Friction stir welding method

Abstract

A friction stir welding method which permits advantageous production of a product which has a sound welded area without joint defects, by joining together two members formed of the same material or respective different materials selected from a cast aluminum alloy and 2000 series, 4000 series, 5000 series and 7000 series aluminum alloys which are considered difficult to be joined together by the friction stir welding method. An initiation tab member formed of a 1000 series, 3000 series, 6000 series or 8000 series aluminum alloy is disposed in abutting contact with end faces of joining portions of first and second members (in an abutting part), on the side of initiation of the welding operation, and the friction stir welding operation is performed by moving a probe of a rotary tool through the initiation tab member into the joining portions of the two members.

Claims

1. A friction stir welding method comprising: joining together joining portions of a first member and a second member by a friction stir welding operation performed by moving a probe of a rotary tool in a welding direction, while rotating said probe in the form of a rod by rotation of said rotary tool together with two shoulder members which are provided on said probe so as to be spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance in an axial direction of said probe, and applying a pressure to said joining portions through said two shoulder members, wherein said first and second members are formed of the same material or respective different materials selected from a group consisting of a cast aluminum alloy and 2000 series, 4000 series, 5000 series and 7000 series aluminum alloys; disposing an initiation tab member consisting of a 1000 series, 3000 series, 6000 series or 8000 series aluminum alloy in abutting contact with end faces of said joining portions of said first and second members on the side of initiation of said friction stir welding operation wherein said initiation tab member is a planar member having a length not shorter than four times a diameter of said shoulder members, in the direction of welding by the rotary tool, and a width not shorter than twice the diameter of said shoulder members, in a direction perpendicular to the direction of welding; and moving said probe of said rotary tool into said joining portions of said first and second members through said initiation tab member to perform the friction stir welding operation with respect to said joining portions wherein a diameter of said probe of said rotary tool is not smaller than twice a thickness of said initiation tab member.

2. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein said joining portions of said first and second members are butted on each other to provide an abutting part, and said friction stir welding operation is performed with respect to the abutting part.

3. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein said joining portions of said first and second members are superposed on each other, and said friction stir welding operation is performed with respect to an overlapping part in which the joining portions are superposed on each other.

4. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein said rotary tool is a bobbin tool in which said two shoulder members are fixedly provided on said probe, with the predetermined distance therebetween.

5. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein said rotary tool is a self-reacting tool in which one of said two shoulder members is fixed to said probe, and the other of said two shoulder members is configured so as to be movable in the axial direction of said probe, so that said distance between said two shoulder members can be changed.

6. The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, further comprising: disposing a termination tab member formed of a 1000 series, 3000 series, 6000 series or 8000 series aluminum alloy in abutting contact with end faces of said joining portions of said first and second members on the side of termination of said friction stir welding operation; and terminating said friction stir welding operation by successively moving said probe of said rotary tool from said joining portions of said first and second members into said termination tab member to form a continuous friction-stir-welded area extending across said joining portions and said termination tab member.

7. The friction stir welding method according to claim 6, wherein said termination tab member is a planar member having a length not shorter than four times a diameter of said shoulder members, in the direction of welding of said first and second members by said rotary tool, and a width not shorter than twice the diameter of said shoulder members, in a direction perpendicular to the direction of welding of said first and second members.

8. The friction stir welding method according to claim 6, wherein said termination tab member has a thickness not larger than a half of a diameter of said probe of said rotary tool.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view showing a state before initiation of a welding operation in a friction stir welding method according to the invention, on the side of initiation of the welding operation;

(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view showing a movement of a rotary tool on the side of initiation of the welding operation in the friction stir welding method according to the invention;

(3) FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view showing an example of a state of the friction stir welding method according to the invention, on the side of termination of the welding operation;

(4) FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view showing a movement of the rotary tool used for the friction stir welding method on the side of termination of the welding operation shown in FIG. 3;

(5) FIG. 5 are schematic axial cross sectional views showing examples of the rotary tool used in the invention, in which FIG. 5A is a schematic axial cross sectional view of an example of a bobbin tool, and FIG. 5B is a schematic axial cross sectional view of an example of a self-reacting tool; and

(6) FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view showing another example of the friction stir welding method according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(7) To clarify the invention more specifically, a friction stir welding method according to the invention will be described by reference to the drawings.

(8) Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a state of the friction stir welding method according to the invention on the side of initiation of a welding operation. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a first member 2 and a second member 4 are butted on each other in their planar portions to form an abutting part 6, and the friction stir welding operation is performed with respect to the abutting part 6, whereby the first and second members 2 and 4 are joined together along a line, to obtain a product in the form of a one-piece body of those members 2 and 4.

(9) Each of the first and second members 2 and 4 to be joined together is formed of any one of a cast aluminum alloy, a 2000 series (AlCu-based) aluminum alloy, a 4000 series (AlSi-based) aluminum alloy, a 5000 series (AlMg-based) aluminum alloy and a 7000 series (AlZnMg-based) aluminum alloy according to JIS, which materials are difficult to be joined together. The first and second members 2 and 4 may be formed of the same material or respective different materials. As the member formed of the cast aluminum alloy, there is used a cast member which has a planar portion and which is obtained by a conventional casting process by using an aluminum alloy represented by AC and a digit and an alphabetic character or characters following AC, according to JIS, and a cast member which has a planar portion and which is obtained by a die casting process by using an aluminum alloy represented by ADC and a digit or digits following ADC, according to JIS, for example. On the other hand, the members formed of the 2000 series, 4000 series, 5000 series and 7000 series aluminum alloys indicated above are used in the form of various wrought products having a planar portion, such as a rolled sheet member and an extruded member.

(10) A rotary tool 10 as shown in FIG. 1 is used in the friction stir welding method, to join together joining portions of the above-described first and second members 2 and 4 which cooperate to provide the abutting part 6. Namely, the rotary tool 10 is a bobbin type tool having a structure similar to that of the conventional bobbin type tool. The rotary tool 10 used in this embodiment has an upper shoulder member 12 and a lower shoulder member 14, which have the same diameter (D), and which are connected with each other through a probe 16 in the form of a rod, such that the upper and lower shoulder members 12 and 14 are coaxially opposed to each other with a predetermined distance therebetween, and integrally rotatable about their axes. Thus, the rotary tool 10 is configured such that the probe 16 is inserted into the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4, while the probe 16 is rotated and while a pressure is applied to the abutting part 6 interposed between an upper shoulder surface 12a of the upper shoulder member 12 and a lower shoulder surface 14a of the lower shoulder member 14, in the downward and upward directions through the respective upper and lower shoulder surfaces 12a and 14a, whereby metals of the two members 2 and 4 are friction-stirred and forced to flow in the abutting part 6, and the two members 2 and 4 are joined together.

(11) By the way, in the case where the probe 16 of the bobbin type rotary tool 10 described above is directly inserted into the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4, and moved in the direction (welding direction) of extension of the abutting part 6 to join together the first and second members 2 and 4 along a line, the metals of the first and second members 2 and 4 do not sufficiently flow toward or are not sufficiently supplied to the rear side of the rotary tool 10 as seen in the direction of its movement relative to the first and second members 2 and 4, in end portions of those members 2 and 4 on the side of initiation of the welding operation, since the first and second members 2 and 4 are formed of the aluminum alloy materials which are not sufficiently forced to flow by a friction-stirring action. Accordingly, a void not filled with the metals is generated on the rear side of the rotary tool 10, resulting in generation of joint defects such as a hole not filled with the metals or an unwelded part, giving rise to difficulty in formation of a sound welded area. Further, the metals having low fluidity are extruded or discharged toward the surfaces of the members 2 and 4, resulting in considerable formation of burr in the welded area.

(12) Therefore, in the present invention, in order to prevent the generation of the joint defects in the end portions of the members 2 and 4 on the side of initiation of the welding operation, and to reduce the considerable formation of the burr in the welded area, an initiation tab member 20 formed of a specific aluminum alloy material which is easily forced to flow by the friction-stirring action is disposed in abutting contact with end faces of the joining portions of the first and second members 2 and 4 (in the abutting part 6), on the side of initiation of the welding operation, as shown in FIG. 1, and the probe 16 of the bobbin type rotary tool 10 is moved and inserted into the joining portions of the first and second members 2 and 4 (into the abutting part 6) through the initiation tab member 20, and further moved in the welding direction to join together those members 2 and 4 along a line in the abutting part 6.

(13) As the initiation tab member 20 disposed in abutting contact with the end faces of the joining portions of the members 2 and 4 on the side of initiation of the welding operation, there is used a member which is formed of a 1000 series aluminum alloy, a 3000 series aluminum alloy, a 6000 series aluminum alloy or an 8000 series aluminum alloy according to JIS, and which has a suitable shape and suitable dimensions. Generally, a rectangular member as shown in FIG. 1 is preferably used as the initiation tab member 20. All of the above-indicated specific aluminum alloys giving the initiation tab member 20 exhibit sufficiently high fluidity when they are friction-stirred. Therefore, by starting the friction stir welding operation from the initiation tab member 20 formed of the above-indicated material, and by moving the rotary tool 10 across the initiation tab member 20 into the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4, the metal of the initiation tab member 20 easily flows toward the rear side of the rotary tool 10 as seen in the direction of its movement (welding direction), during the movement of the rotary tool 10, so that the metal of the initiation tab member 20 is supplied to the rear side of the rotary tool 10. Thus, the rotary tool 10 is moved and inserted into the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4 without formation of a defective part in which the metal is not present.

(14) FIG. 2 shows a state in which the rotary tool 10 is moved through the initiation tab member 20 into the abutting part 6, while the initiation tab member 20 and the abutting part 6 are friction-stirred by the rotary tool 10. At this time, while the rotary tool 10 is rotated about its axis, the rotary tool 10 is inserted into the initiation tab member 20 from its end portion remote from the first and second members 2 and 4, and advanced relative to the initiation tab member 20 toward the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4, while the initiation tab member 20 is friction-stirred by the rotary tool 10. Namely, the probe 16 is inserted into the initiation tab member 20 such that the end portion of the initiation tab member 20 is pressed into a gap (shown in FIG. 1) between the upper and lower shoulder surfaces 12a and 14a of the respective upper and lower shoulder members 12 and 14 of the rotary tool 10, and the initiation tab member 20 is friction-stirred by rotary motions of the two shoulder members 12 and 14 and the probe 16, while a pressure is applied to the initiation tab member 20 by the two shoulder members 12 and 14 having the respective shoulder surfaces 12a and 14a which are spaced apart from each other by a distance smaller by a suitable amount than the thickness of the initiation tab member 20. When the rotary tool 10 is moved relative to the initiation tab member 20 toward the abutting part 6 while the initiation tab member 20 is friction-stirred as described above, the metal of the initiation tab member 20 easily flows toward the rear side of the rotary tool 10 as seen in the direction of its movement, since the initiation tab member 20 is formed of the specific aluminum alloy material having a sufficiently high fluidity. Therefore, a sound friction-stirred area is formed on the rear side of the rotary tool 10 without generation of a defective part not filled with the metal.

(15) When the rotary tool 10 has been moved across the initiation tab member 20, and reaches the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4, the welding-start edge of the abutting part 6 is subjected to the friction-stirring action by the rotary motions of the two shoulder members 12 and 14 and the probe 16 of the rotary tool 10. At this time, the metal of the initiation tab member 20 is supplied to the rear side of the rotary tool 10 as seen in the direction of its movement, and no void exists on the rear side of the rotary tool 10. Accordingly, the metals of the first and second members 2 and 4 are effectively led toward the rear side of the rotary tool 10 as seen in the direction of its movement, along with the rotary motions of the two shoulder members 12 and 14 and the probe 16, whereby the metals are continuously advantageously supplied to the rear side of the rotary tool 10 as seen in the direction of its movement, even after the rotary tool 10 has been inserted into the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4. Thus, it is possible to effectively prevent generation of a defective part which is not sufficiently filled with the metals, on the rear side of the rotary tool 10 as seen in the direction of its movement, whereby a sound friction-stir-welded area (joint) 8 is formed. Further, while the first and second members 2 and 4 are joined together in the abutting part 6 by the friction stir welding operation, the metals of those members 2 and 4 are effectively supplied to the rear side of the rotary tool 10, so that it is possible to advantageously reduce or prevent formation of burr due to extrusion or discharge of the metals of those members 2 and 4 to the periphery of the welded area 8.

(16) By the way, the first and second members 2 and 4 to be subjected to the friction stir welding operation are generally butted on each other in their planar portions having the same thickness (t), to form the abutting part 6, and the thickness (Ts) of the initiation tab member 20 disposed in abutting contact with the end faces of those members 2 and 4 in the abutting part 6 on the side of initiation of the welding operation is set so as to be substantially equal to the thickness (t) of the first and second members 2 and 4 in the abutting part 6. Although the dimensions of the initiation tab member 20 are adequately selected such that the object of the invention can be achieved, the length (Ls) of the initiation tab member 20 in the direction of extension of the abutting part 6, i.e. in the direction of welding of the first and second members 2 and 4 shown in FIG. 1 is preferably set so as to be not shorter than four times the diameter (D) of the shoulder members 12 and 14 of the rotary tool 10, in other words, not shorter than four times the diameter of the shoulder surfaces 12a and 14a of the respective shoulder members 12 and 14. Further, the width (Ws) of the initiation tab member 20 in the direction perpendicular to the direction of its length (Ls) in the welding direction is preferably set so as to be not shorter than twice the diameter (D) of the shoulder members 12 and 14 of the rotary tool 10. The size and shape of the initiation tab member 20 are adequately determined so as to meet the above-described requirements regarding its length (Ls) and width (Ws). Further, the diameter (d) of the probe 16 of the rotary tool 10 is preferably set so as to be not smaller than twice the thickness (Ts) of the initiation tab member 20, whereby the friction stir welding operation according to the invention can be more advantageously performed.

(17) In this embodiment, the shoulder members 12 and 14 of the rotary tool 10 have the same diameter. However, it is also possible to set the diameters of the shoulder members 12 and 14 at respective different values. In this case, it is desirable to set the diameter of the upper shoulder member 12 so as to be larger than that of the lower shoulder member 14. Where the diameters of the shoulder members 12 and 14 are different from each other, the diameter of one of the two shoulder members 12 and 14 whose shoulder surface has a larger diameter than the shoulder surface of the other of the two shoulder members 12 and 14 is defined as the diameter (D) described above. The above-described diameter (D) of the shoulder members 12 and 14 is generally set so as to be larger than the diameter (d) of the probe 16 by at least 4 mm. Further, in the case where the diameters of the shoulder members 12 and 14 are set at respective different values as described above, the diameter of one (shoulder member 14) of the two shoulder members 12 and 14 which is smaller than that of the other of the two shoulder members is set so as to be not smaller than a sum of the diameter (d) of the probe 16 and 2 mm.

(18) By the way, while the friction stir welding operation is performed with respect to the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4 whose metals are not easily friction-stirred, the metals of the first and second members 2 and 4 tend to stick to the circumferential surface of the probe 16 of the rotary tool 10. Accordingly, when the friction stir welding operation is terminated and the rotary tool 10 is removed from the abutting part 6, the metals adhere or firmly stick to the shoulder surfaces 12a and 14a and the circumferential surface of the probe 16 of the rotary tool 10, so that an extra work is required to remove the metals. Therefore, it is advantageous to dispose a planar termination tab member 22 formed of an aluminum alloy material similar to that of the initiation tab member 20 described above, on the side of termination of the welding operation, as shown in FIG. 3, and move the probe 16 of the rotary tool 10 from the abutting part 6 into the termination tab member 22 to terminate the friction stir welding operation.

(19) As the termination tab member 22, there is used a planar member formed of a 1000 series aluminum alloy (pure aluminum), a 3000 series (AlMn-based) aluminum alloy, a 6000 series (AlMgSi-based) aluminum alloy or an 8000 series aluminum alloy according to JIS. By disposing the termination tab member 22 in abutting contact with end faces of the first and second members 2 and 4 (joining portions) in the abutting part 6, on the side of termination of the welding operation, and moving the probe 16 of the rotary tool 10 into the termination tab member 22, the metals firmly sticking to the circumferential surface of the probe 16 or the other parts of the rotary tool 10 are removed while the rotary tool 10 is moved through the termination tab member 22.

(20) Namely, as shown in FIG. 4, after the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4 has been friction-stir-welded by moving the rotary tool 10 relative to the first and second members 2 and 4 along the abutting part 6, while the pressure is applied to the abutting part 6 by the upper and lower shoulder members 12 and 14, the rotary tool 10 is inserted into the termination tab member 22 from the welding-terminal edge of the abutting part 6, and successively moved through the termination tab member 22, while the rotary tool 10 is rotated so as to friction-stir the metal of the termination tab member 22, whereby the metals firmly stuck to the circumferential surface of the probe 16 or the other parts of the rotary tool 10 during the friction stir welding operation performed with respect to the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4 are effectively removed by the stirring of the metal of the termination tab member 22 while the rotary tool 10 is moved through the termination tab member 22. As a result, when the rotary tool 10 is removed out of the termination tab member 22, almost no metal adheres to the rotary tool 10. Accordingly, there is no need to perform a cumbersome operation for removing the metals from the rotary tool 10, and the rotary tool 10 can be repeatedly used for a subsequent friction stir welding operation, without being subjected to any operation after its use.

(21) Although the dimensions of the termination tab member 22 are adequately determined such that the purpose of its use can be achieved, the dimensions of the termination tab member 22 are generally set so as to be similar to those of the initiation tab member 20 described above. Namely, the length (Le) of the termination tab member 22 in the welding direction shown in FIG. 3 is set so as to be not shorter than four times the diameter (D) of the shoulder members 12 and 14 of the rotary tool 10, and the width (We) of the termination tab member 22 in the direction perpendicular to the welding direction is set so as to be not shorter than twice the diameter (D) of the shoulder members 12 and 14. Further, the thickness (Te) of the termination tab member 22 is set so as to be not larger than a half of the diameter (d) of the probe 16 of the rotary tool 10. By using the termination tab member 22 having the dimensions described above, the metals of the first and second members 2 and 4 adhering to the rotary tool 10 are effectively removed.

(22) By the way, as the rotary tool 10 used for the friction stir welding operation described above, it is possible to adequately use various kinds of known rotary tool configured to perform the friction stir welding operation by its rotary motion while applying a pressure to the abutting part 6 (joining portions) of the first and second members 2 and 4 through the two shoulder members 12 and 14 which are provided on the probe in the form of a rod so as to be spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance. For instance, it is possible to use a so-called bobbin tool 10 having a structure in which the upper shoulder member 12 and the lower shoulder member 14 are coaxially and fixedly connected with each other through the probe 16, such that the upper and lower shoulder members 12 and 14 are opposed to each other and spaced apart from each other by the predetermined distance, as shown in FIG. 5A. In the bobbin tool 10, the lower shoulder member 14 is screwed on the probe 16, whereby the length of the probe 16 is defined. Further, the lower shoulder member 14 is fixed in position by a locking nut 18 screwed on the probe 16 to prevent displacement of the lower shoulder member 14. Alternatively, it is also possible to use a so-called self-reacting tool 11 having a structure in which a probe 17 is coaxially fixed to a lower shoulder member 15 of two shoulder members, as shown in FIG. 5B, and the probe 17 is configured so as to be movable in its axial direction with respect to the upper shoulder member 13, so that the distance between the upper and lower shoulder members 13 and 15 can be changed.

(23) The distance (length of the probe 16, 17) between the two shoulder members 12 and 14, and 13 and 15 is set so as to be smaller by a suitable amount than the thickness of the abutting part 6 (initiation tab member 20), so that an adequate pressing action can be applied to the abutting part 6 in which the two members 2 and 4 are joined together. Further, the self-reacting tool 11 may be configured such that its upper and lower shoulder members 13 and 15 are rotated in the same direction, or in respective different directions. The friction stir welding operation performed by using the rotary tool 10 according to the invention, such as the above-described bobbin tool 10 and self-reacting tool 11, is advantageously employed in the case where the thickness of the joining portions, for example, the thickness (t) of the first and second members 2 and 4 is not smaller than 2 mm. In the present invention, the upper limit of the thickness (t) of the first and second members 2 and 4 is generally set at about 10 mm.

(24) In the above-described embodiment, the friction stir welding operation is performed with respect to the abutting part 6 of the first and second members 2 and 4, to join together those members 2 and 4 along a line. However, the present invention is also applicable to a method of performing the friction stir welding operation with respect to an overlapping part 36 in which a planar flange portion 32a of an upper member 32 (first member) having a hat-like cross sectional shape and a planar flange portion 34a of a lower member 34 (second member) having a hat-like cross sectional shape are superposed on each other, so that the upper and lower members 32 and 34 cooperate to form a hollow body 30, as shown in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, an initiation tab member 24 having a thickness similar to that of the overlapping part 36 is held in abutting contact with a side end face of the overlapping part 36 of the planar flange portions 32a and 34a, and the rotary tool 10 is moved through the initiation tab member 24 into the overlapping part 36, to perform the friction stir welding operation in the direction of extension of the overlapping part 36. Accordingly, the rotary tool 10 is moved and inserted from the initiation tab member 24 into the overlapping part 36, while rotated about its axis, and then the direction of movement of the rotary tool 10 is changed by 90, and the friction stir welding operation is performed by moving the rotary tool 10 relative to the overlapping part 36 in the direction of its extension. At this time, the friction stir welding operation is performed with respect to the overlapping part 36 by moving the rotary tool 10 through the initiation tab member 24 according to the invention, whereby a sound friction-stir-welded area 38 is advantageously formed as in the case of the above-described embodiment.

(25) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the initiation tab member 24 is disposed in abutting contact with the widthwise end face of the overlapping part 36 of the flange portions 32a and 34a. However, it is also possible to dispose the initiation tab member (24) in abutting contact with a longitudinal end face of the overlapping part 36, and linearly perform the friction stir welding operation by the rotary tool 10 with respect to the overlapping part 36 in the direction of its extension, through the initiation tab member 24. In this case too, substantially the same effects as achieved in the above-described embodiments can be achieved.

(26) By performing the friction stir welding operation as described above, it is possible to obtain a product having the sound friction-stir-welded area 8, 38. In this respect, it is noted that the initiation tab member 20 adheres to the thus obtained product through the friction-stirred metals, on the side of initiation of the welding operation. In some cases, the termination tab member 22 also adheres to the product on the side of termination of the welding operation. However, the initiation tab member 20 and the termination tab member 22 can be easily mechanically broken off from the product, so that the product having the sound welded area 8 can be easily obtained. In the present invention, it is also advantageous to cut and remove the metals adhering to the end faces of the first and second members 2 and 4 by using a machining device such as a grinder to finish those end faces, as necessary, after removing the tab members 20 and 22 as described above.

(27) The product obtained by the friction stir welding method described above is free from joint defects, so that the present invention can be advantageously applied to a technique of producing a large member by joining together wrought products in the form of sheet members, extruded members, or the like, and cast members. Further, the thus obtained product can be advantageously used as a structural member of a railway car and a structural member of an automobile, such as a subframe, for example, which exhibit required properties.

EXAMPLES

(28) To clarify the invention more specifically, examples of the invention will be described. However, it goes without saying that the invention is by no means limited to the details of the illustrated examples. Further, it is to be understood that the invention may be embodied with various changes, modifications and improvements, which are not illustrated herein and which may occur to those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Example 1

(29) A planar first member (2) and a planar second member (4) each of which is formed of one of various aluminum materials indicated in Tables 1 and 2 given below, and has a thickness (t) of 2.8-9.2 mm, a width of 300 mm and a length of 5000 mm were butted on each other at their side faces which are opposed to each other in the direction of their width, to provide an abutting part (6). The first and second members (2, 4) were fixed on a table having a gap provided so as to be located below the abutting part (6) of the two members (2, 4). A planar initiation tab member (20) which is formed of one of various aluminum materials indicated in Tables 1 and 2 and has a thickness (Ts), a length (Ls) in a welding direction and a width (Ws) in a direction perpendicular to the welding direction, as indicated in Tables 1 and 2, was held in abutting contact with an end portion of the abutting part (6) of the two members (2, 4) on the side of initiation of a welding operation, as shown in FIG. 1, and fixed on the table, like the above-described two members (2, 4).

(30) On the other hand, a bobbin tool having two shoulder members (12, 14) and a probe (16) as shown in FIG. 5A was used as the rotary tool (10). The diameter (D) of the two shoulder members (12, 14), the length of the probe (16) between two shoulder surfaces (12a, 14a) and the diameter (d) of the probe (16) are indicated in Tables 1 and 2. A friction stir welding operation was performed with respect to the abutting part (6) under conditions of a rotational speed and a welding speed indicated in Tables 1 and 2, by pressing an end portion of the initiation tab member (20) between the two shoulder surfaces (12a, 14a) of the bobbin tool (10), moving the bobbin tool (10) toward the abutting part (6) so that the bobbin tool (10) passes through the initiation tab member (20) in its longitudinal direction, while the initiation tab member (20) is friction-stirred, then moving and inserting the bobbin tool (10) into the abutting part (6) of the two members (2, 4), and further moving the bobbin tool (10) in the direction of extension of the abutting part (6).

(31) The thus obtained various friction-stir-welded products formed of respective combinations of various aluminum materials of the first and second members (2, 4) and the initiation tab member (20) were examined in terms of their joint strength by a tensile shearing test. Specifically, the materials which suffered from fracture and positions of the fracture were examined, and joint efficiency was obtained based on the material having a lower degree of fracture strength. Results of the examination are indicated in Tables 1 and 2.

(32) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 FSW Example 1 2 3 4 5 First JIS material 7075 7050 5182 5052 4343 member Temper T76 T7451 O O O (2) Thickness: 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 t (mm) Second JIS material 7075 5052 5182 6063 6061 member Temper T76 O O T6 T6 (4) Thickness: 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 1200 3003 1100 3004 6063 tab Thickness: 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 80 75.9 96.6 65.4 101.8 Ls (mm) Width: 40 46.4 49.9 32.8 53.4 Ws (mm) Rotary Diameter: D 15 18.9 22.9 16.3 24.6 tool (10) (mm) of shoulder members Length 3 6.1 6.1 4.7 7.6 (mm) of probe Diameter: d 8 14.2 17.0 11.2 16.9 (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 1000 1500 1200 1100 900 conditions speed (rpm) Welding 500 1000 600 800 500 speed (mm/min.) Results Fractured 7075 5052 5182 5052 4343 of material welding Fractured HAZ.sup. Base Base Base Base position material material material material Joint 85 100 100 100 75 efficiency (%) FSW Example 6 7 8 9 10 First JIS material 4004 2024 2219 ADC3 ADC12 member Temper O T3 T6 T6 O (2) Thickness: 3.2 2.8 3.7 6.8 3.6 t (mm) Second JIS material 2014 2024 7003 ADC3 6N01 member Temper T4 T3 T5 T6 T4 (4) Thickness: 3.2 2.8 3.7 6.8 3.6 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 6061 6N01 6063 3004 8090 tab Thickness: 3.2 2.8 3.7 6.8 3.6 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 52.4 58.6 70.5 95.5 83.2 Ls (mm) Width: 30.8 33.6 40.1 48.3 39.0 Ws (mm) Rotary Diameter: D 11.3 12.9 17.3 21.4 19.4 tool (mm) of (10) shoulder members Length 3.2 2.6 3.5 6.4 3.6 (mm) of probe Diameter: d 6.7 8.6 9.3 17.0 10.4 (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 900 800 800 1000 900 conditions speed (rpm) Welding 500 300 400 500 500 speed (mm/min.) Results Fractured 4004 2024 7003 ADC3 ADC12 of material welding Fractured Base HAZ.sup. HAZ.sup. HAZ.sup. Base position material material Joint 80 85 80 75 100 efficiency (%) .sup.HAZ: heat affected zone

(33) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 FSW Example 11 12 13 14 15 First JIS material AC4C 7075 7075 7050 5182 member Temper T6 T76 T76 T7451 O (2) Thickness: 8.9 3.2 3.2 9.2 7.8 t (mm) Second JIS material 7N01 7075 7075 5052 5182 member Temper T6 T76 T76 H34 O (4) Thickness: 8.9 3.2 3.2 9.2 7.8 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 3003 7075 7050 5182 tab Thickness: 8.9 3.9 9.2 7.8 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 105.2 80 132.4 98.3 Ls (mm) Width: 52.3 40 68.2 51.0 Ws (mm) Rotary Diameter: D 25.6 15 15 30.9 24.5 tool (mm) of (10) shoulder members Length 8.4 3 3 9.0 7.6 (mm) of probe Diameter: d 20.6 8 8 23.2 19.0 (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 800 1000 1000 1500 1200 conditions speed (rpm) Welding 400 500 500 1000 600 speed (mm/min.) Results of Fractured AC4C 7075 7075 5052 5182 material welding Position HAZ.sup. Welded Welded Welded Welded of fracture area area area area Joint 80 10 20 30 20 efficiency (%) FSW Example 16 17 18 19 20 First JIS material 5052 4343 4004 2024 ADC3 member Temper O O O T3 T6 (2) Thickness: 3.5 9.0 5.7 8.5 2.8 t (mm) Second JIS material 6063 6061 2014 2024 ADC3 member Temper T6 T6 T4 T3 T6 (4) Thickness: 3.5 9.0 5.7 8.5 2.8 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 2014 ADC12 AC4C 2024 ADC3 tab Thickness: 3.5 9.0 5.7 8.5 2.8 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 73.4 113.1 92.5 98.4 69.8 Ls (mm) Width: 37.8 61.5 48.9 52.0 36.5 Ws (mm) Rotary Diameter: D 17.3 26.9 20.7 24.2 16.3 tool (mm) of (10) shoulder members Length 3.2 9.0 5.6 8.5 2.5 (mm) of probe Diameter: d 9.0 20.4 13.7 17.0 9.9 (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 1100 900 900 800 1000 conditions speed (rpm) Welding 800 500 500 300 500 speed (mm/min.) Results of Fractured 5052 4343 4004 2024 ADC3 welding material Position of Welded Welded Welded Welded Welded fracture area area area area area Joint 40 30 30 20 15 efficiency (%) HAZ: heat affected zone

(34) As is apparent from the results in Tables 1 and 2, where the friction stir welding operation was performed by using the bobbin tool (10) with respect to the abutting part (6) of the first and second members (2, 4) which are formed of the same material or respective different materials selected from a group consisting of a cast aluminum alloy and 2000 series, 4000 series, 5000 series and 7000 series aluminum alloys, it was recognized that sound welded areas which have no joint defects and suffer from reduced generation of burr can be obtained by disposing the initiation tab member (20) in the form of the planar member formed of a 1000 series aluminum alloy, a 3000 series aluminum alloy, a 6000 series aluminum alloy or an 8000 aluminum alloy, in abutting contact with the abutting part (6) of the two members (2, 4), and inserting the probe (16) of the bobbin tool (10) through the initiation tab member (20) into the abutting part (6), as in the FSW Examples 1-11.

(35) On the other hand, it was revealed that in the case where the initiation tab member (20) was not used and in the case where the initiation tab member (20) was formed of the same aluminum material as the two members (2, 4), as in the FSW Examples 12-20, sound welded areas cannot be formed due to occurrence of problems such as a failure of joining of the two members (2, 4) by the friction stir welding operation, generation of defective parts such as a void and a fractured part in the welded area, and considerable generation of burr.

Example 2

(36) A first member (2) and a second member (4) each of which is a rolled sheet formed of an aluminum material: 5454-O, and has a thickness (t) of 4.0 mm, a width of 300 mm and a length of 5000 mm were butted on each other in the direction of their width, to provide an abutting part (6). The first and second members (2, 4) were fixed on a table having a gap provided so as to be located below the abutting part (6) of the two members (2, 4). An initiation tab member (20) which is formed of an aluminum material: 1200 and has a thickness (Ts) of 4.0 mm, a length (Ls) in a welding direction and a width (Ws) in a direction perpendicular to the welding direction, as indicated in Table 3 given below, was abutted on an end portion of the abutting part (6) of the two members (2, 4) on the side of initiation of the welding operation, and fixed on the table, like the two members (2, 4).

(37) A friction stir welding operation was performed as in the Example 1, by using, as a rotary tool, a bobbin tool (10) having dimensions similar to those of the bobbin tool (10) used in the Example 1, except that the probe (16) of the bobbin tool (10) used in this Example has a length of 3.7 mm in its axial direction between the upper and lower shoulder surfaces (12a, 14a). Results of the welding operation are indicated in Table 3.

(38) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 FSW Example 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 First JIS material 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 member Temper O O O O O O O O (2) Thickness: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 t (mm) Second JIS material 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 member Temper O O O O O O O O (4) Thickness: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 tab Thickness: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 60 70 80 80 60 70 55 80 Ls (mm) Width: 40 40 30 35 30 40 40 25 Ws (mm) Rotary Diameter: D 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 tool (mm) of (10) shoulder members Length 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 (mm) of probe Diameter: 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 d (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 conditions speed (rpm) Welding 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 speed (mm/min.) Results Fractured 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 5454 of material welding Position of Base Base Base Base Base Base Welded Welded fracture material material material material material material area area Joint 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 75 efficiency (%)

(39) As is apparent from the results in Table 3, soundness of the friction-stir-welded area (8) can be advantageously improved by setting the length (Ls) of the initiation tab member (20) in the welding direction so as to be not shorter than four times the diameter (D) of the shoulder members (12, 14) of the bobbin tool (10), and setting the width (Ws) of the initiation tab member (20) in the direction perpendicular to the welding direction so as to be not shorter than twice the diameter (D) of the shoulder members (12, 14).

Example 3

(40) A planar termination tab member (22) which is formed of one of various aluminum materials indicated in Tables 4 and 5 given below, and which has a length (Le) in the welding direction, a width (We) in a direction perpendicular to the welding direction and a thickness (Te), as indicated in Tables 4 and 5, was held in abutting contact with end faces of the two planar members (2, 4) in the abutting part (6) on the side of termination of the welding operation. The friction stir welding operation was started as in the FSW Examples 1-20 of the Example 1, and terminated by moving the bobbin tool (10) that had been moved across the abutting part (6) in the longitudinal direction thereof, into the termination tab member (22) from the terminal end of the abutting part (6), and moving the bobbin tool (10) through the termination tab member (22) in the welding direction, as shown in FIG. 4. When the friction stir welding operation was terminated as described above, the bobbin tool (10) was observed to examine a degree of adhesion of metals to the bobbin tool (10). Further, the friction stir welding operation was performed again as described above, by using the bobbin tool (10) that had been used once for the friction stir welding operation, without subjecting the bobbin tool (10) to any other treatment after its use. Percentages of success of the second friction stir welding operation are shown in Table 3. The friction stir welding operation was evaluated in terms of the degree of adhesion of the metals to the bobbin tool (10), as Good where almost no metal adhered to the bobbin tool (10), Average where adhesion of the metals to the bobbin tool (10) was recognized, and Poor where considerable adhesion of the metals to the bobbin tool (10) was recognized.

(41) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 FSW Example 31 32 33 34 35 First JIS material 7075 7050 5182 5052 4343 member Temper T76 T7451 O O O (2) Thickness: 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 t (mm) Second JIS material 7075 5052 5182 6063 6061 member Temper T76 O O T6 T6 (4) Thickness: 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 1200 3003 1100 3004 6063 tab Thickness: 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 80 75.9 96.6 65.4 101.8 Ls (mm) Width: 40 46.4 49.9 32.8 53.4 Ws (mm) Termination JIS material 8011 1200 3003 3105 6082 tab Thickness: 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 member Te (mm) (22) Length: 80 63.9 71.0 50.5 75.3 Le (mm) Width: 40 32.6 40.4 22.7 39.7 We (mm) Rotary Diameter: 15 18.9 22.9 16.3 24.6 tool D (mm) (10) of shoulder members Length (mm) 3 6.1 6.1 4.7 7.6 of probe Diameter: 8 14.2 17.0 11.2 16.9 d (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 1000 1500 1200 1100 900 conditions speed (rpm) Welding speed 500 1000 600 800 500 (mm/min.) Adhesion of metals Good Good Good Good Good Percentage (%) of success 100 100 100 100 100 of the second FSW FSW Example 36 37 38 39 40 First JIS material 4004 2024 2219 ADC3 ADC12 member Temper O T3 T6 T6 O (2) Thickness: 3.2 2.8 3.7 6.8 3.6 t (mm) Second JIS material 2014 2024 7003 ADC3 6N01 member Temper T4 T3 T5 T6 T4 (4) Thickness: 3.2 2.8 3.7 6.8 3.6 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 6061 6N01 6063 3004 8090 tab Thickness: 3.2 2.8 3.7 6.8 3.6 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 52.4 58.6 70.5 95.5 83.2 Ls (mm) Width: 30.8 33.6 40.1 48.3 39.0 Ws (mm) Termination JIS material 6101 6061 6063 3004 6N01 tab Thickness: 3.2 2.8 3.7 6.8 3.6 member Te (mm) (22) Length: 32.9 35.3 44.6 76.4 45.1 Le (mm) Width: 14.6 21.7 18.7 34.7 26.8 We (mm) Rotary Diameter: 11.3 12.9 17.3 21.4 19.4 tool D (mm) (10) of shoulder members Length (mm) 3.2 2.6 3.5 6.4 3.6 of probe Diameter: 6.7 8.6 9.3 17.0 10.4 d (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 900 800 800 1000 900 conditions speed (rpm) Welding speed 500 300 400 500 500 (mm/min.) Adhesion of metals Good Good Good Good Good Percentage (%) of success 100 100 100 100 100 of the second FSW

(42) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 FSW Example 41 42 43 44 45 First JIS material AC4C 7075 7075 7050 5182 member Temper T6 T76 T76 T7451 O (2) Thickness: 8.9 3.2 3.2 9.2 7.8 t (mm) Second JIS material 7N01 7075 7075 5052 5182 member Temper T6 T76 T76 H34 O (4) Thickness: 8.9 3.2 3.2 9.2 7.8 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 3003 1200 1200 3003 1100 tab Thickness: 8.9 3.2 3.2 9.2 7.8 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 105.2 80 80 132.4 98.3 Ls (mm) Width: 52.3 40 40 68.2 51.0 Ws (mm) Termination JIS material 1100 7075 5182 5182 tab Thickness: 8.9 3.2 9.2 7.8 member Te (mm) (22) Length: 87.2 80 96.5 82.1 Le (mm) Width: 47.4 40 52.0 42.8 We (mm) Rotary Diameter: D 25.6 15 15 30.9 24.5 tool (mm) of (10) shoulder members Length (mm) 8.4 3 3 9.0 7.6 of probe Diameter: d 20.6 8 8 23.2 19.0 (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 800 1000 1000 1500 1200 conditions speed (rpm) Welding 400 500 500 1000 600 speed (mm/min.) Adhesion of metals Good Poor Average Average Poor Percentage (%) of success 100 10 20 60 70 of the second FSW FSW Example 46 47 48 49 50 First JIS material 5052 4343 4004 2024 ADC3 member Temper O O O T3 T6 (2) Thickness: 3.5 9.0 5.7 8.5 2.8 t (mm) Second JIS material 6063 6061 2014 2024 ADC3 member Temper T6 T6 T4 T3 T6 (4) Thickness: 3.5 9.0 5.7 8.5 2.8 t (mm) Initiation JIS material 3004 6063 6061 6N01 3004 tab Thickness: 3.5 9.0 5.7 8.5 2.8 member Ts (mm) (20) Length: 73.4 113.1 92.5 98.4 69.8 Ls (mm) Width: 37.8 61.5 48.9 52.0 36.5 Ws (mm) Termination JIS material ADC3 AC4C 7075 2024 2014 tab Thickness: 3.5 9.0 5.7 8.5 2.8 member Te (mm) (22) Length: 44.1 82.6 60.7 75.9 46.6 Le (mm) Width: 18.8 43.7 35.5 43.1 26.5 We (mm) Rotary Diameter: D 17.3 26.9 20.7 24.2 16.3 tool (mm) of (10) shoulder members Length (mm) 3.2 9.0 5.6 8.5 2.5 of probe Diameter: d 9.0 20.4 13.7 17.0 9.9 (mm) of probe Welding Rotational 1100 900 900 800 1000 conditions speed (rpm) Welding 800 500 500 300 500 speed (mm/min.) Adhesion of metals Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Percentage (%) of success 30 40 20 30 40 of the second FSW

(43) As is apparent from the results in Tables 4 and 5, sticking of the metals to the bobbin tool (10) can be effectively reduced or prevented by using one of the 1000 series, 3000 series, 6000 series and 8000 series aluminum alloys, as the material of the termination tab member (22), as in the FSW Examples 31-41, whereby the bobbin tool (10) that has been used for the friction stir welding operation can be successively used to perform the friction stir welding operation with respect to another set of two members (2, 4).

Example 4

(44) The friction stir welding operation was performed as in the FSW Example 31 of the above-described Example 3, except that the thickness (t) of the first and second members (2, 4), the thickness (Ts) of the initiation tab member (20), the length (Le) of the termination tab member (22) in the welding direction, and the width (We) of the termination tab member (22) in the direction perpendicular to the welding direction were set as indicated in Table 6 given below. The friction stir welding operation was terminated after moving the bobbin tool (10) through the termination tab member (22). After the friction stir welding operation was terminated, the bobbin tool (10) was observed and evaluated in terms of the degree of adhesion of metals to the bobbin tool (10), as in the Example 3. Results of the evaluation are indicated in Table 6.

(45) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 FSW Example 51 52 53 54 55 First JIS material 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075 member Temper T76 T76 T76 T76 T76 (2) Thickness: t (mm) 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 Second JIS material 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075 member Temper T76 T76 T76 T76 T76 (4) Thickness: t (mm) 3.2 6.6 6.2 4.9 8.0 Initiation JIS material 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 tab Thickness: Ts (mm) 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 member Length: Ls (mm) 80 80 80 80 80 (20) Width: Ws (mm) 40 40 40 40 40 Termination JIS material 6061 6061 6061 6061 6061 tab Thickness: Te (mm) 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 member Length: Le (mm) 60 70 80 80 60 (22) Width: We (mm) 40 40 30 35 30 Rotary Diameter: D (mm) of 15 15 15 15 15 tool shoulder members (10) Length (mm) of probe 3 3 3 3 3 Diameter: d (mm) of probe 8 8 8 8 8 Welding Rotational speed (rpm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 conditions Welding speed (mm/min.) 500 500 500 500 500 Adhesion of metals Good Good Good Good Good Percentage (%) of success of the 100 100 100 100 100 second FSW FSW Example 56 57 58 59 60 First JIS material 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075 member Temper T76 T76 T76 T76 T76 (2) Thickness: t (mm) 3.2 3.2 9.2 7.8 3.5 Second JIS material 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075 member Temper T76 T76 T76 T76 T76 (4) Thickness: t (mm) 3.2 3.2 9.2 7.8 3.5 Initiation JIS material 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 tab Thickness: Ts (mm) 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 member Lengt: Ls (mm) 80 80 80 80 80 (20) Width: Ws (mm) 40 40 40 40 40 Terminiation JIS material 6061 6061 6061 6061 6061 tab Thickness: Te (mm) 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 member Length: Le (mm) 70 55 57 80 80 (22) Width: We (mm) 40 40 40 28 26 Rotary Diameter: D (mm) of 15 15 15 15 15 tool shoulder members (10) Length (mm) of probe 3 3 3 3 3 Diameter: d (mm) of 8 8 8 8 8 probe Welding Rotational speed (rpm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 conditions Welding 500 500 500 500 500 speed (mm/min.) Adhesion of metals Good Average Average Average Average Percentage (%) of success of 100 60 80 83 76 the second FSW

(46) As is apparent from the results in Table 6, it is recognized that sticking of the metals to the bobbin tool (10) can be effectively reduced or prevented by setting the length (Le) of the termination tab member (22) in the welding direction so as to be not shorter than four times the diameter (D) of the shoulder members (12, 14) of the bobbin tool (10), and setting the width (We) of the termination tab member (22) in the direction perpendicular to the welding direction so as to be not shorter than twice the diameter (D) of the shoulder members (12, 14).