Recombinant VapA and VapC peptides and uses thereof

Abstract

The present invention provides a recombinant protein comprising consecutive amino acids, the sequence of which is substantially identical to a sequence of amino acids present in a Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein and compositions containing fusion proteins of the invention. The present invention also provides uses of the compositions in the manufacture of hyperimmune plasma against Rhodococcus equi, in producing a hyperimmune plasma against Rhodococcus equi in protecting an animal against Rhodococcus equi and in protecting a newborn animal against Rhodococcus equi.

Claims

1. An isolated recombinant protein consisting of: (a) consecutive amino acids 29-189 of Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein A (VapA), (i) the sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or (ii) varies from such sequence by not more than five amino acids; or consecutive amino acids 29-173 of Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein (VapC), the sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or (ii) varies from such sequence by not more than five amino acids, (b) consecutive amino acids which consist of a 6-His tag, a poly-6-His tag, or a glutathione S-transferase tag, and (c) a linker sequence between (a) and (b).

2. The isolated recombinant protein of claim 1, wherein the sequence of the isolated recombinant protein is the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18.

3. The isolated recombinant protein of claim 1, wherein the sequence of the isolated recombinant protein is the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.

4. The isolated recombinant protein of claim 1, wherein the sequence of the isolated recombinant protein is the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20.

5. The isolated recombinant protein of claim 1, wherein the sequence of the isolated recombinant protein is the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21.

6. A composition comprising the isolated recombinant protein of claim 1 and a carrier.

7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the carrier is an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion and the recombinant protein is present in an amount of about 0.25 mg/ml to about 2.5 mg/ml.

8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the recombinant protein is present in an amount of about 0.5 mg/ml to about 1.5 mg/ml.

9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the recombinant protein is present in an amount of about 1 mg/ml.

10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the composition further comprises an adjuvant.

11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the adjuvant is present in an amount of 5-15% by volume.

12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the adjuvant is present in an amount of about 10% by volume.

13. The composition of claim 12 wherein the adjuvant is a carbomer-based adjuvant.

14. The composition of claim 6, wherein the carrier is an aqueous solution, and the composition has a pH between about 6.5 and about 7.5.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the pH is between about 6.7 and about 7.2.

16. A composition comprising: (a) an isolated recombinant protein comprising consecutive amino 29-189 of Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein A (VapA) (i) the sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or (ii) varies from such sequence by not more than five amino acids; (b) an isolated recombinant protein comprising consecutive amino acids 29-173 of Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein (VapC) the sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or (ii) varies from such sequence by not more than five amino acids; and (c) a carrier.

17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the carrier is an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion and wherein (a) and (b) are present in an amount which may be the same or different and is between about 0.25 mg/ml and about 2.5 mg/ml.

18. The composition of claim 17, wherein each of (a) and (b) is present in an amount between about 0.5 mg/ml and about 1.5 mg/ml.

19. The composition of claim 18, wherein each of (a) and (b) is present in an amount of about 1 mg/ml.

20. The composition of claim 16, wherein the composition further comprises an adjuvant.

21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the carrier is an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion and wherein the adjuvant is present in an amount of 5-15% by volume.

22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the adjuvant is present in an amount of about 10% by volume.

23. The composition of claim 20 wherein the adjuvant is a carbomer-based adjuvant.

24. The composition of claim 19, wherein the carrier is an aqueous solution, and wherein the composition has a pH between about 6.5 and about 7.5.

25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the pH is between about 6.7 and about 7.2.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) FIG. 1

(2) Amino acid alignment of all Vap protein sequences, corresponding to SEQ ID NOs 1-15 (VapA=SEQ ID NO:1; VapB=SEQ ID NO:2; VapC=SEQ ID NO:3; VapD=SEQ ID NO:4; VapE=SEQ ID NO:5; VapF=SEQ ID NO:6; VapG=SEQ ID NO:7; VapH=SEQ ID NO:8; VapI=SEQ ID NO:9; VapJ=SEQ ID NO:10; VapK1=SEQ ID NO:11; VapK2=SEQ ID NO:12; VapL=SEQ ID NO:13; VapM=SEQ ID NO:14; and VapX=SEQ ID NO:15). Multiple sequence alignment of R. equi Vap proteins using CLUSTAL W (1.83). Alignment was performed using alignment tools at www.tcoffee.org using T-coffee default parameters. SEQ IDENTITY row shows the level of sequence identity where a dash (-) indicates little to moderate sequence identity and an asterisk (*) represents a high level of sequence identity among all the Vap proteins.

(3) FIG. 2

(4) Comparison of average VapC peptide titers in serum collected from VapC immunized plasma donor horses and commercial plasma from R. equi immunized plasma donor horses. Synthesized VapC peptides were tested with an ELISA against donor test bleed samples from VapC vaccinated donors (A) and commercial plasma (B) to measure their titer concentrations. The VapA homology line indicates the percent homology between the VapA and VapC proteins.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Terms

(5) As used in this application, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each of the following terms shall have the meaning set forth below.

(6) As used herein, administering an agent may be performed using any of the various methods or delivery systems well known to those skilled in the art. The administering can be performed, for example, orally, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially, transdermally, sublingually, intramuscularly, rectally, transbuccally, intranasally, liposomally, via inhalation, vaginally, intraoccularly, via local delivery, subcutaneously, intraadiposally, intraarticularly, intrathecally, into a cerebral ventricle, intraventicularly, intratumorally, into cerebral parenchyma or intraparenchchymally.

(7) Amino acid, amino acid residue and residue are used interchangeably herein to refer to an amino acid that is incorporated into a protein, polypeptide or peptide. The amino acid can be, for example, a naturally occurring amino acid or an analog of a natural amino acid that can function in a manner similar to that of the naturally occurring amino acid.

(8) As used herein, an amount or dose of an agent measured in milligrams refers to the milligrams of agent present in a drug product, regardless of the form of the drug product.

(9) As used herein, the term composition, as in pharmaceutical composition, is intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient(s) and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly from combination, complexation, or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients.

(10) As used herein, effective amount refers to an amount which is capable of treating a subject. Accordingly, the effective amount will vary with the subject being treated, as well as the condition to be treated. A person of ordinary skill in the art can perform routine titration experiments to determine such sufficient amount. The effective amount of a compound will vary depending on the subject and upon the particular route of administration used. Based upon the compound, the amount can be delivered continuously, such as by continuous pump, or at periodic intervals (for example, on one or more separate occasions). Desired time intervals of multiple amounts of a particular compound can be determined without undue experimentation by one skilled in the art.

(11) The terms nucleic acid, polynucleotide and nucleic acid sequence are used interchangeably herein, and each refers to a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides and/or ribonucleotides. The deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides can be naturally occurring or synthetic analogues thereof. Nucleic acid shall mean any nucleic acid, including, without limitation, DNA, RNA and hybrids thereof. The nucleic acid bases that form nucleic acid molecules can be the bases A, C, G, T and U, as well as derivatives thereof. Derivatives of these bases are well known in the art, and are exemplified in PCR Systems, Reagents and Consumables (Perkin Elmer Catalogue 1996-1997, Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Branchburg, N.J., USA). Nucleic acids include, without limitation, anti-sense molecules and catalytic nucleic acid molecules such as ribozymes and DNAzymes. Nucleic acids also include nucleic acids coding for peptide analogs, fragments or derivatives which differ from the naturally-occurring forms in terms of the identity of one or more amino acid residues (deletion analogs containing less than all of the specified residues; substitution analogs wherein one or more residues are replaced by one or more residues; and addition analogs, wherein one or more resides are added to a terminal or medial portion of the peptide) which share some or all of the properties of the naturally-occurring forms.

(12) The terms polypeptide, peptide and protein are used interchangeably herein, and each means a polymer of amino acid residues. The amino acid residues can be naturally occurring or chemical analogues thereof. Polypeptides, peptides and proteins can also include modifications such as glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, hydroxylation, and ADP-ribosylation.

(13) As used herein, pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means that the carrier is compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and is not deleterious to the recipient thereof, and encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutically accepted carriers. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions and suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's and fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents, inert gases, and the like.

(14) As used herein, substantially identical means varying by one or more, preferably not more than five amino acids, more preferably not more than three amino acids, while having the same activity as a Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein. For example, an additional methionine or N-formyl methionine at the N-terminus.

(15) As used herein, a carbomer-based adjuvant includes adjuvants containing Carbopol 934P such as Carbigen (MVP Technologies).

Embodiments of the Invention

(16) The present invention provides a recombinant protein comprising consecutive amino acids, the sequence of which is substantially identical to a sequence of amino acids present in a Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein.

(17) In one or more embodiments the virulence-associated protein is VapA.

(18) In one or more embodiments the virulence-associated protein is VapC.

(19) In one or more embodiments the sequence of the recombinant protein is substantially identical to the sequence of amino acids 29-189 of VapA.

(20) In one or more embodiments the sequence of the recombinant protein is the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16.

(21) TABLE-US-00004 SEQIDNo.16: NATVLDSGSSSAILNSGAGSGIVGSGSYDSSTTSLNLQKDEPNGRASDT AGQEQQYDVHGDVISAVVYQRFHVFGPEGKVFDGDAGGLTLPGAGAFWG TLFTNDLQRLYKDTVSFQYNAVGPYLNINFFDSSGSFLGHIQSGGVSTV VGVGGGSGSWHNA

(22) In one or more embodiments the sequence of the recombinant protein is substantially identical to the sequence of amino acids 29-174 of VapC.

(23) In one or more embodiments the sequence of the recombinant protein is the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17.

(24) TABLE-US-00005 SEQIDNo.17: NVVAPSAWGGAQSAADKEGEGVTLGGVGVLRPHNKDADEQYTVHGVVVS ALFYNHLRISVDGGMTFDGDGGGLSTPGGGALWGTLTTSDLQQLYDETA SFECNAVGPYLNINFYDSYGRILASVQAGGVSTMIGIGGGNGRWHLV

(25) In one or more embodiments the Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein is present in the Rhodococcus equi strain designated ATCCC 33701.

(26) In one or more embodiments the recombinant protein further comprises consecutive amino acids which comprise a detectable tag.

(27) In one or more embodiments the tag is a 6-His tag or a poly-6-His tag.

(28) In one or more embodiments the tag is a glutathione S-transferase tag.

(29) In one or more embodiments the tag is linked directly or via a linker sequence to the N-terminus of the amino acids, the sequence of which is substantially identical to the sequence of the Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein.

(30) In one or more embodiments the tag is linked directly or via a linker sequence to the C-terminus of the amino acids, the sequence of which is substantially identical to the sequence of the Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein.

(31) In one or more embodiments the tag is linked through a linker sequence.

(32) In one or more embodiments the sequence of the recombinant protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18.

(33) TABLE-US-00006 SEQIDNo.18:(HIStaggedVapA) HHHHHH<polylinker>NATVLDSGSSSAILNSGAGSGIVGSGSYDSS TTSLNLQKDEPNGRASDTAGQEQQYDVHGDVISAVVYQRFHVFGPEGKV FDGDAGGLTLPGAGAFWGTLFTNDLQRLYKDTVSFQYNAVGPYLNINFF DSSGSFLGHIQSGGVSTVVGVGGGSGSWHNA

(34) In one or more embodiments the sequence of the recombinant protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.

(35) TABLE-US-00007 SEQIDNo.19:(GSTtaggedVapA) MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELG LEFPNLPYYIDGDVKLTQSMAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGA VLDIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLKVDFLSKLPEMLKMFEDRLCHKTYLNGDH VTHPDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKLVCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSS KYTAWPLQGWQATFGGGDHPPK<polylinker>NATVLDSGSSSAILN SGAGSGIVGSGSYDSSTTSLNLQKDEPNGRASDTAGQEQQYDVHGDVIS AVVYQRFHVFGPEGKVFDGDAGGLTLPGAGAFWGTLFTNDLQRLYKDTV SFQYNAVGPYLNINFFDSSGSFLGHIQSGGVSTVVGVGGGSGSWHNA

(36) In one or more embodiments the sequence of the recombinant protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20.

(37) TABLE-US-00008 SEQIDNo.20:(HIStaggedVapC) HHHHHH<polylinker>NVVAPSAWGGAQSAADKEGEGVTLGGVGVLR PHNKDADEQYTVHGVVVSALFYNHLRISVDGGMTFDGDGGGLSTPGGGA LWGTLTTSDLQQLYDETASFECNAVGPYLNINFYDSYGRILASVQAGGV STMIGIGGGNGRWHLV

(38) In one or more embodiments the sequence of the recombinant protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21.

(39) TABLE-US-00009 SEQIDNo.21:(GSTtaggedVapC) MSPILGYWKIKGIVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELG LEFPNLPYYIDGDVKLTQSMAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGA VLDIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLKVDFLSKLPEMLKMFEDRLCHKTYLNGDH VTHPDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKLVCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSS KYIAWPLQGWQATFGGGDHPPK<polylinker>NVVAPSAWGGAQSAA DKEGEGVTLGGVGVLRFHNKDADEQYTVHGVVVSALFYNHLRISVDGGM TFDGDGGGLSTPGGGALWGTLTTSDLQQLYDETASFECNAVGPYLNINF YDSYGRILASVQAGGVSTMIGIGGGNGRWHLV

(40) The present invention also provides a composition comprising a recombinant protein of the invention and a carrier.

(41) In one or more embodiments the recombinant protein is present in an amount about 0.25 mg/ml to about 2.5 mg/ml.

(42) In one or more embodiments the recombinant protein is present in an amount about 0.5 mg/ml to about 1.5 mg/ml.

(43) In one or more embodiments the recombinant protein is present in an amount of about 1 mg/ml.

(44) The present invention also provides a composition comprising a first recombinant protein, a second recombinant protein and a carrier, wherein each of the first recombinant protein and the second recombinant protein is different and is a recombinant protein of the invention.

(45) In one or more embodiments each of the first recombinant protein and the second recombinant protein is present in an amount which may be the same or different and is between about 0.25 mg/ml and about 2.5 mg/ml.

(46) In one or more embodiments each of the first recombinant protein and the second recombinant protein is present in an amount between about 0.5 mg/ml and about 1.5 mg/ml.

(47) In one or more embodiments each of the first recombinant protein and the second recombinant protein is present in an amount of about 1 mg/ml.

(48) In one or more embodiments the composition further comprises an adjuvant.

(49) In one or more embodiments the adjuvant is present in an amount of 5-15% by volume.

(50) In one or more embodiments the adjuvant is present in an amount of about 10% by volume.

(51) In one or more embodiments the adjuvant is a carbomer-based adjuvant.

(52) In one or more embodiments the composition has a pH between about 6.5 and about 7.5.

(53) In one or more embodiments the pH is between about 6.7 and about 7.2.

(54) The present invention also provides use of a fusion protein or a composition of the invention in the manufacture of hyperimmune plasma against Rhodococcus equi.

(55) The present invention also provides a process of producing a hyperimmune plasma against Rhodococcus equi which comprises the steps of: (a) identifying a donor animal; (b) administering to the donor animal an amount of a composition of the invention effective to induce a hyperimmune response; (C) obtaining blood from the donor animal of step (b); and (d) purifying the hyperimmune plasma.

(56) In one or more embodiments the donor animal is a mammal.

(57) In one or more embodiments the donor animal is a horse.

(58) In one or more embodiments the donor animal is a rabbit.

(59) In one or more embodiments the donor animal is a pig.

(60) In one or more embodiments step (a) comprises screening potential donor animals for a desired blood type.

(61) In one or more embodiments the donor animal is a horse and wherein the horse is identified as a donor horse if the blood typing screen yields a positive result for both blood factors Aa and Ca.

(62) In one or more embodiments step (a) further comprises testing the immunological status of the animal.

(63) In one or more embodiments the animal is tested for antibodies against the following: Equine Viral Arteritis, Brucellosis, Equine infectious Anemia, Equine Piroplasmosis (Babesia cabilli and Theileria equi), Equine Rhinopnuemonitis (EHV1), Glanders, and Dourine.

(64) In one or more embodiments an animal is identified as a donor animal by the following criteria: <1:4 as tested with Serum Virus Neutralization for Equine Viral Arteritis, negative for Brucellosis, negative for Equine Infectious Anemia, negative for Equine Piroplasmosis, <1: 1024 as tested with Serum Virus Neutralization for Equine Rhinopnuemonitis (EHV1), negative for Glanders, and negative for Dourine.

(65) In one or more embodiments after step (b) but before step (c) a booster amount of the composition is administered.

(66) In one or more embodiments the booster amount is administered from about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks after the administration in step (b).

(67) In one or more embodiments the booster amount is administered about 3 weeks after the administration in step (b).

(68) In one or more embodiments after step (b) additional booster amounts are administered.

(69) In one or more embodiments a second booster amount is administered from about 8 weeks to about 16 weeks after step (b) or after the previous booster amount.

(70) In one or more embodiments a second booster amount is administered about 12 weeks after step (b) or after the previous booster amount.

(71) In one or more embodiments amount is administered in a volume from about 0.5 ml to about 2 ml.

(72) In one or more embodiments the volume is about 1 ml.

(73) In one or more embodiments the amount or the booster amount(s) or both are administered intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intravenously, or intradermally.

(74) In one or more embodiments the amount or the booster amount(s) or both are administered via intramuscular injection.

(75) The present invention also provides a hyperimmune plasma produced by a process of the invention.

(76) The present invention also provides a process for protecting an animal against Rhodococcus equi which comprises: (a) administering to the animal an amount of a composition of the invention effective to induce a protective immune response; and then (b) administering one or more booster amounts of the same composition.

(77) In one or more embodiments the animal is a mammal.

(78) In one or more embodiments the animal is a horse.

(79) In one or more embodiments the animal is a rabbit.

(80) In one or more embodiments the animal is a pig.

(81) In one or more embodiments step (a) is performed between about 1 week and about 8 weeks after birth of the animal.

(82) In one or more embodiments step (a) is performed between about 2 weeks and about 6 weeks after birth of the animal.

(83) In one or more embodiments a booster amount is administered between about 1 week to about 6 weeks after step (a) or after administration of a previous booster amount.

(84) In one or more embodiments a booster amount is administered between about 2 week to about 4 weeks after step (a) or after administration of a previous booster amount.

(85) In one or more embodiments the number of administrations of booster amounts is 1 to 6, inclusive.

(86) In one or more embodiments an initial booster amount is administered about 2 weeks after step (a) and additional booster amounts are administered about 4 weeks after administration of each previous booster amount.

(87) In one or more embodiments the number of administrations of booster amounts is 3.

(88) In one or more embodiments the amount or the booster amount(s) or both is administered in a volume from about 0.1 ml to about 0.5 ml.

(89) In one or more embodiments the volume is about 0.25 ml.

(90) In one or more embodiments each amount is administered intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intravenously or intradermally.

(91) In one or more embodiments each amount is administered intramuscularly.

(92) In one or more embodiments the process further comprises administering hyperimmune plasma to the animal, prior to step (a).

(93) In one or more embodiments the hyperimmune plasma is hyperimmune plasma according to the invention.

(94) In one or more embodiments the hyperimmune plasma is administered in a volume from about 500 ml to about 1500 ml.

(95) In one or more embodiments the volume of hyperimmune plasma is about 1000 ml.

(96) In one or more embodiments the hyperimmune plasma is administered orally or intravenously.

(97) The present invention also provides a process of protecting a newborn animal against Rhodococcus equi which comprises: (a) administering to a pregnant female bearing the animal an amount of a composition of the invention effective to induce a protective immune response; and then (b) administering one or more booster amounts of the same composition to the pregnant female.

(98) In one or more embodiments the animal is a horse and wherein the amount is administered during about 6 months to about 10 months after the female animal is pregnant.

(99) In one or more embodiments the amount is administered at about 8 months after the female animal is pregnant.

(100) In one or more embodiments a booster amount is administered from about 1 week to about 4 weeks after step (a).

(101) In one or more embodiments the booster amount is administered at about 2 weeks after step (a).

(102) In one or more embodiments a booster amount is administered about 1 month prior to the predicted foaling date.

(103) All combinations of the various elements described herein are within the scope of the invention.

(104) This invention is illustrated in the Experimental Details section which follows. This section is set forth to aid in an understanding of the invention but is not intended to, and should not be construed to; limit in any way the invention as set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.

(105) Experimental Details

(106) Recombinant VapA/VapC Vaccine(s)

(107) We developed an R. equi protein subunit vaccine candidate that induces production of VapA and/or VapC antibodies in foals for protection against R. equi. The vaccine was generated by cloning a fragment of vapA or vapC into a His-tagged pRSET-C plasmid and transformed into BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells to produce the protein subunit. We used the vaccine to vaccinate pregnant mares to protect the foal, and donors to generate hyper immune plasma. The foals were administered HIP plasma from the donors and vaccinated with the recombinant VapA, or VapC, or VapAVapC vaccines.

(108) Methods

(109) Development of R. equi VapC Vaccine Candidate

(110) R. equi Strain and Plasmids

(111) The strain 33701 R. equi from ATCC was used to clone vapA and vapC. The freeze-dried R. equi cells were resuspended in 100 l Tryptic Soy Broth (BD) and used as a template for PCR amplification of vapA or vapC. The vapA or vapC fragment was cloned into the GST-tagged pGEX vector (GE Healthcare). The GST-tagged vapA or vapC plasmid was used for sequence verification and for expression of recombinant VapA or VapC protein, respectively. Following cloning into the GST-tagged pGEX vector, the vapA or vapC fragment was subcloned into the His-tagged vector pRSET-C (Invitrogen) for expression of recombinant His-tagged VapA or VapC protein and subsequent purification of the VapA or VapC protein. The His-tagged VapA or VapC allows the protein to bind tightly to the Ni-NTA (nickel nitriloacetic acid) agarose during the VapA or VapC protein purification process.

(112) R. equi Whole Cell PCR

(113) The vapA [GenBank: AF116907.2] fragment was amplified using the forward primer: 5-GCCGGATCCACTAATGCGACCGTTCTT-3 [SEQ ID No. 22] and the reverse primer: 5-CATGAATTCCTAGGCGTTGTGCCA-3 [SEQ ID No. 23] based upon the published sequence of vap A. The vapC [GenBank: AF118813.1] fragment was amplified using the forward primer: 5-GCCGGATCCGCCAATGTAGTCGCTCCGTC-3 [SEQ ID No. 24] and the reverse primer: 5-CATGAATTCGCGAGCGTTTACCTTCCGAC-3 [SEQ ID No. 25] based upon the published sequence of vapC. The PCR amplification for vapA or vapC was performed using 5 l of resuspended R. equi cells as a template, an annealing temperature of 72 C., and the published 2-step PCR conditions for the Phusion (Finnzymes) DNA polymerase.

(114) Cloning and Sequencing of vapA and vapC Fragments

(115) The vapA PCR fragment was ligated into the BamHI and EcoRI digested GST-tagged pGEX vector and transformed into the E. coli DH5 a competent cells. The plasmid DNA was isolated from E. coli DH5 a cells and the gene of interest was sequenced by the BigDye Terminator kit (Applied Biosystems) with the primer 5-GGGCTGGCAAGCCACGTTTGGT-3[SEQ ID No. 26], purified with Clean Seq Beads (Applied Biosystems), and analyzed using the 3730x1 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems) to verify that the fragment had the correct vapA sequence. The procedure was repeated to clone and sequence the vapC fragment.

(116) Subcloning and Construction of the his-Tagged VapA Protein and his-Tagged VapC Protein

(117) The sequence verified pGEX/vapA construct was used to generate an identical vapA fragment to be ligated into the pRSET-C vector. The vapA fragment was amplified using the forward primer: 5-CGATGGATCCCTAATGCGACCGTTCTTGATTC-3 [SEQ ID No. 27] and the reverse primer: 5-CATGAATTCCTAGGCGTTGTGCCA-3 [SEQ ID No. 23]. The PCR amplification was performed using 1 l purified plasmid as a template, an annealing temperature of 72 C. and the published 2-step PCR conditions for the Phusion (Finnzymes) DNA polymerase. The new vapA fragment was ligated into the His-tagged pRSET-C vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells to express a His-tagged VapA protein. The same procedure was followed to subclone and construct the His-tagged vapC protein. The vapC fragment was amplified using the forward primer: 5-CGATGGATCCCCAATGTAGTCGCTCCGTCG-3 [SEQ ID No. 28] and the reverse primer: 5-CATGAATTCGCGAGCGTTTACCTTCCGAC-3 [SEQ ID No. 25].

(118) His-Tagged or GST-Tagged VapA Protein and his-Tagged or GST-Tagged VapC Protein Expression and Western Blotting

(119) For production of His-tagged VapA and VapC proteins, a single colony of the transformed E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells expressing either His-tagged VapA protein or His-tagged VapC protein was grown overnight shaking in 5 ml of Terrific Broth (EMD or equivalent) plus antibiotic (Ampicillin at 100 g/ml) at 37 C. For production of GST-tagged VapA and VapC proteins, a single colony of the transformed E. coli DH5 a competent cells expressing either GST-tagged VapA protein or GST-tagged VapC protein was grown overnight shaking in 5 ml of Terrific Broth (EMD or equivalent) plus antibiotic (Ampicillin at 100 g/ml) at 37 C.

(120) One (1) ml of the overnight culture was transferred into 5 ml of fresh TB plus antibiotic (Ampicillin at 100 g/mL) and incubated at 37 C. with shaking for 30 min. A 1 ml sample was saved as the non-IPTG (isopropyl 5-D-thiogalactoside) treated sample, and the remaining 5 ml culture was induced with 5 l of 1 M IPTG. The culture was incubated with shaking for 2 hrs at 37 C. A 1 ml sample of the IPTG treated culture was saved, and both the IPTG treated and non-treated 1 ml samples were spun in a microcentrifuge at room temperature (RT) for 3 min at 10K rpm. Each pellet was resuspended in 100 l of electrophoresis buffer, boiled for 3 min. and separated in a 15% SDS-PAGE gel.

(121) His-Tagged or GST-Tagged VapA Protein and his-Tagged or GST-Tagged VapC Protein Growth and Purification

(122) For production of the His-tagged VapA or VapC protein, two 100 ml starter flasks of TB were inoculated with the pRSET-C construct transformed E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells and incubated at 37 C. overnight. For production of the GST-tagged VapA or VapC protein, two 100 ml starter flasks of TB were inoculated with the pGEX transformed E. coli DH5 a competent cells and incubated at 37 C. overnight.

(123) The starter flask was added to 600 ml of TB in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask and incubated at 30 C. with shaking until the OD.sub.600 reached 0.9-1.0. The two 700 ml of cells were induced for 4 hrs with 1 mM IPTG and then spun for 10 min at 5,000 rpm in an F6S-6X1000y rotor. The pellets were scraped and transferred into a 50 ml conical at RT where it was resuspended and lysed in 30 ml of PBS/1% Triton X-100/20 mM imidazole/1 mM TCEP and sonicated for 2 min at 20%. The lysed pellets were spun for 15 min at 15,000 rpm in a SS34 rotor, and the supernatant was mixed with 2 ml of Ni-NTA His beads (Qiagen) for every 50 ml conical. The beads and supernatant were mutated for 1 hr at 4 C., and transferred to a chromatography column (Santa Cruz) where the beads were washed with 1PBS (Santa Cruz) until the OD.sub.280 reached <0.02. The protein was eluted with 500 mM imidazol, and fractions were pooled until OD.sub.2go was equal to 0.3, or higher if possible. Approximately 15-19 ml of protein was gel filtered into Sephadex G25 media (GE Healthcare) on a XK 26/20 column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with PBS. The protein was concentrated to either 1.15-1.2 mg/ml for a single (VapA or VapC) subunit preparation or greater than 2.3 mg/ml for a dual (VapAVapC) subunit preparation. The protein was sterile filtered using a Luer-Lock syringe (BD) with a 0.2 micron filter. The protein concentration was verified with a BCA assay (Santa Cruz). The protein sample was diluted in electrophoresis buffer (1:1 dilution) and 5 l were run on a 15% SDS PAGE gel. The procedure was followed for the growth and purification of either His-tagged VapA protein or His-tagged VapC protein.

(124) GST-Tagged VapD, VapE and VapG Protein Growth and Purification

(125) The aforementioned procedure used to grow and purify GST-tagged VapA and VapC proteins was followed for the growth and purification of GST-tagged VapD, SEQ ID No. 29, VapE, SEQ ID No. 30 and VapG, SEQ ID No. 31 proteins.

(126) TABLE-US-00010 SEQIDNo.29:(GSTtaggedVapD) MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGLEFPNLPYYIDGDVKLTQS MAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVLDIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLKVDFLSKLPEMLKMFEDR LCHKTYLNGDHVTHPDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKLVCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIAWPLQ GWQATFGGGDHPPK<polylinker>MVRARAFGRLFTFLLAVAVIATVSMGGANAQELAGTKTSDAA LLSGNKAAIPEDKEYDVSGRVVSALVYQYFIVTVDDAEDKKGKTFQGDAGGVTIFGVDFFWGTLHTPD LEKLYSDTVSFQYNAAATFLNINFFDSKGERLGYVLAGAAGTVSGIGGGTGGWE SEQIDNo.30:(GSTtaggedVapE) MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGLEFPNLPYYIDGDVKLTQS MAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVLDIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLKVDFLSKLPEMLKMFEDR LCHKTYLNGDHVTHPDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKLVCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIAWPLQ GWQATFGGGDHPPK<polylinker>MTTVHKKASKAIAFTVALRLPFAGTAVALVLIALTIVAAPTG IAGAREIGAQAWPASQLESGLAVSGNPVGVHDVRMAVHDDSTHTREFKEDDSEKQYPVHGFASSFIFY QTVSIIIDDDGRGGPGKTFEGEAGGITTPGAAGYAGVLFTSDLERLYRETVSFEYNAVGPYLNINLFA GDGGLLGHVQSGAISSLVGIGGGTGAWR SEQIDNo.31:(GSTtaggedVapG) MSRILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGLEFPNLPYYIDGDVKLTQS MAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVLDIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLKVDFLSKLPEMLKMFEDR LCHKTYLNGDHVTHPDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKLVCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIAWPLQ GWQATFGGGDHPPK<polylinker>MSVRTLLAATLVAGISVLAPAGIANAETSMVSTTAASSVEHA ANTYDFAEAKSGSSIPAKVAAEQANSYSVHGLVTSLAVYQHFSLTVEGGGKTFTGDSGGISIPGVAVL EGTLFTEDLQHLYSDTVSFEYNAVGPYLNINFFDSHGTLLGHVQSGSIGTVSGIGGGTGGWQ
Vaccine Preparation Using his-Tagged Recombinant VapA and/or VapC Proteins

(127) His-tagged recombinant VapA and His-tagged recombinant VapC were used for preparation of the vaccine. The recombinant VapA only vaccine was prepared by mixing sterile filtered 1.2 mg/ml0.1 mg/ml recombinant VapA protein in PBS with 10% Carbigen (MVP) adjuvant of the total volume, and vortexed until it was well mixed so that the final concentration of VapA protein was 1.00.1 mg/ml. The VapA VapC combination vaccine was prepared by combining 2.3 mg/ml0.1 mg/ml of sterile filtered recombinant VapA protein, 2.3 mg/ml0.1 mg/ml of sterile filtered recombinant VapC protein, and 10% Carbigen adjuvant of the total volume so that the final concentration of VapA protein was 1.00.1 mg/ml. The mixture was vortexed until mixed. The recombinant VapC only vaccine was prepared by mixing sterile filtered 1.2 mg/ml0.1 mg/ml of VapC protein in PBS with 10% Carbigen adjuvant of the total volume, and vortexed until it was well mixed so that the final concentration of VapC protein was 1.00.1 mg/ml. Each vaccine suspension was incubated at 4 C. for 0-8 hrs, and pH adjusted to 6.7-7.2 with 10 M NaOH. The pH was measured again 0-16 hrs later before placing the suspension in the needles. To prepare the adult vaccine 1 ml of the suspension was taken up into a 3 ml syringe. To prepare the foal vaccine 250 l of the suspension was taken up into a 1 ml syringe. The syringes were packaged and stored at 4 C. for immediate use.

(128) Screening Horses as Potential Blood Donors for Donating Plasma

(129) Prospective horses underwent a series of exams to determine their qualification as plasma donors. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein on either side of the neck in a furrow or groove coursing longitudinally the length of the ventrolateral portion of the neck. The first series of tests to determine if the horse was suitable for the program was a Blood Typing/Antibody screen. A horse was considered suitable if the blood typing and antibody screen yielded positive results for the blood factors Aa and Ca. The horse was considered an unsuitable donor if the blood typing and antibody screen yielded negative results for the blood factors Aa and Ca. A negative result suggested that the animal had or had developed naturally occurring antibodies to these antigens, which was counterproductive for using this individual as a blood donor.

(130) If the horse passed the first initial tests, the second series of tests verified the immunological status of specific diseases. The tests and test types included: Equine Viral Arteritis tested with Serum Virus Neutralization, Brucellosis tested with Card Test, Equine infectious Anemia tested with Agar Gel Immunodiffusion, Equine Piroplasmosis (Babesia cabilli and Theileria equi) tested with Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Equine Rhinopnuemonitis (EHV1) tested with SVN, Glanders tested with Complement Fixation, and Dourine tested with Complement Fixation. A horse was considered suitable for the program if the immunological tests had the following results: <1:4 for Equine Viral Arteritis, negative for Brucellosis, negative for Equine Infectious Anemia, negative for Equine Piroplasmosis, <1:1024 for Equine Rhinopnuemonitis (EHV1), negative for Glanders, and negative for Dourine. If the horse was found unsuitable based on the immunological results, the horse was disqualified from the program. A suitable donor was considered one that passed both the blood typing/antibody screen and the immunological testing. The horse was then referred to as an Equine Plasma Donor (EPD). An unsuitable donor was a horse that failed either the blood typing/antibody screen or one that passed the blood typing/antibody screen, but failed one or more tests that make up the immunological testing. Horses accepted as blood donors underwent additional immunological testing for specific diseases before the 12-month anniversary of the initial screening date to ensure the immunological status of each donor to be within acceptable limits.

(131) Receipt of Equine Plasma Donors (EPDs) into the Donor Herd, Initializing and Boosting of the EPDs

(132) Each non-vaccinated EPD was tested for immunological titers prior initializing (first vaccine given to an EPD not previously vaccinated for R. equi) with the VapA, VapAVapC, or VapC vaccine. A minimum of 3 ml of blood was collected from the left jugular vein into a vial without anticoagulant for the purpose of immunological screening. The 2011 non-vaccinated EPD was initialized with the VapC vaccine and the 2012 non-vaccinated EPD was initialized with the VapA vaccine. Both were vaccinated via an intramuscular injection of 1 ml in the left neck region. The 2012 EPD vaccinated with VapC in prior year (2011), was initialized with 1 ml dose of VapAVapC, via an intramuscular injection of 1 ml in the left neck region. The date and time of initialization was recorded per EPD. Following initialization, the rectal temperatures of the EPDs were monitored twice daily for a period of three days. A normal rectal temperature was in the range of 99-101.0 F. All the temperature readings were recorded per EPD with the date and time of each examination. Each EPD was tested for immunological titers by taking a blood sample as described previously prior to administering the first boost. The first boost was given to each EPD three weeks from the date of initialization via an intramuscular injection of 1 ml into the right neck region. The date and time of the boost was recorded per EPD. Following the boost, the rectal temperature of the EPD was monitored twice daily for three days, and recorded as before. Each EPD was further tested for immunological titers by taking a blood sample prior to subsequent boosts and received additional boosts of VapC vaccine at 12-week intervals in 2011 using the same concentration (1 mg/ml) via an intramuscular injection rotating injection sites with each procedure. In 2012, each EPD received additional boosts of VapA and VapA VapC vaccine at 8-week intervals. The date and time of each boost was recorded per EPD. The rectal temperature of each EPD was monitored twice daily for a period of three days and recorded following each subsequent boost.

(133) Preparation of Fresh Whole Blood Collection Bags

(134) In a cell culture flow hood a sterile 50 ml top dispenser bottle was placed onto a bottle of citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution with adenine (CPDA) anticoagulant, and attached to a 1 L blood collection bag. A total of 90 ml of CPDA was transferred to the bag and the excess air was removed with a 30 ml syringe. The collection bag was plugged with a female luer plug and stored at 4 C. for no more than 7 days.

(135) Administration of Rhodococcus equi Vaccine to EPDs

(136) In 2011 five donor horses were vaccinated with VapC vaccine to generate R. equi HIP (REHIP) plasma. The 2011 donor horses were boosted with VapC vaccine 3 weeks after the first initial vaccine, and boosted at approximately 12-week intervals thereafter. In 2012 we vaccinated 11 donors with VapAVapC vaccine, of which 10 donors were used for REHIP plasma. Three different donor horses were vaccinated with VapA vaccinate, of which 2 were used for VapA REHIP plasma. The VapA donors were not previously vaccinated with VapC, however the VapAVapC donors were previously vaccinated with VapC in 2011. The 2012 donor horses were boosted with the corresponding vaccine 3 weeks after initial boost, and again 4 weeks later and at 8-week intervals thereafter. Vaccinated donor horses that had a VapA or VapC titer of less than 1/800 were not included to generate plasma. The temperature of each donor was monitored twice a day in the morning and afternoon for 3 days after vaccination.

(137) Identification of Suitable EPDs and Collection of Fresh Whole Blood from EPDs

(138) Fresh whole blood from EPDs was harvested every 28 days but no later than every 30 days. No EPD was bled within 2 weeks of a boost with the VapA, VapC, or VapAVapC vaccine or re-vaccination with routine commercially available products for health purposes. Any donor horses treated with painkillers for regular ailments were taken off the painkillers five days prior to harvesting whole blood. The day before a scheduled collection each EPD was screened by observing the individual for signs of clinical illness and by taking a blood sample. A minimum of 3 ml of blood was collected and assayed to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein (TPP). If the EPD showed any signs of clinical illness, or if the PCV was less than 35%, or if the TPP was less than 6 g/dl, then the EPD was excused as a donor for the scheduled day of collection and subsequently evaluated for reasons that qualified its exclusion from the procedure.

(139) Nine-1 L blood collection bags were allotted per EPD allowing for the harvest of roughly 8 L of whole blood. Each bag was prepared by ensuring the white cap attached to the end of the tubing was removed and kept for future use and a clip or hemostat was placed to clamp the tubing as needed during the blood collection procedure. A vacuum chamber was used to aid in the blood harvesting procedure and was connected to a vacuum pump. The chamber was placed on a 5000-gram scale. With a blood collection bag introduced into the vacuum chamber in preparation for the harvest, the chamber and bag were weighed, with a zeroed scale for purposes of determining the weight of the whole blood being harvested.

(140) Each EPD was placed in a stock or stanchion for purposes of restraint during the procedure. An area over the left jugular vein was clipped and prepped by scrubbing the area with Betadine scrub and rinsing with 70% alcohol. A small bleb of 2% lidocaine was placed subcutaneously using a 21 gauge, linch needle and 3 ml syringe. Using a #15 size surgical blade, a small skin incision was made in the area of the bleb. A 10 gauge, 3-inch intravenous catheter was introduced through the skin incision and placed in the left jugular vein. A 72 blood collection set was secured to the hub of the catheter. While occluding the jugular vein just below the catheter placement, a flow of blood was established by means of gravity to fill the tubing. Once the tubing was charged with fresh whole blood, it was subsequently clamped using a clip or hemostat. The collection tubing was then connected to the tubing of the blood collection bag. The clamps were removed from the collection tubing and the tubing of the bag to allow for the flow of blood into the bag. The scale was monitored to allow for a collection of between 720 and 730 grams of fresh whole blood; the flow was stopped by means of replacing clamps onto the tubing of the collection and the bag. The tubing of the bag was re-capped with the white cap and removed from the vacuum chamber. The bag was placed into a refrigerator (4 C.) or ice chest filled with frozen ice packs. The blood harvesting procedure was repeated until 9-1 L blood collection bags were filled with fresh whole blood. Once the procedure was completed, the intravenous catheter was removed from the left jugular vein of the EPD. A liberal amount of povidone-iodine ointment was placed at the venipuncture site and the site was monitored for signs of hematoma formation or continual bleeding. The EPD was then removed from the stock or stanchion and released into a small paddock area. Each EPD was monitored for a period no less than 2 hours and maintained in this area for no less than 18 hours after completion of the procedure. The blood collection bags were transported to the laboratory for further processing.

(141) Processing Fresh Whole Blood from EPD

(142) Each blood collection bag containing the fresh whole blood was prepared for centrifugation by sealing one line of the bag with a tube sealer and by taping the other line of the bag with the capped needle to the bag itself. Each blood collection bag was weighed and its weight recorded. The bags were paired according to weight and placed in a refrigerated centrifuge in opposing compartments and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 5,000 G at 4 C., to separate plasma from the cellular portion of the blood. Following centrifugation each blood collection bag was suspended from the prongs of the plasma expressor. Each blood collection bag was expressed individually into a 10 L transfer bag by means of a transfer tube. Hemostats were used to occlude the transfer tube when switching out the blood collection bags during the transfer procedure. During the transfer the 10 L transfer bag was sustained at 4 C. by means of ice packs. Once the 10 L transfer bag was charged with plasma from fresh whole blood collection from the different EPDs, the plasma was dispensed into custom product bags in aliquots of 1 L, based on weight (i.e., 1,000 g is equivalent to 1 L). The plasma was dispensed by means of a dispensing tube that connected the 10 L transfer bag to each custom product bag. Hemostats were used to occlude the dispensing tube when switching out the custom product bags during the dispensing procedure. Each custom product bag filled with plasma was purged of excess air, weighed to confirm volume by weight, and sealed with a tube sealer. The custom bag was labeled with lot number, expiration date, and stored on a flat surface at 20 C.

(143) Source and Description of USDA Licensed Commercial Plasma Products

(144) At the time of this study, three USDA Licensed commercially available R. equi specific plasma products were available for purchase.

(145) Commercial Plasma 1 is the EQUIPLAS Equine IgG-Rhodococcus Equi Antibody, Equine Origin product purchased from Plasvacc (Templeton, Calif.). The serial number used for testing was 33008686 with an expiration date of 16 Mar. 2012. This product claims that it is for use in horses and that it can be administered to foals for the treatment of failure of passive transfer (FPT) and/or as an aid in the management and control of respiratory disease associated with Rhodococcus equi. This product is licensed under US Vet Lic No 360.

(146) Commercial Plasma 2 is the ReSolution Rhodococcus Equi Antibody, Equine Origin product purchased from MG Biologics (Ames, Iowa). The serial number used for testing was SL3000-057-10 with an expiration date of 26 Feb. 2013. This product claims that it is intended for use as an aid in the control of foal pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi by reducing disease severity. This product is licensed under US Vet Lic No 614.

(147) Commercial Plasma 3 is the Rhodococcus Equi Antibody, Equine Origin PNEUMOMUNE-RE product purchased from Lake Immunogenics, Inc. (Ontario, N.Y.). The serial number used for testing was REN050809 with an expiration date of May 8, 2012. This product claims that it is for intravenous use in the horse as an aid in the control of disease caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in the neonate. This product is licensed under US Vet Lic No 318.

(148) Administration of Commercial Plasma or Rhodococcus equi Hyperimmune Plasma to Foals

(149) Foals were positioned in right lateral recumbency and ophthalmic ointment was placed into each eye. The left jugular vein was clipped and prepped by cleansing the area with betadine scrub and rinsing with 70% alcohol. A small amount (<1 ml) of 2% lidocaine was placed subcutaneously in the area of the intravenous catheter placement using a 21-gauge needle and 3 cc syringe. Each of the 30 2010 foals received 1 L of commercial plasma 1, a USDA licensed plasma hyperimmunized for R. equi, 24 hours after birth and 21 days after birth. The commercial plasma was administered intravenously (IV) via the jugular at a slow rate over a period of approximately 30-45 minutes. A 16 gauge, 2-inch catheter was placed in the left jugular vein using strict aseptic technique in each of the 2011 and 2012 foals. A 6 ml syringe was attached to the catheter and a small blood sample was taken to assay the IgG level prior to REHIP administration. Each of the 30 2011 and 31 2012 foals received 1 L of REHIP 24 hours after birth. The REHIP was administered (IV) via the jugular vein at a slow rate over a period of 30-45 minutes. All foals were monitored for side effects associated with rapid plasma administration such as trembling, increased heart rate, increased respiration rate, increased capillary refill time and change in mucous membrane color from pink to pale pink or gray. If any of the side effects were noted, the flow of plasma was slowed or halted until the side effects abated. After plasma administration was complete, the IV catheter was removed and the jugular venipuncture site was treated with povidone-iodine ointment. The site was monitored for any potential formation of a hematoma or continued bleeding from the site. The foal was monitored for 5-10 minutes following plasma administration for any other clinical signs or side effects.

(150) Administration of Rhodococcus Equi Vaccine to Pregnant Mares and Foals

(151) 2012 Mares and Foals: Vaccinated with VapAVapC, VapA, or VapC Vaccine

(152) In 2012, 31 mares were vaccinated with VapAVapC, VapA, or VapC vaccine. Ten pregnant mares were immunized with three 1 ml doses of VapAVapC vaccine. The initial VapAVapC vaccine dose was administered at 7-9 months of pregnancy based on the last breeding date of the mare. The first boost was administered 2 weeks from the initial vaccination. The second boost was administered within 1 month of the projected foaling date based on the last breeding date of the mare. Two of the 2012 mares vaccinated with the VapAVapC vaccine had an additional boost within 2 months of the projected foaling, and their scheduled boost within 1 month of the projected foaling with the VapAVapC vaccine, for a total of four 1 ml doses. Eleven 2012 pregnant mares were immunized with three 1 ml doses of VapA vaccine. The initial VapA vaccine dose was administered at 7-9 months of pregnancy based on the last breeding date of the mare. The first boost was administered 2 weeks from the initial vaccination. The second boost was administered within 1 month of the projected foaling date based on the last breeding date of the mare. Eight 2012 pregnant mares were immunized with three 1 ml doses of VapC vaccine. The initial VapC vaccine dose was administered at 7-9 months of pregnancy based on the last breeding date of the mare. The first boost was administered 2 weeks from the initial vaccination. The second boost was administered within 1 month of the projected foaling date based on the last breeding date of the mare. Two 2012 pregnant mares were boosted within 2 months of the projected foaling and their scheduled boost within 1 month of the projected foaling with the VapC vaccine, for a total of four 1 ml doses.

(153) The side of the neck of each mare was swabbed with 70% alcohol and the vaccine was administered in the muscle of the neck using a 21 gauge by 1-inch needle attached to a 3 ml syringe housing the vaccine. All vaccines were administered aseptically. Following each vaccine administration, the mare was monitored for any clinical signs of local pain, heat or swelling at the injection site as well as any other systemic signs of clinical illness such as fever, lethargy or anorexia.

(154) The 31 foals from the 2012 mares were immunized with four 250 microliter doses of vaccine. Of the 2012 foals, 10 foals from the 10 mares vaccinated with VapAVapC were vaccinated with VapAVapC, 10 foals from the 10 mares vaccinated with VapC were vaccinated with VapC, and 11 foals from the 11 mares vaccinated with VapA were vaccinated with VapA vaccine. The initial vaccine was administered at 6 weeks from the date of birth (DOB). The first, second and third boosts were administered 8, 12, and 16 weeks from DOB. The region of the thigh below the brim of the pelvis of each foal was swabbed with 70% alcohol and the vaccine was administered in the muscle of the thigh using a 21 gauge by 1-inch needle attached to a 1 ml tuberculin syringe housing the vaccine. All vaccines were administered aseptically. Following each vaccine administration, the foal was monitored for any clinical signs of local pain, heat or swelling at the injection site as well as any other systemic signs of clinical illness such as fever, lethargy or anorexia. All foals had their temperature checked in the morning and in the afternoon every day. The 2012 foals that were vaccinated with VapA were administered VapA plasma from the 2012 donors, foals that were vaccinated with VapAVapC were administered VapA VapC plasma from the 2012 donors, and foals that were vaccinated with only VapC vaccine were administered with VapC plasma from the 2011 donors 24 hours after birth.

(155) 2011 Mares and Foals: Vaccinated with VapC Vaccine

(156) In 2011, 30 pregnant mares were immunized with three 1 ml doses of VapC vaccine using the same administration technique as described for the 2012 mares. The initial vaccine dose was administered at 7-9 months of pregnancy based on the last breeding date of the mare. The first boost was administered 2 weeks from the initial vaccination. The second boost was administered within 1 month of the projected foaling date based on the last breeding date of the mare. The side of the neck of each mare was swabbed with 70% alcohol and the vaccine was administered in the muscle of the neck using a 21 gauge by 1-inch needle attached to a 3 ml syringe housing the vaccine. All vaccines were administered aseptically. Following each vaccine administration, the mare was monitored for any clinical signs of local pain, heat or swelling at the injection site as well as any other systemic signs of clinical illness such as fever, lethargy or anorexia.

(157) In 2011, 30 foals were vaccinated with the VapC vaccine. The foals were divided into three groups: Group 1 with 18 foals were vaccinated at approximately 2, 6, 10, and 14 weeks after DOB; Group 2 with 2 foals, were vaccinated at approximately 4, 7, 11 and 15 weeks after DOB; and Group 3 with 10 foals, were vaccinated at approximately 4, 6, 10, and 14 weeks after DOB. The region of the thigh below the brim of the pelvis of each foal was swabbed with 70% alcohol and the vaccine was administered in the muscle of the thigh using a 21 gauge by 1-inch needle attached to a 1 ml tuberculin syringe housing the vaccine. All vaccines were administered aseptically. Following each vaccine administration, the foal was monitored for any clinical signs of local pain, heat or swelling at the injection site as well as any other systemic signs of clinical illness such as fever, lethargy or anorexia. All foals had their temperature checked in the morning and in the afternoon every day. All foals were administered REHIP plasma from the 2011 donors vaccinated with the VapC, 24 hours after birth.

(158) Presumed Rhodococcus equi Foals

(159) Foals were presumed to be R. equi positive if they displayed the following signs: non-productive coughs, fever (temperature persistently >101.5 C.), nasal discharge, and multiple, large persistent abscesses in their lungs determined by ultrasound evaluation. These presumed R. equi positive foals remained symptomatic for long periods and were relatively non responsive to treatment with antibiotics such as Naxcel, Clarithromycin and Rifampin. A fecal sample from the single 2012 foal exhibiting these clinical signs was tested by Idexx Laboratory Services and reported to be positive for R. equi.

(160) Presumed Streptococcus zooepidemicus Foals

(161) Foals were presumed to be S. zooepidemicus positive if they displayed the following signs: mild and transient productive cough, nasal discharge, and either a normal temperature or fever (temperature >101.5 C.). Presumed S. zooepidemicus positive foals responded rapidly to Naxcel antibiotic treatment and did not require treatment with much stronger antibiotics such as Clarithromycin and Rifampin used to treat presumed R. equi positive foals.

(162) VapC Peptide Design and Synthesis

(163) Epitope Mapping of the VapC Protein of R. equi

(164) The protein accession numbers were determined by using the National Center for Biotechnology database. The VapC accession number used was NP 066767. Protein Sequence Mark-up Tool was used to help design the conjugated peptide sequences. All peptides were 15 amino acids long and overlapped by 4 amino acids. Sixteen VapC peptides were designed: VapC-01SEQ ID No. 32, VapC-02SEQ ID No. 33, VapC-03SEQ ID No. 34, VapC-04SEQ ID No. 35, VapC-05SEQ ID No. 36, VapC-06SEQ ID No. 37, VapC-07SEQ ID No. 38, VapC-08SEQ ID No. 39, VapC-09SEQ ID No. 40, VapC-10SEQ ID No. 41, VapC-11SEQ ID No. 42, VapC-12SEQ ID No. 43, VapC-13SEQ ID No. 44 VapC-14SEQ ID No. 45, VapC-15SEQ ID No. 46, and VapC-16SEQ ID No. 47.

(165) TABLE-US-00011 VapC-01SEQIDNo.32: MFRVGRPSKSIAVVAC VapC-02SEQIDNo.33: AVVASVLCFLALGGTK VapC-03SEQIDNo.34: LGGTARANVVAPSAWK VapC-04SEQIDNo.35: CPSAWGGAQSAADKEG VapC-05SEQIDNo.36: DKEGEGVTLGGVGVLC VapC-06SEQIDNo.37: VGVLRPHNKDADEQYC VapC-07SEQIDNo.38: DEQYTVHGVVVSALFK VapC-08SEQIDNo.39: SALFYNHLRISVDGGK VapC-09SEQIDNo.40: KVDGGMTFDGDGGGLS VapC-10SEQIDNo.41: GGLSTPGGGALWGTLK VapC-11SEQIDNo.42: WGTLTTSDLQQLYDEK VapC-12SEQIDNo.43: KLYDETASFECNAVGP VapC-13SEQIDNo.44: KAVGPYLNINFYDSYG VapC-14SEQIDNo.45: DSYGRILASVQAGGVK VapC-15SEQIDNo.46: KAGGVSTMIGIGGGNG VapC-16SEQIDNo.47: KTMIGIGGGNGRWHLV
Synthetic Peptide Synthesis

(166) A one-hour coupling time was used for the coupling of amino acids. The peptides marked as Ac-capped received an additional coupling step with Acetic Anhydride. The peptide sequence was removed from the resin by using standard cleavage protocols. To pass QC standards HPLC and Mass Spec standards were followed, all peptides must have a percent purity determined by HPLC to be greater than or equal to 40%.

(167) Cleavage Protocol

(168) A cleavage cocktail was prepared to remove the peptide sequence from the resin. The cocktail consisted of 88% TFA (Trifluoroacetic Acid), 5% Phenol, Liquified, 5% MQ Water and 2% Tris (Triisopropylsilane). 1 ml of cocktail was dispensed per peptide. The cocktail and resin mixed for 2.5-3 hours. The mixture was drained into 4 ml vials and the resin was rinsed with 0.5 ml of the cocktail. The content of each vial was transferred to a pre-labeled conical with 10 mL of chilled Diethyl Ether to begin the precipitation process. Each conical was spun in a centrifuge at 1400 RPM for 4 minutes. Once completed, the supernatant was poured off and 7 mL of Ether was added. The conical was mixed by hand to break up the remaining pellet and spun down for another 4 minutes. Pouring off the supernatant and mixing to break up the pellet was repeated one more time. After the final spin, the supernatant was poured out and the remaining pellet was allowed to air out and dry overnight in a flow hood, covered with a large Kim Wipe.

(169) Dissolution

(170) After the overnight in the flow hood the cleaved peptides were removed from the hood and all pellets were crushed into fine powder. 7 mL of MQ water was added to each peptide, capped and mixed on an orbital shaker for 35 minutes at 400 RPM. Ammonium Hydroxide was added to any peptide that was insoluble in water. The dissolved peptide was then transferred to the pre-labeled scintillation vial. HPLC and Mass Spec analysis samples were made. All vials were capped and freeze dried in liquid nitrogen. When frozen, the vials were removed and un-capped and placed in a lyophilizer jar. The jar was placed on a lyophilizer and ran for 2 days at 80 C. under vacuum.

(171) HPLC Analysis

(172) HPLC samples were made by using the dissolved peptide from the dissolution step. 250 L of dissolved sample was aliquoted to a pre-labeled HPLC vial. 500 L of MQ water was aliquoted to dilute the sample. The HPLC vial was capped and placed in the HPLC machine. The sample ran for 12 minutes over the HPLC column on a gradient. The gradient started at 0% Acetonitrile (w/0.1% TFA) and 100% MQ water (w/0.1% TFA). The run finished at 50% Acetonitrile and 50% MQ water. A final wash of 100% Acetonitrile was performed to flush the column. The results were analyzed when completed. The main peak should comprise over 40% of the overall run. The second largest peak should be less than half of the main peak (i.e. if main peak was 42%, the second largest peak should be less than 21%). If the sequence contained either a W or a Y, the UV spectrum was checked for presence of the correct wavelength.

(173) Mass Spec Analysis

(174) The Mass Spec samples were made by using the dissolved peptides from the dissolution step. The matrix comprised a-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid dissolved in a solvent of 70% Acetonitrile (w/0.1% TFA) and 30% MQ Water (w/0.1% TFA). The ratio was 10 mg per 1 mL. 0.5 l of the matrix was aliquoted into a clean Mass Spec plate for each sample. 0.5 l of the dissolved peptide was aliquoted onto the matrix. The plate was loaded onto the Mass Spec and the sample was aligned with the laser and shoot sample. The results were analyzed when completed. For the sample to pass the molecular weight of the peptide, the shot should have fallen within the range of 10 up to +50 of the calculated MW. The largest peak was within the passing range. Other peaks were smaller than the correct peak.

(175) When the peptide was removed from the lyophilizer and capped, a re-run of the samples that required additional HPLC or Mass Spec analysis was performed. If the peptide passed HPLC and Mass Spec, the peptide was used in the ELISA test.

(176) ELISA Assay to Measure VapA, -C, -D, -E and or -G Antibody Titers in Test Bleed and Plasma Samples

(177) VapA and -C titers from test bleed and plasma samples were measured using ELISA assays with synthetically derived VapA and VapC peptides as well as a GST-tagged VapA (SEQ ID No. 19), GST-tagged VapC (SEQ ID No. 21), GST-tagged VapD (SEQ ID No. 29), GST-tagged VapE (SEQ ID No. 30), or GST-tagged VapG (SEQ ID No. 31) antigen to eliminate non-target cross-reactions for the recombinant proteins. The plates were coated with either the peptide of interest or the recombinant proteins. Each plate was diluted in a TRIS based solution, the overall concentration yields 50 ng of protein per coated well. Each coated plate was incubated overnight at 4 C. and blocked the following day w/ELISA Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Samples were tested by combining samples with ELISA BSA in dilution plates such that the following serial dilutions were made: 1/20, 1/80, 1/320, 1/1280, 1/5120, 1/20480. The diluted sample was transferred to the corresponding ELISA plate and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The solution was discarded and the plate was washed with PBS/Tween-20. The secondary antibody solution (goat anti-horse IgG-AP/BSA) was added to each ELISA plate well and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The solution was discarded and the plate was washed with PBS/Tween-20. The PNPP substrate solution was added and the plate was incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. The absorbance was read on an ELISA reader and titers were recorded at an absorbance of 0.500 (rounding up to the nearest ones).

(178) VapA and VapC Protein Percent Identities

(179) The percent identities between each protein sequence were found by using NCBI BLAST sequence comparison tools. Each protein accession number was aligned with the correct protein sequence to get the percent identities of each. The accession numbers for each Vap was: VapA-NP_066765, VapB-YP_002149601, VapC-NP_066767, VapK2-YP_002149598, Vapk1-YP_002149595, VapM-YP_002149599, VapL-YP_002149597, VapJ-YP_002149592, VapX-RLYDETGPFDFNAAGLFMNV DHFGYRA.

(180) Ultrasound Procedure for Detection of Lung Abscesses in Foals

(181) Thoracic ultrasound examinations were performed on foals using a MicroMaxx Ultrasound System (Sonosite, Inc.). Examinations of the left and right thoraxes were performed using a 5 MHz linear ultrasound probe. Findings were scored for the caudodorsal and cranioventral quadrants on both sides, and any significant pathology, such as abscesses, were identified, measured and images saved. Two-second video clips were retained for each scored quadrant.

(182) Results and Discussion:

(183) Average Mare Titers

(184) The antibody titer levels of VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G, were measured from the 2012 mares vaccinated with recombinant VapC only, recombinant VapA only, or the recombinant VapA VapC combination (Table 3). Mare test bleed samples from pre- and post-vaccinations were measured using ELISA and tested against the VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G recombinant proteins. The averaged antibody titer levels show that mares vaccinated with VapA only have higher VapA titers at 14-days post-vaccination (11,535) and at post-foaling (19,304), in comparison to VapC titer at 14-days post vaccination (104) and at post-foaling (241). VapA only vaccinated mares have higher titers against VapA, -E, -D, and -G for both 14-days post vaccination and post-foaling, than VapC only vaccinated mares. Although VapC only vaccinated mares have low titers against VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G, they have higher VapC titers than VapA only vaccinated mares. Mares vaccinated with the combination vaccine show higher VapC titer levels at 14-days post vaccine (4097), than VapA titer levels at 14-days post vaccine (2982). However, the opposite is observed for titer levels of VapC and VapA at post-foaling. The VapA titer levels at post-foaling (5998) are higher than that of VapC at post-foaling (2617). VapA VapC vaccinated mares have elevated titers in comparison to pre-vaccinated titers for all the Vap proteins, not observed in VapA or VapC only vaccinated mares. Mares vaccinated with VapA, VapC, or VapAVapC combination vaccine clearly show elevated titer levels against their respective proteins and VapD, -E, and -G recombinant proteins after vaccination and at post-foaling. Additionally, VapC only vaccinated mares show relatively high post-foaling titer against VapA in comparison to VapA only against VapC. VapA only vaccinated mares show higher titers against VapD, -E, -G than VapC only vaccinated mares. This data shows that foals are receiving high antibody titers against all the Vap proteins when they are born from a mare vaccinated with VapA VapC.

(185) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 3 Comparison of average Vap protein antibody titers in serum collected from VapA, VapC, and VapA/VapC immunized mares: VapA VapC VapD VapE VapG Titer Titer Titer Titer Titer VapA Immunized Mares: Pre-vaccination 69 59 30 88 35 14 days post-initial 11535 104 2713 1807 1124 vaccination Within 24 hours of foaling 19304 241 15564 3538 4402 VapC Immunized Mares: Pre-vaccination 44 224 34 93 60 14 days post-initial 991 5026 422 1044 426 vaccination Within 24 hours of foaling 1764 5692 1110 808 2422 VapA/VapC Immunized Mares: Pre-vaccination 101 125 120 152 97 14 days post-initial 2982 4097 4330 15171 3957 vaccination Within 24 hours of foaling 5998 2617 5048 6332 5939 Results are expressed as average ELISA titers from 3 different VapA immunized mares, 3 different VapC immunized mares and 3 different VapA/VapC immunized mares.
Donor/Plasma Average Titers

(186) The average antibody titers for the VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G were also measured for donor horses vaccinated with the recombinant VapC vaccine in 2011, and for the 2012 donor horses vaccinated with recombinant VapA, or the VapA VapC combination vaccine (Table 4). Donor test bleed samples from pre- and post-vaccination were tested using an ELISA and tested against the VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G recombinant proteins. Across all donor groups vaccinated there is a significant increase in titer levels compared to pre-vaccination titer levels. Donors vaccinated with the VapA VapC and VapC vaccine show high levels for all the Vap proteins in comparison to VapA vaccinated donors. In addition, the VapAVapC vaccinated donors show higher VapA titer levels in comparison to VapC titer levels for post-vaccination titers. Donors vaccinated with VapC show elevated titers against VapA and VapC recombinant protein, while VapA only donors show elevated levels for VapA and not for VapC. Donors vaccinated with VapAVapC show higher titers against VapD, -E, and -G than only VapA or VapC vaccinated donors. Therefore, vaccinating with VapAVapC provides the most protection against all Vap proteins compared to vaccinating with VapA alone or VapC alone.

(187) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 4 Comparison of average Vap protein antibody titers in serum collected from representative VapA, VapC, and VapA/VapC immunized plasma donor horses: VapA VapC VapD VapE VapG Titer Titer Titer Titer Titer VapA Immunized Donors: Pre-vaccination 103 179 19 74 101 Post-vaccination* 13914 924 5820 2654 2338 VapC Immunized Donors: Pre-vaccination 102 115 123 212 61 56 days post-vaccination 2407 3706 2020 3611 7324 VapA/VapC Immunized Donors: Pre-vaccination 74 69 74 145 70 14 days post-vaccination 10451 2819 4032 4332 5291 Results are expressed as average ELISA titers from 3 different donor horses immunized with VapA, 5 different donor horses immunized with VapC, and 11 different donor horses immunized with VapA/VapC. *ELISA titers are averaged from serum collected 63 days post-vaccination for 2 different donor horses and 105 days post-vaccination for 1 donor horse immunized with VapA.

(188) Plasma samples collected from VapA, VapC, and VapAVapC vaccinated donors were also tested using an ELISA for VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G titer levels (Table 5). All samples from the vaccinated donors show an increase in ELISA antibody titers against their respective recombinant proteins. Plasma from donor horses vaccinated with VapA had the highest Vap protein titer concentrations of VapA, -D, -E, and -G, in comparison to VapAVapC and VapC only vaccinated donors. Although plasma from VapA donors had the highest titers for VapA, -D, -E, and -G, plasma from VapAVapC vaccinated donors had high titers against all the Vap proteins. Plasma from VapC only vaccinated donors had the lowest titers against VapA, -D, and -E. Therefore plasma from VapAVapC vaccinated donors has protection against all Vap proteins.

(189) Table 5

(190) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 5 Comparison of Vap protein antibody titers in pooled R. equi hyperimmune plasma collected from VapA, VapC, and VapA/VapC immunized plasma donor horses: VapC VapD VapA Titer Titer Titer VapE Titer VapG Titer VapA Plasma 20480 3120 9147 13276 11418 VapC Plasma 3541 7612 2212 5771 3340 VapA/VapC 17000 4758 5397 8798 3117 Plasma Results are expressed as ELISA titers from plasma from 1 donor horse immunized with VapA, plasma pooled from 5 different donor horses immunized with VapC, and plasma pooled from 9 different donor horses immunized with VapA/VapC.

(191) Three different USDA licensed commercial plasmas: 1, 2, and 3 that are hyperimmunized for R. equi, were tested through an ELISA using the same antibodies used to measure the Vap antibody titer levels in the VapA, VapC, or VapAVapC vaccinated mare and donor test bleed samples (Table 6). Commercial plasma 3 had the lowest Vap antibody concentrations, ranging from 88-1565, with VapC at a low titer of 88. Commercial plasma 1 and 2 had the lowest antibody titer concentrations of VapC titers of all the Vap protein antibody titers. Surprisingly, commercial plasma 3 had low titers across the board of all the Vap proteins in comparison to commercial plasma 1 and 2, with slightly elevated titer levels for VapA and VapD only. Commercial plasma 1 and 2 samples show elevated ELISA antibody titers against VapA, -D, -E, and -G. VapD had the highest measured Vap titer of all Vap antibodies in all three commercial samples. In comparison to USDA licensed commercially available plasma, plasma collected from the VapA, VapC, or VapAVapC vaccinated donors had strong antibody titers. In particular, VapC titers were much higher in VapA, VapC and VapAVapC plasma than those observed in USDA licensed commercial plasma.

(192) TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 6 Comparison of average Vap protein antibody titers in USDA licensed commercial plasma from R. equi immunized plasma donor horses: VapA VapC VapE VapG Titer Titer* VapD Titer Titer Titer Commercial Plasma 1 8706 329 10256 9242 4810 Commercial Plasma 2 9720 374 10922 5585 5847 Commercial Plasma 3 1565 88 1019 448 353 Results are expressed as ELISA titers from R. equi hyperimmune plasma purchased from three different suppliers. *Note the low VapC Titers in USDA licensed commercial plasma (Table 5) compared to the VapC Titers in plasma from VapA, VapC, and VapA/VapC immunized donor horses (Table 4).
2011 Foal Average Titers

(193) The 2011 foals were orally administered hyper-immunized colostrum raised against VapC recombinant protein and IV administered 1 L of REHIP at 1 day after birth (Table 7). In addition, 2011 foals were vaccinated with VapC recombinant protein four times. The 2011 foals were divided into three groups that received their initial vaccination at approximately 15, approximately 20, or at 30 days post DOB. Test bleed samples from the 2011 foals vaccinated with VapC were used to measure titer levels of VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G (Table 8). The average titer concentration of VapA, VapD and VapG at the points 0, 2, 90, and 180 days shows a steady increase at 90 days, and a slow decrease over time through 180 days. The VapE titers for the three groups show a slow steady drop in titer concentration from the initial vaccination. The average titer concentration of VapC shows a high concentration at birth and at 2 days after birth, with an exponential decrease in titer concentration as the foals reach 200 days. The three groups vaccinated at approximately 15, 20, or 30 days after birth all have very high VapC titer concentrations after birth.

(194) TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 7 Comparison of individual VapC antibody titers in serum collected pre- and post-plasma administration from 2011 foals (0-2 days old) born to VapC immunized mares: Pre-Plasma* Post-Plasma** Foal ID VapC Titer VapC Titer Foals who received colostrum E-1101 19229 19477 from their VapC immunized E-1102 837 3012 dams and plasma from VapC E-1103 1111 376 immunized donors E-1104 364 464 E-1105 754 817 E-1106 1991 1715 E-1107 2551 2095 E-1108 3110 2593 E-1109 3500 3448 E-1110 4536 3499 E-1111 439 631 E-1112 1780 1902 E-1113 2664 2367 E-1114 142 361 E-1115 7392 6528 E-1116 1959 1567 E-1117 5250 4509 E-1118 16002 8417 E-1119 20480 15012 E-1120 11837 7709 E-1121 4486 1754 E-1122 11501 12123 E-1123 5622 6356 E-1124 1485 2173 E-1125 1682 1582 E-1126 8524 9657 E-1127 5128 5679 E-1128 2833 3560 E-1129 2515 2856 E-1130 2819 2170 Results are expressed as ELISA titers. *Pre-plasma serum was collected within 24 hours of foaling after foals had received colostrum from their dams, but prior to receiving plasma. **Post-plasma serum was collected approximately 24 hours after receiving plasma.

(195) TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 8 Comparison of average Vap protein antibody titers in serum collected from 2011 VapC immunized foals (0-180 days old) born to VapC immunized mares: Average Age (days) VapA Titer VapC Titer VapD Titer VapE Titer VapG Titer Foals who received 0* 111 6240 1211 1273 1154 colostrum from their 2** 72 5547 1137 947 851 VapC immunized 15*** 4411 dams, plasma from 30 2095 VapC immunized 45 1111 donors, and VapC 60 691 vaccine at 75 448 approximately 2, 6, 10, 90 417 526 852 610 1419 and 14 weeks old 105 373 (Group 1) 120 381 135 256 150 140 165 96 180 56 63 170 104 223 Foals who received 0* 23 1110 223 439 230 colostrum from their 2** 12 1267 221 430 222 VapC immunized 30 604 dams, plasma from 45 377 VapC immunized 60 121 donors, and VapC 75 115 vaccine at 90 514 157 365 353 243 approximately 3, 7, 11 105 109 and 15 weeks old 120 201 (Group 2) 135 153 150 95 165 48 180 54 30 66 87 52 Foals who received 0* 37 3798 350 578 299 colostrum from their 2** 41 1876 495 824 374 VapC immunized 30 712 dams, plasma from 45 495 VapC immunized 60 491 donors, and VapC 75 297 vaccine at 90 648 238 732 305 441 approximately 4, 6, 10, 105 131 and 14 weeks old 120 150 (Group 3) 135 250 150 455 165 254 180 164 161 415 234 1095 Results are expressed as average ELISA titers. VapC titers are averaged from 18 foals in Group 1, 2 foals in Group 2 and 10 foals in Group 3. VapA, VapD, VapE and VapG titers are averaged from 3 foals in Group 1, 2 foals in Group 2 and 3 foals in Group 3. A dash () indicates that the sample was not tested. *Pre-plasma serum was collected within 24 hours of foaling after foals received colostrum from their dams, but prior to receiving plasma. **Post-plasma serum was collected approximately 24 hours after receiving plasma. Individual titers in serum collected pre- and post-plasma are represented in Table 7. ***No sample was taken at 15 days for Groups 2 and 3.
2012 Foal Average Titers

(196) The 2012 foals were orally administered hyper-immunized colostrum raised against VapA, VapC or VapAVapC recombinant protein and IV administered 1 L of REHIP at 1 day after birth (Table 9). In addition, 2012 foals were vaccinated with VapA, VapC, or VapAVapC recombinant protein four times, at 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. Test bleed samples from vaccinated 2012 foals were tested with an ELISA to measure the antibody titers of VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G against their respective recombinant proteins (Table 10). The 2012 foal test bleed samples post-hyper-immunized orally administered colostrum (day 0 test bleed) and post-REHIP (day 2 test bleed) show elevated ELISA antibody titers against their respective recombinant proteins, with post-plasma titers only slightly higher.

(197) Foals that received VapA only colostrum and plasma show the highest ELISA antibody titers against VapD, -E, and -G, in comparison to foals that received VapC, or VapAVapC colostrum and plasma, but do not have elevated titers against VapC. Foals that received VapC only colostrum and plasma show elevated titers against VapA and VapC recombinant protein. Foals that received VapAVapC colostrum and REHIP show similar high ELISA antibody titers against VapA, -C, -D, -E, and -G. Additionally, ELISA antibody titers drop slowly over the course of 24 weeks for VapA, VapC or VapAVapC recombinant protein vaccinations. VapA only immunized foals show a spike in VapA protein titer after their third vaccination. VapC only immunized foals show a spike in VapA protein titer after their third vaccination. VapAVapC immunized foals show a spike in antibody titer after the fourth vaccination.

(198) TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 9 Comparison of individual VapA and VapC antibody titers in serum collected pre- and post-plasma administration from 2012 foals (0-2 days old) born to VapA, VapC, and VapA/VapC immunized mares: Post- Post- Pre-Plasma* Plasma** Pre-Plasma* Plasma** Foal ID VapA Titer VapA Titer VapC Titer VapC Titer Foals who received colostrum E-1202 4819 7795 729 725 from their VapA immunized E-1204 434 5394 0 56 dams and plasma from VapA E-1211 6676 9744 95 124 immunized donors E-1215 4605 6560 135 114 E-1217 4674 6162 313 215 E-1218 3512 4090 103 253 E-1220 5587 4563 119 88 E-1221 20510 19992 192 803 E-1222 21690 20490 125 108 E-1223 23719 20497 87 79 E-1224 26265 39875 179 1193 Foals who received colostrum E-1203 696 1475 2370 3487 from their VapC immunized E-1205 1068 1674 907 1850 dams and plasma from VapC E-1209 2261 1621 4681 3465 immunized donors E-1210 492 939 1533 2126 E-1212 1161 2508 3554 5956 E-1214 1132 2918 2524 3704 E-1225 704 1791 12939 14776 E-1226 5415 4340 5188 5042 E-1229 882 2931 2963 9901 E-1231 3136 2781 8054 8245 Foals who received colostrum E-1201 2840 4696 571 1265 from their VapA/VapC E-1206 2625 3255 2338 2274 immunized dams and plasma E-1207 5250 3932 4038 2570 from VapA/VapC immunized E-1208 4921 4260 2196 1964 donors E-1213 592 322 1490 1664 E-1219 5316 4442 1377 1015 E-1227 5441 5277 3462 4448 E-1228 7054 11479 11514 13423 E-1230 23591 20956 26561 24026 E-1232 12689 13062 4345 5502 Results are expressed as ELISA titers. *Pre-plasma serum was collected within 24 hours of foaling after foals had received colostrum from their dams, but prior to receiving plasma. **Post-plasma serum was collected approximately 24 hours after receiving plasma.

(199) TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 10 Comparison of average Vap protein antibody titers in serum collected from 2012 VapA, VapC, and VapA/C immunized foals (0-168 days old) born to VapA, VapC, and VapA/VapC immunized mares, respectively: Age (days) VapA Titer VapC Titer VapD Titer VapE Titer VapG Titer Foals who received 0* 11136 189 384 763 474 colostrum from their 2** 13197 342 2922 2478 4132 VapA immunized dams, 42 5713 119 plasma from VapA 56 5019 113 immunized donors, and 70 2970 288 VapA vaccine at 6, 8, 12 84 3079 243 702 488 770 and 16 weeks old 98 3086 420 (Group 4) 112 2125 275 126 2808 428 140 2507 278 154 1486 196 168 1118 144 162 102 159 Foals who received 0* 1695 4471 702 1010 1052 colostrum from their 2** 2298 5855 1064 1748 1333 VapC immunized dams, 42 1352 2013 plasma from VapC 56 1433 1229 immunized donors, and 70 1141 915 VapC vaccine at 6, 8, 12 84 1049 696 258 308 381 and 16 weeks old 98 1338 1185 (Group 5) 112 1069 944 126 1209 1859 140 938 1254 154 715 849 168 460 567 83 112 80 Foals who received 0* 7032 5789 1777 2593 2421 colostrum from their 2** 7168 5815 1758 2162 2519 VapA/VapC immunized 42 2542 1232 dams, plasma from 56 1678 908 VapA/VapC immunized 70 1324 753 donors, and VapA/VapC 84 935 532 313 386 232 vaccine at 6, 8, 12 and 16 98 865 745 weeks old 112 702 504 (Group 6) 126 1465 1086 140 1088 669 154 814 490 168 644 381 189 130 226 Results are expressed as average ELISA titers. VapA and VapC titers are averaged from 11 foals in Group 4, 10 foals in Group 5 and 10 foals in Group 6. VapD, VapE and VapG titers are averaged from 2 different foals in Group 4, 4 different foals in Group 5, and 4 different foals in Group 6. A dash () indicates that the sample was not tested. *Pre-plasma serum was collected within 24 hours of foaling after foals received colostrum from their dams, but prior to receiving plasma. **Post-plasma serum was collected approximately 24 hours after receiving plasma. Individual titers in serum collected pre- and post-plasma are represented in Table 9.
Foal Clinical Data

(200) The 2010 foals were not orally administered hyper-immunized colostrum but were IV administered 1 L hyper-immunized plasma from commercial plasma 1 at 1 day old and again at 21 days of age. The 30 non-vaccinated 2010 foals that received commercial plasma were observed for clinical signs for 200 days (Table 11). Only 7 foals were presumed healthy out of the 30 (23%) observed foals. Thirteen of the non-vaccinated foals were presumed to be R. equi positive, and 10 were presumed to be R. equi and S. zooepidemicus positive, in which the diagnoses were based on how well the foals responded to antibiotic treatment. The 2010 sick foals were observed longer than 200 days. Out of the 23 foals presumed to be R. equi positive one foal died due to an R. equi infection. The high number of presumed R. equi positive foals suggests VapA commercial plasma, USDA approved for protection of R. equi infection in foals, is not enough to fully protect foals from an R. equi infection. The 30 foals vaccinated with recombinant VapC in 2011 (Table 12), and the 31 foals vaccinated with VapA, VapC, or VapAVapC vaccine combination in 2012 (Table 13) were observed for 200 days for any sign of clinical symptoms. Nineteen of the 30 (63%) vaccinated 2011 foals were presumed healthy throughout the 200 days of observation. Eleven 2011 foals were presumed to be S. zooepidemicus positive and none of the foals were presumed to be R. equi positive. In 2012, 30, of the 31 (97%) vaccinated foals were presumed to be healthy. Only one 2012 foal was presumed to R. equi positive and no foal was presumed to be S. zooepidemicus positive. Twenty-two of the 30, 2010 non-vaccinated foals, 11 of the 30 2011 vaccinated foals, and one out of 31 2012 foals were administered antibiotics. All of the 2010 foals administered antibiotics where observed to have clinical symptoms of fever, lethargy, cough, nasal discharge, diarrhea, muscle tremors and/or dyspnea. Of the 30 2011 foals, only 11 exhibited clinical signs of disease including very mild cough, fever and/or lethargy. These clinical signs were very responsive to antibiotic treatment, which was continued for 5-51 days compared to the 2010 non-vaccinated foals in which duration of therapy lasted 17-187 days. The responsiveness of the 2011 foals to the antibiotic Naxcel and the mildness of the clinical signs indicated that the clinical signs were due to a S. zooepidemicus infection. Only one of the 2012 foals exhibited clinical signs of disease including severe and persistent cough, fever and lethargy. This foal was highly resistant to antibiotic therapy with treatment for 114 days and was diagnosed as R. equi positive. Two foals from the 2012 group were administered antibiotics for non-respiratory related illnesses (data not shown).

(201) TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 11 Clinical evaluation of 2010 non-immunized foals born to non-immunized mares: Age (in days) Antibiotics Presumed Overall Assessment at Onset of Clinical Administered in Duration of Based on Clinical Signs of Date of Clinical Signs Signs of Response to Clinical Antibiotic Respiratory Illness and 2010 Birth of Respiratory Respiratory Signs of Respiratory Therapy Response to Antibiotic Foal ID (2010) Illness Illness* Illness** (days) Treatment E-1001 1/8 None None Healthy E-1002 1/9 None None Healthy E-1003 1/12 None None Healthy E-1004 1/18 159 F L C Cla Rif 102 R. equi E-1005 1/22 154 None Died R. equi*** E-1006 1/22 54 F L C Cla Dox Rif 102 R. equi E-1007 1/22 77 F L Dy Dox Rif 46 R. equi E-1008 2/1 71 F L Dox Rif 101 R. equi E-1009 2/1 57 F L C Cla Dox Rif 84 R. equi E-1010 2/2 125 F N C L Cla Rif Nax 96 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1011 2/2 185 F L C Cla Nax Rif 82 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1012 2/3 80 F L C Dy Cla Dox Rif 182 R. equi E-1013 2/6 73 F L C N Cla Dox Rif 135 R. equi E-1014 2/7 50 F C D Cla Nax Rif 119 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1015 2/10 65 F L C D Cla Dox Rif Met 134 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1016 2/15 71 C Dy Dox Rif 17 R. equi E-1017 2/15 50 F L D Cla Dox Rif Met Nax 158 R. equi E-1018 2/16 None None Healthy E-1019 2/16 150 F L C D Cla Nax Rif Met 95 R. equi E-1020 2/20 107 F C N Cla Rif 86 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1021 2/23 54 F L C N D Cla Dox Nax Rif Met 132 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1022 3/3 118 F L C M Cla Nax Rif 99 R. equi E-1023 3/2 146 F L C N Cla Nax Rif 113 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1024 3/13 118 F L C N Cla Nax Rif 111 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1025 3/14 114 F L C N M Cla Nax Rif 113 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1026 3/16 33 F L C Cla Dox Exc Rif 111 R. equi and S. zooepidemicus E-1027 3/26 None None Healthy E-1028 4/13 None None Healthy E-1029 4/14 86 F L C Cla Rif 88 R. equi E-1030 3/10 None None Healthy All foals received colostrum from their dams within 24 hours of birth. All foals were intravenously administered 1 liter of USDA licensed commercial plasma from R. equi immunized plasma donor horses at 1 day and 21 days of age. Foals were observed for 200 days post foaling. *Clinical Signs of Respiratory Illness are abbreviated as follows: C: Cough D: Diarrhea Dy: Dyspnea F: Fever L: Lethargy M: Muscle Tremors N: Nasal Discharge **Antibiotics are abbreviated as follows: Cla: Clarithromycin Dox: Doxycycline Exc: Excede Met: Metronidazole Nax: Naxcel Rif: Rifampin ***Foal E-1005 was presumed positive for R. equi based on clinical signs of respiratory illness and necropsy findings.

(202) TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 12 Clinical evaluation of 2011 VapC immunized foals born to VapC immunized mares: Date of Age (in days) Antibiotics Presumed Overall Onset of at Onset of Administered in Assessment Based on Clinical Clinical Signs Clinical Response to Duration of Clinical Signs of Date of Signs of of Signs of Clinical Signs of Antibiotic Respiratory Illness and 2011 Birth Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Therapy Response to Antibiotic Foal ID (2011) Group Illness Illness Illness* Illness** (days) Treatment E-1101 1/3 3 Healthy E-1102 1/14 3 2/24 41 F L Cla Rif Nax 51 S. zooepidemicus E-1103 1/24 3 Healthy E-1104 1/23 3 Healthy E-1105 1/19 3 5/13 114 Nax 5 S. zooepidemicus E-1106 1/27 3 Healthy E-1107 2/2 3 Healthy E-1108 1/19 3 4/28 100 L C Cla Rif Nax 21 S. zooepidemicus E-1109 2/10 3 5/20 99 F C Nax 5 S. zooepidemicus E-1110 2/10 3 Healthy E-1111 2/10 2 3/28 46 L Nax 8 S. zooepidemicus E-1112 2/14 2 Healthy E-1113 2/19 1 Healthy E-1114 2/21 1 Healthy E-1115 2/24 1 4/28 63 F N Nax 15 S. zooepidemicus E-1116 2/26 1 Healthy E-1117 2/27 1 Healthy E-1118 2/27 1 Healthy E-1119 2/28 1 Healthy E-1120 3/4 1 Healthy E-1121 3/7 1 Healthy E-1122 3/10 1 4/8 29 L Nax 6 S. zooepidemicus E-1123 3/14 1 Healthy E-1124 3/14 1 4/28 45 L 8 Healthy E-1125 3/19 1 Healthy E-1126 3/20 1 Healthy E-1127 3/26 1 Healthy E-1128 4/2 1 5/3 31 L Nax 7 S. zooepidemicus E-1129 4/21 1 5/20 29 Nax*** 5 Healthy E-1130 4/28 1 6/9 42 L Nax 5 S. zooepidemicus All foals received colostrum from their VapC immunized dams within 24 hours of birth. All foals were intravenously administered 1 liter of plasma from VapC immunized plasma donor horses at 1 day of age. Foals were observed for 200 days post foaling. Foals were immunized with VapC vaccine at approximately approximately 2, 6, 10, and 14 weeks old in group 1, approximately 3, 7, 11 and 15 weeks old in group 2 and approximately 4, 6, 10, and 14 weeks old in group 3. See Table 6B for individual VapC protein antibody titers and Table 6 for average VapC protein antibody titers. *Clinical Signs of Respiratory Illness are abbreviated as follows: C: Cough F: Fever L: Lethargy N: Nasal Discharge **Antibiotics are abbreviated as follows: Cla: Clarithromycin Nax: Naxcel Rif: Rifampin ***Foal E-1129 was treated with Naxcel in response to umbillical swelling.

(203) TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 13 Clinical evaluation of 2012 VapA, VapC and VapA/VapC immunized foals born to VapA, VapC and VapA/VapC immunized mares: Presumed Overall Assessment Age (in Based on Date of days) at Clinical Signs of Immunogen Onset of Onset of Antibiotics Duration Respiratory used to Clinical Clinical Clinical Administered in of Illness and Date of vaccinate Signs of Signs of Signs of Response to Clinical Antibiotic Response to 2012 Birth mares and Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Signs of Respiratory Therapy Antibiotic Foal ID (2012) Group their foals Illness Illness Illness* Illness** (days) Treatment E-1201 39467 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1202 39472 4 VapA Healthy E-1203 39474 5 VapC Healthy E-1204 39475 4 VapA Healthy E-1205 39477 5 VapC Healthy E-1206 39480 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1207 39481 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1208 39483 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1209 39484 5 VapC Healthy E-1210 39484 5 VapC Healthy E-1211 39486 4 VapA Healthy E-1212 39493 5 VapC Healthy E-1213 39497 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1214 39499 5 VapC Healthy E-1215 39499 4 VapA Healthy E-1217 39504 4 VapA Healthy E-1218 39506 4 VapA Healthy E-1219 39509 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1220 39511 4 VapA Healthy E-1221 39512 4 VapA 39579 67 F C L N Azi Rif Met 128 R. equi*** Cla Ven E-1222 39513 4 VapA Healthy E-1223 39514 4 VapA Healthy E-1224 39516 4 VapA Healthy E-1225 39518 5 VapC Healthy E-1226 39522 5 VapC Healthy E-1227 39525 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1228 39527 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1229 39531 5 VapC Healthy E-1230 39533 6 VapA/VapC Healthy E-1231 39535 5 VapC Healthy E-1232 39543 6 VapA/VapC Healthy All foals received colostrum from their dams within 24 hours of birth. All foals were intravenously administered 1 liter of plasma from VapA, VapC and VapA/VapC immunized donor horses, respectively, at 1 day of age. Foals were immunized with VapA (group 4), VapC (group 5) or VapA/VapC (group 6) vaccine at 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks old. Foals were observed for 200 days post foaling. See Table 7B for individual Vap protein antibody titers and Table 7 for average Vap protein antibody titers. *Clinical Signs of Respiratory Illness are abbreviated as follows: C: Cough F: Fever L: Lethargy N: Nasal Discharge **Antibiotics are abbreviated as follows: Azi: Azithromycin Cla: Clarithromycin Met: Metronidazole Rif: Rifampin Ven: Ventipulmin ***Foal E-1221 was confirmed positive for R. equi by PCR

(204) In 2011 and 2012 all but one of the VapA, VapC, or VapAVapC vaccinated foals that also received REHIP were protected against an R. equi infection in comparison to the non-vaccinated foals of 2010 that only received commercial plasma. Out of the three foal groups (2010, 2011, and 2012) the highest number of presumed R. equi positive cases was noted in the non-vaccinated foals of 2010. In addition, all of the 22 presumed R. equi positive 2010 foals and the single presumed R. equi positive 2012 foal were poorly responsive to antibiotic treatment and exhibited severe respiratory clinical signs for extended periods of time. In 2010 one foal died from an R. equi infection. None of the VapC vaccinated foals of 2011 or VapC, or VapAVapC vaccinated foals of 2012 were presumed to have an R. equi infection. The only foal to have an R. equi infection in 2012 was a foal vaccinated with VapA only vaccine.

(205) Foal Abscesses

(206) Foal abscesses found in 2012 vaccinated foals were measured to determine size of abscess (Table 14). Three small, transient lung abscesses and one large lung abscess were observed in foals immunized with VapC only. However, none of these foals showed any other signs of clinical respiratory illness and therefore all VapC immunized foals were presumed healthy. Six small, transient lung abscesses and three slightly larger lung abscesses were observed in foals immunized with VapA only. All of these abscesses were transient and none progressed into any signs of R. equi disease symptoms. One foal showed other clinical signs of respiratory illness, including fever, cough, lethargy and nasal discharge. Fecal PCR tested positive for R. equi and therefore the foal was determined to be clinically ill due to an R. equi infection. The rest of the foals showed no other signs of clinical respiratory illness and were therefore presumed healthy. Nine small, transient lung abscesses were observed in foals immunized with VapAVapC. However, none of these foals showed any other signs of clinical respiratory illness and therefore all VapAVapC immunized foals were presumed healthy. In 2011, none of the ???? symptomatic foals were ???? by ultrasound for lung abscesses while in the 2010 foal group, all 23 of the foals diagnosed as R. equi positive had multiple large abscesses that were highly resistant to antibiotic therapy. However, the only foals in this group that were screened for abscesses were those that exhibited respiratory clinical signs.

(207) TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 14 Comparison of number, size and duration of detection of lung abscesses in VapA, VapC and VapA/VapC immunized 2012 foals born to VapA, VapC and VapA/VapC immunized mares: Number of Number of Number of abscess abscess abscess detected detected detected for one for one to for more week or less two weeks than two weeks VapA immunized foals: Number of abcesses <1 cm 6 0 0 Number of abcesses 1-3 cm 7 2 2 VapC immunized foals: Number of abcesses <1 cm 3 0 0 Number of abcesses 1-3 cm 1 1 1 VapA/VapC immunized foals: Number of abcesses <1 cm 9 0 0 Number of abcesses 1-3 cm 0 0 0 All foals received colostrum from their dams within 24 hours of birth. All foals were intravenously administered 1 liter of plasma from VapA, VapC and VapA/VapC immunized donor horses, respectively, at 1 day of age. Foals were immunized with VapA (group 4), Vap C (group 5) or VapA/VapC (group 6) vaccine at 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks old. Foals were evaluated by ultrasound at regular intervals (every 2 weeks) for 200 days post foaling.
VapC Peptides

(208) Synthesized VapC peptides were tested with an ELISA against donor test bleed samples from VapC vaccinated donors and commercial plasma to measure their titer concentrations (FIG. 2). The test bleed samples from VapC immunized donors show elevated ELISA antibody titers against in-house VapC peptide epitopes VapC-04 through VapC-06 and VapC-08, corresponding to the region on the VapC native protein between amino acids 34-70 and 78-93. There is little to no homology (0-25%) between VapA and VapC proteins at the amino acid regions 34-70 and 78-93, corresponding to VapC-04 through vapC-06 and VapC-08. The region considered most conserved between VapA and VapC protein is between amino acids 94-174, which correspond to the peptides VapC-10 through VapC-13. Vanniasinkam et al. in patent number U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,393 B2 described that the most immunological region of VapA corresponds to the VapA amino acid region 62-81, which has marginal homology to VapC at that same region. The averaged titers of commercial plasmas 1, 2, and 3 do not show elevated titers against any of the in-house synthesized VapC peptide epitopes compared to titers of plasma from VapC immunized donors (FIG. 2). Plasma antibody from VapC immunized donors was more effective in preventing respiratory illness in foals than the commercial plasma. This may suggest that the amino acid regions 34-70 and 78-93 of VapC are immunologically significant.

(209) The low numbers of presumed R. equi positive foals from 2011 and 2012 in our results suggests that the combination of orally administered hyper-immunized colostrum and REHIP administration at 0-1 days after birth in addition to vaccination with VapA, VapC, or VapAVapC is important in protecting foals against an R. equi infection. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that antibodies raised against VapC recombinant protein provide protection against VapC and some protection against VapA recombinant proteins, and more specifically, provide protection against potentially immunologically significant VapC protein regions 34-70 and 78-93, which shows marginal to no homology to VapA protein. Antibodies raised against VapA recombinant protein provide very little to no protection against VapC recombinant protein, but provide additional protection against VapA, VapD, VapE, and VapG recombinant proteins. Therefore, antibodies raised against both VapA and VapC provide the most protection. The recombinant VapAVapC vaccine is a strong candidate for a commercial vaccine that helps foals combat R. equi infections and lead healthy lives.

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