ELECTROCHEMICALLY ASSISTED ION EXCHANGE WATER TREATMENT DEVICE HAVING PARALLELY ARRANGED ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT

Abstract

The invention relates to an electrochemically assisted ion exchange water treatment device. Disclosed is a water treatment device comprising a first inlet feeding water into line L.sub.0; a prefiltration unit; a water treatment unit comprising an electrochemical cell assembly comprising of at least one electrochemical cell; and a reverse osmosis unit, wherein the electrochemical cell assembly and the reverse osmosis unit are connected in parallel; a wastewater line for discarding wastewater from the electrochemical cell, through the waste water outlet; a wastewater line for discarding reject water from the reverse osmosis unit, through the reject water outlet; a carbon filtration unit positioned on line L.sub.0 downstream of the point N; and an outlet for dispensing treated water. The invention provides a device which gives significantly higher recovery of treated water.

Claims

1. A water treatment device (1) comprising: a) a first inlet (2A) feeding water into line L.sub.0; b) a prefiltration unit (10); c) a water treatment unit comprising an electrochemical cell assembly (20) comprising of at least one electrochemical cell; and a reverse osmosis unit (RO), wherein the electrochemical cell assembly (20) and the reverse osmosis unit (RO) are connected in parallel; and wherein the electrochemical cell (EC) comprises: (i) a housing (25) having first (40) and second (45) electrodes; (ii) at least one water-splitting ion exchange membrane (100) positioned between the electrodes (40, 45), the water-splitting membrane (100) comprising (i) a cation exchange surface (105) facing the first electrode (40), and (ii) an anion exchange surface (110) facing the second electrode (45); and (iii) a solution stream pathway defined by the water-splitting membrane (100), the solution stream pathway (121) having (i) an inlet for influent solution stream, (ii) at least one channel that allows influent solution stream to flow past at least one surface of the water-splitting membrane (100) to form one or more treated solution streams, and (iii) a single outlet that combines the treated solution streams to form a single effluent solution; wherein the line L.sub.0 branches into lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 at point M, line L.sub.1 leading to the electrochemical cell (EC) and L.sub.2 leading to the reverse osmosis unit (RO); wherein L.sub.1 further branches into line FL at point O, upstream of the electrochemical cell (EC), to form a bypass loop to the electrochemical cell (EC) and merges back into the line L.sub.1 at point P, downstream of the electrochemical cell (EC); and wherein lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 merge back into line L.sub.0 at point N downstream of the electrochemical cell (EC) and the reverse osmosis unit (RO); d) a wastewater line WL1 for discarding wastewater from the electrochemical cell (EC), through the waste water outlet (5B); e) a wastewater line WL2 for discarding reject water from the reverse osmosis unit (RO), through the reject water outlet (5C); f) a carbon filtration unit (17) positioned on line L.sub.0 downstream of the point N; and g) an outlet (5A) for dispensing treated water wherein: a valve V1 is positioned on the line L.sub.0 downstream of prefiltration unit (10) and upstream of point M; a valve V2 is positioned downstream of carbon filtration unit (17) on line L.sub.0; a valve V1A is positioned on line L.sub.1, downstream of point O and upstream of the electrochemical cell (EC); a valve FLV is positioned on the line FL a valve WLV1 is positioned on the wastewater line WL1; and a valve WLV2 is positioned on the wastewater line WL2.

2. The device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the solution stream pathway (121) comprises a unitary and contiguous solution channel that flows past both the cation and anion exchange surfaces (105, 110) of the water-splitting membrane (100).

3. The device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the cell (20) comprises a plurality of water-splitting membranes (100), and wherein the solution stream pathway (121) comprises a unitary and contiguous solution channel (122) that flows past (i) the electrodes (40,45), and (ii) both the cation and anion exchange surfaces (105, 110) of each water-splitting membrane (100).

4. The device (1) according to claim 1, the cell (20) comprising a plurality of interdigited water-splitting membranes (100) having alternating ends attached to the housing (25).

5. The device (1) according to claim 1, wherein (i) the water-splitting membranes (100) are rolled in a spiral arrangement to form a cylindrical shape, and (ii) the first or second electrode (40,45) comprises a cylinder enclosing the spiral arrangement of water-splitting membranes (100).

6. The device (1) according to claim 5, wherein the solution stream pathway (121) allows the influent solution stream to flow past both the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces (105,110) of the water-splitting membranes (100) in the direction of the spiral.

7. The device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the water-splitting membrane (100) comprises at least one of the following characteristics: a) a cation exchange surface (105) comprising a chemical group selected from the group consisting of SO.sub.3M, COOM, PO.sub.3M.sub.2, C.sub.6H.sub.4OM, aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic phosphines, aromatic phosphines, aliphatic sulfides, aromatic sulfides, aminophosphoric acid, aminocarboxylic acid, hydroxamic acid, and mixtures thereof, where M is a cation; b) an anion exchange surface (110) comprising a chemical group selected from the group consisting of aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic phosphines, aromatic phosphines, aliphatic sulfides, aromatic sulfides, and mixtures thereof; or c) the membranes are heterogeneous and comprise cross-linked water-swellable polymeric host material.

8. The device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the cation exchange surfaces (105) of the water-splitting membranes (100) comprise at least two cation exchange layers each comprising different cationic chemical groups.

9. The device (1) according to claim 9, wherein an inner cation exchange layer comprises SO.sub.3.sup. chemical groups, and an outer cation exchange layer comprises an ion exchange chemical group other than SO.sub.3.sup..

10. The device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the anion exchange surfaces (110) of the water-splitting membranes (100) comprise at least two anion exchange layers each comprising different cationic chemical groups.

11. The device (1) according to claim 11, wherein an inner anion exchange layer comprises NR.sub.3.sup.+ groups, and an outer anion exchange layer comprises ion exchange groups other than NR.sub.3.sup.+, where R is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

12. A method of treating water according to the device of claim 1, the method comprising steps of: (i) allowing the water to filter through the prefiltration unit (10) (ii) treating water in the water treatment unit comprising an electrochemical cell assembly (20) comprising of at least one electrochemical cell (EC); and a reverse osmosis unit (RO), wherein the electrochemical cell assembly (20) and the reverse osmosis unit (RO) are connected in parallel, each cell (20) comprising: a) first and second electrodes (40, 45); b) at least one water-splitting membrane between the electrodes, each at least one water-splitting membrane (100) between the electrodes (40, 45), each water-splitting membrane (100) comprising ion exchange layers A and B, one a cation exchange layer facing the first electrode (40) and the other an anion exchange layer facing the second electrode (45), which layers contain ions I.sub.1A and I.sub.1B respectively; wherein a unitary and contiguous solution channel is defined by the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces (105, 110) of the membranes, the solution channel (122) abutting both electrodes (40, 45) and extending continuously from the inlet (30) to the outlet (35) of the housing (25); c) an ion-containing solution electrically connecting the electrodes (40, 45) and the water-splitting membranes (100); in which cell ions I.sub.1A and I.sub.1B are replaced by ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B, respectively; wherein the water-splitting membranes (100) are arranged to provide a continuous channel (122) that allows a stream of solution to flow past both the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces (105, 110) of the water-splitting membranes (100); wherein the solution in at least one channel (122) of the cell (20) is simultaneously exposed to a cation and an anion exchange layer surface (105, 110) of water-splitting membranes (100); and (iii) allowing the water from the electrochemical cell assembly (20) to be filtered by the carbon filtration unit (17); wherein at a given point in time the device operates in anyone of the two stages, deionization state and regeneration stage and the water obtained by the method steps (i) to (iii) are during the deionization stage, wherein when the device is in regeneration stage, the electrochemical cell (EC) allows water to flow from L.sub.1 through point O into the feed water line FL into the into the electrochemical cell (EC) though point P in opposite direction with respect to flow of water during the deionization stage; and water exiting from the electrochemical cell (EC) which is in the stage of regeneration is discarded through waste water line WL1 wherein during the regeneration stage valves V1, FLV and WLV1 are open and valves and V2, V1A, and a valve WLV2 positioned on the line WL2 are closed and during the deionization stage, valves FLV and WLV1 are closed and valves V1, V1A, WLV2 and V2 are open.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0046] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of water flow in the water treatment device of first aspect;

[0047] FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional side view of an embodiment of the electrochemical cell of the present invention;

[0048] FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional diagram of a water-splitting ion exchange membrane showing the anion and cation exchange surfaces;

[0049] FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional diagram of another embodiment of a water-splitting ion exchange membrane comprising multiple cation and anion exchange layers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0050] The present invention provides a water treatment device comprising an electrochemical cell assembly and methods for removing ions present in solutions, and replacing ions in ion exchange materials.

[0051] The present invention provides a water treatment device as claimed in claim 1.

[0052] The present inventors surprisingly found that the water treatment device of the present invention provided continuous operation of the water treatment device. However, for a system using a single electrochemical cell, it was necessary to stop the cell and the water output for repolarization of the cell for providing stable salt removal performance.

[0053] Further, it was a surprising finding of the inventors of the present invention that compared with using two 400G RO in parallel, using one electrochemical cell cartridge to replace one of the RO filter can increase the system water recovery rate. The findings of the present invention also resulted in increase of water output flux while maintaining the salt removal rate. At the same time, the system could work continuously compared with system using only electrochemical cartridges.

[0054] The terms including, comprising, containing or having and variations thereof as used herein are meant to encompass the items listed thereafter as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms mounted, connected, supported, and coupled and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings.

[0055] Throughout the description of the invention the terms regeneration and reverse polarization are used interchangeably and intended to mean the same.

[0056] The term electrochemical cell or electrochemical cell cartridge or the term electrochemical cell assembly means to include an assembly of at least one electrochemical cell.

[0057] The present invention provides a water treatment device comprising an electrochemical ion exchange system comprising: [0058] (a) the electrochemical cells of first aspect; [0059] (b) a voltage supply for supplying a voltage to the first and second electrodes; and [0060] (c) means for flowing an influent solution stream through the cell.

[0061] It is preferred that in the electrochemical ion exchange system of the present invention, the water-splitting membranes are positioned so that an electric field generated by the electrodes upon application of a voltage by the voltage supply is directed substantially transverse to the anion and cation exchange surfaces of the water-splitting membranes.

[0062] The present invention provides a water treatment device having a first inlet leading to a first feeding line which is in fluid communication with a prefilter which allows the raw or unfiltered water to filter through a prefiltration unit which functions to remove suspended solids, for example particles, rust, colloid and etc. the water line exiting from the prefiltration unit L.sub.0 is preferably divided into lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 at point M, preferably a valve V1 is positioned downstream of the prefiltration unit and upstream of point M; L.sub.2 is preferably the route to the reverse osmosis unit; L.sub.1 is the line leading to electrochemical cell via valve V1A and preferably branches into file FL at point O, it is preferred that valve V1A is downstream of point O and more preferable that the point O and valve V1A are positioned upstream of the electrochemical cell.

[0063] It is preferred that the line L.sub.1 further branches out at point Q to waste water line WL1, it is further preferred that point Q is positioned between valve V1A and electrochemical cell, more preferably downstream of valve V1A and upstream of the electrochemical cell. It is preferred that a valve WLV1 is positioned on the waste water line WL1. It is preferred that waste water from the electrochemical cell flows out through the waste water outlet via waste water line WL1. The line FL preferably has a valve FLV positioned on it. It is further preferred that the line FL bypasses the electrochemical cell and merges into line L.sub.1 downstream of the electrochemical cell at point P.

[0064] It is preferred that line L.sub.1 and line L.sub.2 merge back into line L.sub.0 downstream of the reverse osmosis unit and the electrochemical cell at point N. It is preferred that a valve V2 is positioned on line L.sub.0 and more preferably V2 is positioned downstream of the carbon filtration unit on Line L.sub.0 and further preferably the treated water is collected from treated water outlet positioned downstream of the valve V2.

[0065] The line L.sub.2 leads to the reverse osmosis unit and it is preferred that the reject water of the reverse osmosis unit flows into waste water line WL2 and more preferably a valve WLV2 is positioned on the line WL2. The reject of reverse osmosis unit flows out through RO reject outlet.

[0066] It is preferred that the water treatment system operates in two states, deionization state and reverse polarization state.

[0067] The FL bypasses the electrochemical cell and it is preferred that the FL is operably functional through a valve FLV so that the line is operational only when it is in reverse polarization/regeneration state.

[0068] When electrochemical cell is in deionization state, the water enters the inlet into line L.sub.0, subsequently entering the prefilter, and entering lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 at point M. Water in line L.sub.1 preferably passes through open valve V1A and enters into the electrochemical cell finally exits the electrochemical cell to enter line L.sub.1 and then merges with line L.sub.2 into line L.sub.0 at point N. It is preferred that the water from point M which enters into the reverse osmosis unit is treated at the unit and the reject water is discarded through the RO reject outlet, preferably through the valve WLV2. The treated RO permeate water then merges with line L.sub.1 at point N. Subsequently the water downstream of point N in line L.sub.0 is filtered through the carbon filtration unit and collected through the treated water outlet.

[0069] It is preferred that during the deionization stage, the lines FL and WL1 are closed and through operably functional valves FLV and WLV1 respectively.

[0070] Whereas when the electrochemical cell is in reverse polarization/regeneration state, the line L.sub.0 is open and the water is allowed to enter lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 through point M, the reject water line WL2 of RO unit is closed and the output water line is closed through operably functional valve V2, preferably line L.sub.1 beyond point O is closed to restrict the entry of water into electrochemical cell from line L.sub.1. Instead, the reject water from RO flows back into the RO unit and into L.sub.2 into line L.sub.1 and subsequently into line FL preferably through operably functional valve FLV, through point P into the electrochemical cell in a direction opposite to the flow of water during deionization state. The water passing through the electrochemical cell from point P subsequently passes through the cell and the waste water enters into line WL1 and discarded into waste water outlet preferably through operably functional valve WLV1.

[0071] The water treatment device comprises an electrochemical cell capable of removing ions from a solution stream, the cell comprising: [0072] a) a housing having first and second electrodes; [0073] b) at least one water-splitting ion exchange membrane positioned between the electrodes, the water-splitting membrane comprising (i) a cation exchange surface facing the first electrode, and (ii) an anion exchange surface facing the second electrode; and [0074] c) a unitary and contiguous solution channel that allows an influent solution stream to flow past (i) the electrodes, and (ii) both the cation and anion exchange surfaces of the water-splitting membrane.

[0075] The water treatment device comprises at least one electrochemical cell capable of removing ions from a solution stream, and one reverse osmosis unit (RO), the electrochemical cell and the RO connected in parallel with each other, the cell comprising: [0076] (a) a housing having first and second electrodes; [0077] (b) at least one water-splitting ion exchange membrane positioned between the electrodes, the water-splitting membrane comprising (i) a cation exchange surface facing the first electrode, and (ii) an anion exchange surface facing the second electrode; and [0078] (c) a solution stream pathway defined by the water-splitting membrane, the solution stream pathway having (i) an inlet for influent solution stream, (ii) at least one channel that allows influent solution stream to flow past at least one surface of the water-splitting membrane to form one or more treated solution streams, and (iii) a single outlet that combines the treated solution streams to form a single effluent solution.

[0079] The water treatment device comprises an electrochemical cell assembly capable of removing ions from a solution stream, the assembly comprising of electrochemical cell (EC) and RO unit connected in parallel with each other, each cell comprising: [0080] (a) a housing having first and second electrodes; [0081] (b) at least one water-splitting ion exchange membrane positioned between the electrodes, the water-splitting membrane comprising (i) a cation exchange surface facing the first electrode, and (ii) an anion exchange surface facing the second electrode; and [0082] (c) a unitary and contiguous solution channel that allows an influent solution stream to flow past (i) the electrodes, and (ii) both the cation and anion exchange surfaces of the water-splitting membrane.

[0083] The present invention also provides a water treatment device in accordance with claim 1.

[0084] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell the solution stream pathway comprises a unitary and contiguous solution channel that flows past both the cation and anion exchange surfaces of the water-splitting membrane.

[0085] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell the solution stream pathway comprises a unitary and contiguous solution channel that is connected throughout in an unbroken sequence and extends substantially continuously from the inlet to the outlet.

[0086] It is preferred that the electrochemical cell comprises substantially no monopolar ion exchange membranes.

[0087] It is preferred that the electrochemical cell comprises a plurality of water-splitting membranes, and wherein the solution stream pathway comprises a unitary and contiguous solution channel that flows past (i) the electrodes, and (ii) both the cation and anion exchange surfaces of each water-splitting membrane.

[0088] It is preferred that the electrochemical cell comprises a plurality of water-splitting membranes, and wherein the solution stream pathway comprises a plurality of channels, each channel allowing the influent solution to flow past cation and anion exchange surfaces of adjacent water-splitting membranes.

[0089] It is preferred that the electrochemical cell comprises substantially no monopolar ion exchange membranes between the adjacent water-splitting membranes.

[0090] It is preferred that the electrochemical cell comprises a plurality of interdigited water-splitting membranes having alternating ends attached to the housing.

[0091] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell the water-splitting membranes are rolled in a spiral arrangement to form a cylindrical shape, and (ii) the first or second electrode comprises a cylinder enclosing the spiral arrangement of water-splitting membranes.

[0092] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell the solution stream pathway allows the influent solution stream to flow past both the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces of the water-splitting membranes in the direction of the spiral.

[0093] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell the water-splitting membrane comprises at least one of the following characteristics: [0094] (a) a cation exchange surface comprising a chemical group selected from the group consisting of SO.sub.3M, COOM, PO.sub.3M.sub.2, C.sub.6H.sub.4OM, aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic phosphines, aromatic phosphines, aliphatic sulfides, aromatic sulfides, aminophosphoric acid, aminocarboxylic acid, hydroxamic acid, and mixtures thereof, where M is a cation; [0095] (b) an anion exchange surface comprising a chemical group selected from the group consisting of aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic phosphines, aromatic phosphines, aliphatic sulfides, aromatic sulfides, and mixtures thereof; [0096] (c) at least one exchange surface of each water-splitting membrane comprises an average pore size of at least about 1 micron; [0097] (d) at least one exchange surface of each water-splitting membrane comprises a pore volume of at least 10 volume %; or [0098] (e) the membranes are heterogeneous and comprise cross-linked water-swellable polymeric host material.

[0099] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell the cation exchange surfaces of the water-splitting membranes comprise at least two cation exchange layers each comprising different cationic chemical groups.

[0100] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell an inner cation exchange layer comprises SO.sub.3.sup. chemical groups, and an outer cation exchange layer comprises an ion exchange chemical group other than SO.sub.3.sup..

[0101] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell of the present invention the anion exchange surfaces of the water-splitting membranes comprise at least two anion exchange layers each comprising different cationic chemical groups.

[0102] It is preferred that in the electrochemical cell of the present invention an inner anion exchange layer comprises NR.sub.3.sup.+ groups, and an outer anion exchange layer comprises ion exchange groups other than NR.sub.3.sup.+ where R is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Method

[0103] Disclosed is a method of treating water using device of the present invention.

[0104] It is preferred that voltage is applied to the electrochemical cell in the method for a better ion exchange speed and increased salt removal rate.

[0105] The present invention also provides a method using the device of the present invention for replacing ions in an ion exchange material of an electrochemical cell comprising: [0106] (a) first and second electrodes; [0107] (b) at least one water-splitting membrane between the electrodes, each water-splitting membrane comprising ion exchange layers A and B, one a cation exchange layer facing the first electrode and the other an anion exchange layer facing the second electrode, which layers contain ions I.sub.1A and I.sub.1B respectively; [0108] wherein a unitary and contiguous solution channel is defined by the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces of the membranes, the solution channel abutting both electrodes and extending continuously from the inlet to the outlet of the housing; [0109] (c) an ion-containing solution electrically connecting the electrodes and the water-splitting membranes; [0110] in which cell ions I.sub.1A and I.sub.1B are replaced by ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B, respectively;

[0111] The present invention also provides a method for removing multivalent ions from a solution, which method comprises applying a voltage to an assembly comprising first and second electrochemical cells: [0112] (a) the first electrochemical cell comprising: [0113] (i) first and second electrodes; [0114] (ii) at least one water-splitting membrane between the electrodes, each water-splitting membrane comprising a cation exchange layer A and an anion exchange layer B, which layers comprise ions I.sub.4A and I.sub.4B, respectively, ions I.sub.4A and I.sub.4B comprising substantially H.sup.+ and OH.sup., respectively, wherein the cation exchange layers face the first electrode and the anion exchange layers face the second electrode, in which cell there is a unitary and contiguous solution channel, and [0115] (iii) a solution containing ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B which electrically connects the electrodes and water-splitting membrane, in which cell ions I.sub.4A and I.sub.4B are replaced by ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B; [0116] (b) a second electrochemical cell, comprising: [0117] (i) first and second electrodes; [0118] (ii) at least one water-splitting membrane arranged between the electrodes, each water-splitting membrane comprising a cation exchange layer A and an anion exchange layer B, which layers comprise ions I.sub.5A and I.sub.5B, respectively, ions I.sub.5A and I.sub.1B comprising monovalent ions other than H.sup.+ and OH.sup., respectively, wherein the cation exchange layers face the first electrode and the anion exchange layers face the second electrode, in which cell there is a unitary and contiguous solution channel, and [0119] (iii) a solution containing ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B which electrically connects the electrodes and water-splitting membrane, in which cell ions I.sub.5A and I.sub.5B are replaced by ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B, respectively.

[0120] It is preferred that in the method of present invention the cell comprises substantially no monopolar ion exchange membranes.

[0121] It is preferred that in the method of present invention the water-splitting membranes are arranged to provide a continuous channel that allows a stream of solution to flow past both the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces of the water-splitting membranes.

[0122] It is preferred that in the method of present invention the solution in at least one channel of the cell is simultaneously exposed to a cation and an anion exchange layer surface of water-splitting membranes.

[0123] It is preferred that in the method of present invention wherein H.sup.+ and OH.sup. are produced within the water-splitting membranes and pass through ion exchange layers A and B, respectively, causing ions I.sub.1A and I.sub.1B to be replaced by ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B respectively.

[0124] It is preferred that in the method of present invention the polarities of ions I.sub.1A and I.sub.1B are the same as those of the H.sup.+ and OH.sup. ions causing their replacement.

[0125] It is preferred that in the method of present invention polarities of ions I.sub.1A and I.sub.1B are opposite those of the H.sup.+ and OH.sup. ions causing their replacement.

[0126] It is preferred that the method of present invention comprises the additional step of reversing the polarity of the electrodes causing ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B to be replaced by ions I.sub.3A and I.sub.3B, respectively.

[0127] It is preferred that in the method of present invention in the reversing step, the OH.sup. and H.sup.+ are produced within the water-splitting membranes and pass through ion exchange layers A and B, respectively, causing ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B to be replaced by ions I.sub.3A and I.sub.3B, respectively.

[0128] It is preferred that the method of present invention comprises the additional step of terminating the current, causing ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B to be replaced by ions I.sub.3A and I.sub.3B, respectively.

[0129] It is preferred that in the method for removing multivalent ions from a solution comprises the additional step of introducing another solution into the second electrochemical cell and reversing the polarity of the electrodes causing ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B to be replaced by ions I.sub.4A and I.sub.4B, respectively.

[0130] It is preferred that in the method for removing multivalent ions from a solution, in both cells the water-splitting membranes are arranged to provide a continuous solution stream in each cell which flows past both the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces of their water-splitting membranes.

[0131] It is preferred that in the method for removing multivalent ions from a solution the solution in at least one channel of the first and second cells is simultaneously exposed to a cation and an anion exchange layer surface of water-splitting membranes.

[0132] It is preferred that in the method for removing multivalent ions from a solution the step of flowing a solution stream through the first and second cells includes the step of controlling the flow rates of the solution through the first and second cells to obtain a predetermined concentration of ions in the effluent streams from the cells.

[0133] It is preferred that in the method for removing multivalent ions from a solution the step of controlling the flow rates of the solution through the first and second cells to obtain a predetermined concentration of ions in effluent streams from the cells includes the step of monitoring the composition of the effluent streams from the first and second cells, and adjusting the flow rates of the solution through the first and second cells in relation to the composition of the effluent streams.

[0134] It is preferred that the method for removing multivalent ions from a solution comprises a third electrochemical cell comprising: [0135] (a) first and second electrodes; [0136] (b) at least one water-splitting membrane arranged between the electrodes, each water-splitting membrane comprising a combination of a cation exchange layer A and an anion exchange layer B, which layers comprise ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B, wherein the cation exchange layers face the first electrode and the anion exchange layers face the second electrode, in which cell there is a unitary and contiguous solution stream, and [0137] (c) a solution which electrically connects the electrodes and water-splitting membranes, wherein the polarity of the first and second electrodes in the third cell is reversed relative to that for the first and second cells, such that in the third cell ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B are replaced by ions I.sub.4A and I.sub.4B, respectively.

[0138] It is preferred that in the method for removing multivalent ions from a solution the replacement of ions I.sub.2A and I.sub.2B by ions I.sub.4A and I.sub.4B, respectively, in the third cell occurs while the first and second cells are removing multivalent ions from their separate solution stream.

[0139] It is preferred that the prefiltration unit includes polypropylene sediment filter, microfiltration filter, ultrafiltration filter and combinations thereof.

[0140] The ultrafiltration unit of the present invention preferably comprises of at least two chambers and preferably four chambers which allows the water to flush quicker when the flux is same and therefore results in longer lifetime compared with traditional ultrafiltration unit. It is preferred that the ultrafiltration unit is washed regularly to remove the particulates and colloid resulting in prolonged lifetime of the device.

[0141] The ultrafiltration unit is preferably positioned upstream of the electrochemical cell assembly and preferably downstream of the inlet of the water treatment device.

[0142] The ultrafiltration unit preferably functions to filter out the suspended solids, larger particles, colloidal matter and proteins from water through an ultrafiltration membrane. It is preferred that the ultrafiltration unit also removes bacteria, protozoa and some viruses from the water

[0143] The carbon filter is preferably used to remove pollutants which cannot be removed by ultrafiltration unit and electrochemical cell. It is preferred that the carbon filter is an activated carbon filter. The carbon filter could be selected from VOC removal carbon, heavy metal removal carbon, sterilizing/antibacterial carbon, broad-spectrum carbon, Vitamin C filter, herbal filter, strontium-carbon filter, or any other mineral-containing carbon filter.

[0144] It is preferred that the carbon filter is positioned downstream of the electrochemical cell assembly and more preferably the water is dispensed after exiting from the carbon filter for use.

[0145] In the method of the present invention that during the regeneration state valves V1, FLV and WLV1 are open and valves and V2, V1A, and a valve WLV2 positioned on the line WL2 are closed.

[0146] In the method of the present invention that during the deionization stage, valves FLV and WLV1 are closed and valves V1, V1A, WLV2 and V2 are open.

[0147] In the method of the present invention that the water treatment system operates in two states, deionization state and reverse polarization state.

[0148] In the method of the present invention that the FL bypasses the electrochemical cell and it is preferred that the FL is operably functional through a valve FLV so that the line is operational only when it is in reverse polarization/regeneration state.

[0149] In the method of the present invention that when the electrochemical cell is in deionization state, the water enters the inlet into line L.sub.0, subsequently entering the prefilter, and entering lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 at point M. Water in line L.sub.1 preferably passes through open valve V1A and enters into the electrochemical cell finally exits the electrochemical cell to enter line L.sub.1 and then merges with line L.sub.2 into line L.sub.0 at point N. It is preferred that the water from point M which enters into the reverse osmosis unit is treated at the unit and the reject water is discarded through the RO reject outlet, preferably through the valve WLV2. The treated RO permeate water then merges with line L.sub.1 at point N. Subsequently, the water downstream of point N in line L.sub.0 is filtered through the carbon filtration unit and collected through the treated water outlet.

[0150] It is preferred that in the method of the present invention that during the deionization stage, the lines FL and WL1 are closed and through operably functional valves FLV and WLV1 respectively.

[0151] In the method of the present invention that when the electrochemical cell is in reverse polarization/regeneration state, the line L.sub.0 is open and the water is allowed to enter lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 through point M, the reject water line WL2 of RO unit is closed and the output water line is closed through operably functional valve V2, preferably line L.sub.1 beyond point O is closed to restrict the entry of water into electrochemical cell from line L.sub.1. Instead, the reject water from RO flows back into the RO unit and into L.sub.2 into line L.sub.1 and subsequently into line FL preferably through operably functional valve FLV, through point P into the electrochemical cell in a direction opposite to the flow of water during deionization state. The water passing through the electrochemical cell from point P subsequently passes through the cell and the waste water enters into line WL1 and discarded into waste water outlet preferably through operably functional valve WLV1.

[0152] It is preferred that the trigger to enter the state of deionization is programed based on a predetermined volume of water which is treated by the device. It is preferred that a flow sensor is positioned before the valve V2 which senses the volume of water treated by the device. It is further preferred that the Electrochemical cell assembly remains in the state of regeneration for a predetermined period of time before it again transitions back to the state of deionization by reversing of polarity.

[0153] FIG. 1 presents the flow diagram of water treatment device 1 of the present invention comprising a first inlet (2A) feeding water into line L.sub.0; a prefiltration unit (10); a water treatment unit comprising an electrochemical cell assembly (20) comprising of at least one electrochemical cell; and a reverse osmosis unit (RO), wherein the electrochemical cell assembly (20) and the reverse osmosis unit (RO) are connected in parallel; and wherein the electrochemical cell (EC) comprises: a housing (25) having first (40) and second (45) electrodes; at least one water-splitting ion exchange membrane (100) positioned between the electrodes (40, 45), the water-splitting membrane (100) comprising (i) a cation exchange surface (105) facing the first electrode (40), and (ii) an anion exchange surface (110) facing the second electrode (45); and a solution stream pathway defined by the water-splitting membrane (100), the solution stream pathway (121) having (i) an inlet for influent solution stream, (ii) at least one channel that allows influent solution stream to flow past at least one surface of the water-splitting membrane (100) to form one or more treated solution streams, and (iii) a single outlet that combines the treated solution streams to form a single effluent solution; wherein the line L.sub.0 branches into lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 at point M, line L.sub.1 leading to the electrochemical cell (EC) and L.sub.2 leading to the reverse osmosis unit (RO); wherein L.sub.1 further branches into line FL at point O, upstream of the electrochemical cell (EC), to form a bypass loop to the electrochemical cell (EC) and merges back into the line L.sub.1 at point P, downstream of the electrochemical cell (EC); and wherein lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 merge back into line L.sub.0 at point N downstream of the electrochemical cell (EC) and the reverse osmosis unit (RO); a wastewater line (WL1) for discarding wastewater from the electrochemical cell (EC), through the waste water outlet (5B); a wastewater line (WL2) for discarding reject water from the reverse osmosis unit (RO), through the reject water outlet (5C); a carbon filtration unit (17) positioned on line L.sub.0 downstream of the point N; an outlet (5A) for dispensing treated water.

[0154] The Figure shows a water treatment device (1) having a first inlet (2A) leading to a first feeding line L.sub.0 which is in fluid communication with a prefilter (10) which allows the raw or unfiltered water to filter through a prefiltration unit (10) which functions to remove suspended solids, for example particles, rust, colloid and etc. the water line exiting from the prefiltration unit L.sub.0 is preferably divided into lines L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 at point M, preferably a valve V1 is positioned downstream of the prefiltration unit (10) and upstream of point M; L.sub.2 is preferably the route to the reverse osmosis unit (RO); L.sub.1 is the line leading to electrochemical cell (EC) via valve V1A and preferably branches into file FL at point O, it is preferred that valve V1A is downstream of point O and more preferable that the point O and valve V1A are positioned upstream of the electrochemical cell (EC).

[0155] It is shown that the line L.sub.1 further branches out at point Q to waste water line WL1, and that the point Q is positioned between valve V1A and electrochemical cell (EC), and downstream of valve V1A and upstream of the electrochemical cell. A valve WLV1 is positioned on the waste water line WL1. Waste water from the electrochemical cell (EC) flows out through the waste water outlet (5B) via waste water line WL1.

[0156] It is shown that the line FL has a valve FLV positioned on it and that the line FL bypasses the electrochemical cell (EC) and merges into line L.sub.1 downstream of the electrochemical cell (EC) at point P.

[0157] It is shown that that the line L.sub.1 and line L.sub.2 merge back into line L.sub.0 downstream of the reverse osmosis unit (RO) and the electrochemical cell at point N and a valve V2 is positioned on line L.sub.0 and valve V2 is positioned downstream of the carbon filtration unit (17) on Line L.sub.0 and further preferably the treated water is collected from treated water outlet (5A) positioned downstream of the valve V2.

[0158] It is shown that the line L.sub.2 leads to the reverse osmosis unit (RO) and that the reject water of the reverse osmosis unit (RO) flows into waste water line WL2 and a valve WLV2 is positioned on the line WL2. It is shown that the reject of reverse osmosis unit (RO) flows out through RO reject outlet (5C).

[0159] FIG. 2 presents one embodiment of an electrochemical cell assembly 20 of the present invention comprising a housing 25 having at least one inlet 30 for introducing an influent solution stream into the cell, and one outlet 35 that provides a single effluent solution. Opposing first and second electrodes 40, 45 in the cell are powered by electrode voltage supply 50 that supplies a voltage across the electrodes. At least one water-splitting membrane 100 is positioned between the electrodes 40, 45 in the housing 25. Each water-splitting membrane 100 comprises at least one combination of adjacent and abutting cation exchange surface 105 (typically a cation exchange layer having cationic exchange groups) and an anion exchange surface 110 (typically comprising an anion exchange layer having anionic exchange groups). The water-splitting membranes 100 are arranged in the housing 25 so that the cation exchange surfaces of the membranes face the first electrode 40, and the anion exchange surfaces of the membranes face the second electrode 45.

[0160] A solution stream pathway (as represented by the arrows 121) is defined by the surfaces of the water-splitting membranes 100, the electrodes 40, 45, and the sidewalls of the cell. The solution stream pathway 121 (i) extends from the inlet 30 (which is used for introducing an influent solution stream into the solution stream pathway), (ii) includes at least one channel that allows the influent solution stream to flow past at least one surface of the water-splitting membrane to form one or more treated solution streams, and (iii) terminates at a single outlet 35 that combines the treated solution streams to form a single effluent solution. The solution stream pathway 121 can comprise a single serial flow channel extending continuously through the cell, or can comprise a plurality of parallel flow channels that are connected and terminate at a single outlet 35. In the embodiment in FIG. 2, the water-splitting membranes 100 are arranged to provide a solution stream pathway 121 having an unitary and contiguous solution channel 122 that flows past both the cation and anion exchange surfaces of the water-splitting membrane.

[0161] Preferably, the channel 122 is connected throughout in an unbroken sequence extending continuously from the inlet to the outlet, and flowing past the anion and cation exchange surfaces of the water-splitting membranes. Thus, the unitary and contiguous channel's perimeter comprises at least a portion of all the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces of the water-splitting membranes in the cell.

[0162] The housing 25 typically comprises a plate and frame construction fabricated from metal or plastic and comprises one or more inlet holes 30 to introduce solution into the cell and one or more outlet holes 35 to remove effluent solution from the cell. While one or more outlet holes can be provided, the effluent solution from the cell preferably comprises a single effluent solution stream that is formed before or after the outlet holes (for example in an exhaust manifold that combines the different solution streams). The water-splitting membranes 100 are held in the housing 25 using gaskets 115 positioned on either side of the water-splitting membrane. A pump 120, such as for example, a peristaltic pump or water pressure in combination with a flow control device, is used to flow solution from a solution source 125 through the channel 122 and into a treated solution tank 130. In this embodiment, the pump 120 serves as means to flow a single solution stream through the cell. An electrode voltage supply 50, typically external to the electrochemical cell 20, comprises a direct current voltage source 135 in series with a resistor 140. The electrical contacts 145, 150 are used to electrically connect the voltage supply 50 to the first and second electrodes 40, 45. Instead of a DC current source, the voltage source can also be a rectified alternating current source, for example, a half-wave or full-wave rectified alternating current source.

[0163] The anode and cathode electrodes 40, 45 are fabricated from an electrically conductive material, such as a metal which is preferably resistant to corrosion in the low or high pH chemical environments created during positive and negative polarization of the electrodes during operation of the cell 20. Suitable electrodes can be fabricated from copper, aluminum, or steel cores which are coated with a corrosion-resistant material such as platinum, titanium, or niobium. The shape of the electrodes 40, 45 depends upon the design of the electrochemical cell 20 and the conductivity of the solutions flowing through the cell. The electrodes 40, 45 should provide a uniform voltage across the surfaces of the water-splitting membranes 100, a suitable electrode shape for cell 20 being a flat plate dimensioned approximately as large as the area of the water-splitting membrane, positioned at the top and the bottom of the cell 20, and having an electrode surface interior to the housing. Preferably, the first and second electrodes 40, 45 comprise planar structures on either side of planar water-splitting membranes 100 positioned adjacent to one another. Alternative electrode shapes include distributed designs such as woven screens, expanded meshes, or wire shaped in a particular configuration, for example, a serpentine shape. For source solution to enter and exit cell 20, as for example in the embodiment in FIG. 2, it may be necessary to cut openings in the two electrodes 40 and 45 to allow solution to pass into and out of channel 122.

[0164] Preferably, the electrodes 40, 45 are constructed of two or more layers that provide the desired combination of electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. A suitable configuration comprises an inner electrically conductive layer which has a sufficiently low electrical resistance to provide substantially uniform voltage across water-splitting membranes 100; a corrosion resistant layer to prevent corrosion of the electrically conductive layer; and a catalytic coating on the surface of the electrode to reduce operating voltages, extend electrode life, and minimize power requirements. A preferred electrode structure comprises a copper conductor covered by corrosion-resistant material such a titanium or niobium, and thereafter coated with a noble metal catalyst layer such as platinum.

[0165] The gaskets 115 separating the water-splitting membranes 100 in cell 20 and forming its sidewalls 155, 160 have multiple functions. In the first function, the gaskets 115 prevent leakage of the solution through the sidewalls 155, 160 of the cell 20. In another function, the gaskets 115 are made of an electrically insulating material to prevent shorting or divergence of the electrical current channel through the sidewalls 155, 160 of the cell 20. This forces the electrical current channel, or the electrical field between the electrodes 40, 45, to be directed substantially perpendicularly through the plane of the water-splitting membranes 100 to provide more efficient ion removal or replacement. Within solution channel 122 are preferably positioned spacers 132, for example, layers of plastic netting material suspended form the sidewalls of the cell. Spacers 132 serve several functions: they separate water-splitting membranes 100, provide more uniform flow, and create turbulence in the solution stream pathway to provide higher ion transport rates. If two or more water-splitting membranes are in direct contact, excess current may flow through this low resistance path, overheating the membranes and bypassing the solution (thereby reducing cell performance). This spacer may be of any construction having an average pore size or opening greater than 10 m in diameter. Solution channel 122 in the cell may also comprise ion exchange material particles or filaments, for example beads, granules, fibers, loosely woven structures, or any other structure which allows the solution in the channel 122 to contact both the cation and anion exchange layer surfaces of the water-splitting membranes that form a portion of the periphery of the channel. Any ion exchange material located in channel 122 still provides a single, contiguous solution stream in cell 20. The ion exchange material in channel 122 may comprise cation exchange material, anion exchange material, or a mixture of the two. However, the ion exchange material located in channel 122 should not be in the form of a monopolar ion exchange membrane that separates two or more solution streams in the cell. Thus, the cell preferably comprises substantially no monopolar ion exchange membranes between adjacent water-splitting membranes.

[0166] The water-splitting membrane 100 is any structure comprising a cation exchange surface 105 and an anion exchange surface 110 in combination such that under a sufficiently high electric field, produced by application of voltage to electrodes 40 and 45, water is dissociated into its component ions H.sup.+ and OH.sup. in the membrane. This dissociation occurs most efficiently at the boundary between the cation and anion exchange surfaces or layers in the membrane, or in the volume between them, and the resultant H.sup.+ and OH.sup. ions migrate through an ion exchange layer in the direction of the electrode having an opposite polarity. For example, H.sup.+ will migrate toward the negative electrode (cathode), and OH will migrate toward the positive electrode (anode). Preferably, the water-splitting membrane comprises abutting cation and anion exchange layers 105, 110 that are secured or bonded to each other to provide a water-splitting membrane 100 having a unitary laminate structure. The cation and anion exchange layers 105, 110 can be in physical contact without a bond securing them together, or the water-splitting membrane 100 can include a non-ionic middle layer, for example a water-swollen polymer layer, a porous layer, or a solution-containing layer.

[0167] An expanded sectional diagram of an embodiment of a water-splitting membrane 100 comprising abutting cation and anion exchange surfaces or layers is shown in FIG. 3. Suitable cation exchange layers 105 can comprise one or more acidic functional groups capable of exchanging cations such as SO.sub.3M, COOM, PO.sub.3M.sub.2, C.sub.6H.sub.4OM, where M is a cation (e.g., hydrogen, sodium, calcium, or copper ion). Cation exchange materials also include those comprising neutral groups or ligands that bind cations through coordinate rather than electrostatic or ionic bonds (for example pyridine, phosphine and sulfide groups), and groups comprising complexing or chelating groups (e.g., those derived from aminophosphoric acid, aminocarboxylic acid, and hydroxamic acid). The choice of cation exchange functional group depends upon the application of the cell 20. In water deionization for which the non-selective removal of ions is required, SO.sub.3M groups are preferred for their ability to impart good membrane swelling, high mass transport rates, and low electrical resistances over a wide range of pH. For the selective removal of copper ion from a liquid containing other ions, for example sodium ion, ion exchange groups such as COOM or a chelating group such as aminocarboxylic acid are preferred. These weak acid groups offer the additional benefit of particularly efficient regeneration due to the strongly favorable reaction of (COO)nM with H.sup.+ to form COOH and expel M.sup.+n, where M is a metal ion.

[0168] Suitable anion exchange layers 110 of water-splitting membrane 100 comprise one or more basic functional groups capable of exchanging anions such as NR.sub.3A, NR.sub.2HA, PR.sub.3A, SR.sub.2A, or C.sub.5H.sub.5NHA (pyridine), where R is an alkyl, aryl, or other organic group and A is an anion (e.g., hydroxide, bicarbonate, chloride, or sulfate ion). The choice of anion exchange functional group also depends on the application. In water deionization, NR.sub.3A is preferred for its ability to impart good membrane swelling, and thus provide low electrical resistances and high mass transport rates, over a wide range of pH. Weak base groups are preferred when particularly efficient regeneration is required. For example, NR.sub.2HA will react with OH.sup. in a very favorable reaction to form NR.sub.2, H.sub.2O, and expel A.sup..

[0169] The water-splitting ion exchange membranes can also comprise more than two anion and cation exchange layers. Water-splitting membrane 101 in FIG. 4 is an embodiment comprising four ion exchange layers: two cation exchange layers 106 and 107 and two anion exchange layers 111 and 112. The two cation or two anion exchange layers may differ in ion exchange capacities or ion exchange functional groups. For example, the inner cation exchange layer 106 of water-splitting membrane 101 may comprise substantially SO.sub.3 groups and the outer layer 107 comprise COOH groups; while the inner anion exchange layer 111 may comprise NR.sub.3 groups and the outer layer 112 comprise NR.sub.2H groups. Alternatively, cation exchange layers 106 or 107 or anion exchange layers 111 or 112 can be porous to hold solution. The porous layers may be open cell foams, for example prepared using foaming agents or leaching techniques, woven and non-woven fiber composites comprising ion exchange granules, or any other structure which provides fast solution transport through at least a portion of the water-splitting ion exchange membrane thickness, thereby increasing the rate of solution contact with ion exchange material contained within the porous layer and increasing the rate of solution flow through the cell. Preferably, the porous layers have an average pore diameter of at least 1 m, more preferably greater than 10 m; and pore volumes of at least 10% of the porous layer volume, and more preferably at least 20%.

[0170] The water-splitting ion exchange membranes may be prepared by any method, for example those which provide homogeneous or heterogeneous ion exchange membranes. Homogeneous membranes are formed by polymerizing appropriate monomers followed by one or more chemical steps to introduce the ion exchange groups. Typically, a monomer which cross-links the resultant polymer is included to provide an insoluble ion exchange material. Polymerization may take place in the presence or absence of a solvent, and depending on the choice of solvent, one obtains ion exchange materials which can be further characterized as gel (prepared without solvent), isoporous (good monomer and polymer solvent), or macroporous (good monomer but poor polymer solvent). A typical method for preparing homogeneous membranes is to cast monomer mixtures between glass sheets, taking care to prevent monomer or solvent evaporation, and heating to cure. Subsequent chemical functionalization is as for other ion exchange materials (e.g., beads). Water-splitting membranes may be prepared by several related methods including casting a second monomer mixture on a cured layer followed by stepwise chemical functionalization of the two layers, or by the chemical functionalization of a single cast layer from the two sides using different functionalization chemistry.

[0171] Heterogeneous water-splitting ion exchange membranes comprise a host polymer intimately mixed with particles of homogeneous ion exchange material. The ion exchange particles absorb substantially more water than the host polymer, with the latter providing the membrane with structural integrity. Since the ion exchange particles are typically larger than one micron in cross-section, these water-splitting membranes have a heterogeneous structure on the micron scale. A preferred method of preparing heterogeneous membranes is by melt blending ion exchange material, for example in a granulated form, and thermoplastic polymers, for example polyethylene, polyethylene copolymers, or polyvinylidene fluoride. Any process suitable for melt blending the host polymer may be employed, for example using a roll mill or mixing extruder. Individual, thin sheets of ion exchange material may be formed by, for example, compression molding or extrusion, and water-splitting membranes may be formed from two or more layers by the same methods.

[0172] The ion exchange material for use in heterogeneous water-splitting membranes is preferred to have an average particle size less than 200 microns, more preferably, less than 100 microns. Small particles may be obtained by direct synthesis of small beads, for example in emulsion polymerization, or by granulating larger ion exchange beads having the desired chemical and physical properties. For the preparation of the heterogeneous membranes used for the examples described herein, granulated ion exchange resins were obtained from Graver Chemical Company: PCH strong acid cation exchange resin (H.sup.+ form) and PAO strong base anion exchange resin (OH.sup. form). The volume fraction of ion exchange material in the cation and anion exchange layers of heterogeneous water-splitting membranes is preferred to be at least 30%, more preferably at least 35%, most preferably at least 40%.

[0173] The choice of host polymer for use in heterogeneous membranes depends upon the requirements for the resultant water-splitting membranes and the maximum processing temperatures allowable for the ion exchange material. For example if stiff, incompressible membranes are required for a plate and frame construction cell, as shown in FIG. 2, one may select a host polymer such as high density polyethylene (HDPE). In contrast, a spiral construction cell may require flexible water-splitting membranes, and an elastomer such as ethylene-propylene thermoplastic may be preferred. Alternatively, the host polymer may be a water-swellable material, for example poly(ethylene oxide) or polyvinylalcohol. This may provide faster ion transport through the ion exchange layers of the water-splitting membranes. To avoid dissolution of water swellable polymer, it may be advantageous to cross-link the host polymer/ion exchange material composite to provide an insoluble, cross-linked structure. Cross-linking may be accomplished after forming the composite into the final shape (e.g., sheets) either using chemical agents or radiation (for example UV, electron or gamma radiation). Cross-linking may also provide mechanical benefits to non-water swellable host polymer composites, for example improved tear resistance.

[0174] The cation and anion exchange layers of the water-splitting membranes preferably comprise ion exchange capacities of at least about 0.1 meq/cc, more preferably at least 0.2 meq/cc, and most preferably at least 0.5 meq/cc. Higher ion exchange capacities result in increased membrane swelling in solution and lower electrical resistance. Higher ion exchange capacity also provides an apparatus which requires less frequent regeneration for a given volume of water-splitting membrane material. Another approach to reducing the frequency of the regeneration step is to use water-splitting membranes having greater thickness to increase ion exchange capacity. Preferably, the water-splitting membranes have a solution saturated thickness of at least about 200 microns (m), more preferably at least 400 m, most preferably at least 600 m.

Example 1

[0175] The water treatment device is assembled according to the first aspect of the present invention. A water treatment process was constructed according to the first aspect of the present invention for this example. A water treatment process was constructed as described below. An ultrafiltration (from Truliva) was used as the pre-filter. 2 filter (400G RO filter or 400G electrochemical cell cartridge) were used as the main salt removal unit. 400G electrochemical cell cartridge is composed of 25 layers 15.6 cm40 cm electronically regenerated ion exchange membrane and could treat 6 L water (<400 ppm after regeneration). An active carbon filter (From Kortech) was used as the postfilter. Totally, 2 pieces Ti electrodes were used for the electrochemical cell cartridge. A central rising tube was in the electrochemical cell cartridge housing to hold the inner electrode. The other piece was fixed on the inner side of the cartridge housing. A 300V power supply was attached to the 2 pieces of electrode providing an electric field.

[0176] 100 ppm NaCl aqueous solution was used as the feed water. The feed water was introduced to the system at the flow rate of 2 L/min. After treated by UF, salt was removed by filter 1 and filter 2 and finally collect after treated by activated carbon.

[0177] The reaction was firstly performed using two 400G 75% water recovery RO filter and then replaced the one of the RO filter by a 400G electrochemical cell cartridge.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Performance Output Water Water Flow recovery during recovery of System rate deionization whole system 2 RO units connected 1.5 L/min 75% 75% in parallel RO + electrochemical 1.75 L/min 88% 84% cell cartridge (in parallel)

[0178] For the system using two 400G RO filters, the water recovery of the 400 RO was 75% resulting to 0.75 L/min product water of each RO unit. Therefore, the product water flow rate of the whole system was 1.5 L/min, that's 75% water recovery of the system.

[0179] During the deionization stage of electrochemical cell cartridge, no waste water was generated. So, the product water flow rate of electrochemical cartridge was 1 L/min, product water of RO filter was 0.75 L/min, resulting to 1.75 L/min product water of the whole system. So the water recovery of the system during deionization stage was 88%.

[0180] When the feed water TDS was 100 ppm, after treating 24 L water regeneration was necessary. When electrochemical cell cartridge produced 24 L water, RO produced 18 L product water and 6 L wastewater. During the regeneration stage, the waste water used was about 2 L. The water recovery of the whole system was (24+18)/(24+24+2)=84%.

[0181] Compared with using two 400G RO in parallel, using one electrochemical cell cartridge to replace one of the RO filter can increase the system water recovery rate. At the same time, the system could work continuously compared with system using only Electrochemical cartridges.