STRESS MONITORING OF 3D-PRINTED BUILDING STRUCTURES

Abstract

Systems and methods for monitoring stress in 3D-printed building structures using embedded and surface sensors. The sensors may be embedded during or after the 3D printing process. The sensors may be strain gauges integrally formed in the 3D-printed building structure or positioned on the surface of the 3D-printed building structure. The embedded and surface sensors may measure tensile and compressive deformation occurring during the printing process, material relaxation process, the transportation process, and at a final location of the 3D-printed building structure. Deformation data collected by the sensors may be compared to accepted threshold values based on the material of the 3D-printed building structure.

Claims

1. A method of monitoring stress characteristics of a three dimensional printed (3D-printed) building structure, the method comprising: depositing multiple layers of printing material to form a 3D-printed building structure, the depositing multiple layers comprising: placing a first sensor system onto a layer after the layer of printing material has been deposited; and depositing another layer of the printing material onto a portion of the previously deposited layer and covering a portion of the placed first sensor system with the printing material, wherein the first sensor system comprises: a first frame; a first strain gauge attached to the first frame in a first position; and a second strain gauge attached to the first frame in a second position perpendicular to the first position; and measuring, via the first sensor system, one or more outputs of the first and second strain gauges.

2. A method of claim 1, the depositing multiple layers further comprising: depositing a plurality of additional layers printing material onto the another layer; placing a second sensor system onto the previously deposited additional layers; depositing a subsequent layer of printing material onto a portion of the most recent deposited additional layer and covering a portion of the placed second sensor system, wherein the second sensor system comprises: a second frame; a third strain gauge attached to the second frame; and a fourth strain gauge attached to the second frame in a position perpendicular to a position of the third strain gauge; and measuring, via the second sensor system, one or more outputs of the third and fourth strain gauges.

3. A method of claim 1, where the first sensor system further comprises a third strain gauge placed onto the frame in a third position, the third strain gauge positioned from 15 to 75 degrees relative to a vertical axis of the first strain gauge.

4. A method of claim 1, further comprising: measuring, via the first sensor system, values to determine a tensile and/or compressive deformation occurring during the depositing of the multiple layers of the printing material.

5. A method of claim 1, further comprising: measuring, via the first sensor system, values to determine tensile and/or compressive deformation occurring in the 3D printed structure during changes to relaxation of the deposited printing material.

6. A method of claim 1, the frame further comprising an impregnation material that provides adhesion between the frame and the previously deposited layer and the another layer.

7. A method of monitoring stress characteristics of a three dimensional-printed (3D-printed) building structure, the method comprising: depositing multiple layers of a printing material to form a 3D-printed building structure, the multiple layers having an external side surface; milling a recess into a portion of the external side surface of the 3D-printed building structure, the recessed portion comprising a planar wall; placing a first sensor system onto the planar wall, the first sensor system comprises: a frame; a first strain gauge attached to the frame in a first position; and a second strain gauge attached to the frame in a second position perpendicular to the first position; and measuring, via the first sensor system, an output of the sensor system to determine changes in output values of the sensor system.

8. A method of claim 7, wherein the first sensor system further comprises a third strain gauge placed onto the frame in a third position, the third strain gauge positioned from 15 to 75 degrees relative to a vertical axis of the first strain gauge.

9. A method of claim 8, wherein the first sensor system is configured to measure stain in the 3D-printed building structure in an X and Y-axis, and along a Y and Z-axis.

10. A sensor system for measuring stress characteristics of a three-dimensional (3D) printed building structure, the sensor system comprising: a frame; and a fabric substrate disposed over a portion of the frame; a plurality of strain gauges including a first strain gauge and a second strain gauge, wherein the first strain gauge is attached to the fabric substrate in a first position, and the second strain gauge is attached to the fabric substrate in a second position perpendicular to the first position.

11. The sensor system of claim 10, wherein the plurality of strain gauges each comprise a circuit whose measured electrical resistance varies with changes in strain across the circuit.

12. The sensor system of claim 10, wherein the fabric substrate is characterized as having a property where the fabric substrate is more flexible than the material from which the frame is constructed.

13. The sensor system of claim 12, wherein the fabric substrate has a Young modulus value many times less than a Young modulus value of the 3D-printed building structure.

14. The sensor system of claim 10, further comprising a plurality of connecting wiring attached to the plurality of strain gauges and are fixed to the frame to reduce mechanical impact on the one or more strain gauges.

15. The sensor system of claim 10, wherein the fabric substrate further comprises an impregnation material that provides adhesion between the fabric substrate and a deposited 3D-printed layer onto the sensor system.

16. The sensor system of claim 10, wherein the frame comprises dimensions of 10-80 mm in length and 10-50 mm in width.

17. The sensor system of claim 10, further comprising: a third strain gauge attached to the fabric substrate in a third position, the third strain gauge positioned from about 15 to 75 degrees relative to a vertical axis of the first strain gauge.

18. The sensor system of claim 10, further comprising a thermal sensor attached to the frame to measure the temperature of the 3D printed structure.

19. A three-dimensional printed structure comprising: multiple layers of a deposited printing material forming a three-dimensional (3D) printed structure; a first sensor system integrally formed between two adjacent multiple layers, the first sensor system comprising: a frame; a first strain gauge attached to the frame in a first position; and a second strain gauge attached to the frame in a second position perpendicular to the first position; and circuitry configured to measure, via the first sensor system, one or more outputs of the first and second strain gauges.

20. The three-dimensional printed structure of claim 19, the first sensor system further comprises a third strain gauge placed attached to the frame in a third position, the third strain gauge positioned from about 15 to 75 degrees relative to a vertical axis of the first strain gauge.

21. A method of monitoring stress characteristics of a three dimensional printed (3D-printed) building structure, the method comprising: depositing multiple layers of printing material to form a 3D-printed building structure; milling a recession portion into the multiple layers of the deposited material, wherein the milled portion forms a substantially planar surface; fixing a first sensor system onto the substantially planar surface, wherein the first sensor system comprises: a first strain gauge placed in a first position; and a second strain gauge placed in a second position perpendicular to the first position of the first strain gauge; and measuring, via the first sensor system, one or more outputs of the first and second strain gauges.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first sensor system further comprises a third strain gauge placed in a third position, the third strain gauge positioned from 15 to 75 degrees relative to a vertical axis of the first strain gauge.

23. A three-dimensional (3D) printed building structure comprising: multiple layers of a deposited printing material forming a three-dimensional (3D) printed structure, the multiple layers have a milled recess portion with a substantially planar surface; and a first sensor system affixed to the substantially planar surface of the milled recess portion, the first sensor system comprising: a first strain gauge placed in a first position; and a second strain gauge placed in a second position perpendicular to the first position of the first strain gauge.

24. The three-dimensional printed structure of claim 23, the first sensor system further comprises a third strain gauge placed attached positioned from about 15 to 75 degrees relative to a vertical axis of the first strain gauge.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The present disclosure will become better understood from the detailed description and the drawings, wherein:

[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0018] FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0019] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method that may be performed in which some embodiments may operate.

[0020] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0021] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0022] FIG. 5 illustrates a graph displaying relative deformation over time, recorded from strain gauges.

[0023] FIG. 6 illustrates a graph displaying relative deformation over time, recorded from strain gauges,

[0024] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0025] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0026] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0027] FIG. 10 illustrates a graph displaying relative deformation over time, recorded from strain gauges.

[0028] FIG. 11 illustrates a graph displaying thermal compensated relative deformation over time, recorded from a strain gauge.

[0029] FIG. 12 illustrates a graph displaying relative deformation over time, recorded from a strain gauge.

[0030] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0031] FIG. 14 displays an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

[0032] FIG. 15 displays an exemplary environment in which some embodiments may operate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] In this specification, reference is made in detail to specific embodiments of the invention. Some of the embodiments or their aspects are illustrated in the drawings.

[0034] For clarity in explanation, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, however, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the described embodiments. On the contrary, the invention covers alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within its scope as defined by any patent claims. The following embodiments of the invention are set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations on, the claimed invention. In the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In addition, well-known features may not have been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention.

[0035] In addition, it should be understood that steps of the exemplary methods set forth in this patent can be performed in different orders than the order presented in this specification. Furthermore, some steps of the exemplary methods may be performed in parallel rather than being performed sequentially.

[0036] Three-dimensional printing material may have an elastic region capable of compressing. However, when a large external force is applied, such as a transportation load or installation impact, and exceeds the elastic limit of the three-dimensional printed structure, the strain generated on each section of the three-dimensional structure may not return to its initial state and maintains large residual strain. When a large residual strain occurs in a three-dimensional printed structure, the three-dimensional structure may be damaged.

[0037] Cracks may occur on the surface of a three-dimensional structure as a result of structural damage. In the case of a finished printed material, such as a printed building structure, locating cracks in the three-dimensional structure can be difficult. Further, there are many 3D-printed parts that may be difficult to visually inspect due to the complex geometry of the part.

[0038] The system and method described herein measures strain and other stresses occurring in 3D-printed building structures, yet avoids causing structural damage to the 3D-printed building structure. As further described in regard to the figures, the system and method provides for using sensors for stress monitoring inside a 3D-printed building structure. The described monitoring system and method provides a non-destructive approach to evaluating and monitoring internal stress and strain of geometrically complex 3D-printed building structures.

[0039] A diagram of an exemplary environment 100 in which embodiments may operate is shown in FIG. 1. In one embodiment, FIG. 1 depicts strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, and 160 incorporated into the three-dimensional printed structure. The embedded sensor may be within a rectangular frame 210 made of wire with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm, with a flexible fabric substrate 310 stretched inside with strain gauges glued to it. The dimensions of frame 210 may be selected based on the condition of aligning the axis of the frame 210 with the axis of the 3D-printed layer 510 and the location of the wire outside the zone of influence on the readings of the strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160. In one embodiment, the width of frame 210 may be 1.2-1.5 fold of the 3D-printed layer 510 widths. In one embodiment, the length of the frame may be 25% longer than the total length of the strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, and 160.

[0040] A strain gauge may be defined as a sensor whose measured electrical resistance varies with changes in strain. The strain gauge converts an applied force or stress to an electrical signal that can be measured. A strain gauge may be formed of a resistive foil with a gauge backing. For example, strain gauges may operate to convert force, pressure, tension, or overall strain into an electrical resistance which may be measured. Resistance may be calculated through a measured voltage difference across two points. The two points may be configured in parallel or series. A strain gauge within a circuit will change the measured voltage difference depending on strain applied to the strain gauge. The signal from the strain gauge may be amplified to increase the signal strength and a noise filter applied to the signal.

[0041] The strain gauges may be of various types, for example linear, double linear, full bridge, half bridge, quarter bridge, shear, column, membrane Rosette, 45° Rosette, and 90° Rosette strain gauges. Various types of strain gauges may be differentiated by orientation of strain gauges, number of strain gauges, conductors within the strain gauges, and the type of strain being measured.

[0042] The strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, and 160 may be used to measure internal deformations of the 3D-printed building structure and thermal sensor 410 may calculate thermal deformation based on detected temperatures and material characteristics. In one embodiment, the thermal sensor 410 may be used to correlate temperature to the strain being monitored on the 3D-printed building structure. The strain gauges 110, 120, 130 may be intended for longitudinal deformation measuring. The strain gauges 140, 150, 160 may be intended for cross-layer deformation measuring. In one embodiment, signals from strain gauges 110, 120, 130 may be averaged to calculate one average value of longitudinal deformation. Strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160 may be connected to a strain measurement system via connecting wires. In one embodiment, connecting wires may be fixed to the guide frame to reduce the mechanical impact on the strain gauges.

[0043] In some embodiments, strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160 must withstand elevated temperatures, as the temperature in the print area may reach 100° C. In one embodiment, strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160 may be glued at the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the fabric substrate 310 with industrial quick-setting adhesive. In one embodiment, strain gauges may have a lower thermal expansion coefficient than the 3D-printed building structure material to measure the thermal expansions that occur over the course of building operations.

[0044] In some embodiments, fabric substrate 310 provides a matrix for the strain gauges. This matrix allows the strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160 to be accurately positioned on the 3D-printed layer 510 while not corrupting the deformation data, as the Young modulus of the fabric substrate 310 are many times less than the Young modulus of the 3D-printed building structure material. Young's modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when under lengthwise tension or compression. Young's modulus is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain. In some embodiments, the fabric substrate may be tight and impregnated with a treatment agent to provide reliable adhesion to various printed layers. The flexibility of fabric substrate 310 provides a neutral influence on the strain gauges. In some embodiments, markings may be applied to the fabric substrate 310 for manual centering of the sensor along with the 3D-printed layer 510 axes. It is understood that in some embodiments, more or fewer than six strain gauges may be used.

Method of Installing an Embedded Sensor in a 3D-Printed Building Structure

[0045] FIG. 2A provides a diagram layout 200 of the embedded sensor in the 3D-printed building structure. In some embodiments, the embedded sensor 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160 may be placed on the 3D-printed layer 510 during printing. Markings may be applied to the fabric substrate 310 for manual centering of the sensor along with the 3D-printed layer 510 axes. In one embodiment, the marked sensor symmetry axis may coincide with the printed layer symmetry axis. In one embodiment, thermal sensor 410 may calculate thermal deformation based on detected temperatures and material characteristics.

[0046] A load analysis may be performed on models of the particular 3D-printed building structure to determine locations of where embedded sensors may be placed. For example, the analysis may identify locations about the 3D-printed building structure where the structure may experience potential compression or weight or pressure forces at locations about the 3D-printed building structure.

[0047] FIG. 2B provides a flowchart of an example method of installing an embedded sensor in a 3D-printed building structure 220. At a first process step 202, positioning of one or more embedded sensors onto a 3D-printed building structure may be determined. At process step 202, the embedded sensor may be placed where measurable strain may be expected on the 3D-printed building structure. This may involve, for example, placing the embedded sensor where measurable strain in the required direction due to the application of force on the 3D-printed building structure may be expected. The finite element method may be applied to determine expected strain and direction for multi-axial strain situations. The finite element method is a systematic way to convert functions in an infinite-dimensional function space to first functions in a finite-dimensional function space. At step 202, areas where the parameters of materials within the 3D-printed building structure may change dramatically in different directions may be determined. For 3D-printed building structures, this area is along the printed layers where the object's linear length ratio to linear width is large. Additionally, areas which experience large temperature gradients during printing and relaxation of the 3D-printed building structure must be identified. At step 202, the embedded sensor may be arranged away from the panel's edges where the influence of edge effects is high.

[0048] At process step 204, the embedded sensor may be placed on the 3D-printed layer 510 where the sensor symmetry axis coincides with the symmetry axis of printed layer 510. At process step 206, the embedded sensor may be held in position until a next printed layer is laid on the sensor. At process step 208, the embedded sensor may be connected to a multichannel strain measurement system to read data about the 3D-printed building structure deformation during printing.

Method of Stress Monitoring a 3D-Printed Building Structure by Embedded Sensors

[0049] FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view 300 of strain vectors measured by embedded sensors in a 3D-printed building structure. In one embodiment, the embedded strain gauges 110, 120, and 130 may measure tensile and compression deformations along the X-axis 330 of the 3D-printed layer 510. Embedded strain gauges 140, 150, and 160 may measure tensile and compression deformations along the Y-axis 320 of 3D-printed layer 510. Tensile stress and strain may occur when forces stretch an object, causing elongation, where the change in length is positive. Compressive stress and strain may occur when forces contract an object, causing shortening of the object, where the change in length is negative.

[0050] FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary environment 400 of a 3D-printed building structure with an embedded sensor in fabric substrate 310. In one embodiment, after the embedded sensor installation into the 3D-printed building structure, subsequent 3D-printed layers are laid over the sensor exerting a compressive effect on the embedded sensor. In exemplary environment 400, 3D-printed layers may be laid consecutively as demonstrated in layer 410A and 410B. The embedded sensor and fabric substrate 310 may be embedded between printed layers at any point in the 3D-printing process. Data obtained from the embedded sensor may contain information about the value of deformation that occurs during the printing process. In some embodiments, the 3D-printed building structure relaxes after printing is complete. The relaxation process leads to shrinkage of the 3D-printed material, which may cause complex deformation of the 3D-printed building structure. The occurring deformation evaluation at the production phase is obtained by the embedded sensor. In some embodiments, the data accumulated from the embedded sensor on the deformation value during the production process, including printing and required post-processing operations, is utilized at the final stage of production of the 3D-printed building structure for quality control. The deformation value is the measurement of strain from a compressive or tensile stress, representing displacement of a material relative to the material's initial length. The obtained deformation value is compared with a deformation threshold value, which may be determined by the type of material and type of 3D-printed building structure. In further embodiments, the embedded sensors may be used to measure tensile and compressive deformations during transportation of the 3D-printed location to the intended location.

[0051] FIG. 5 illustrates graph 500 of thermal compensated longitudinal relative deformation of the 3D-printed building structure over time, recorded from strain gauges 110, 120, 130. FIG. 6 illustrates graph 600 of thermal compensative cross relative deformation of the 3D-printed building structure over time, recorded from strain gauges 140, 150, 160. Signal differences observed in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are caused due to heterogeneity of the 3D-printed building structure. Due to heterogeneity of the 3D-printed building structure, an average signal calculation from strain gauges 110, 120, 130 may be used to obtain the true longitudinal deformation value, and an average signal calculation from strain gauges 140, 150, 160 may be used to obtain the true cross deformation value.

Method of Installing Surface Sensors in a 3D-Printed Building Structure

[0052] FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view 700 of a milled space in the 3D-printed building structure. In one embodiment, after determining the optimum area for positioning of a surface sensor, the surface sensor may be placed in a position where measurable strain in the required direction due to the application of force can be expected on the 3D-printed building structure. In one embodiment, the finite element method may be used to determine the expected strain and direction for multi-axial strain situations and thus the required measurement range for the intended position. Ideally, surface sensors would be positioned at locations (e.g., interior surface locations) away from the edges of the 3D-printed building structure. The edges of the 3D-printed building structure may have increased or higher influence on a surface sensor due to edge effects where fluctuation in a structure is more common. In one embodiment, surface sensors may be installed next to embedded sensors. In one embodiment, optimal locations for positioning surface sensors may be in areas that experience large temperature gradients during printing and relaxation of the 3D-printed building structure. After 3D printing of the structure is completed, milled grooves 710 are etched to attach the strain gauges to the external surface of the 3D-printed building structure. In one embodiment, milled groove 710 may not exceed the height of printed layers 720A, 720B, or 720C to decrease the impact of mechanical processing on the surface strain. In one embodiment, milled groove 710 may be cleaned by an alcohol-soaked cloth and all fine particles may be removed from the milled groove 710. While perspective view 700 demonstrates a frame 210 placed in milled groove 710 between 3D-printed layers 720B and 720C, in some embodiments, multiple frames 210 may be horizontally stacked between various layers 720A, 720B, and 720C.

[0053] FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view 800 of surface strain gauge orientation. In one embodiment, surface strain gauges 810, 910, 1010, 1110 may be glued into milled groove 710 at an angle of 0° to the direction of the 3D-printed layers as illustrated by strain gauge 910. In some embodiments, surface strain gauges may be glued into milled groove 710 at an angle of 45° to the direction of the 3D-printed layers as illustrated by strain gauge 810, 1010. In one embodiment, surface strain gauges may be glued into the milled groove 710 at an angle of 90° as illustrated by strain gauge 1110. In one embodiment, surface sensors may be protected by a plastic cover that matches the shape of a milled groove 710.

Method of Monitoring Structure Stress in a 3D-Printed Building Structure with Surface Sensors

[0054] FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view 900 of strain vectors measured by a surface sensor in the 3D-printed building structure. In one embodiment, once the surface sensor is installed in the 3D-printed building structure, the surface sensor may measure tensile and compressive deformation along the Z-axis 920 of printing layers with surface strain gauge 910, along the Y-axis 930 of printing layers with surface strain gauge 1110, and intermediate directions with surface strain gauges 810, 1010. Immediately after installation of the surface sensors in the 3D-printed building structure, the surface sensor may begin to measure the deformation of the 3D-printed building structure that occurs during the relaxation process. As mentioned above, the relaxation process leads to shrinkage or compression of the material, which may cause complex deformation of the 3D-printed building structure. In one embodiment, a deformation evaluation may be performed at the production phase with data obtained by the surface sensor or plurality of surface sensors. In some embodiments, data collected from the surface sensor or plurality of surface sensors on the deformation values accumulated during the production phase may be used in the final stage of production for quality control of the 3D-printed building structure. In one embodiment, the deformation values obtained by the surface sensors may be compared with a deformation threshold value, which is determined by the material type of the 3D-printed building structure. In one embodiment, the surface sensor or plurality of surface sensors may measure tensile and compressive deformation during the transportation phase of the 3D-printed building structure to a final location.

[0055] FIG. 10 illustrates graph 1000 of thermal compensated deformation data of the 3D-printed building structure over time, recorded from strain gauges 810 and 1010. FIG. 10 depicts the surface relative deformation at an angle of 45 degrees to the direction of laying the printed layers, thus the deformation change is equal for strain gauge 810 and strain gauge 1010. As shown by the lines corresponding to strain gauge 810 and strain gauge 1010, for some time the signals are negative, indicating that the 3D-printed building structure was compressed in that interval.

[0056] FIG. 11 illustrates graph 1100 of thermal compensated relative deformation data of the 3D-printed building structure over time, recorded from strain gauge 910. The signal from strain gauge 910 demonstrates longitudinal surface deformation directed along the direction of the printed layers. As demonstrated by the line corresponding to data from strain gauge 910, the graph indicates that at first, the 3D-printed building structure was compressed, corresponding with a negative value, between 200 seconds and 19800 seconds. At around 19800 seconds, line 910 shifts to the positive direction, indicating that the 3D-printed building structure was stretched, corresponding with positive deformation.

[0057] FIG. 12 illustrates graph 1200 thermal compensated relative deformation data of the 3D-printed building structure over time, recorded from strain gauge 1110. The signal from strain gauge 1110 demonstrates cross surface deformation. In this embodiment, the strain gauge 1110 was glued at an angle of 90 degrees to the direction of the printed layers. The line corresponding to data from strain gauge 1110 demonstrates positive deformation over all time. Positive deformation over all time indicates that the 3D-printed building structure experienced tensile internal stresses.

Combined Method of 3D-Printed Building Structure Stress Monitoring

[0058] In one embodiment, during post-processing, embedded and surface sensor data may be combined by a data processing system. FIG. 13 illustrates a perspective view 1300 of measured deformation vectors by both the embedded and surface sensors. In one embodiment, surface sensors may provide strain measuring in the vertical plane 1210, in orthogonal directions along the X and Y-axis. The embedded sensors may provide strain measuring in the horizontal plane 1310, in orthogonal directions along the Y and Z axis. In one embodiment, combining data from surface sensors and embedded sensors may provide strain data in three mutually orthogonal planes, and therefore an analysis of the spatial behavior of the 3D-printed building structure. Additionally, joint processing of data from surface sensors and embedded sensors may decrease total stress measurement error. Further, when measured together, surface sensors and embedded sensors may process data related to shear deformations, which may have a significant impact on 3D-printed building structures.

[0059] In one embodiment, a 120×60 mm embedded sensor made using six linear strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, and one thermal sensor 410 may be installed in the wall by gluing the embedded sensor into the fabric substrate. In one embodiment, the embedded sensor may be placed on the 3D-printed layer of the 3D-printed building structure in accordance with FIG. 2 during the printing process, where subsequent 3D-printed layers may be laid on the embedded sensor. In some embodiments, the embedded sensor may be connected to a multichannel strain measurement system using a terminal block to read data regarding deformation in the 3D-printed building structure.

[0060] FIG. 14 demonstrates an example embodiment 1400 of a 3D-printed building structure with embedded sensors. In one embodiment, the embedded sensor may be connected via wires to a multichannel strain measurement system using a terminal block 1410 to read data correlated to the 3D-printed building structure deformation. While FIG. 14 demonstrates frame 210 extending beyond the wall, the frame 210 may be constructed to the width of the 3D-printed material such that the frame 210 does not extend beyond the wall but allows for connecting wires to extend beyond the wall, allowing for connection to a terminal block 1410. In some embodiments, frame 210 may be sized to fit within the width of the 3D-printed building structure.

[0061] FIG. 15 demonstrates an example embodiment 1500 of a 3D-printed building structure with surface strain gauges 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160 connected to terminal block 1410 via connecting wires. In some embodiments, a shallow groove may be carved into the 3D-printed building structure after printing. This shallow groove forms a recess in the 3D-printed building structure. The recess may have a wall that is substantially planar. A sensor system as described herein may be attached to the wall using an adhesive or other bonding composition. The bonding composition may be of a type to permanently adhere the sensor system to the wall. Alternatively, the bonding composition may be of a type that allows the sensor system to be removed from the wall (e.g., for temporary monitoring of the 3D-printed building structure).

[0062] In one embodiment, after cleaning the groove with an alcohol-soaked cloth, six linear strain gauges may be glued into the shallow groove. In one embodiment, the six strain gauges may be connected to a multichannel strain measurement system using a terminal block to read deformation data related to the surface of the 3D-printed building structure.

[0063] In some embodiments, the material of the 3D-printed building structure may be reinforced by fiberglass. In the embodiment utilizing fiberglass, strain gauge sensors 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160 may be mounted along with fiberglass on the 3D-printed layer 510. In additional embodiments, strain gauges may include linear strain gauges, rosette strain gauges, half-bridge strain gauges, column strain gauges, or shear strain gauges.

[0064] In the foregoing disclosure, implementations of the disclosure have been described with reference to specific example implementations thereof. It will be evident that various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of implementations of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims. The disclosure and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense. Certain changes and modifications may be practiced, and it is understood that the disclosure is not to be limited by the foregoing details, but rather is to be defined by the scope of the appended claims.