, SEQ ID NO:52, SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:54, SEQ ID NO:55, and SEQ ID NO:56.

    [0135] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749. A complete genomic sequence for Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000156375. In some embodiments, the Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000156375. For example, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000156375. In some embodiments, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:57. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:57.

    [0136] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550. A complete genomic sequence for Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000245815. In some embodiments, the Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000245815. For example, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000245815. In some embodiments, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or all) of SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:61, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID NO:63, SEQ ID NO:64, SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:66, SEQ ID NO:67, and SEQ ID NO:68. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or all) of SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:61, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID NO:63, SEQ ID NO:64, SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:66, SEQ ID NO:67, and SEQ ID NO:68.

    [0137] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989. A complete genomic sequence for Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000156655. In some embodiments, the Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000156655. For example, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000156655. In some embodiments, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or all) of SEQ ID NO:69, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:71, and SEQ ID NO:72. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or all) of SEQ ID NO:69, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:71, and SEQ ID NO:72.

    [0138] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376. A complete genomic sequence for Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000146185. In some embodiments, the Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000146185. For example, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000146185. In some embodiments, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, or all) of SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:74, SEQ ID NO:75, SEQ ID NO:76, SEQ ID NO:77, SEQ ID NO:78, and SEQ ID NO:79. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, or all) of SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:74, SEQ ID NO:75, SEQ ID NO:76, SEQ ID NO:77, SEQ ID NO:78, and SEQ ID NO:79.

    [0139] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768. In some embodiments, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:80. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:80.

    [0140] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Howardella ureilytica GPC 589. In some embodiments, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:81. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:81.

    [0141] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Megasphaera elsdenii LC1. A complete genomic sequence for Megasphaera elsdenii LC1 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000283495. In some embodiments, the Megasphaera elsdenii LC1 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000283495. For example, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000283495. In some embodiments, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or all) of SEQ ID NO:82, SEQ ID NO:83, SEQ ID NO:84, SEQ ID NO:85, SEQ ID NO:86, SEQ ID NO:87, SEQ ID NO:88, SEQ ID NO:89, and SEQ ID NO:90. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or all) of SEQ ID NO:82, SEQ ID NO:83, SEQ ID NO:84, SEQ ID NO:85, SEQ ID NO:86, SEQ ID NO:87, SEQ ID NO:88, SEQ ID NO:89, and SEQ ID NO:90.

    [0142] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165. A complete genomic sequence for Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000156495. In some embodiments, the Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000156495. For example, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000156495. In some embodiments, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or all) of SEQ ID NO:91, SEQ ID NO:92, SEQ ID NO:93, and SEQ ID NO:94. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or all) of SEQ ID NO:91, SEQ ID NO:92, SEQ ID NO:93, and SEQ ID NO:94.

    [0143] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067. A complete genomic sequence for Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000188175_. In some embodiments, the Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000188175. For example, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000188175. In some embodiments, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or all) of SEQ ID NO:95, SEQ ID NO:96, SEQ ID NO:97, and SEQ ID NO:98. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or all) of SEQ ID NO:95, SEQ ID NO:96, SEQ ID NO:97, and SEQ ID NO:98.

    [0144] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Roseburia hominis A2-183. A complete genomic sequence for Roseburia hominis A2-183 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000225345. In some embodiments, the Roseburia hominis A2-183 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000225345. For example, Roseburia hominis A2-183 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000225345. In some embodiments, Roseburia hominis A2-183 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or all) of SEQ ID NO:99, SEQ ID NO:100, SEQ ID NO:101, SEQ ID NO:102, SEQ ID NO:103, and SEQ ID NO:104. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or all) of SEQ ID NO:99, SEQ ID NO:100, SEQ ID NO:101, SEQ ID NO:102, SEQ ID NO:103, and SEQ ID NO:104.

    [0145] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition comprises Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31. A complete genomic sequence for Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000468015. In some embodiments, the Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000468015. For example, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 included in a composition provided herein can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000468015. In some embodiments, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 included in a composition provided herein has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or both of SEQ ID NO:105 and SEQ ID NO:106. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or both of SEQ ID NO:105 and SEQ ID NO:106.

    [0146] In some embodiments, the composition can include two or more bacterial strains selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31. For example, the composition can include three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or all seventeen bacterial strains selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31. Identifying characteristics of each strain are described above.

    [0147] In some embodiments, the composition can include two or more bacterial strains selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31. For example, the composition can include three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, or all sixteen bacterial strains selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31. Identifying characteristics of each strain are described above.

    [0148] In some embodiments, a method can include detecting, in a sample from the subject, a dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis, e.g., before administering to the subject an effective amount of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain. The sample can be a biopsy sample such as an intestinal biopsy sample or a colorectal biopsy sample. In some embodiments, the sample is a fecal sample.

    [0149] In some embodiments, detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis can include determining bacterial gene expression in the sample from the subject (e.g., fecal sample or a biopsy sample such as an intestinal biopsy sample or a colorectal biopsy sample). For example, the bacterial gene expression can be determined in the sample from the subject e.g., before administering to the subject an effective amount of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain and/or after administering to the subject an effective amount of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain. Determining the bacterial gene expression can include performing, for example, RNAseq and/or RT-qPCR. In some embodiments, detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining bacterial composition in the sample from the subject (e.g., fecal sample or a biopsy sample such as an intestinal biopsy sample or a colorectal biopsy sample). For example, the bacterial composition can be determined in a sample from the subject, e.g., before administering to the subject an effective amount of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain and/or after administering to the subject an effective amount of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain. Determining the bacterial composition can include, for example, sequencing one or more nucleic acids from the bacteria. In some embodiments, bacteria can be identified by their 16S rRNA gene sequence.

    [0150] In some embodiments, detecting the dysbiosis comprises determining that Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or a combination thereof, is decreased (e.g., reduced) in the sample from subject (e.g., decreased (e.g., reduced) in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject). In some embodiments, detecting the dysbiosis comprises determining that Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or a combination thereof, is decreased (e.g., reduced) in the sample from subject (e.g., decreased (e.g., reduced) in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject).

    [0151] In some embodiments, detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining that Acinetobacter johnsonii B8, Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995, Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601, Aquabacterium parvum B6, Bacteroides plebeius M12, Bacteroides sp 2_2_4, Dechloromonas sp. HZ, Dialister invisus E7.25, Micromonas micros ACM 5086, Sutterella stercoricanis 5BAC4, or a combination thereof, is increased (e.g., enriched) in the sample from subject. In some embodiments, detecting the dysbiosis associated with ulcerative colitis comprises determining that Acinetobacter johnsonii B8, Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995, Aquabacterium parvum B6, Bacteroides plebeius M12, Bacteroides sp 2_2_4, Dechloromonas sp. HZ, Dialister invisus E7.25, Micromonas micros ACM 5086, Sutterella stercoricanis 5BAC4, or a combination thereof, is increased (e.g., enriched) in the sample from subject.

    [0152] In some embodiments, a method as provided herein can include decreasing a population of an increased (e.g., enriched) bacterial strain in a subject (e.g., a subject with ulcerative colitis). In some embodiments, detecting the decrease in the population of an increased (e.g., enriched) bacterial strain comprises determining the bacterial composition in a sample from the subject (e.g., fecal sample or a biopsy sample such as an intestinal biopsy sample or a colorectal biopsy sample). For example, the bacterial composition can be determined in a sample from the subject before administering to the subject an effective amount of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain and after administering to the subject an effective amount of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain. For example, the population of an increased (e.g., enriched) bacterial strain can be decreased by at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, or at least 50%, e.g., in a sample from the subject after administration of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain to the subject compared to before administration to the subject of an effective amount of a bacterial strain or a composition containing the bacterial strain. Determining the bacterial composition can include, for example, sequencing one or more nucleic acids from the bacteria. In some embodiments, bacteria can be identified by their 16S rRNA gene sequence.

    [0153] In some embodiments, the increased (e.g., enriched) bacterial strain can be selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii B8, Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995, Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601, Aquabacterium parvum B6, Bacteroides plebeius M12, Bacteroides sp 2_2_4, Dechloromonas sp. HZ, Dialister invisus E7.25, Micromonas micros ACM 5086, Sutterella stercoricanis 5BAC4, or a combination thereof.

    [0154] A complete genomic sequence for Acinetobacter johnsonii B8 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000368045 and GCF_000949655. In some embodiments, the Acinetobacter johnsonii B8 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as one or both of GCF_000368045 and GCF_000949655. For example, Acinetobacter johnsonii B8 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as one or both of GCF_000368045 and GCF_000949655. In some embodiments, Acinetobacter johnsonii B8 can have a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or all) of SEQ ID NO:107, SEQ ID NO:108, SEQ ID NO:109, SEQ ID NO:110, SEQ ID NO:111, SEQ ID NO:112, SEQ ID NO:113, SEQ ID NO:114, SEQ ID NO:115, and SEQ ID NO:116, and SEQ ID NO:117 (e.g., at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or all) of SEQ ID NO:107, SEQ ID NO:108, SEQ ID NO:109, SEQ ID NO:110, SEQ ID NO:111, SEQ ID NO:112, SEQ ID NO:113, SEQ ID NO:114, SEQ ID NO:115, and SEQ ID NO:116, and SEQ ID NO:117).

    [0155] A complete genomic sequence for Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000248215 and GCF_000369645. In some embodiments, the Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as one of both of GCF_000248215 and GCF_000369645. For example, Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as one or both of GCF_000248215 and GCF_000369645. In some embodiments, Acinetobacter sp. LMG 995 can have a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or all) of SEQ ID NO:118, SEQ ID NO:119, SEQ ID NO:120, SEQ ID NO:121, SEQ ID NO:122, SEQ ID NO:123, SEQ ID NO:124, and SEQ ID NO:125 (e.g., at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or all) of SEQ ID NO:118, SEQ ID NO:119, SEQ ID NO:120, SEQ ID NO:121, SEQ ID NO:122, SEQ ID NO:123, SEQ ID NO:124, and SEQ ID NO:125).

    [0156] A complete genomic sequence for Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000204645. In some embodiments, the Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000204645. For example, Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601 included can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000204645. In some embodiments, Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, or all) of SEQ ID NO:126, SEQ ID NO:127, SEQ ID NO:128, SEQ ID NO:129, and SEQ ID NO:130. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, or all) of SEQ ID NO:126, SEQ ID NO:127, SEQ ID NO:128, SEQ ID NO:129, and SEQ ID NO:130.

    [0157] A complete genomic sequence for Aquabacterium parvum B6 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_001447195. In some embodiments, the Aquabacterium parvum B6 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_001447195. For example, Aquabacterium parvum B6 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_001447195. In some embodiments, Aquabacterium parvum B6 can have a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:131 (e.g., at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:131).

    [0158] A complete genomic sequence for Bacteroides plebeius M12 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000187895. In some embodiments, the Bacteroides plebeius M12 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000187895. For example, Bacteroides plebeius M12 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000187895. In some embodiments, Bacteroides plebeius M12 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, or all) of SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO:133, and SEQ ID NO:134. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, or all) of SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO:133, and SEQ ID NO:134.

    [0159] A complete genomic sequence for Bacteroides sp 2_2_4 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000157055. In some embodiments, the Bacteroides sp 2_2_4 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000157055. For example, Bacteroides sp 2_2_4 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000157055. In some embodiments, Bacteroides sp 2_2_4 has a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or both of SEQ ID NO:135 and SEQ ID NO:136. For example, at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or both of SEQ ID NO:135 and SEQ ID NO:136.

    [0160] In some embodiments, Dechloromonas sp. HZ can have a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:137 (e.g., at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:137).

    [0161] A complete genomic sequence for Dialister invisus E7.25 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000160055. In some embodiments, the Dialister invisus E7.25 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000160055. For example, Dialister invisus E7.25 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000160055. In some embodiments, Dialister invisus E7.25 can have a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, or all) of SEQ ID NO:138, SEQ ID NO:139, SEQ ID NO:140, SEQ ID NO:141, SEQ ID NO:142, SEQ ID NO:143, and SEQ ID NO:144 (e.g., at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, or all) of SEQ ID NO:138, SEQ ID NO:139, SEQ ID NO:140, SEQ ID NO:141, SEQ ID NO:142, SEQ ID NO:143, and SEQ ID NO:144).

    [0162] A complete genomic sequence for Micromonas micros ACM 5086 is available in the GenBank database as, e.g., Accession No. GCF_000154405. In some embodiments, the Micromonas micros ACM 5086 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 95% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000154405. For example, Micromonas micros ACM 5086 can have a genomic sequence with at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the genomic sequence published as GCF_000154405. In some embodiments, Micromonas micros ACM 5086 can have a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or all) of SEQ ID NO:145, SEQ ID NO:146, SEQ ID NO:147, SEQ ID NO:148, SEQ ID NO:149, and SEQ ID NO:150 (e.g., at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or all) of SEQ ID NO:145, SEQ ID NO:146, SEQ ID NO:147, SEQ ID NO:148, SEQ ID NO:149, and SEQ ID NO:150).

    [0163] In some embodiments, Sutterella stercoricanis 5BAC4 can have a 16S RNA gene that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:151 (e.g., at least about 91%, about 91.5% about 92%, about 92.5%, about 93%, about 93.5%, about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:151).

    [0164] In some embodiments, decreasing the population of an increased (e.g., enriched) bacterial strain can include administering a bacteriophage to the subject. See, for example, Sabino et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 51(1):53-63, 2020. In some embodiments, decreasing the population of an increased (e.g., enriched) bacterial strain can include administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial strain (e.g., a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, and a combination thereof; or a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31).

    [0165] In some embodiments, methods provided herein can include administering the composition that includes an effective amount of one or more bacterial strains to the subject at least once per day. For example, the composition can be administered two, three, four, or more times per day. In some embodiments, an effective amount of the bacterial strain is administered in one dose, e.g., once per day. In some embodiments, an effective amount of the bacterial strain is administered in more than one dose, e.g., more than once per day. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the composition to the subject daily, every other day, every three days, or once a week.

    [0166] In some embodiments, an effective amount of a bacterial strain (e.g., Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or a combination thereof) in a composition described herein can include at least about 1×10.sup.3 CFUs of the bacterial strain. For example, an effective amount of a bacterial strain can be at least about 1×10.sup.3, about 1×10.sup.4, about 1×10.sup.5, about 1×10.sup.6, about 1×10.sup.7, about 1×10.sup.8, about 1×10.sup.9, about 1×10.sup.10, about 1×10.sup.11, about 1×10.sup.12, about 1×10.sup.13, or about 1×10.sup.14 CFUs of the bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the effective amount of a bacterial strain in a composition described herein comprises about 1×10.sup.3to about 1×10.sup.15 CFUs of the bacterial strain (e.g., about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.6, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.8, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.10, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.12, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.14, about 1×10.sup.7 to about 1×10.sup.12, about 1×10.sup.13 to about 1×10.sup.15, about 1×10.sup.11 to about 1×10.sup.15, about 1×10.sup.9 to about 1×10.sup.15, about 1×10.sup.7 to about 1×10.sup.15, or about 1×10.sup.5 to about 1×10.sup.15 CFUs of the bacterial strain).

    [0167] In some embodiments, methods provided herein can include administering a composition comprising a bacterial strain as described herein in combination with one or more other treatments of ulcerative colitis and/or in combination with adjunct therapies such as a therapeutic agent to control pain and/or inflammation. In some embodiments, the treatment of ulcerative colitis can be surgery (e.g., a proctocolectomy). In some embodiments, the treatment of ulcerative colitis and/or adjunct therapy can be a therapeutic agent such as an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressant, a corticosteroid, or an antibiotic. The composition comprising a bacterial strain and any other treatments and/or adjunct therapies can be administered together (e.g., in the same formulation), or the composition comprising the bacterial strain can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, the one or more other treatments or adjunct therapies.

    [0168] In some embodiments, a treatment of ulcerative colitis and/or an adjunct therapy administered in combination with a composition comprising a bacterial strain as described herein comprises an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressant, a corticosteroid, an antibiotic, an anti-diarrheal agent, a pain reliever, an iron supplement, a probiotic, a prebiotic, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory agent comprises a JAK inhibitor (e.g., tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, and/or baricitinib), sulfasalazine, mesalamine, balsalazide, olsalazine, a corticosteroid, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant comprises azathioprine, mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, vedolizumab, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the corticosteroid comprises prednisone, hydrocortisone, rednisone, budesonide, or a combination thereof. See, for example, Kayal and Shah. J Clin Med. 2019 Dec. 30; 9(1).

    [0169] In some embodiments, a prebiotic and/or probiotic can be administered in combination with a composition comprising a bacterial strain as described herein. Non-limiting examples of a probiotic include one of more of Bifidobacteria (e.g., B. animalis, B. breve, B. lactis, B. longum, B. longum, or B. infantis), Lactobacillus (e.g., L. acidophilus, L. reuteri, L. bulgaricus, L. lactis, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, or L. delbreuckii/bulgaricus), Saccharomyces boulardii, E. coli Nissle 1917, and Streptococcus thermophiles. Non-limiting examples of a prebiotic include a fructooligosaccharide (e.g., oligofructose, inulin, or an inulin-type fructan), a galactooligosaccharide, an amino acid, or an alcohol. See, for example, Ramirez-Farias et al. (2008. Br. J Nutr. 4:1-10) and Pool-Zobel and Sauer (2007. J Nutr. 137:2580-2584).

    [0170] In some embodiments, an effective amount of the therapeutic agent is administered in combination with a composition comprising a bacterial strain as described herein.

    [0171] In some embodiments, methods provided herein can include monitoring the subject after treatment with a composition described herein to determine if one or more symptoms have been alleviated, if the severity of one or more symptoms has been decreased (e.g., reduced), or if progression of the disease has been delayed or inhibited in the subject. Non-limiting examples of ulcerative colitis symptoms include: diarrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, rectal pain, rectal bleeding, urgency to defecate, inability to defecate despite urgency (tenesmus), weight loss, fatigue, fever, and failure to grow (in children).

    [0172] There are numerous scores and clinical markers that can be utilized to assess the efficacy of administering a composition that includes bacterial strain as described herein in treating an inflammatory disease.

    [0173] As an example, there are two general approaches to evaluating patients with an inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis. The first involves the visual examination of the mucosa and relies on the observation of signs of damage to the mucosa. Any procedure that allows an assessment of the mucosa can be used. Non-limiting examples include a barium enema, an x-ray, and endoscopy. An endoscopy may be of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (esophagogastroduodenoscopy), small intestine (enteroscopy), or large intestine/colon (colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy). These techniques can be used to identify an area of inflammation, an ulcer, and/or an abnormal growth such as a polyp. A scoring system based on the visual examination of the GI tract can be used to determine the status and/or severity of IBD. The scoring systems can help ensure the uniform assessment of different subjects, e.g., even if subjects are assessed by different medical professionals. For example, non-limiting examples of evaluations based on visual examination of UC are described and compared in Daperno et al. J Crohns Colitis. 2011 5:484-98. In some embodiments, findings on endoscopy or other examination of the mucosa can be incorporated into a clinical scoring systems. A clinical scoring system can also incorporate data based on one or more symptoms including stool frequency, rectal bleeding, and a physician's global assessment. Some of these scoring systems also take into account a quantitative assessment of the effect on quality of life.

    [0174] An example of a scoring system for UC is the Mayo scoring system (Schroeder et al., N Eng J Med, 1987, 317:1625-1629). Other non-limiting examples of scoring systems for UC include the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) score (Travis et al, 2012, Gut, 61:535-542), Baron Score (Baron et al., 1964, BMJ, 1:89), Ulcerative Colitis Colonoscopic Index of Severity (UCCIS) (Thia et al., 2011, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 17:1757-1764), Rachmilewitz Endoscopic Index (Rachmilewitz, 1989, BMJ, 298:82-86), Sutherland Index (also known as the UC Disease Activity Index (UCDAI) scoring system; Sutherland et al., 1987, Gastroenterology, 92:1994-1998), Matts Score (Matts, 1961, QJM, 30:393-407), and Blackstone Index (Blackstone, 1984, Inflammatory bowel disease. In: Blackstone MO (ed.) Endoscopic interpretation: normal and pathologic appearances of the gastrointestinal tract, 1984, pp. 464-494). Also see, for example, Paine, 2014, Gastroenterol Rep 2:161-168.

    [0175] In some embodiments, treatment of ulcerative colitis in a subject can be assessed using one or more indexes or biomarkers selected from the group consisting of: the UC Disease Activity Index, the UC Disease Activity Index, the Mayo Score, Mayo Score, the Harvey-Bradshaw Index, an IBD questionnaire, Manitoba IBD Index, IBD-Control questionnaire, CRP levels, calprotectin levels, fecal lactoferrin levels, an endoscopy, Rachmilewitz Endoscopic Index, Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopi Index of Severity, and CD Digestive Damage Score. For example, an improvement in one or more of the above indexes or biomarkers after administering a bacterial strain, or a composition thereof, as described herein to the subject indicates treatment of the ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, a reduction in the Mayo Score indicates treatment of UC in a subject. The Mayo Score is a combined endoscopic and clinical scale used to assess the severity of UC and has a scale of 1-12. In some embodiments, treatment comprises a reduction in the Mayo Score by at least 1, 2 or 3 points in at least one of: rectal bleeding, blood streaks seen in the stool, endoscopy subscore, and physician's global assessment.

    [0176] Diagnosing ulcerative colitis in a subject can include ruling out other possible causes for a subject's symptoms (e.g., an infection caused by a bacteria, virus, or parasite). In some embodiments, diagnosing ulcerative colitis in a subject can include performing one or more tests or procedures such as a blood test (e.g., a test for anemia or a test for an infection using a blood sample form the subject), a stool sample (e.g., a test for white blood cells in stool sample from the subject), a colonoscopy, a biopsy, a sigmoidoscopy, an X-ray, a computerized tomography (CT) scan, a CT enterography, and a magnetic resonance (MR) enterography. Imaging methods such as a colonoscopy, a sigmoidoscopy, an X-ray, a computerized tomography (CT) scan, a CT enterography, and a magnetic resonance (MR) enterography, can be used to determine the level and location of inflammation in the colon of a subject.

    [0177] In some embodiments, compositions provided herein can include one or more excipients and can be formulated for any of a number of delivery systems suitable for administration to a subject (e.g., probiotic or LBP delivery systems). Non-limiting examples of an excipient include a buffering agent, a diluent, a preservative, a stabilizer, a binding agent, a filler, a lubricant, a dispersion enhancer, a disintegrant, a lubricant, a disintegrant, a wetting agent, a glidant, a flavoring agent, a sweetener, and a coloring agent. For example, in some embodiments, tablets or capsules can be prepared by conventional means with excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents. Any of the compositions described herein can be administered to a subject to treat ulcerative colitis as described herein.

    [0178] In some embodiments, a composition as described herein can be formulated for oral delivery. In some embodiments, the composition can be formulated as a tablet, a chewable tablet, a capsule, a stick pack, a powder, effervescent powder, or a liquid. In some embodiments, a composition can include coated beads that contain the bacterial strain. In some embodiments, a powder comprising the bacterial strain can be suspended or dissolved in a drinkable liquid such as water for administration. In some embodiments, the composition is a solid composition.

    [0179] In some embodiments, a composition described herein can be formulated for various immediate and controlled release profiles of the bacterial strain. For example, a controlled release formulation can include a controlled release coating disposed over the bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the controlled release coating is an enteric coating, a semi-enteric coating, a delayed release coating, or a pulsed release coating. In some embodiments, a coating can be suitable if it provides an appropriate lag in active release (i.e., release of the bacterial strain). For example, in some embodiments, the composition can be formulated as a tablet that includes a coating (e.g., an enteric coating).

    [0180] In some embodiments, the composition can be formulated for topical delivery. In some embodiments, the composition can be in the form of a paste, gel, cream, spray, suppository, mousse, emollient, ointment, foam, or suspension.

    [0181] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition is a culture of a single strain of organism. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bacterial strain that is isolated. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain is isolated and cultured in vitro to increase the number or concentration of the bacterial strain. Increasing the number or concentration of the bacterial strain can be useful, for example, to enhance the efficacy of a composition comprising the bacterial strain.

    [0182] In some embodiments, an effective amount of the bacterial strain in a composition described herein comprises at least about 1×10.sup.3 CFU of the bacterial strain. For example, at least about 1×10.sup.3, about 1×10.sup.4, about 1×10.sup.5, about 1×10.sup.6, about 1×10.sup.7, about 1×10.sup.8, about 1×10.sup.9, about 1×10.sup.10, about 1×10.sup.11, about 1×10.sup.12, about 1×10.sup.13, or about 1×10.sup.14 CFUs of the bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the effective amount of a bacterial strain in a composition described herein comprises about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.15 CFUs of the bacterial strain. For example, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.6, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.8, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.10, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.12, about 1×10.sup.3 to about 1×10.sup.14, about 1×10.sup.7 to about 1×10.sup.12, about 1×10.sup.13 to about 1×10.sup.15, about 1×10.sup.11 to about 1×10.sup.15, about 1×10.sup.9 to about 1×10.sup.15, about 1×10.sup.7 to about 1×10.sup.15, or about 1×10.sup.5 to about 1×10.sup.15 CFUs of the bacterial strain.

    [0183] In some embodiments, the composition can include one or more biologically pure strains (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, or fifteen or more bacterial strains). For example, the composition can include biologically pure Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, biologically pure Bacteroides coprocola M16, biologically pure Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, biologically pure Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, biologically pure Butyricimonas virosa MT12, biologically pure Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, biologically pure Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, biologically pure Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, biologically pure Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, biologically pure Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, biologically pure Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, biologically pure Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, biologically pure Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, biologically pure Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, biologically pure Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, biologically pure Roseburia hominus A2-183, biologically pure Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or any combination thereof.

    [0184] In some embodiments, the composition is a solid composition that includes at least 1×10.sup.3 CFUs of a bacterial strain (e.g., a biologically pure strain) and one or more excipients. Identifying characteristics of suitable strains, including homology to 16S rRNA sequences are described above.

    [0185] In some embodiments, each member of the same bacterial strain has a 16S rRNA gene sequence with at least about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% sequence identity to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of each other member of the same bacterial strain.

    [0186] In some embodiments, a bacterial strain in a composition described herein is preserved. Methods for preserving bacterial strains can include lyophilization and cryopreservation, optionally in the presence of a protectant. Non-limiting examples of protectants include sucrose, inulin, and glycerol. In some embodiments, a composition can include a lyophilized or cryopreserved bacterial strain such as Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or a combination thereof, and an optional protectant. In some embodiments, a composition can include a lyophilized or cryopreserved bacterial strain such as Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or a combination thereof, and an optional protectant.

    [0187] In some embodiments, wherein the bacterial strain is a combination of two or more of: Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 one or more of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 are lyophilized or cryopreserved.

    [0188] In some embodiments, the composition is a live bacterial product (LBP). In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition is viable. The viable bacterial strain can be, for example, cryopreserved and/or lyophilized. In some embodiments, a composition for delivery of live bacterial strains (e.g., Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Eubacterium eligens DSM 3376, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31, or a combination thereof), can be formulated to maintain viability of the bacterial strain.

    [0189] In some embodiments, wherein the bacterial strain is a combination of two or more of: Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 one or more of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 are viable.

    [0190] In some embodiments, the composition comprises elements that protect the bacterial strain from the acidic environment of the stomach (e.g., an enteric coating).

    [0191] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition can be non-viable. In some embodiments, the non-viable bacterial strain is heat-killed, irradiated, or lysed.

    [0192] In some embodiments, wherein the bacterial strain is a combination of two or more of: Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 one or more of Bacillus sp. BT1B_CT2, Bacteroides coprocola M16, Bacteroides eggerthii CCUG 9559, Bacteroides vulgatus 8482, Butyricimonas virosa MT12, Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759, Desulfovibrio piger DSM 749, Dolosigranulum pigrum IFO 15550, Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989, Fusobacterium.prausnitzii ATCC 27768, Howardella ureilytica GPC 589, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Parabacteroides johnsonii M-165, Phascolarctobacterium sp. YIT 12067, Roseburia hominus A2-183, and Ruminococcus callidus VPI 57-31 are non-viable (e.g., heat-killed, irradiated, or lysed).

    [0193] In some embodiments, the bacterial strain as described herein may be used in prophylactic applications. For example, in a prophylactic application, a bacterial strain or a composition described herein can be administered to a subject susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of, a particular disease in an amount that is sufficient to at least partially reduce the risk of developing a disease. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the precise amounts of the bacterial strain administered may depend on a number of subject specific factors such as the subject's state of health and/or weight.

    [0194] Also provided herein are methods of identifying a subject as having or having an increased likelihood of developing ulcerative colitis that include (a) identifying a subject having a sample that has (i) an increased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as having or having an increased likelihood of developing ulcerative colitis; or (b) identifying a subject having a sample that does not have (i) an increased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as not having or not having an increased likelihood of developing ulcerative colitis.

    [0195] Also provided herein are methods of diagnosing a subject as having ulcerative colitis that include (a) identifying a subject having a sample that has (i) an increased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or (ii) a decreased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as having ulcerative colitis; or b) identifying a subject having a sample that does not have (i) an increased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or ii) a decreased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as not having ulcerative colitis.

    [0196] Also provided herein are methods of treating ulcerative colitis in a subject that include a) administering a ulcerative colitis therapy to a subject determined to have a sample that has (i) an increased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or ii) a decreased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus; or b) not administering a ulcerative colitis therapy to a subject determined not to have a sample that has (i) an increased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or ii) a decreased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    [0197] Also provided herein are methods for treating a subject in need thereof that include a) administering a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial species selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as a monotherapy, or in conjunction with another ulcerative colitis therapy, to a subject determined to have a sample that has (i) an increased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or ii) a decreased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus; or b) not administering a composition comprising an effective amount of a bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus, as a monotherapy, or in conjunction with another ulcerative colitis therapy, to a subject determined not to have a sample that has (i) an increased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or ii) a decreased level of one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) bacterial species selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus. In some embodiments, the subject has ulcerative colitis.

    [0198] Some embodiments of any of the methods described herein include detecting the level of one or more bacterial species in the sample from the subject. In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the level of Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, or Sutterella stercoricanis is increased in comparison to the same bacterial species in a reference sample.

    [0199] Some embodiments of any of the methods described herein include determining that the sample has (i) an increased level of two or more (e.g., three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or ii) a decreased level of two or more (e.g., three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    [0200] Some embodiments of any of the methods described herein include determining that the sample has (i) an increased level of three or more (e.g., four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or ii) a decreased level of three or more (e.g., four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    [0201] Some embodiments of any of the methods described herein include determining that the sample has (i) an increased level of four or more (e.g., five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten) of: Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Aquabacterium parvum, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides sp, Dechloromonas sp., Dialister invisus, Micromonas micros, and Sutterella stercoricanis; and/or ii) a decreased level of four or more (e.g., five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, or seventeen) of: Bacillus sp., Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Butyricimonas virosa, Coprococcus eutactus, Desulfovibrio piger, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium eligens, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Howardella ureilytica, Megasphaera elsdenii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Phascolarctobacterium sp., Roseburia hominus, and Ruminococcus callidus.

    [0202] The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

    EXAMPLES

    Example 1. Identification of Bacterial Strains Associated with Ulcerative Colitis

    [0203] A multiple-technology meta-analysis (MTMA) approach was applied to datasets, which led to the identification of strains unique to colorectal cancer. To overcome challenges of comparing clinical variables across datasets from multiple institutes, a controlled vocabulary of hierarchically organized terms and manually re-annotated metadata from public datasets using this vocabulary was created. FIG. 8 provides the details regarding the cohorts, datasets, and contrasts analyzed to identify differentially abundant (DA) taxa correlating with disease progression. Statistical analysis of each dataset was performed using the workflow described in FIG. 1. Strain-level annotation was achieved using StrainSelect, a database containing sequence information of bacterial and archaeal strains connected to genome identifiers, which facilitated comparative analysis of taxa abundances at a strain-level across datasets.

    [0204] Methods

    [0205] Patient Populations

    [0206] Mucosal biopsies were collected at the University of Calgary during initial diagnosis or follow up endoscopy from September 2007 and April 2013 (BioProject accession number PRJNA527097). A diagnosis of ulcerative colitis was confirmed by a qualified gastroenterologist at the Foothills Medical Center, University of Calgary. Informed consent for use of biopsy samples was obtained by the University of Calgary Intestinal Inflammation Tissue Bank and the study was approved by the University of Calgary, Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board (ID:18142 and 14-2429).

    [0207] Procurement of Raw Data and Metadata Curation

    [0208] DNA was isolated from samples using the MoBio Ultraclean Tissue and Cells DNA isolation kit (MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, Calif.). For 16S-NGS, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was PCR-amplified using fusion primers designed against surrounding conserved regions and tailed to incorporate Illumina adaptors and indexing barcodes as described previously (Caporaso, J. G. et al. ISME J. 6, 1621-1624 (2012)). Amplicons were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.). For 16S-Hyb, V1 though V9 16S rRNA gene analysis was performed on the G3 PhyloChip using lab protocols and image-scoring procedures previously described (Sarhan, M. S. et al. 33, 317-325 (2018)). The G3 PhyloChip design was described in Hazen et al. and Mendes et al. (Hazen, T. C. et al. Science 330, 204-8 (2010) and Mendes, R. et al. Science. 332, 1097-1100 (2011)).

    [0209] Fastq/Fasta files and metadata were procured from public repositories. Metadata stored with raw data, such as NCBI's RunInfo table associated with the SRA Run Selector, and/or metadata published in tables in the primary text or supplementary files of the publication, were retrieved and manually re-annotated using a controlled vocabulary of hierarchically organized terms. An in-house database was created to store all study-related data and facilitate appropriate metadata annotation of all datasets via manual curation. Clinical metadata was stored in this database as a series of label:value pairs attached to the biospecimen from which the data files were generated.

    [0210] Processing, Strain Annotation and Statistical Analyses of Raw Data

    [0211] 16S rRNA Sequencing Datasets (16S-NGS and 16S-Sanger)

    [0212] Paired-end reads were merged using USEARCH and resulting sequences were compared to the StrainSelect database version 2014 (SS14) using USEARCH (usearch_global) (Edgar, R. C. Bioinformatics 26, 2460-2461 (2010) to generate strain-level abundance information. StrainSelect is a repository of strain identifiers obtained from gene sequencing, genome sequencing, draft genomes, and metagenomic assemblies of known prokaryotic strains (StrainSelect, www.secondgenome.com/platform/data-analysis-tools/strainselect). All sequences matching a unique strain at an identity ≥99% was assigned a strain-level annotation. To ensure specificity of these strain matches, a difference of ≥0.25% between the identity of the best match and the second best match was required (e.g., 99.75 vs. 99.5).

    [0213] For each strain OTU, a single read was selected to represent all sequences belonging to that OTU and it was mapped by USEARCH (usearch_global) against all other strain OTU representatives to infer strain abundance(s). Remaining non-strain sequences were quality filtered and dereplicated with USEARCH, and clustered at ≥97% similarity via UPARSE (Allali, I. et al. doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1101-8) (de novo OTU clustering). A representative consensus sequence was then assigned to each de novo OTU. As the UPARSE clustering algorithm performs chimera filtering, all OTUs likely to be chimeric in nature were discarded and omitted from consideration. All non-strain sequences that passed quality filtering were mapped to their corresponding representative consensus sequences, enabling the generation of abundance tables for de novo OTUs alongside strain abundances.

    [0214] Any sample yielding fewer than 15 sequence reads was removed from consideration prior to statistical analysis. For all datasets, downstream of a 5% prevalence filter, DESeq2.sup.44 was used to calculate significant differences across all bins (OTUs, and strains) and adjusted p-values were determined with the Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Significant results were determined as adjusted p-values <0.05. Log 2 fold change and standard error were calculated via DESeq2 and applied to subsequent analyses.

    [0215] PhylaChip Datasets (16S-Hyb)

    [0216] Emperical OTUs (eOTUs) generated using image-scoring procedures were annotated against SS14 to obtain strain-level annotations as described previously (Sarhan, et al. Microbes Environ. 33, 317-325 (2018)).

    [0217] Downstream of a 5% prevalence filter, significant differences for all eOTUs were calculated via Welch's t-tests, and adjusted p-values were determined with the Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Significant results were determined as adjusted p-values <0.05. Fold change and variance were calculated using the metafor package in R.sup.45. Standard error was calculated as the square root of the variance and both fold change and standard error were extrapolated to a log 2 scale.

    [0218] Random-Effects Model

    [0219] Log 2 fold change, p-values and standard errors pertaining to per-dataset statistical results in each disease area were integrated in MTMA using a Random effects model, generated using the metafor R package. Only bins with strain-level annotations in each dataset, and only those strains observed in at least two datasets, post prevalence filtering, were retained for REM analysis. False discovery correction for REM generated p-values was achieved using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Throughout this paper, differences are deemed to be statistically significant at adjusted (Benjamini-Hochberg corrected) p-values <0.05 in both isolated dataset analysis and MTMA.

    Results

    [0220] Identification of differentially abundant strains across cohorts from a simple comparison of isolated datasets was limited as less than 3% of the strains were detected across all datasets (FIG. 2, top panel). Further, while isolated analysis identified between 28 strains as significantly differentially abundant within a disease, these strain-disease associations were mostly cohort-specific (FIG. 2, middle panel) and in many cases not supported in trend, i.e a strain being consistently associated with either homeostasis or dysbiosis, across other datasets (FIG. 3; light-shaded rows). Variation was also observed in the magnitude of differential abundance derived from the cohorts and especially the profiling technologies (log 2 fold change; FIG. 4). As independent analyses of individual microbiome datasets detect signals specific to a particular dataset, they are intrinsically biased by differences in cohort or experimental design. This, coupled with sparsity in overlap of significantly-DA strains identified across datasets and variation in effect sizes across DNA-profiling technologies, underscores the need for more robust means of discerning concordant signatures across datasets.

    [0221] Strain-level results were integrated from isolated analyses in each disease via MTMA as described in FIG. 1. Significant strain-disease associations were identified only when the direction of differential abundance of the strain was supported by multiple datasets (FIG. 5; blue strains connected to MTMA nodes via thick-solid lines). In most cases, significantly-differentially abundant strains identified by MTMA demonstrated concordance in the direction of their shifts in respective isolated analyses (FIG. 6). In diseases with highly heterogeneous populations such as ulcerative colitis, MTMA identified significant disease associations with less concordance in direction of differential abundance across cohorts. By accounting for variations in measurements (large confidence intervals) across datasets, MTMA identified two strains significantly decreased (e.g., reduced) in ulcerative colitis even where most isolated analyses failed to significantly identify the associations (FIG. 6).

    [0222] The associations in isolated analyses that were not supported in trend by other datasets were not significant by MTMA (FIG. 5; dark-green circles). Several strain-disease associations identified in MTMA were not identified in isolated analyses of the datasets (FIG. 5; purple dots). Thus, MTMA corroborates findings from isolated analysis if supported across datasets but eliminates if discordant, and MTMA identifies novel disease-strain associations that isolated analyses failed to detect.

    [0223] While previous meta-analyses have correlated higher-order taxa with disease, pin-pointing the biological relevance of these findings can be challenging as these taxa encompass organisms with varied biological functions. For example while isolated and meta-analysis have associated genera within Ruminococcacaea and Lachnospiracaea with inflammatory bowel disease, translating this association to worsened colonic health from a reduction of butyrate producing bacteria is challenging as these genera encompass species not all of which are butyrate producers (Duvallet et al. Nat. Commun. 8, 1784 (2017)). However, the strain-level bacterial signatures of disease identified herein offers the resolution required for deciphering the biological function of bacteria in modulating disease.

    [0224] MTMA can enable synthesis of existing knowledge of the microbiome, and the approach as shown in FIG. 1 can facilitate comparative analysis of taxa abundances at a strain-level across datasets generated with different DNA-profiling technologies. Harnessing the MTMA framework, with its ability to integrate datasets across DNA-profiling technologies and pinpoint specific strains, can allow for identification of robust microbiome modulators of disease by integrating the growing body of evidence on the role played by microbiome in disease.

    Other Embodiments

    [0225] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modification are within the scope of the following claims.