Mechanically-coupled turbomachinery configurations and cooling methods for hermetically-sealed high-temperature operation

Abstract

A hermetically-sealed turbomachine, such as a motor-driven blower and a turbine driven generator, capable of reliable high-temperature operation, especially for large sized turbomachine includes a hot blower, compressor or turbine end of the turbomachine that is separated from the cooler electric motor, generator or alternator end of the turbomachine by a compliant mechanical coupling and a thermal choke assembly. The turbomachine housing is also hermetically sealed, providing control over the process gas within the machine housing, and permitting an internal cooling method within the turbomachine, whereby a small amount of process gas itself is used within the turbomachine for providing cooling of the rotating shafts, the axial fan, radial fan, or turbine impeller, the bearings and the electric motor, generator or alternator disposed within the turbomachine housing. The cooling method can be aided by a heat exchanger operatively communicating with the turbomachine.

Claims

1. A turbomachine for processing a high-temperature gas, comprising: (a) a hot end having a hot end housing for processing the gas flowing between an inlet and an outlet of the hot end housing, including: a hot end rotating shaft mounted within the hot end housing for rotation about a central longitudinal axis; a rotor device mounted on the hot end rotating shaft for rotation therewith; at least one hot end journal bearing assembly radially supporting the hot end rotating shaft; and a hot end thrust bearing assembly axially supporting the hot end rotating shaft; (b) a cool end having an electric component housing and including: a cool end rotating shaft mounted within the electric component housing for rotation about a central longitudinal axis; an electric component comprising a rotor mounted for rotation with the cool end rotating shaft and a stator assembly mounted in stationary relationship with the electric component housing relative to the rotor; at least one cool end journal bearing assembly radially supporting the cool end rotating shaft; and a cool end thrust bearing assembly axially supporting the cool end rotating shaft; and (c) a compliant mechanical coupling connecting the hot end rotating shaft with the cool end rotating shaft to transfer operational torque between the respective rotating shafts and to suppress heat transfer from the hot end to the cool end.

2. The turbomachine of claim 1, further comprising a thermal choke assembly positioned between the hot end housing and the electric component housing for reducing heat transfer from the hot end to the cool end.

3. The turbomachine of claim 2, wherein said thermal choke assembly comprises: a hot end choke plate disposed adjacent to the hot end; a cool end choke plate disposed adjacent to the cool end; and a transition portion connected between the hot end choke plate and the cool end choke plate; wherein heat transferred from the hot end is directed, in part, to the hot end choke plate through the transition portion and to the cool end choke plate; and wherein heat is dissipated from the thermal choke assembly as it passes from the hot end choke plate to the cool end choke plate.

4. The turbomachine of claim 1, wherein the electric component on the cool end comprises a motor that effects rotation of the cool end rotating shaft, which drives, via the compliant mechanical coupling, the hot end rotating shaft; and wherein the rotor device on the hot end comprises a fan that rotates with rotation of the hot end rotating shaft to pressurize process gas flowing between the inlet and the outlet of the hot end.

5. The turbomachine of claim 1, wherein the rotor device on the hot end comprises a turbine impeller that expands process gas flowing between the inlet and the outlet of the hot end, wherein rotation of said turbine impeller effects rotation of the hot end rotating shaft, which drives, via the compliant mechanical coupling, the cool end rotating shaft; and wherein electric component on the cool end comprises one of a generator and an alternator, and rotation of the rotor relative to the stator assembly generates electrical energy.

6. The turbomachine of claim 1, further comprising a cooling circuit path where process gas is recirculated and guided through or over internal components of the turbomachine for thermal management, said internal components including at least one of the hot end rotating shaft, the hot end rotor device, the hot end journal bearing assembly, the hot end thrust bearing assembly, the cool end rotating shaft, the cool end electric component, the cool end journal bearing assembly and the cool end thrust bearing assembly.

7. The turbomachine of claim 6, wherein said cool end further comprises a cooling fan mounted on the cool end rotating shaft for rotation therewith, wherein rotation of said cooling fan draws a portion of the process gas through the hot end and the cool end to cool internal components of the turbomachine.

8. The turbomachine of claim 7, wherein the turbomachine is operatively connected with a heat exchanger via cooling piping, whereby heat absorbed within the turbomachine is exhausted out of the turbomachine through the heat exchanger.

9. The turbomachine of claim 6, further comprising a cooling jacket formed in the electric component housing for cooling the electric component with a fluid flow.

10. The turbomachine of claim 6, further comprising a protective sleeve mounted on the hot end around at least one of the hot end rotating shaft, the hot end journal bearing assembly, and the hot end thrust bearing assembly for guiding the flow of the process gas in the hot end over said hot end internal components while restricting direct exposure of said internal components to the process gas.

11. The turbomachine of claim 1, wherein the compliant mechanical coupling comprises a splined coupling having a first end secured to the hot end rotating shaft, a second end secured to the cool end rotating shaft, and an intermediate section disposed between the first and second ends.

12. The turbomachine of claim 11, wherein the intermediate section of the splined coupling suppresses heat transfer from the hot end rotating shaft to the cool end rotating shaft.

13. A hermetically-sealed turbomachine having a drive end and a driven end for handling a high-temperature process gas, said turbomachine comprising: a hot end taking the form of one of a blower, a compressor and a turbine, said hot end including a hot end housing and a hot end rotating assembly mounted within the hot end housing to handle the process gas between an inlet and an outlet; an electric component end taking the form of one of a motor, a generator and an alternator maintained at a relatively lower temperature than the hot end, said electric component end including an electric component end housing and an electric component end rotating assembly mounted within the electric component end housing that drives or is driven by the hot end rotating assembly; a compliant mechanical coupling connecting the hot end rotating assembly with the electric component end rotating assembly; and a thermal choke assembly disposed between the hot end housing and the electric component end housing, wherein said thermal choke assembly is stationary relative to the rotating assemblies of the hot end and the electric component end; wherein the mechanical coupling and the thermal choke assembly collectively suppress heat transfer from the hot end to relatively lower temperature electric component end.

14. The turbomachine of claim 13, wherein the electric component end takes the form of a motor that effects rotation of the electric component end rotating assembly, which drives, via the compliant mechanical coupling, the hot end rotating assembly; and wherein the hot end takes the form of a compressor comprising a fan that rotates with rotation of the hot end rotating assembly to pressurize process gas flowing between the inlet and the outlet of the hot end.

15. The turbomachine of claim 13, wherein the hot end takes the form of a turbine comprising an impeller that expands process gas flowing between the inlet and the outlet of the hot end, wherein rotation of said impeller effects rotation of the hot end rotating assembly, which drives, via the compliant mechanical coupling, the electric component end rotating assembly; and wherein the electric component end takes the form of one of a generator and an alternator, whereby rotation of the electric component rotating assembly generates electrical energy.

16. The turbomachine of claim 13, wherein said thermal choke assembly comprises: a first choke plate disposed adjacent to the hot end; a second choke plate disposed adjacent to the electric component end; and a transition portion connected between the first choke plate and the second choke plate; wherein heat transferred from the hot end is directed, in part, to the first choke plate through the transition portion and to the second choke plate; and wherein heat is dissipated from the thermal choke assembly as it passes from the first choke plate to the second choke plate.

17. The turbomachine of claim 13, further comprising a recirculating cooling circuit defined by a cooling circuit path where process gas is recirculated and guided through or over the hot end rotating assembly and the electric component end rotating assembly.

18. The turbomachine of claim 17, wherein the electric component end includes a cooling fan mounted to the electric component rotating assembly for rotation therewith, wherein rotation of said cooling fan draws a portion of the process gas through the hot end and the electric component end to cool internal components of the turbomachine.

19. The turbomachine of claim 18, wherein the turbomachine is operatively connected with a heat exchanger via cooling piping, whereby heat absorbed within the turbomachine is exhausted out of the turbomachine through the heat exchanger.

20. The turbomachine of claim 17, further comprising a cooling jacket formed in the electric component end housing for cooling an electric component disposed therein with a fluid flow.

21. The turbomachine of claim 17, further comprising a protective sleeve mounted on the hot end around the hot end rotating assembly for guiding the flow of the process gas in the hot end over said hot end rotating assembly while restricting direct exposure of said hot end rotating assembly to the process gas passing between the inlet and the outlet of the hot end.

22. The turbomachine of claim 13, wherein each of the hot end rotating assembly and the electric component end rotating assembly is supported on at least one of hydrodynamic foil gas bearings, hydrostatic bearings, or oil-free ceramic-type ball bearings.

23. A recirculation cooling method for a turbomachine using the process gas of the turbomachine, wherein said turbomachine comprises a hot end taking the form of one of a blower, a compressor and a turbine, said hot end including a hot end rotating assembly mounted within a hot end housing to handle the process gas between an inlet and an outlet, and a cool end taking the form of one of a motor, a generator and an alternator, said cool end including a cool end rotating assembly mounted within a cool end housing that drives or is driven by the hot end rotating assembly, said cooling method comprising: providing a cooling circuit path for guiding the process gas over the hot end rotating assembly and the cool end rotating assembly; drawing the process gas through the cooling circuit path using a cooling fan mounted on the cool end rotating assembly for rotation therewith; and suppressing heat transfer from the hot end to the cool end of the turbomachine using a thermal choke assembly disposed between the hot end housing and the cool end housing.

24. The cooling method of claim 23, wherein the heat transfer between the hot end and the cool end of the turbomachine is suppressed by a compliant mechanical coupling connecting the hot end rotating assembly with the cool end rotating assembly.

25. The cooling method of claim 23, said method further comprising providing a heat exchanger in operative communication with the turbomachine via cooling piping to achieve thermal management of the process gas drawn through the cooling circuit path by dissipated heat and directing a cooled gas flow to the cooling fan.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic of a prior art blower configuration currently being used in the market.

(2) FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of an axial-type turbomachine embodying the present invention.

(3) FIG. 3 shows a close up cross-sectional view of the turbomachine of FIG. 2 illustrating a hot end and a cool end in accordance with the present invention.

(4) FIG. 4 illustrates a preferred cooling scheme for the turbomachine of FIG. 2 in accordance with the present invention.

(5) FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a centrifugal- or radial-type turbomachine embodying the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS THEREOF

(6) A turbomachine configuration in accordance with the present invention is generally illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. As shown and described hereinafter, the illustrated turbomachine may be a motor-driven blower. However, the turbomachine is equally adaptable as a motor-driven compressor without affecting the advantages or operation of the machine. Likewise, the present invention can be utilized in regards to a turbine-driven generator or a turbine-driven alternator, without departing from the spirit and principles of the present invention.

(7) A cross-sectional view of an axial-type turbomachine, generally designated by reference numeral 100, is provided in FIG. 2. More particularly, FIG. 3 illustrates separate hot and cool sides of the turbomachine 100 and a thermal barrier formed therebetween to reduce and preferably prevent heat transfer from the hot end H to the cool end C, as described in more detail below. In general, the turbomachine 100 of the present invention is intended to operate in high-temperature conditions, for example, handling a process gas at about 850 C. and greater.

(8) As illustrated in FIG. 3, the turbomachine 100 of the present invention is divided into the hot end H and the cool end C. In short, the hot end H is so designated because of the high temperatures of the process gas passing through that portion of the turbomachine 100be it a blower, a compressor, or a turbine. By comparison, the cool end C is so designated because of the aim to keep the components on that side of the turbomachine 100 at lower temperatures during operation. The cool end C may also be referred to as the electric component side of the turbomachine, generally comprising a motor for driving a blower or compressor, or in alternate designs of the present invention, generally comprising a generator or an alternator that is driven by a turbine disposed in the hot end H of the machine.

(9) Each end of the turbomachine 100 comprises a separate rotating assembly. Each of the hot end rotating assembly and the cool end rotating assembly comprises the same or similar rotating components, such as a rotating shaft, journal bearings and thrust bearings, the structural arrangement and functional operation of which are described in more detail below.

(10) Due to the intended operation of the turbomachine 100 at high temperaturesi.e., on the order of at least about 850 C.the components on the cool end C must be cooled during operation to maintain desirable levels of performance and efficiency. Accordingly, the present invention has been designed to reduce and ideally prevent, or control, heat transfer due to the hot process gas from the hot end H to the cool end C. More particularly, the present invention is aimed at blocking all the modes of heat transfer from the hot end H to the cool end Cnamely, convection, conduction and radiation. As discussed in more detail below, this is accomplished, in part, by an innovative thermal choke assembly disposed between the hot end H and the cool end C.

(11) In regards to FIG. 2, the turbomachine 100 of the present invention shall be generally described hereinafter with reference to a motor-driven blower, unless otherwise noted. As shown, the turbomachine 100 includes inlet ducting 102 that guides the flow of a process gas to the hot end H of the machine. In particular, the process gas is drawn into the inlet ducting 102 by a rotor device 104, which is driven by a motor 116 on the cool end C of the machine. The rotor device 104 processes the process gas, for example, by increasing the pressure of the process gas passing therethrough in an axial-type motor-driven blower design, as shown. The pressurized process gas is thereafter exhausted through outlet ducting 106. In FIG. 2, the rotor device 104 is illustrated as an axial fan that raises the pressure of the process gas passing through rotating vanes, generally illustrated as reference numeral 108. A stator or diffuser 110 with stationary vanes 112 disposed downstream from the axial fan 104 further raises the pressure of the process gas by diffusion, and directs the gas to the outlet ducting 106, which may further include a volute in accordance with traditional blower designs.

(12) In an axial-type turbine-driven alternator or generator set-up of the turbomachine 100 shown in FIG. 2, the general structure of the turbomachine 100 remains the same. However, the flow direction of the process gas is reversed. Thus, where the hot end H comprises a turbine, the ducting 106 acts as an inlet for a high-temperature pressurized gas. The process gas passes through the stator 110 with stationary vanes 112 and the rotor device 104, which in the turbine-driven set-up of the present invention comprises a turbine impeller having rotating blades 108. The impeller 104 processes the process gase.g., by expanding the gas as it passes through the impeller blades 108and exhausts the process gas through the ducting 102, acting as an outlet for the process gas.

(13) In preferred applications for the turbomachine 100 of the present invention, the process gas is preferably a high-temperature gas, typically on the order of about 850 C. or greater. As shown in FIG. 3, a labyrinth seal 114 disposed within the hot end H keeps the hot process gas from leaking excessively into the inner core of the machine 100 where a rotating assembly for the cool end C is located. However, some leakage of a small amount of process gas is permitted, as controlled by the labyrinth seal 114, for cooling the internal components of the turbomachine 100, as discussed in more detail below.

(14) In the motor-driven blower design of the present invention, the motor 116 mounted in the cool end C of the machine drives the axial fan 104 mounted for rotation in the hot end H of the machine to process the process gas. In the turbine-driven blower design of the present invention, the turbine impeller 104 mounted for rotation in the hot end H of the machine drives a generator or an alternator device 116 mounted in the cool end C of the machine to convert mechanical work into electrical energy. In both designs, the rotor device 104 (e.g., axial fan or turbine impeller) in the hot end H is mounted for rotation on a hot end rotating shaft 118, while the electric component 116 in the cool end C is operatively associated with a cool end rotating shaft 120. Each of the rotating shafts 118 and 120 is radially supported within its respective end of the machine 100 by a respective pair of hydrodynamic journal bearings 122 and 124, and axially supported by a respective pair of hydrostatic or hydrodynamic thrust bearings 126 and 128.

(15) In accordance with the present invention, the hot end rotating shaft 118 is separated from the cool end rotating shaft 120 by a compliant mechanical coupling 130, as shown in FIG. 3. The mechanical coupling 130 connects the hot end rotating shaft 118 with the cool end rotating shaft 120 such that the rotation of the cool end rotating shaft 120 effects rotation of the hot end rotating shaft 118 in a motor-driven turbomachine design, and rotation of the hot end rotating shaft 118 effects rotation of the cool end rotating shaft 120 in a turbine-driven turbomachine design. In operation, a process gas enters the hot end H through inlet ducting 102 or 106. The process gas is passed through the rotor device 104 for processing. As previously noted, the pressure of the process gas is increased or expanded as it passes through the components of the hot end H, and the high-pressure process gas is exhausted from the machine 100 through outlet ducting 106 or 102.

(16) In a motor-driven design of the present invention, operation of the motor 116 is effected by a controller or an inverter (not shown), which causes rotation of the cool end rotating shaft 120, which, via the mechanical coupling 130, drives the hot end rotating shaft 118. Rotation of the hot end rotating shaft 118 about its axis of rotation (which is often the same as the axis of rotation for the cool end rotating shaft 120) causes the axial fan 104 to rotate and draw the process gas in and through the hot end H of the machine 100 between the inlet ducting 102 and the outlet ducting 106 while, as noted, the pressure of the process gas is increased.

(17) In a turbine-driven design of the present invention, process gas passing through the hot end H between the inlet ducting 106 and the outlet ducting 102 causes the turbine impeller 104 to rotate about its axis of rotation. Upon rotation of the turbine impeller 104, the hot end rotating shaft 118 also rotates, and, via the mechanical coupling 130, drives the cool end rotating shaft 120 about its axis of rotation (which is often the same as the axis of rotation for the hot end rotating shaft 118). Rotation of the cool end rotating shaft 120 generates electrical energy as a result of the relational rotation between the rotor and stator of the cool end generator or alternator 116. Thus, the turbomachine 100 converts mechanical energy to shaft work, which, in the generator or alternator 116, is converted to electrical power. This electrical power can be withdrawn from the machine 100 through a power converter (not shown) and provided to any designated external machine, power storage unit, or the like.

(18) As shown in FIG. 3, the compliant mechanical coupling 130 comprises a first end 132 secured to the hot end rotating shaft 118 and a second end 134 secured to the cool end rotating shaft 120. An intermediate section 136 is disposed between the first and second ends 132 and 134. The mechanical coupling 130 is preferably designed as a splined-type with compliancy so that it can accommodate any misalignment between the hot end and cool end rotating assemblies. As so designed, the first and second ends 132 and 134 of the coupling 130 include ridges, teeth, or grooves that mesh with complementary shaped grooves, teeth, or ridges in the respective ends of the hot end and cool end rotating shafts 118 and 120. As shown in more detail in FIG. 3, the first end 132 of the coupling 130 is generally designed to fit around the end of the hot end rotating shaft 118, while the second end 134 of the coupling 130 is generally designed to fit within a recess formed in the end of the cool end rotating shaft 120. These forms of connection are merely illustrations of how the rotation parts can be coupled together to transfer torque while maintaining the appropriate angular correspondence between them. Any known means of connecting such rotating parts may be used without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention. The first and second ends 132 and 134 are further secured into place by common fasteners, such as bolts, which ensure that the coupling 130 rotates with the drive shaft and transfers torque to the driven shaft, while maintaining the appropriate angular correspondence between all the rotating parts.

(19) Preferably, the operational axes of rotation for the hot end rotating shaft 118 and the cool end rotating shaft 120 are common. In accordance with the present invention, the mechanical coupling 130 is compliant, and acts to accommodate any deviation between the rotational axes so that the torque between the drive shaft and the drive shaft is transferred in an efficient manner. The mechanical coupling 130 preferably also permits axial movement of the respective rotating shafts 118 and 120 to let the hot end and the cool end rotating assemblies move independently to react to and accommodate thermal and dynamic loads exerted during operation. As a result, the mechanical coupling 130, under all operating conditions, allows uniform torque transformation.

(20) Heat transfer from the hot process gas is suppressed, in part, from flowing through to the cool end C of the machine 100, and thus to the motor 116, by the mechanical coupling 130. Typical commercial motors are rated for maximum operation at 180 C. The present invention suppresses heat transfer from the hot end rotating assembly to the cool end C by reducing the cross-section of the heat path through the coupling 130for example, by reducing the cross-sectional area of the intermediate section 136 of the coupling 130. Heat transfer through the machine housing is further reduced through a thermal choke assembly 138, which preferably utilizes choke plates having a thin cross-section. The combination of the mechanical coupling 130 and the thermal choke assembly 138 permits use of a turbomachine at extremely high temperatures without subjecting the motor, generator or alternator on the cool end C to temperatures exceeding the maximum operational temperatures for which they are rated.

(21) As shown in FIG. 3, the hot end H is separated from the cool end C by the thermal choke assembly 138 that acts as a thermal barrier between the two sides of the machine 100. The thermal choke assembly 138 preferably comprises a hot end choke plate 140 (disposed adjacent to the hot side of the thermal barrier) and a cool end choke plate 142 (disposed adjacent to the cool side of the thermal barrier). Preferably, the choke plates 140 and 142 are mounted generally parallel to one another. More preferably, the choke plates 140 and 142 are preferably designed with thin cross-sections so as to facilitate quick heat dissipation. The plate designs cause heat to travel through the thin cross-sections for minimum heat conduction and maximum heat dissipation through natural convection. Accordingly, the thermal barrier formed by the thermal choke assembly 138 acts as a thermal choke to protect the cool end C of the turbomachine 100 and provide a significant temperature gradient across the hot end H and the cool end C of the turbomachine 100. Additionally, the structure of the thermal choke assembly 138, which dictates its heat suppression operation, also facilitates alignment of the cool end machine housing and its internal components in relation to the hot end machine housing so as to reduce potential stress on the mechanical coupling 130 should the hot end and cool end components be misaligned.

(22) Heat generated in the hot end H of the turbomachine 100 may be transferred to the hot end choke plate 140 via all three modes of heat transfernamely, convection, conduction and radiation. The dominant mode of heat transfer to the hot end choke plate 140 is conduction. Maximum heat is conducted to the hot end choke plate 140 at the junction where it meets a hot end machine housing, adjacent to the ducting 106. The majority of this heat then moves toward a transition portion 144 of the thermal choke assembly 138 disposed between the hot end choke plate 140 and the cool end choke plate 142. The heat that passes through the transition portion 144 moves on to the cool end choke plate 142. However, by the time the heat reaches the cool end choke plate 142, the temperature has already been significantly cooled down, for example by dissipation, natural convection and radiation heat transfer to the atmosphere. Therefore, the thermal choke assembly 138 creates a thermal barrier between the hot end H and the cool end C of the turbomachine 100 and protects the internal components of the machine 10 from premature failure.

(23) The working components of the turbomachine may include the general components of a known centrifugal- or radial-type blower or compressor design. For example, an exemplary blower design that can operate as a centrifugal machine driven by an electric motor or a radial turbine driving a generator or an alternator is described in copending U.S. Application Publication No. 2009/0087299 A1, assigned to the owner of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. In such a design as shown in FIG. 5, the hot end H of a turbomachine 200 generally comprises a hot end rotating shaft 218 mounted therein for rotation about a longitudinal axis. A rotor device 204 (i.e., a centrifugal fan for a motor-driven blower or compressor design and a radial turbine impeller for a turbine-driven generator or alternator design) is mounted on the rotating shaft 218 relative to a volute 209 and a diffuser 210. The volute 209 includes an inlet associated with ducting 202 or 206 for the process gas to be processed, and an outlet associated with ducting 206 or 202 for discharging processed gas. In one configuration of the turbomachine 200, the volute inlet 202 is generally aligned with the central longitudinal axis of the turbomachine 200 while the volute outlet 206 is peripherally disposed. In alternate configurations, the inlet and outlet are reversed so that the process gas flow comes from the peripherally disposed ducting 206 and is discharged via the axially directed ducting 202. The diffuser 210 includes a plurality of low solidity vanes radially disposed on and about a diffuser plate. As is typical for the design of diffusers, the diffuser vanes are positioned around a central opening for mounting the diffuser around the rotating shaft 218 on which the rotor device 204 is mounted. The vanes are preferably cambered, air-foil shaped, permitting operation at low flow without surging. The vanes are also preferably flushed on the interior surface of the volute to avoid any flow leakage. The diffuser 210 has an inlet and an outlet generally corresponding to the volute inlet and volute outlet, respectively, to direct the flow of the process gas as it moves through the hot end H of the turbomachine 200.

(24) Regardless of the components and design of the hot end H of a turbomachine in accordance with the present invention, all components on the hot end H must be able to withstand extreme temperatures.

(25) Referring back to FIG. 2, the cool end C of the turbomachine 100 houses an electric component 116 for the machine, such as a motor, a generator, or an alternator. During operation of the machine 100 in accordance with the present invention, especially in view of the anticipated operation of the machine at extremely high temperaturesi.e., greater than about 850 C.the cool end C must be appropriately cooled so as to protect and preserve the operational life of the components disposed therein, especially, the main electric component.

(26) In addition to the main electric component housed therein, the cool end C comprises an electric component housing 146, the cool end rotating shaft 120, front and rear journal bearing assemblies 124 and the thrust bearing assembly 128. A cooling fan 148 mounted on the cool end rotating shaft 120 for rotation therewith raises the pressure of the inner core to drive a cooling flow, illustrated in FIG. 4, to pass through these internal components of the machine 100 to be cooled. In a motor-driven configuration of the present invention, the cool end rotating shaft 120 is driven by a motor 116. In a turbine-driven configuration of the present invention, the cool end rotating shaft 120 is driven by rotation of the hot end rotating shaft 118, whereby torque is transferred between the shafts via the mechanical coupling 130.

(27) The motor 116 of the present invention may be a switched reluctance, induction or brushless DC permanent magnet motor. In general, the motor 116 comprises a motor rotor 150 mounted to or forming part of the cool end rotating shaft 120, and a motor stator assembly 152 disposed around the motor rotor 150 and press fitted into the electric component housing 146. In a preferred motor design, the motor rotor 150 includes a permanent magnet and the motor stator assembly 152 includes coils encircling the motor rotor 150 to operatively interact with the permanent magnet. Preferably, the motor 116 is controlled by a sensorless controller and/or an inverter (not shown), which can either be mounted on the electric component housing 146 or located along side of it. Thus, in a motor-driven configuration of the present invention, the turbomachine 100 gets its input power through the controller, which energizes the motor stator assembly 152, which in turn interacts with the motor rotor 150 to rotate the cool end rotating shaft 120 at desired high speeds.

(28) In a turbine-driven configuration of the present invention, the electric component 116 comprises a generator or an alternator typically comprising a rotor 150 mounted to or forming part of the cool end rotating shaft 120, and a stator assembly 152 disposed around the rotor 150 and press fitted into the electric component housing 146. In operation, rotation of the turbine impeller 104 effects rotation of the hot end rotating shaft 118, which, via the mechanical coupling 130, drives the cool end rotating shaft 120. Upon rotation of the cool end rotating shaft 120, the rotor 150 also rotates. The rotational relationship between the rotor 150 and the stator assembly 152 converts the shaft work into electrical power, which can be withdrawn from the machine 100 through a power converter (not shown) and provided to any designated external machine, power storage unit, or the like.

(29) Cooling of the internal components of the machine 100 is precisely controlled and utilizes process gas containing within the machine housings so that the machine design can remain hermetically-sealed, gas tight, and leak proof in accordance with desired specifications. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the cooling fan 148 on the end of the cool end rotating shaft 120 draws a small amount of process gas trapped inside the hot end housing through the hot end rotating shaft 118, the hot end rotor device 104, the hot end journal bearing assemblies 122, and the hot end thrust bearing assembly 126. This cooling circuit created by the cooling fan 148 also draws heat from components on the cool end C of the machine 100, such as the cool end rotating shaft 120, the cool end electric component 116, the cool end journal bearing assemblies 124, and the cool end thrust bearing assembly 126. This process gas is drawn out of the hot end housing via cooling pipes 154, in which the gas may be referred to as a cooling circuit gas flow 156. This cooling circuit gas flow 156 carries heat generated in both sides during operation of the turbomachine 100, as well as heat transferred from the process gas within the hot end H of the turbomachine 100.

(30) As also shown in FIG. 4, the present invention preferably includes a heat exchanger 158 in operative communication with the machine 100 via the cooling pipes 156. The heat exchanger 158 aids in the cooling process and improves internal cooling of the machine components using only process gas cycled through the machine 100 and the heat exchanger 158 without compromising the hermetically-sealed design of the machine housing. Specifically, the heat carried by the cooling circuit gas flow 156 is lost or dumped outside of the machine through the heat exchanger 158, which can be cooled by water or any fluid that is at a lower temperature than the cooling circuit gas flow 156. The cooled gas is then drawn back into the machine 100, at the cool end C thereof, by the cooling fan 148 and forced through the machine 100 for continued cooling, via the cooling circuit illustrated in FIG. 4.

(31) The entire machine assembly in accordance with the present invention may be mounted on a stand 164, where the cooling piping 154 and the heat exchanger 158 are provided in operative communication with the machine assembly and attached as necessary.

(32) In operation of the turbomachine 100, once the inner core pressure of the machine equals the outlet pressure of the outlet ducting (e.g., 102 or 106), the controlled process gas leakage flow across the labyrinth seal 114 stops. The small amount of process gas trapped inside the inner core of both the hot end H and the cool end C of the machine 100 is constantly recirculated through the heat exchanger 158, in the manner discussed above, to cool the machine's critical components, such as the rotating shafts 118 and 120, the rotor device 104 of the hot end H, and the electric component 116 on the cool end C, and the journal and thrust bearing assemblies 122, 124 and 126, 128 in both ends.

(33) A protective sleeve 160, generally having the form of an annulus ducting as shown in FIG. 2, may be provided to guide the flow of the hot process gas in the hot end H of the machine 100 over the hot end rotating assembly, including the hot end rotating shaft 118, journal bearing assemblies 122, and thrust bearing assembly 126. In operation, the protective sleeve 160 restricts the direct exposure of the hot end bearings to the harsh environment in the hot end H of the machine 100 caused by the high temperatures of the process gas therein. Additionally, the hot end rotating assembly may be cooled by forcing a cooling gas through the sleeve 160, thereby keeping the temperatures of the rotating shaft 118, the rotor device 104, and the bearings 122 and 126 below limit and increasing the operative life of such components.

(34) With the combinations of heat suppression by the mechanical coupling 130 and the thermal choke assembly 138, as shown in FIG. 3, and the cooling circuit illustrated in FIG. 4, optimal thermal management of the turbomachine 100 of the present invention is achieved.

(35) In an additional scheme of cooling the turbomachine 100, a small amount of the process gas in the inlet of the blower or compressor in a motor-driven configuration, or in the outlet of the turbine in a turbine driven configuration, may be used for continuously injecting cooling air through the hot end H to improve creep life of the hot end rotor device 104. Further, in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a cooling jacket 162 may be formed in the cool end C of the machine 100 to cool the main electric component 116 of the machine 100i.e., a motor, a generator, or an alternatorusing a fluid, such as water, air or the like. This cooling jacket may also be used to convect stator heat from the machine. In FIG. 4, the in-flow for the cooling jacket is represented by reference numeral 163.

(36) As noted above, a turbomachine can be designed in accordance with the present invention in various operational configurations. For example, the present invention can be configured as either an axial-type machine assembly, as generally shown in FIG. 2, or a radial-type machine assembly, as generally shown in FIG. 5. Similarly, the present invention can be a motor-driven turbomachine configuration, where the cool end rotating assembly drives the hot end rotating assembly via the mechanical coupling 130, or a turbine-driven turbomachine configuration, where the hot end rotating assembly drives the cool end rotating assembly via the mechanical coupling 130.

(37) Referring back to FIG. 2, a configuration of the present invention may comprise an electric motor 116 on the cool end C of the machine driving an axial-type blower or compressor fan 104 on the hot end H of the machine 100 to raise the pressure of the process gas used therein. In this set-up, the ducting 102 acts as an inlet for the process gas, and the ducting 106 acts as an outlet for the pressurized process gas.

(38) Conversely, a configuration of the present invention exemplified by the structure shown in FIG. 2 may alternatively comprise a generator or an alternator 116 on the cool end C of the machine driven by an axial turbine impeller 104 on the hot end H of the machine that extracts energy from pressurized high-temperature process gas and produces electricity. In this set-up, the ducting 106 acts as an inlet for the process gas, and the ducting 102 acts as an outlet for the process gas after it has been expanded by the turbine impeller 104.

(39) Referring back to FIG. 5, a configuration of the present invention may comprise an electric motor 216 on the cool end C of the machine driving a centrifugal-type fan 204 on the hot end H of the machine 200, to raise the pressure of the process gas used therein. In this set-up, the ducting 202 acts as an inlet for the process gas, and the ducting 206 acts as an outlet for the pressurized process gas.

(40) Conversely, a configuration of the present invention exemplified by the structure shown in FIG. 5 may alternatively comprise a generator or alternator 216 on the cool end C of the machine driven by a radial-type turbine impeller 204 on the hot end H of the machine. This configuration extracts energy from pressurized high-temperature process gas and produces electricity. In this set-up, the ducting 206 acts as an inlet for the process gas, and the ducting 202 acts as an outlet for the process gas that has been expanded by the turbine impeller 204.

(41) In each of these embodiments, the compliant mechanical coupling 130 transmits the requisite torque between the hot end H and the cool end C of the machine 100 or 200, regardless of which end is the drive end and which end is the driven end. The mechanical coupling 130 is preferably designed as a splined-type with compliancy so that it can accommodate any misalignment between the hot end and cool end rotating assemblies. The mechanical coupling 130 preferably also permits axial movement of the respective rotating shafts 118 and 120 to let the hot end and the cool end rotating assemblies move independently to react to and accommodate thermal and dynamic loads exerted during operation. As a result, the mechanical coupling 130, under all operating conditions, allows uniform torque transformation.

(42) High temperature capability is one of the core technical challenges of any turbomachine design for use in high temperature applications. Materials chosen for construction of the machines described herein are widely recognized materials for high-temperature applications. These materials permit even thermal growth in the system due to heat. This avoids warpage due to stressed joints and connections. The materials used are also preferably corrosion resistant at elevated temperatures. This allows any process gas to be used with the turbomachine configurations of the present invention, and as noted above, any such process gas selected can be used at extremely high temperatures without affecting operation of the machine.

(43) The turbomachine configurations of the present invention address many of the concerns and drawbacks associated with prior art turbomachines in high-temperature operations by also using the technology of foil gas bearings that allow a sealed, contamination free, high-speed, efficient, self cooling system. As noted, both the hot end and the cool end of the turbomachines illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 5 preferably include foil gas journal bearings and foil gas thrust bearings. All bearings are oil free. The foil gas journal bearings sit inside journal bearing sleeves that are attached to the machine housing. The foil gas thrust bearings are positioned within the machine housing around a thrust runner. As so positioned, they are pinned and sandwiched between the stacked assembly comprising a journal bearing sleeve and the thrust runner. One thrust bearing is disposed about the thrust runner to operate in clockwise direction relative to the rotating assembly, while the other is disposed as a counterclockwise bearing relative to the rotating assembly.

(44) Accordingly, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, pairs of foil-type hydrodynamic gas journal and thrust bearings support the hot end rotating shaft, and pairs of foil-type hydrodynamic gas journal and thrust bearings support the cool end rotating shaft. Alternatively, the present invention can be used for turbomachines supported on ceramic-type ball bearings or pressurized hydrostatic bearing without compromising design or operation of the turbomachine.

(45) The foregoing description of embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purpose of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the form disclosed. Obvious modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure. The embodiments described were chosen to best illustrate the principles of the invention and practical applications thereof to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.