Hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and galvannealed steel sheets that have good appearance and adhesion to coating and methods for producing the same (as amended)

Abstract

A hot-dip galvanized steel sheet having a good appearance and good adhesion to a coating, the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet having a composition containing, on a mass basis: C: 0.08% or more and less than 0.20%, Si: 0.1% to 3.0%, Mn: 0.5% to 3.0%, P: 0.001% to 0.10%, Al: 0.01% to 3.00%, and S: 0.200% or less, a remainder being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet includes an internal oxidation layer and a decarburized layer, the internal oxidation layer having a thickness of 5 m or less, the decarburized layer having a thickness of 20 m or less, and 50% or more by area of the internal oxidation layer is composed of a Si oxide containing Fe and/or Mn represented by Fe.sub.2XMn.sub.2-2XSiO.sub.Y, wherein X ranges from 0 to 1, and Y is 3 or 4.

Claims

1. A hot-dip galvanized steel sheet having a base steel sheet and a galvanized layer, the base steel sheet having a composition comprising, on a mass basis: C: 0.08% or more and less than 0.20%, Si: 0.1% to 3.0%, Mn: 0.5% to 3.0%, P: 0.001% to 0.10%, Al: 0.01% to 3.00%, and S: 0.200% or less, a remainder being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein the base steel sheet includes an internal oxidation layer and a decarburized layer, the internal oxidation layer having a thickness of 0.5 m or more and 5 m or less on a ferrite side from an interface between ferrite and a galvanized layer, the decarburized layer having a thickness of 5 m or more and 20 m or less on the ferrite side from the interface between the ferrite and the galvanized layer, and 50% or more by area of the internal oxidation layer is composed of a Si oxide containing Fe and/or Mn represented by Fe.sub.2XMn.sub.2-2XSiO.sub.Y, wherein X ranges from 0 to 1, and Y is 3 or 4.

2. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 1, the base steel sheet further comprising Mo: 0.01% to 1.00% and/or Cr: 0.01% to 1.00% on a mass basis.

3. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 2, the base steel sheet further comprising at least one of Nb: 0.005% to 0.20%, Ti: 0.005% to 0.20%, Cu: 0.01% to 0.50%, Ni: 0.01% to 1.00%, and B: 0.0005% to 0.010% on a mass basis.

4. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 2, wherein the galvanized layer is a galvannealed layer.

5. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 1, the base steel sheet further comprising at least one of Nb: 0.005% to 0.20%, Ti: 0.005% to 0.20%, Cu: 0.01% to 0.50%, Ni: 0.01% to 1.00%, and B: 0.0005% to 0.010% on a mass basis.

6. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 5, wherein the galvanized layer is a galvannealed layer.

7. The hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the galvanized layer is a galvannealed layer.

8. A method for producing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising in sequence the steps of: hot-rolling steel having the composition according to claim 1, cold-rolling the resulting hot-rolled steel sheet; heating the steel sheet to a final surface temperature in the range of 600 C. to 800 C. by burning a combustible gas and a combustion-supporting gas with a direct heating burner in a direct heating type furnace, the combustible gas containing CO, a hydrocarbon gas, and a remainder, the CO and hydrocarbon gas constituting 60% or less by volume in total, the remainder being H.sub.2, N.sub.2, and incidental impurities, the combustion-supporting gas containing O.sub.2 and a remainder, the O.sub.2 constituting 20% to 50% by volume, the remainder being N.sub.2 and incidental impurities; heating the steel sheet at a soaking temperature in the range of 630 C. to 850 C. in an atmosphere having a hydrogen concentration in the range of 3% to 25% by volume and a water vapor concentration of 0.070% or less by volume and containing N.sub.2 and incidental impurities as a remainder; and hot-dip galvanizing the steel sheet.

9. The method for producing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to claim 8, further comprising alloying the zinc coating after the hot-dip galvanizing.

10. A method for producing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising in sequence the steps of: hot-rolling steel having the composition according to claim 2, cold-rolling the resulting hot-rolled steel sheet; heating the steel sheet to a final surface temperature in the range of 600 C. to 800 C. by burning a combustible gas and a combustion-supporting gas with a direct heating burner in a direct heating type furnace, the combustible gas containing CO, a hydrocarbon gas, and a remainder, the CO and hydrocarbon gas constituting 60% or less by volume in total, the remainder being H.sub.2, N.sub.2, and incidental impurities, the combustion-supporting gas containing O.sub.2 and a remainder, the O.sub.2 constituting 20% to 50% by volume, the remainder being N.sub.2 and incidental impurities; heating the steel sheet at a soaking temperature in the range of 630 C. to 850 C. in an atmosphere having a hydrogen concentration in the range of 3% to 25% by volume and a water vapor concentration of 0.070% or less by volume and containing N.sub.2 and incidental impurities as a remainder; and hot-dip galvanizing the steel sheet.

11. A method for producing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, comprising in sequence the steps of: hot-rolling steel having the composition according to claim 5, cold-rolling the resulting hot-rolled steel sheet; heating the steel sheet to a final surface temperature in the range of 600 C. to 800 C. by burning a combustible gas and a combustion-supporting gas with a direct heating burner in a direct heating type furnace, the combustible gas containing CO, a hydrocarbon gas, and a remainder, the CO and hydrocarbon gas constituting 60% or less by volume in total, the remainder being H.sub.2, N.sub.2, and incidental impurities, the combustion-supporting gas containing O.sub.2 and a remainder, the O.sub.2 constituting 20% to 50% by volume, the remainder being N.sub.2 and incidental impurities; heating the steel sheet at a soaking temperature in the range of 630 C. to 850 C. in an atmosphere having a hydrogen concentration in the range of 3% to 25% by volume and a water vapor concentration of 0.070% or less by volume and containing N.sub.2 and incidental impurities as a remainder; and hot-dip galvanizing the steel sheet.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is an exemplary concentration profile of carbon and oxygen in ferrite in a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to aspects of the present invention.

(2) FIG. 2 summarizes the results listed in Table 2 in Examples; FIG. 2(a) illustrates the results with respect to surface appearance, and FIG. 2(b) illustrates the results with respect to the adhesiveness of the coating.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(3) Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be further described below.

(4) The composition of steel sheets for use in accordance with aspects of the present invention will be described below. Unless otherwise specified, the percentages of the components are on a mass basis.

(5) C: 0.08% or more and less than 0.20%

(6) A C content of 0.08% or more is required to sufficiently promote the formation of Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn by lowering oxygen potential through decarbonization. A C content of less than 0.20% results in good workability. Thus, the C content is 0.08% or more and less than 0.20%. The C content is preferably 0.08% or more, more preferably 0.10% or more.

(7) Si: 0.1% to 3.0%

(8) Si is the most important element to improve the mechanical characteristics of steel sheets. The Si content should be 0.1% or more. However, a Si content of more than 3.0% results in insufficient suppression of the formation of SiO.sub.2-based oxides at the interface between ferrite and oxides, making it difficult to have the oxide content required to suppress the formation of uncoated areas. Thus, the Si content ranges from 0.1% to 3.0%.

(9) Mn: 0.5% to 3.0%

(10) Mn is a solid-solution strengthening element and is effective in reinforcing steel sheets. The Mn content should be 0.5% or more. A Mn content of more than 3.0% results in poor weldability and adhesion to the coating and makes it difficult to maintain the strength ductility balance. Thus, the Mn content ranges from 0.5% to 3.0%.

(11) P: 0.001% to 0.10%

(12) P retards the precipitation and phase transformation of cementite. The P content is 0.001% or more. However, a P content of more than 0.10% results in poor weldability and adhesion to the coating. Furthermore, this retards alloying, increases the alloying temperature, and decreases ductility. Thus, the P content ranges from 0.001% to 0.10%.

(13) Al: 0.01% to 3.00%

(14) Al and Si are complementary to each other. Al is an inevitable contaminant in the steel production process. The lowest Al content is 0.01%. An Al content of more than 3.00% makes it difficult to suppress the formation of external oxides and results in poor adhesiveness of the coated layer. Thus, the Al content ranges from 0.01% to 3.00%.

(15) S: 0.200% or less

(16) S is an element that is inevitably introduced in the steel production process. However, a high S content results in poor weldability. Thus, the S content is 0.200% or less.

(17) In some embodiments of the present invention, in addition to these components, Mo and/or Cr may be further contained.

(18) Mo: 0.01% to 1.00%

(19) Mo is an element that controls the strength ductility balance. The Mo content may be 0.01% or more. Mo is effective in promoting internal oxidation of Si and Al and suppressing surface enrichment of Si and Al. However, a Mo content of more than 1.00% may result in increased costs. Thus, when Mo is contained, the Mo content preferably ranges from 0.01% to 1.00%.

(20) Cr: 0.01% to 1.00%

(21) Cr is an element that controls the strength ductility balance. The Cr content may be 0.01% or more. Like Mo, Cr is effective in promoting internal oxidation of Si and Al and suppressing surface enrichment of Si and Al. However, a Cr concentration of more than 1.00% results in surface enrichment of Cr and poor adhesion to the coating and weldability. Thus, when Cr is contained, the Cr content preferably ranges from 0.01% to 1.00%.

(22) In some embodiments of the present invention, in addition to these components, the following elements may be contained in a manner that depends on the desired characteristics.

(23) Nb: 0.005% to 0.20%

(24) Nb is an element that controls the strength ductility balance. The Nb content may be 0.005% or more. However, a Nb content of more than 0.20% may result in increased costs. Thus, when Nb is contained, the Nb content preferably ranges from 0.005% to 0.20%.

(25) Ti: 0.005% to 0.20%

(26) Ti is an element that controls the strength ductility balance. The Ti content may be 0.005% or more. However, a Ti content of more than 0.20% may result in poor adhesion to the coating. Thus, when Ti is contained, the Ti content preferably ranges from 0.005% to 0.20%.

(27) Cu: 0.01% to 0.50%

(28) Cu is an element that promotes the formation of a retained austenite phase. The Cu content may be 0.01% or more. However, a Cu content of more than 0.5% may result in increased costs. Thus, when Cu is contained, the Cu content preferably ranges from 0.01% to 0.50%.

(29) Ni: 0.01% to 1.00%

(30) Ni is an element that promotes the formation of a retained austenite phase. The Ni content may be 0.01% or more. However, a Ni content of more than 1.00% may result in increased costs. Thus, when Ni is contained, the Ni content preferably ranges from 0.01% to 1.00%.

(31) B: 0.0005% to 0.010%

(32) B is an element that promotes the formation of a retained austenite phase. The B content may be 0.0005% or more. However, a B content of more than 0.010% may result in poor adhesion to the coating. Thus, when B is contained, the B content preferably ranges from 0.0005% to 0.010%.

(33) The remainder is Fe and incidental impurities.

(34) Internal oxides and a decarburized layer, which are important in aspects of the present invention, present on the ferrite side from the interface between ferrite and a galvanized layer will be described below.

(35) In accordance with aspects of the present invention, there are an internal oxidation layer having a thickness of 5 m or less and a decarburized layer having a thickness of 20 m or less on the ferrite side from the interface between ferrite and a galvanized layer, and 50% or more by area of the internal oxidation layer is composed of a Si oxide containing Fe and/or Mn.

(36) Before hot-dip galvanizing treatment, a cold-rolled steel sheet is heated in a direct heating type furnace and then in a reducing atmosphere. In the direct heating type furnace, the surface of the steel sheet is heated with a direct heating burner. When the steel sheet contains sufficient carbon, decarbonization as represented by the following formula (1) occurs inside the steel sheet simultaneously with oxidation of the surface of the steel sheet due to heating with the direct heating burner. This decarbonization lowers oxygen potential in the steel sheet.
[Formula 1]
C+O.sub.2.fwdarw.CO(1)

(37) A decrease in oxygen potential promotes an equilibrium reaction by which a Si oxide containing Fe and/or Mn is formed from SiO.sub.2 at the interface between external oxides and ferrite (see, for example, the following formula (2)).
[Formula 2]
Fe.sub.2XMn.sub.2-2XO.sub.3+SiO.sub.2Fe.sub.2XMn.sub.2-2XSiO.sub.4+0.5O.sub.2(2)

(38) In accordance with aspects of the present invention, low oxygen potential due to decarbonization promotes the reaction represented by the formula (2) and efficiently promotes the formation of Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn. Ion diffusion in Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn is much faster than in SiO.sub.2, and even short-time heating, such as heating with a direct heating burner, can achieve the oxide content required to suppress the formation of uncoated areas. SiO.sub.2 restricts ion diffusion and makes it difficult to form external oxides required to suppress the formation of uncoated areas by short-time heating, such as heating with a direct heating burner. In accordance with aspects of the present invention, decarbonization promotes a reaction from SiO.sub.2 to Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn at the interface between ferrite and external oxides and thereby forms external oxides required to suppress the formation of uncoated areas.

(39) Internal oxides formed by oxidation are exposed on a portion of the surface of annealed steel sheets not covered with a reduced Fe layer. SiO.sub.2 on the surface acts as a starting point of an uncoated area that repels molten zinc and significantly affects the appearance of the galvanized surface. In accordance with aspects of the present invention, a reaction from SiO.sub.2 to Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn is promoted as the oxygen potential decreases. Because Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn have higher wettability to molten zinc than SiO.sub.2, Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn even exposed on the surface rarely act as starting points of uncoated areas. This therefore suppresses the formation of uncoated areas.

(40) An excessive amount of internal oxides in steel sheets reduces the adhesiveness of a Zn coating. This is because a difference between the coefficient of thermal expansion of internal oxides and the coefficient of thermal expansion of ferrite causes a void at the interface between the internal oxides and ferrite in the production process, and the void acts as a starting point for the propagation of cracks. Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn have a coefficient of thermal expansion closer to that of Fe than SiO.sub.2 and therefore rarely cause a void between the internal oxides and ferrite. Thus, Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn improve the adhesiveness of a Zn coating as compared with SiO.sub.2.

(41) The internal oxidation layer has a thickness of 5 m or less on the ferrite side from the interface between ferrite and a galvanized layer. A thickness of more than 5 m may result in internal defects called black stains in cross-sectional observation. Furthermore, an excessive amount of internal oxidation decreases the adhesiveness of a Zn coating. The decarburized layer has a thickness of 20 m or less on the ferrite side from the interface between the ferrite and the galvanized layer. A thickness of more than 20 m makes it difficult to form a retained austenite phase and reduces the advantage of the addition of Si in mechanical characteristics.

(42) 50% or more by area of the internal oxidation layer is composed of a Si oxide containing Fe and/or Mn. An area percentage of less than 50% is insufficient to improve the coating appearance and adhesion by the formation of Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn. FIG. 1 is an exemplary concentration profile of carbon and oxygen in ferrite in a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to aspects of the present invention.

(43) Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn can be identified by the composition analysis of Si, Mn, and Fe in the oxides by EDX of a cross-sectional microstructure observed by SEM. EPMA element mapping or TEM electron diffraction images may also be used for the identification. The area percentage in accordance with aspects of the present invention refers to the percentage of Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn in the entire internal oxidation layer. The area percentage is determined by measuring the concentrations of Si, Mn, and Fe in internal oxides contained in ferrite by EPMA element mapping of a cross-sectional microstructure. An oxide having a Si content of 95% or more is considered to be SiO.sub.2, and an oxide having a Si content of less than 95% is considered to be a Si oxide containing Fe and/or Mn. The area percentages of the internal oxidation layer, decarburized layer, and Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn in accordance with aspects of the present invention can be controlled by adjusting the annealing conditions, the C content of steel, and the Si content of steel.

(44) A method for producing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to aspects of the present invention will be described below.

(45) Steel having the composition described above is hot-rolled and then cold-rolled to form a steel sheet. The steel sheet is then subjected to annealing and hot-dip galvanizing treatment in continuous hot-dip galvanizing equipment including a direct heating type furnace equipped with a direct heating burner. If necessary, the hot-dip galvanizing treatment may be followed by alloying treatment.

(46) Hot Rolling

(47) The hot rolling may be performed under typical conditions.

(48) Pickling

(49) The hot rolling is preferably followed by pickling treatment. Mill scale formed on the surface is removed in a pickling process before cold rolling. The pickling conditions are not particularly limited.

(50) Cold Rolling

(51) The cold rolling is preferably performed at a rolling reduction in the range of 30% to 90%. A rolling reduction of less than 30% often results in poor mechanical characteristics due to slow recrystallization. On the other hand, a rolling reduction of more than 90% results in not only increased rolling costs but also poor coating characteristics due to increased surface enrichment in an annealing operation.

(52) The annealing conditions for the formation of internal oxides and a decarburized layer, which are important in accordance with aspects of the present invention, will be described below. The annealing is a heat-treatment process including heating in a direct heating type furnace and then heating in a reducing atmosphere.

(53) Heating a steel sheet to a final surface temperature in the range of 600 C. to 800 C. in an atmosphere containing a combustible gas and a combustion-supporting gas, the concentration of CO and hydrocarbon gas in the combustible gas being 60% or less by volume, the concentration of O.sub.2 in the combustion-supporting gas ranging from 20% to 50% by volume

(54) In accordance with aspects of the present invention, a steel sheet is heated in a direct heating type furnace after the cold rolling. More specifically, the surface of the steel sheet is heated with a direct heating burner in a direct heating type furnace. The steel sheet is heated to a final surface temperature in the range of 600 C. to 800 C. final surface temperature of 600 C. or less results in a deficiency of oxides required to suppress the formation of uncoated areas. On the other hand, a final surface temperature of 800 C. or more results in an excessive amount of oxides and causes defects called indentation flaws on the surface. Thus, the final surface temperature ranges from 600 C. to 800 C.

(55) Heating in a direct heating type furnace is performed in an atmosphere having low carbon and oxygen potential. More specifically, the steel sheet is heated by burning a combustible gas and a combustion-supporting gas with a direct heating burner in a direct heating type furnace, the combustible gas containing CO, a hydrocarbon gas, and a remainder, the CO and hydrocarbon gas constituting 60% or less by volume in total, the remainder being H.sub.2, N.sub.2, and incidental impurities, the combustion-supporting gas containing O.sub.2 and a remainder, the O.sub.2 constituting 20% to 50% by volume, the remainder being N.sub.2 and incidental impurities. Under conditions outside the conditions described above, decarbonization cannot sufficiently lower the oxygen potential at the interface between ferrite and oxides.

(56) Heating a steel sheet at a soaking temperature in the range of 630 C. to 850 C. in an atmosphere having a hydrogen concentration in the range of 3% to 25% by volume and a water vapor concentration of 0.070% or less by volume and containing N.sub.2 and incidental impurities as a remainder

(57) After heating with the direct heating burner, the steel sheet is heated (annealed) at a soaking temperature in the range of 630 C. to 850 C. in an atmosphere having a hydrogen concentration in the range of 3% to 25% by volume and a water vapor concentration of 0.070% or less by volume and containing N.sub.2 and incidental impurities as a remainder. This is performed in order to reduce the surface of the steel sheet. For sufficient reducing ability, the hydrogen concentration should be 3% by volume or more. However, a hydrogen concentration of 25% by volume or more results in high operating costs. A water vapor concentration of 0.070% by volume or more results in promoted decarbonization by H.sub.2O in an annealing operation, and the decarburized layer has a thickness of more than 20 m. An excessively thick decarburized layer makes it difficult to form a retained austenite phase and reduces the advantage of the addition of Si. Thus, the annealing atmosphere has a hydrogen concentration in the range of 3% to 25% by volume and a water vapor concentration of 0.070% or less by volume.

(58) In the atmosphere described above, the steel sheet is heated at a soaking temperature in the range of 630 C. to 850 C. for reduction annealing. A final steel sheet temperature of 630 C. or less results in poor mechanical characteristics due to slow recrystallization. A final steel sheet temperature of more than 850 C. results in the formation of uncoated areas due to surface enrichment of Si and the like.

(59) The annealing is followed by hot-dip galvanizing treatment. The hot-dip galvanizing treatment may be followed by alloying treatment, if necessary.

(60) The temperatures of a Zn bath in the hot-dip galvanizing treatment and alloying treatment preferably range from 440 C. to 550 C. A bath temperature of less than 440 C. may disadvantageously result in solidification of Zn due to large variations in the bath temperature. On the other hand, a bath temperature of more than 550 C. results in rapid evaporation of components in the Zn bath and increased operating costs or pollution of the operating environment due to evaporation from the Zn bath. This also tends to result in over-alloying because alloying proceeds while the steel sheet is immersed in the Zn bath.

(61) Without alloying treatment, it is desirable that the concentration of Al in the bath range from 0.14% to 0.24% by mass. An Al concentration of less than 0.14% by mass results in an uneven appearance due to an FeZn alloying reaction in a coating operation. An Al concentration of more than 0.24% by mass results in poor weldability because a thick FeAl alloy layer is formed at the interface between the galvanized layer and ferrite during the coating treatment. This high concentration of Al in the bath also results in deposition of a large amount of Al oxide film on the surface of the steel sheet and a very poor surface appearance.

(62) When the hot-dip galvanizing treatment is followed by alloying treatment, it is desirable that the concentration of Al in the bath range from 0.10% to 0.20% by mass. An Al concentration of less than 0.10% by mass results in poor adhesion to the coating because a hard and brittle FeZn alloy layer is formed at the interface between the galvanized layer and ferrite in a coating operation. An Al concentration of more than 0.20% by mass results in poor weldability because a thick FeAl alloy layer is formed at the interface between the galvanized layer and ferrite immediately after immersion in the bath.

(63) Mg may be added to the Zn bath in order to improve corrosion resistance.

(64) When the hot-dip galvanizing treatment is followed by alloying treatment as required, the alloying temperature is preferably 460 C. or more and less than 570 C. An alloying temperature of 460 C. or less results in a slow alloying reaction. An alloying temperature of 570 C. or more results in poor coating characteristics because a thick, hard and brittle FeZn alloy layer is formed at the coated layer/ferrite interface. The amount of coating is not particularly limited. The amount of coating is preferably 10 g/m.sup.2 or more in terms of corrosion resistance and the control of the amount of coating and is preferably 120 g/m.sup.2 or less in terms of workability and from an economic point of view.

Example 1

(65) Aspects of the present invention will be more specifically described in the following example.

(66) A slab having a steel composition listed in Table 1 was heated in a furnace at 1260 C. for 60 minutes, was hot-rolled to 2.8 mm, and was coiled at 540 C. The steel sheet was then pickled to remove mill scale and was cold-rolled to 1.4 mm at a rolling reduction of 50%. The steel sheet was then subjected to heat treatment (annealing) under the conditions listed in Table 2 in a CGL having a direct heating (DFF) type heating zone. Subsequently, the steel sheet was immersed in a Zn bath containing Al at 460 C. for hot-dip galvanizing treatment to produce a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet (coating type: GI). Some of the steel sheets were subjected to alloying treatment after the hot-dip galvanizing treatment to produce galvannealed steel sheets (coating type: GA). The concentration of Al in the bath ranged from 0.10% to 0.20% by mass, and the amount of coating was adjusted to be 45 g/m.sup.2 by gas wiping. The alloying treatment was performed at a temperature in the range of 550 C. to 560 C.

(67) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Components/mass % Steel type C Si Mn P Al S Mo Cr Nb Ti Cu Ni B Remarks A 0.10 1.2 0.7 0.05 0.60 0.003 Within scope of invention B 0.08 0.2 0.4 0.01 1.00 0.006 Within scope of invention C 0.15 2.0 1.0 0.08 0.03 0.001 0.04 Within scope of invention D 0.19 0.8 1.5 0.02 0.07 0.020 0.01 Within scope of invention E 0.12 0.5 2.2 0.04 0.80 0.050 0.02 0.08 Within scope of invention F 0.09 0.9 3.0 0.06 0.05 0.041 0.06 0.04 Within scope of invention G 0.18 2.4 0.6 0.04 0.20 0.003 0.15 0.08 0.02 Within scope of invention H 0.13 0.3 1.5 0.08 0.08 0.007 0.05 0.04 0.20 Within scope of invention I 0.14 1.8 0.8 0.03 0.60 0.008 0.07 0.06 0.10 0.03 0.01 0.60 Within scope of invention J 0.11 0.6 2.2 0.02 1.20 0.023 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.002 Within scope of invention K 0.25 1.1 0.8 0.06 0.30 0.026 0.50 0.02 Outside scope of invention L 0.04 2.3 1.7 0.03 0.10 0.001 0.02 0.05 0.25 Outside scope of invention M 0.15 3.5 3.1 0.08 1.50 0.300 0.08 0.07 0.02 Outside scope of invention N 0.35 2.0 1.0 0.02 3.20 0.001 1.20 0.45 0.12 0.001 Outside scope of invention O 0.05 0.8 1.6 0.04 0.40 0.015 1.35 2.50 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.001 Outside scope of invention P 0.52 0.7 1.8 0.04 0.50 0.015 0.35 1.50 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.001 Outside scope of invention

(68) The surface appearance and adhesiveness of the coating of the hot-dip galvanized steel sheets thus produced were evaluated by the following method. After the galvanized layer was removed, the composition in the depth direction was analyzed with a glow discharge spectrometer (GDS), and the thicknesses of the internal oxidation layer and decarburized layer were determined. More specifically, a region in which at least twice the average of oxygen peaks observed at a depth in the range of 50 to 60 m was detected was considered to be an internal oxidation layer. A region in which less than half the average of carbon peaks observed at a depth in the range of 50 to 60 m was detected was considered to be a decarburized layer. The area percentage of Si oxides containing Fe and/or Mn was determined by cross-sectional EPMA element mapping. More specifically, the concentrations of Si, Mn, and Fe in internal oxides contained in the ferrite were determined. An oxide having a Si content of 95% or more was considered to be SiO.sub.2, and an oxide having a Si content of less than 95% was considered to be a Si oxide containing Fe and/or Mn.

(69) The following are evaluation criteria for the surface appearance and adhesiveness of the coating.

(70) (1) Surface Appearance

(71) A 300 mm300 mm area was visually inspected. The surface appearance was rated according to the following criteria:

(72) (Circle): No uncoated area or indentation flaws

(73) (Triangle): Generally good except for a few uncoated areas or indentation flaws

(74) X (Cross): Poor appearance with uncoated areas or indentation flaws

(75) (2) Adhesiveness of Coating

(76) A cellophane adhesive tape was applied to a coated surface. The tape surface was bent 90 C. and bent back. A cellophane adhesive tape having a width of 24 mm was applied to the inside of the processed portion (compressed side) parallel to the bent portion and was removed. The amount of zinc deposited on a portion of the cellophane adhesive tape having a length of 40 mm was measured as a Zn count by a fluorescent X-ray method and was converted into the amount of peeled zinc per unit length (1 m), which was evaluated according to the following criteria. The mask diameter was 30 mm, the accelerating voltage and accelerating current of fluorescent X-rays were 50 kV and 50 mA, and the measurement time was 20 seconds.

(77) (Circle): The Zn count was 0 or more and less than 5000.

(78) (Triangle): The Zn count was 5000 or more and less than 10000.

(79) X (Cross): The Zn count was 10000 or more.

(80) Table 2 shows the results.

(81) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Heat treatment (annealing) conditions Final steel CO and O.sub.2 in Steel sheet surface hydrocarbon in combustion- Soaking Inside of ferrite sheet Steel temperature/ combustible supporting temperature/ Decarburized No. type C. gas/vol % gas/vol % H.sub.2/vol % H.sub.2O/vol % C. layer/m 1 A 650 50 20 5 0.065 820 12 2 A 740 56 25 20 0.050 810 15 3 A 820 50 25 15 0.040 810 30 4 A 550 45 21 8 0.020 815 10 5 B 780 40 21 5 0.010 850 16 6 B 690 35 40 5 0.045 800 8 7 B 790 55 30 1 0.030 820 26 8 B 740 80 35 10 0.050 800 11 9 C 705 58 40 6 0.050 800 10 10 C 580 60 10 5 0.020 805 30 11 D 650 50 45 10 0.010 820 14 12 D 740 55 21 12 0.150 820 40 13 E 700 40 21 9 0.020 790 5 14 E 850 40 40 16 0.050 810 32 15 F 620 30 25 8 0.060 820 19 16 F 500 55 25 8 0.040 820 12 17 G 650 52 35 20 0.010 820 5 18 H 710 54 21 12 0.031 820 13 19 I 700 40 40 13 0.026 820 7 20 J 685 48 30 16 0.040 820 18 21 K 695 52 30 14 0.060 840 35 22 L 720 45 22 16 0.015 820 5 23 M 770 58 36 8 0.060 820 8 24 N 735 60 25 15 0.070 820 25 25 O 680 45 21 12 0.030 820 15 26 P 740 56 30 20 0.055 820 30 Inside of ferrite Area percentage Steel Internal of Si oxides sheet oxidation containing Fe Coating Surface No. layer/m and/or Mn/% type appearance Adhesion Remarks 1 0.5 56.0 GI Example 2 1.2 74.0 GA Example 3 5.6 55.0 GI x Comparative example 4 0.5 30.0 GI x Comparative example 5 3.1 64.0 GA Example 6 2.3 60.0 GI Example 7 4.6 36.0 GA x Comparative example 8 0.3 20.0 GA x Comparative example 9 1.9 80.0 GI Example 10 0.5 18.0 GA x x Comparative example 11 2.8 82.0 GA Example 12 5.2 62.0 GI x Comparative example 13 3.4 71.0 GA Example 14 3.5 45.0 GA x Comparative example 15 1.5 59.0 GI Example 16 0.8 25.0 GA x Comparative example 17 1.2 61.0 GA Example 18 2.4 72.0 GA Example 19 4.2 85.0 GI Example 20 4.6 82.0 GA Example 21 7.0 60.0 GA x Comparative example 22 2.6 34.0 GI x Comparative example 23 2.3 28.0 GA x x Comparative example 24 4.0 65.0 GA x Comparative example 25 1.7 30.0 GA x x Comparative example 26 5.8 75.0 GA x Comparative example

(82) The results in Table 2 were summarized in FIG. 2. FIG. 2(a) illustrates the results with respect to the surface appearance, and FIG. 2(b) illustrates the results with respect to the adhesiveness of the coating. The surface of hot-dip galvanized steel sheets (examples) having a 5 m or less internal oxidation layer and a 20 m or less decarburized layer, 50% or more by area of the internal oxidation layer being composed of a Si oxide containing Fe and/or Mn, had a good appearance and good adhesion to the coating.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(83) Steel sheets according to aspects of the present invention have good mechanical characteristics, a good appearance of coating, and good adhesion and are therefore expected to be used in a wide range of applications, such as automobiles, household electrical appliances, and construction materials.