Methods, systems, and compositions for inhibiting virulence of A/E family pathogens

Abstract

The present invention features methods, systems, and compositions for inhibiting function of EspZ or an EspZ equivalent, and for inhibiting or reducing virulence of pathogens that utilize EspZ or EspZ equivalent, such as those pathogens that belong to the attaching-effacing (A/E) family. The methods may feature the use of an inhibitor peptide that targets at least a portion of EspZ, such as one of the transmembrane domains. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide disrupts proper dimerization or oligomerization of EspZ.

Claims

1. An inhibitor peptide for inactivation of EspZ, said inhibitor peptide comprising: a) a targeting peptide, the targeting peptide binds to or interacts with at least a portion of EspZ, wherein the targeting peptide comprises one of SEQ ID NOs: 20-23, SEQ ID NOs: 41-68: and b) a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) linked directly or indirectly to the targeting peptide, the CPP is for enhancing penetration of the targeting peptide into a cell: wherein the inhibitor peptide disrupts EspZ activity.

2. An inhibitor peptide for inactivation of EspZ, said inhibitor peptide comprising: a) a targeting peptide, the targeting peptide binds to or interacts with at least a portion of EspZ, wherein the targeting peptide comprises a peptide that is at least 90% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 20-23, SEQ ID NOs: 41-68: and b) a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) linked directly or indirectly to the targeting peptide, the CPP is for enhancing penetration of the targeting peptide into a cell: wherein the inhibitor peptide disrupts EspZ activity.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) This patent application contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description presented in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows examples of targeted mutations introduced into pSR6 to systematically replace ˜5 amino acid segments with alanine residues (except in M6, M7, M12, and M13, where the glycine residues were replaced with valine residues). Mutant 1 is SEQ ID NO: 2, Mutant 2 is SEQ ID NO: 3, Mutant 3 is SEQ ID NO: 4, Mutant 4 is SEQ ID NO: 5. Mutant 5 is SEQ ID NO: 6, Mutant 6 is SEQ ID NO: 7, Mutant 7 is SEQ ID NO: 8, Mutant 8 is SEQ ID NO: 9, Mutant 9 is SEQ ID NO: 10, Mutant 10 is SEQ ID NO: 11, Mutant 11 is SEQ ID NO: 12, Mutant 12 is SEQ ID NO: 13, Mutant 13 is SEQ ID NO: 14, Mutant 14 is SEQ ID NO: 15, Mutant 15 is SEQ ID NO: 16, and Mutant 16 is SEQ ID NO: 17.

(3) FIG. 2 shows relative cell death of ΔespZ cells transformed with the various mutants in FIG. 1 (propidium iodide uptake assays). Ten mutant constructs showed minimal defects in complementation relative to pSR6 for curtaining host cell death, while three mutants (M6, M10, and M11) were modestly impaired for this phenotype. Three mutants, M4, M12, and M13, were significantly defective in their ability to complement ΔespZ.

(4) FIG. 3 shows propidium iodide uptake assays for monitoring cell death of EPEC ΔespZ cells transformed with constructs with EspZ mutants (mutants with G residues in the EspZ glycine zipper motif replaced with leucine residues: pMG77L, pMG81L, and pMG85L). The alteration of the first to G residues of the glycine zipper (G77L and G81L) resulted in a failure to complement EPEC ΔespZ. Mutation of the third G residue had minimal impact on EspZ function. This helps show that sequences within the glycine zipper may be essential for the cytoprotective effects of EspZ on infected host cells.

(5) FIG. 4 shows a TEM-1 β-lactamase reporter system assay for monitoring effector translocation into infected cells. Compared to uninfected cells, WT EPEC infection resulted in a progressive increase in the TEM-1 β-lactamase-dependent breakdown (detected by fluorescent shift) of the substrate CCF2. ΔespZ infection resulted in significantly greater effector translocation, and this was reversed by low-copy plasmid complementation, consistent with a role for EspZ in limiting effector translocation. Site-specific alteration of the three G residues in the glycine zipper motif variably impacted the rheostat function of EspZ; G to L mutation of the last G residue (G85) had minimal impact on rheostat function, while alteration of the first and second G residues (G77 and G83) partially impaired function.

(6) FIG. 5A shows a ToxLuc system for verifying targeting of the predicted EspZ TM regions to the membrane and for assessing the role of the GXXXG sequences in EspZ dimerization/oligomerization. Directional targeting of the TM region to the inner membrane allows the periplasmic MBP domain to complement the growth of the ΔmalE strain in medium containing maltose as the sole carbon source. In contrast to an ‘empty’ vector control, constructs containing EPEC EspZ TM1, or TM2 supported growth of the ΔmaIE strain on broth containing maltose, confirming membrane localization of the respective EspZ domains. TM domain interactions induce dimerization of cytoplasmic ToxR domains, allowing the transcriptional activator to bind to the ctx promoter and promote expression of the downstream luciferase reporter. The TM domains from glycophorin A (GpA) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), known to homodimerize via GXXXG interactions, strongly induced luciferase activity in this system. A 17-residue poly-alanine stretch (Ala17) was used as a baseline TM control for nonspecific ToxR-dependent luciferase activation. A GpA GXXXG mutant (G831) was impaired for luciferase activation (REF). Constructs expressing EPEC EspZ TM2, but not TM1, induced luciferase expression at levels comparable to, or greater than the positive controls. Mutation of the second and third G residues in the glycine zipper motif (G81L and G85L), but not the first G (G77L), reduced luciferase activity to near-baseline levels. Mutation of all three G residues in the glycine zipper motif also abrogated luciferase expression. This suggests that the TM2 G81XXXG85 of EspZ may facilitate the self-association of EspZ.

(7) FIG. 5B shows the sequences for the EPEC EspZ TM1 (aa35-65, SEQ ID NO: 18) and TM2 (aa74-95. SEQ ID NO: 19) and the other mutant derivatives that were expressed as ToxR-TM-MBP (maltose-binding protein) fusions in an E. coil ΔmalE strain (NT326) for the assay in FIG. 5A: G77L (SEQ ID NO: 20), G81L (SEQ ID NO: 21), G83L (SEQ ID NO: 22), and Triple (SEQ ID NO: 23).

(8) FIG. 6 shows the results of in vivo testing of ΔespZ, ΔespZ/pespZ, and C. rodentium in C3H/HeJ mice. Isogenic WT, ΔespZ and ΔespZ/pespZ strains initially colonized the mouse intestine robustly, exhibiting comparable fecal bacterial loads on day 2 post-infection (see bottom panel). C. rodentium WT (a murine NE pathogen) and ΔespZ/pespZ strains induced robust clinical symptoms, and most infected animals succumbed by day-10 post-infection (WT=50% lethality; ΔespZ/pespZ 100% mortality), consistent with a previous report. Mock- and ΔespZ-infected animals induced little to no symptoms, and all animals survived the duration of the infection (top left panel=survival; top right panel=symptoms. Bacterial burden in the stool was high and consistently maintained for WT- and ΔespZ/pespZ-infected animals, and rapidly decreased for ΔespZ-infected animals after Day 8 (bottom panel).

(9) FIG. 7 shows H&E staining of colon samples at day 8-post infection, showing heavy colonization in WT-infected animals (top right panel) and ΔespZ/pespZ-infected animals (bottom right panel) compared to mock infected animals (top left panel). WT-infected animals (top right panel) and ΔespZ/pespZ-infected animals (bottom right panel) also exhibited enlarged intestinal crypts, reduced goblet cells number, extensive tissue damage with ulceration and necrosis in the lumen, and profound neutrophil infiltration. In sharp contrast, colons from ΔespZ-infected animals (bottom left panel) were intact, with well-formed stool pellets and little or no evidence of inflammation or intestinal pathology. This suggests EspZ is essential for NE pathogen virulence.

(10) FIG. 8A shows comparisons of survival of C3H/HeJ mice with various ΔespZ strains complemented with plasmids encoding either wild type (WT) or site-directed mutants specific for the glycine zipper region of EspZ. ΔespZ failed to cause mortality in the C3H/HeJ mice, while complementation of the mutant with pespZWT or pespZG79L restored the ability to induce a high level of lethality. Complementation with pespZG83L or pespZG87L, on the other hand, partially complemented the C. rodentium ΔespZ defect; thus, mice infected with ΔespZ/pespZG83L or ΔespZ/pespZG87L displayed reduced mortality compared to the WT-complemented mutant strains.

(11) FIG. 8B shows comparisons of clinical symptoms of C3H/HeJ mice with various ΔespZ strains complemented with plasmids encoding either wild type (WT) or site-directed mutants specific for the glycine zipper region of EspZ. ΔespZ failed to cause disease in the C3H/HeJ mice, while complementation of the mutant with pespZWT or pespZG79L restored the ability to induce clinical symptoms. Complementation with pespZG83L or pespZG87L, on the other hand, partially complemented the C. rodentium ΔespZ defect; thus, mice infected with ΔespZ/pespZG83L or ΔespZ/pespZG87L displayed moderate clinical signs compared to the WT-complemented mutant strains.

(12) FIG. 9A shows transmission electron microscopy of wild type (WT) EPEC-infected host cells (middle left panel) and mock-infected cells (left panel), revealing elongated mitochondria in EPEC-infected host cells. Cells infected with ΔespZ (middle right panel) had fragmented swollen mitochondria, often enclosed in a double membrane, suggestive of mitophagy. Complementation (right panel) reversed the phenotype. The inset in the middle right panel is a double-membraned organelle. Note 3 hour infection; MOI=100; Caco-2 BBe cells.

(13) FIG. 9B shows immunofluorescence microscopy of EPEC-infected host cells (right panel) and ΔespZ infected cells (left panel), showing that disrupting EspZ increases mitochondrial fission. Red=COXIV (mitochondrial stain); blue=DAPI stain. Note 3 hour infection; MOI=100; Caco-2 BBe cells.

(14) FIG. 10 shows CCCP treatment causes fragmentation of the mitochondrial network and its retraction towards the nucleus (compared to mock-treated controls). In transfected cells, EspZ prevented COOP-induced perturbation of the mitochondrial network (compared to control vector-transfected cells). Red=COXIV (mitochondrial stain); blue=DAPI stain.

(15) FIG. 11 shows siRNA-mediated hFis1 (a mitochondrial protein) depletion mitigates EPEC-induced host cell death.

(16) FIG. 12 shows that host cells infected with ΔespZ resulted in a more robust calcium release, indicating EspZ prevents calcium release from host cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(17) I. Assessment of Essential Regions of EspZ

(18) To preliminarily define the EspZ residues essential for its cytoprotective function, targeted mutations were introduced into pSR6 to systematically replace ˜5 amino acid segments with alanine residues (except in M6, M7, M12 and M13, where the glycines were replaced with valine residues). The N-terminal 20 amino acid type III secretion signal was not included in the analysis. 16 mutant constructs were generated (see FIG. 1).

(19) The corresponding plasmids were transformed into ΔespZ and assessed for complementation of the cell death phenotype using propidium iodide uptake studies. Ten mutant constructs showed minimal defects in complementation relative to pSR6 for curtailing host cell death, while three mutants (M6, M10 and M11) were modestly impaired for this phenotype (see FIG. 2). Three mutants, M4, M12, and M13, were significantly defective in their ability to complement ΔespZ (see FIG. 2).

(20) Impaired secretion/translocation of the mutated protein could underlie the complementation defect. To address this possibility, the corresponding constructs were cloned into a eukaryotic vector, and transfected into C2BBe cells. As was reported previously, transfected host cells expressing WT EspZ were protected from ΔespZ-infection induced death, compared to vector-transfected cells. Cells expressing EspZM4, but not EspZM12 or EspZM13, were similarly protected from ΔespZ-induced cell death (data not shown). Thus, the region of EspZ spanning amino acids 74-85 may be essential for its ability to promote the survival of EPEC-infected intestinal epithelial cells.

(21) The TM2 region spanning 74-85 includes a putative ‘glycine-zipper’ motif (G77XXXG81XXXG85). Transmembrane GXXXG motifs can facilitate helix packaging, and mediate homo- and heterotypic interactions of various membrane-associated proteins. Site-directed mutagens were engineered to individually replace the G residues within the EPEC EspZ glycine zipper motif, respectively, with hydrophobic, but bulkier leucine residues (G77L, G811_, G85L). The constructs were transformed into EPEC ΔespZ. In assays monitoring host cell death (see FIG. 3), alteration of the first two G residues of the glycine zipper (G77L, G81L) resulted in a failure to complement EPEC ΔespZ; mutation of the third G residue, on the other hand, had minimal impact on EspZ function in the cytoprotection assay. This helps show that sequences within a glycine zipper sequence may be essential for the cytoprotective effects of EspZ on infected host cells.

(22) A TEM-1 β-lactamase reporter system was used to monitor effector translocation into infected cells. As shown in FIG. 4, compared to uninfected cells, WT EPEC infection resulted in a progressive increase in the TEM-1 β-lactamase-dependent breakdown (detected via a fluorescence shift) of the substrate CCF2. ΔespZ infection resulted in significantly greater effector translocation, and this was reversed by low-copy-plasmid complementation, consistent with a role for EspZ in limiting effector translocation. Site-specific alteration of the three G residues in the glycine zipper motif variably impacted the rheostat function of EspZ; G to L mutation of the last G residue (G85) had minimal impact on rheostat function, while alteration of the first and second G residues (G77 and G83) partially impaired function.

(23) Membrane-localized GXXXG sequences can promote homo- and hetero-typic interactions between proteins. Referring to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, a ToxLuc system was used to verify targeting of the predicted EspZ TM regions to the membrane and to assess the role of GXXXG sequences in EspZ dimerization/oligomerization. EPEC EspZ TM1 (aa35-65) and TM2 (aa74-95), and various mutant derivatives were expressed as ToxR-TM-MBP (maltose-binding protein) fusions in an E. coil ΔmalE strain (NT326). Western blot analyses confirmed robust expression of all ToxR-TM-MBP fusion proteins. Directional targeting of the TM region to the inner membrane allows the periplasmic MBP domain to complement the growth of the ΔmalE strain in medium containing maltose as the sole carbon source. In contrast to an ‘empty’ vector control, constructs containing EPEC EspZ TM1, TM2, or C. rodentium TM2 supported growth of the ΔmalE strain on broth containing maltose, confirming membrane localization of the respective EspZ domains. TM domain interactions induce dimerization of cytoplasmic ToxR domains, allowing the transcriptional activator to bind to the ctx promoter and promote expression of the downstream luciferase reporter. The TM domains from glycophorin A (GpA) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), known to homodimerize via GXXXG interactions, strongly induced luciferase activity in this system. A 17-residue poly-alanine stretch (Ala17) was used as a baseline TM control for nonspecific ToxR-dependent luciferase activation. As noted previously, a GpA GXXXG mutant (G83I) was impaired for luciferase activation (REF). Constructs expressing EPEC EspZ TM2, but not TM1, induced luciferase expression at levels comparable to, or greater than the positive controls. Mutation of the second and third G residues in the glycine zipper motif (G81L and G85L), but not the first G (G77L), reduced luciferase activity to near-baseline levels. Mutation of all three G residues in the glycine zipper motif also abrogated luciferase expression. This suggests that EspZ self-associates within the membrane, and this is facilitated by the TM2 G81XXXG85.

(24) A C3H/HeJ mouse model was used to assess the contribution to virulence of EspZ and of the residues within the glycine zipper motif. In the experiment, isogenic WT, ΔespZ and ΔespZ/pespZ strains initially colonized the mouse intestine robustly, exhibiting comparable fecal bacterial loads on day 2 post-infection (FIG. 6, bottom panel). C. rodentium WT (a murine NE pathogen) and ΔespZ/pespZ strains induced robust clinical symptoms, and most infected animals succumbed by day-10 post-infection (WT=50% lethality; ΔespZ/pespZ=100% mortality), consistent with a previous report. Mock- and ΔespZ-infected animals induced little to no symptoms, and all animals survived the duration of the infection (see FIG. 6, top left panel and top right panel). Bacterial burden in the stool was high and consistently maintained for WT- and ΔespZ/pespZ-infected animals, and rapidly decreased for ΔespZ-infected animals after Day 8 (see FIG. 6, bottom panel).

(25) Referring to FIG. 7, H&E staining of the colon at day-8 p.i. showed heavy colonization in WT- and ΔespZ/pespZ-infected animals. WT and ΔespZ/pespZ-infected animals also exhibited enlarged intestinal crypts, reduced goblet cells number, extensive tissue damage with ulceration and necrosis in the lumen, and profound neutrophil infiltration. In sharp contrast, colons from ΔespZ-infected animals were intact, with well-formed stool pellets and little or no evidence of inflammation or intestinal pathology.

(26) To assess a role for the glycine zipper motif in EspZ function in vivo, C3H/HeJ mice were infected with ΔespZ strains complemented with plasmids encoding either WT or site-directed mutants specific for the glycine zipper region. Consistent with the observations in FIG. 6, ΔespZ failed to cause disease or mortality in the C3H/HeJ mice, while complementation of the mutant with pespZWT or pespZG79L restored the ability to induce clinical symptoms and high level of lethality (see FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B). Complementation with pespZG83L or pespZG87L, on the other hand, partially complemented the C. rodentium ΔespZ defect; thus, mice infected with ΔespZ/pespZG83L or ΔespZ/pespZG87L displayed moderate clinical signs and reduced mortality comparted to the WT-complemented mutant strains. Together with the data presented above, this suggests a correlation between the ability of EspZ to self-associate and promote disease and lethality in an animal model of NE infection.

(27) Referring to FIG. 9A, transmission electron microscopy of WT EPEC-infected host cells (compared to mock-infected cells) revealed elongated mitochondria. Cells infected with ΔespZ, had fragmented swollen mitochondria, often enclosed in a double membrane, suggestive of mitophagy. This was also visualized using immunofluorescence microscopy (see FIG. 9B). Complementation reversed the phenotype.

(28) The uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (COOP) induces Fis1- and Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission. In transfected cells, EspZ prevented COOP-induced perturbation of the mitochondrial network (see FIG. 10). Thus, EspZ may be necessary and sufficient for inhibiting mitochondrial fission.

(29) In a split-ubiquitin two-hybrid assay, the mitochondrial protein hFis1 was identified as a putative EPEC EspZ partner. Interaction was confirmed via immuno-precipitation (not shown). hFis1 regulates mitochondrial fission, and integrates the ER/mitochondrial stress axis; its overexpression results in cell death56. siRNA-mediated hFis1 ablation protected epithelial cells from EPEC-induced death (see FIG. 11).

(30) Referring to FIG. 12, infection of host cells with ΔespZ resulted in more robust Ca2+ release. EPEC-induced cell death is not inhibitable by caspase inhibitors and is reminiscent of mitochondrial Ca2+ overload necroptosis; in a siRNA screen, depletion of the mitochondrial Ca2+ importer VDAC1 made cells less susceptible to EPEC-induced death (not shown).

(31) II. Methods and Compositions for Inhibiting EspZ

(32) The present invention features methods, systems, and compositions (e.g., inhibitor peptides) for inhibiting EspZ function (or for inhibiting function of an EspZ equivalent). The methods, systems, and compositions herein may help reduce the virulence of pathogens that utilize EspZ or EspZ equivalent, such as those pathogens that belong to the attaching-effacing (A/E) family.

(33) The compositions of the present invention for inactivating EspZ or an EspZ equivalent may comprise inhibitor peptides. The inhibitor peptides may target one or more regions of EspZ or an EspZ equivalent. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide binds to or interacts with EspZ (or an EspZ equivalent) such that EspZ (or an EspZ equivalent) cannot function properly, e.g., the inhibitor peptides may reduce or block the ability of EspZ (or an EspZ equivalent) to function (e.g., reduce of block the ability of EspZ/EspZ equivalent to allow for colonization, reduce or block the ability of EspZ/EspZ equivalent to inhibit apoptosis, etc.).

(34) The inhibitor peptide may target a region (a susceptibility region), e.g., a particular group of amino acids, of the EspZ or the EspZ equivalent protein. For reference, the sequence of EspZ is as follows: MEAANLSPSGAVLPLAATIN GNNPVDEKTGVMQSEGGTSRSVRILGGVLIGAGVLAAIGTGIAAMCVDDPSQRLGL GIAAGVLGGVTTVAGGLAMKYA (SEQ ID NO: 1).

(35) As an example, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 37-42 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 33-56 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 36-52 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 25-60 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 20-75 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 1-75 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 75-98 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 75-85 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 71-89 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 60-98 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 70-98 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 60-85 of EspZ. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide may target one or more of amino acids 72-94 of EspZ.

(36) In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptides target one or both of the transmembrane (TM) domains, e.g., TM1 or a portion thereof, TM2 or a portion thereof, or both TM1 and TM2 (or portions thereof). In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptides bind to one or both of the TM domains (or a portion thereof) and prevent dimerization and/or oligomerization of EspZ.

(37) In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide comprises a targeting peptide (the portion of the inhibitor peptide that targets EspZ) linked to (directly or indirectly to the N-terminus or C-terminus) a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) for enhancing penetration of the inhibitor peptide (the targeting peptide) into a cell. Non-limiting examples of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) include HIV-1 Tat.sub.48-60 (GRKKRRQRRRPPQ, SEQ ID NO: 24), HIV-1 Tat.sub.49-57 (RKKRRQRRR, SEQ ID NO: 25), Penetratin (pAntp.sub.43-58) (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK, SEQ ID NO: 26), Polyarginines, DPV1047 (VKRGLKLRHVRPRVTRMDV, SEQ ID NO: 27), MPG (GALFLGFLGAAGSTMGAWSQPKKKRKV, SEQ ID NO: 28), Pep-1 (KETWWETWWTEWSQPKKKRKV, SEQ ID NO: 29), pVEC (LLIILRRRIRKQAHAHSK, SEQ ID NO: 30), ARF(1-22) (MVRRFLVTLRIRRACGPPRVRV, SEQ ID NO: 31), BPrPr(1-28) (MVKSKIGSWILVLFVAMWSDVGLCKKRP, SEQ ID NO: 32), MAP (KLALKLALKALKAALKLA, SEQ ID NO: 33), Transportan (GWTLNSAGYLLGKINLKALAALAKKIL, SEQ ID NO: 34), p28 (LSTAADMQGVVTDGMASGLDKDYLKPDD, SEQ ID NO: 35), VT5 (DPKGDPKGVTVTVTVTVTGKGDPKPD, SEQ ID NO: 36), Bac 7 (Bac.sub.1-24) (RRIRPRPPRLPRPRPRPLPFPRPG, SEQ ID NO: 37), C105Y CSIPPEVKFNKPFVYLI, SEQ ID NO: 38), PFVYLI (PFVYLI, SEQ ID NO: XXXXX), Pep-7 (SDLWEMMMVSLACQY, SEQ ID NO: 39), and PTD-4 (YARAAARQARA, SEQ ID NO: 40). See also Dietz and Bahr 2004, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 27:85-131, Beerens et al., 2003, Curr Gene Ther. 3(5):486-94, and Biller et al., 2009, Clinical Cancer Research 15:100-109, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. Cell-penetrating peptides are II known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

(38) In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is directly or indirectly connected to the CPP. In some embodiments, the CPP is N-terminal to the targeting peptide. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is N-terminal to the CPP. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is connected to the CPP by a linker. Linkers are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the linker is a peptide linker. In some embodiments, there is no linker (e.g., the linker is 0 amino acids in length). In some embodiments, the linker is 1-5 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker is 1-10 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker is 1-15 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker is 1-20 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker is 1-25 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker more than 25 amino acids in length.

(39) In certain embodiments, the targeting peptide of the inhibitor peptide (the portion of the inhibitor peptide that targets EspZ) is related to a portion of the sequence of EspZ, e.g., the targeting peptide may have a sequence that is related to one of the transmembrane domains (or a portion thereof) of EspZ. For example, FIG. 5B shows several examples of sequences related to the transmembrane 2 (TM2) region of EspZ.

(40) Table 1 below lists several non-limiting examples of targeting peptides of inhibitor peptides (without the cell-penetrating peptide portion). SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 23 are also shown in Table 1. The present invention is not limited to the examples listed in Table 1. For example, in certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide is a truncated version of one of the peptides in Table 1. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide comprises one of the peptides in Table 1 with one or more additional amino acids. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor peptide comprises one of the peptides in Table 1 with one or more additional amino acids or amino acid segments from EspZ.

(41) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 SEQ ID NO: Name Sequence 20 G77L LGLLIAAGVLGGVTTVAGGLAMK 21 G81L LGLGIAALVLGGVTTVAGGLAMK 22 G83L LGLGIAAGVLGLVTTVAGGLAMK 23 Triple LGLLIAALVLGLVTTVAGGLAMK 41 G77L-2 LGLLIAAGVLGGVTTVAG 42 G77L-3 LGLLIAAGVLGGVT 43 G77L-4 LGLLIAAGVIGGVTTVAG 44 G77L-5 LGLLFAAGVLGGVTTVAG 45 G77L-6 LGLLIAAGVLGGVSTVAG 46 G77L-7 LGLLIAAGVLGFVTTVAG 47 G77L-8 LGLLIAAGLLGGVTTVAG 48 G81L-2 LGLGIAALVLGGVTTVAG 49 G81L-3 LGLGIAALVLGGVT 50 G81L-4 LGLGIAALVLNGVTTVAG 51 G81L-5 LGLGIAALVLAGVTTVAG 52 G81L-6 LGLGIAALVLGGVSTVAG 53 G81L-7 LGLGIAALVLGGVTTLAG 54 G81L-8 LGLGIAALLLGGVTTVAG 55 G83L-2 LGLGIAAGVLGLVTTVAG 56 G83L-3 LGLGIAAGVLGLVT 57 G83L-3 LGLGIAAGVLGLVTTLAG 58 G83L-3 LGLGIAAGVLPLVTTVAG 59 G83L-3 LGLGIAAAVLGLVTTVAG 60 G83L-3 LGLGIAAGVLGLLTTVAG 61 G83L-3 LGLGIAAGVLGLVTSVAG 62 Triple-2 LGLLIAALVLGLVTTVAG 63 Triple-3 LGLLIAALVLGLVT 64 Triple-3 LGLLIAALVLGLVTTLAG 65 Triple-3 LGLLIAALVLPLVTTVAG 66 Triple-3 LGLLIAALVLALVTTVAG 67 Triple-3 LGLLIAALVLGLLTTVAG 68 Triple-3 LGLLIAALVLGLVSTVAG

(42) In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 5 to 10 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 5 to 15 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 5 to 20 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 5 to 30 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 10 to 20 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 10 to 30 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 15 to 30 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 15 to 40 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 15 to 50 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 20 to 30 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is between 20 to 50 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 5 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 6 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 7 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 8 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 9 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 10 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 11 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 12 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 13 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 14 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 15 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 16 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 17 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 18 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 19 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 20 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 21 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 22 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 23 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 24 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 25 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 26 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 27 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 28 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 29 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is 30 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is more than 30 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is from 30 to 40 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is from 40 to 50 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is from 50 to 80 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide is from 50 to 100 amino acids in length.

(43) Inhibitor peptides and/or cell-penetrating peptides may be synthesized by a commercial or research entity, e.g., Creative Peptides, Shirley, N.Y., USA, etc.

(44) The present invention also features methods for synthesizing inhibitor peptides for targeting EspZ and inhibiting or reducing virulence, colonization, dimerization, downstream signaling effects, etc. The present invention also features methods for screening inhibitor peptides for determining effectiveness of targeting EspZ and inhibiting or reducing virulence, colonization, dimerization, downstream signaling effects, etc.

(45) The present invention also features methods for inhibiting or reducing virulence of a pathogen of the attaching-effacing (A/E) family (e.g., E. coil). The method may comprise introducing to the pathogen an inhibitor peptide according to the present invention (e.g., an inhibitor peptide for targeting EspZ, for disrupting EspZ function, for inhibiting dimerization, for inhibiting downstream signaling, effects, etc.), wherein the inhibitor peptide disrupts EspZ function to inhibit or reduce virulence of the pathogen.

(46) The present invention also features methods for inhibiting or reducing colonization of a pathogen of the attaching-effacing (NE) family (e.g., E. coil). In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing to the pathogen an inhibitor peptide according to the present invention, wherein the inhibitor peptide disrupts EspZ function to inhibit or reduce colonization of the pathogen.

(47) The present invention also features methods for treating a subject (in need thereof) infected with a pathogen in the attaching-effacing (NE) family (e.g., E. coli). In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing to the subject an inhibitor peptide according to the present invention, wherein the inhibitor peptide disrupts EspZ function to inhibit or reduce virulence of the pathogen.

EXAMPLE 1

Targeting EspZ G.SUP.81.XXXG.SUP.85

(48) A transmembrane (TM) GXXXG sequence that is critical for EspZ function in vitro (and is required for causing disease-symptoms in vivo) has been identified. The GXXXG motif is present in diverse proteins and promotes protein-protein interactions. Consistent with this, EspZ self-associates in the membrane, and this is abrogated by disruption of the GXXXG motif (G.sup.81.fwdarw.L or G.sup.85.fwdarw.L). The corresponding mutants are also impaired for supporting virulence in animal models. Notably, the G.sup.8.fwdarw.L mutation blocked all known EspZ functions, and was the most impaired for promoting virulence.

(49) Inhibitor peptides as described herein may be designed to target against EspZ G.sup.81XXXG.sup.85 to block EspZ activity, as well as its self-association, and thereby mitigate virulence and disease. Strategies for targeting EspZ G.sup.81XXXG.sup.85 include but are not limited to biased peptides and small molecule inhibitors. Biased peptides may be peptide mimetics of the EspZ TM2 region, including G.sup.81XXXG.sup.85, or derivatives thereof. The peptide mimetics may block EspZ self-association and curtail EPEC- and EHEC-human disease. Specific inhibitory peptides may be rationally designed using available computational resources (e.g., CHAMP, Yin 1997). A high-throughput screen may be used to identify small molecules from publicly-available libraries that inhibit EspZ-EspZ interactions; both FDA-approved libraries (for repurposing existing drugs) as well as larger resource-containing libraries may be used.

(50) Screens may assess interference of EspZ self-association, e.g., using the ToxLuc assay (Bronniman, 2013). Further, the ability of select inhibitory molecules to block EspZ-dependent host cell protection in vitro and/or their toxicity to eukaryotic cells may be assessed. Molecules may also be assessed for their ability to block A/E pathogen virulence in vivo.

EXAMPLE 2

Screening Inhibitor Peptides

(51) The effectiveness of the inhibitory peptides to block EspZ function may be assessed using two complementary screening assays (1) Host cell death assay: Epithelial cells will be infected with EPEC or a ΔespZ mutant in the presence of the specific peptides, or media alone. EspZ-specific inhibitors will induce greater cell death of EPEC-infected cells, but not ΔespZ-infected cells, relative to media alone. (2) Dimerization inhibition assay: EspZ self-association leads to luciferase expression in the ToxLuc system (FIG. 5A). The same assays may be performed in the presence of the specific peptides: molecules that inhibit EspZ dimerization will decrease luciferase production.

(52) The disclosures of the following U.S. Patents are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein: U.S. Pat. App. No. 2010/0291596; U.S. Pat. App. No. 2010/0222261.

(53) Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

(54) Although there has been shown and described the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made thereto which do not exceed the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, the scope of the invention is only to be limited by the following claims. Reference numbers recited in the claims are exemplary and for ease of review by the patent office only, and are not limiting in any way. In some embodiments, the figures presented in this patent application are drawn to scale, including the angles, ratios of dimensions, etc. In some embodiments, the figures are representative only and the claims are not limited by the dimensions of the figures. In some embodiments, descriptions of the inventions described herein using the phrase “comprising” includes embodiments that could be described as “consisting of”, and as such the written description requirement for claiming one or more embodiments of the present invention using the phrase “consisting or” is met.

(55) The reference numbers recited in the below claims are solely for ease of examination of this patent application, and are exemplary, and are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the claims to the particular features having the corresponding reference numbers in the drawings.