Temperature control system

Abstract

A method of regulating a setting time of a bone filler material, the method comprising: (a) combining at least two filler material components to form a biocompatible mixture; (b) choosing a setting time for the mixture; and (c) regulating a temperature of the mixture to influence reaction kinetics so that the mixture does not set before the chosen setting time.

Claims

1. Apparatus for regulating setting time of a bone filler material mixture in a bone filler material injection system, the apparatus comprising: (a) a reservoir in the bone filler material injection system; (b) a cooling mechanism adapted to cool a bone filler material mixture in the reservoir as a portion of the mixture is injected into a patient; and (c) control circuitry adapted to output a control signal to the cooling mechanism so that the mixture does not set before a minimum setting time.

2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is adapted to receive a data input pertaining to a minimum setting time.

3. Apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: (d) a data input device calibrated so that a user can select a minimum setting time.

4. Apparatus according to claim 3, comprising wherein the data input device is calibrated with a continuous time scale.

5. Apparatus according to claim 3, comprising wherein the data input device is calibrated in a scale having discrete steps of time.

6. Apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: (d) a data input device adapted for input of data pertaining to the mixture.

7. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the data pertains to a ratio of components of the mixture.

8. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the data pertains to a volume of the mixture.

9. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the data pertains a chemical composition of the mixture.

10. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the data pertains to physical characteristics of at least one component of the mixture.

11. Apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: (d) a sensor adapted to detect a temperature of the mixture and transmit data pertaining to the temperature to the controller.

12. Apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the control circuitry modifies the control signal responsive to the data pertaining to the temperature.

13. Apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: (d) a sensor adapted to detect a viscosity of the mixture and transmit data pertaining to the viscosity to the controller.

14. Apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the control circuitry modifies the control signal responsive to the data pertaining to the viscosity.

15. Apparatus according to claim 1, provided as a sterile apparatus.

16. Apparatus for regulating setting time of a bone filler material in a bone filler material injection system, the apparatus comprising: (a) a reservoir in the bone filler material injection system coupled to an injection cannula; (b) a cooling mechanism adapted to cool a bone filler material in the reservoir as a portion of the bone filler material is forced through the injection cannula; and (c) control circuitry adapted to output a control signal to the cooling mechanism so that the bone filler material does not set before a minimum setting time.

17. Apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the cooling mechanism comprises a thermoelectric cooling mechanism.

18. Apparatus for regulating setting time of a bone filler material in a bone filler material injection system, the apparatus comprising: (a) a reservoir in the bone filler material injection system, the reservoir having a first end and a second end, the first end being coupled to a hydraulic actuator; (b) a cooling mechanism adapted to cool a bone filler material in the reservoir; and (c) control circuitry adapted to output a control signal to the cooling mechanism so that the bone filler material does not set before a minimum setting time.

19. Apparatus according to claim 18, further comprising an injection cannula coupled to the second end of the reservoir.

20. Apparatus according to claim 19, further comprising a tube extending between the hydraulic actuator and the first end of the reservoir and having hydraulic fluid disposed therein for exerting pressure on the bone filler material.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Exemplary non-limiting embodiments of the invention described in the following description, read with reference to the figures attached hereto. In the figures, identical and similar structures, elements or parts thereof that appear in more than one figure are generally labeled with the same or similar references in the figures in which they appear. Dimensions of components and features shown in the figures are chosen primarily for convenience and clarity of presentation and are not necessarily to scale. The attached figures are:

(2) FIG. 1A is a simplified flow diagram illustrating an exemplary method according to some embodiments of the invention;

(3) FIG. 1B is a schematic representation of a setting time control system for a reaction mixture according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention;

(4) FIG. 2 is a lateral cross sectional view of a cooling mechanism according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention;

(5) FIG. 3 is a lateral cross sectional view of a cooling mechanism according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention;

(6) FIG. 4 is a lateral cross sectional view of a cooling mechanism according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention; and

(7) FIG. 5 depicts incorporation of an exemplary cooling mechanism according to an embodiment of the invention into a bone filler material injection system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

(8) Overview

(9) FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary method 100 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

(10) FIG. 1B schematically depicts an exemplary setting time control system 150 for a reaction mixture according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

(11) During use, bone filler material components are typically mixed in an operating theater and used shortly after mixing is complete. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a mixing apparatus, cooling system and cement injection system are all provided as sterile objects so that the cement can be mixed and injected in a sterile field established around a site of entry into the body.

(12) Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, at 110 a desired setting time for a bone filler material mixture is optionally chosen. The desired setting time can be chosen 110 in consideration of a particular medical procedure being contemplated. In those embodiments of the invention in which the time is chosen in consideration of a particular medical procedure, the chosen time can be described as an assured minimum working time.

(13) Optionally, the chosen time is defined as a time between setting to a desired minimum viscosity and complete setting. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, cooling begins only after the minimum viscosity is achieved. Optionally, viscosity is monitored by a viscometer and/or subjectively by a person preparing the mixture. According to various preferred embodiments of the invention an assured minimum working time of, for example, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15 minutes or intermediate values can be the chosen time.

(14) Optionally, a warning timer is provided. The warning timer can be integrated into an existing piece of equipment (e.g. cooling system or injection tool) or be provided as a separate item. Optionally, the warning timer is equipped with a magnet so that it can be affixed to a steel cart or operating table. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the warning timer may signal a beginning or an end of the assured minimum working time. Optionally, the signal is provided a fixed amount of time before the beginning or the end of the assured minimum working time (e.g. 0.5; 1 or 2 minutes or intermediate or greater times). According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the warning signal includes a visible signal (e.g. light) and/or an audible signal (e.g. tone, bell or simulated speech).

(15) Components of the mixture are mixed 112 to form a reaction mixture 3. Optionally, mixing 112 occurs in a reservoir 1.

(16) The chosen time is optionally input 114 into a controller 160. Input 114 may be, for example, by means of a continuous scale input device (e.g. calibrated knob 162) or a discrete step input device (e.g. buttons 164). In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the input device for the chosen time is marked in units of time (e.g. minutes or seconds). In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the controller controls a cooling mechanism 200 which cools 116 the mixture after and/or during mixing.

(17) Optionally, data pertaining to composition of the mixture is also input 120 to controller 160. Input of data pertaining to mixture composition can be, for example, via calibrated sliding bar 166. Optionally, the mixture is defined in terms of one or more of polymer/monomer ratio, chemical composition and physical characteristics of at least one component of the mixture. Optionally, physical characteristics of mixture components such a particle size and/or average molecular weight influence reaction kinetics. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a cooling program implemented by controller 160 is based upon both mixture composition and chosen setting time.

(18) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, data pertaining to a volume of the mixture is also input.

(19) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention a cooling system is provided for a mixture of a defined volume. Optionally, the cooling system sends a signal to controller 160 indicating a mixture volume and controller 160 implements a cooling program in accord with the signal.

(20) A medical procedure can then be performed 118 during an amount of time less than the chosen setting time. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, mixture 3 sets 130 at, optionally after, the chosen setting time.

(21) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention control (solid arrow in FIG. 1B) of cooling system 200 by controller 160 is modified by feedback (dotted arrow) from a sensor 170. Sensor 170 is optionally deployed in the mixture or in a wall of a container containing the mixture.

(22) Optionally, controller 160 is equipped with a time display 168. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, display 168 can indicate elapsed and/or remaining time. Optionally, the warning timer is incorporated into time display 168.

(23) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, controller 160 includes circuitry capable of controlling cooling based upon calculation and/or feedback from a sensor in the cooling system.

(24) Exemplary Cooling Mechanism Configurations

(25) FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 illustrate different exemplary cooling mechanisms according to various embodiments of the invention. Each depicted system is characterized by a different type of cooling unit, although all are suitable for use in performance of method 100 as described above. FIG. 2 illustrates a system 200 based upon fixed cylinder gas-expansion. FIG. 3 illustrates a system 202 based upon direct Peltier thermoelectric cooling. FIG. 4 illustrates a system 204 based upon an outer thermoelectric heat exchange unit. Other cooling technologies known to those of ordinary skill in the art can be substituted for the depicted cooling mechanisms which are exemplary only.

(26) FIG. 2 is a lateral cross-sectional view of a cooling mechanism 200. In the depicted embodiment, system 200 includes a reservoir 1 adapted to hold a polymerization mixture 3 (e.g. bone filler material or bone cement). Reservoir 1 is optionally at least partially surrounded by a thermal insulation chamber 5. In the depicted embodiment an evaporative cooling unit 8 cools mixture 3.

(27) Evaporative cooling unit 8 includes a cooling fluid chamber 9 containing a cooling fluid 10. Fluid chamber 9 is connected to cooling line 11. Cooling fluid 10 can flow through line 11 into insulation chamber 5, for example via opening 14. Cooling line 11 is optionally equipped with a control valve 12 and/or a portion 13 characterized by a narrow inner diameter (e.g. capillary tube). These optional features can regulate a flow of cooling fluid 10 through line 11 to chamber 5 so that a desired degree of cooling of mixture 3 is achieved. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the desired degree of cooling provides the chosen setting time for mixture 3.

(28) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, evaporative cooling unit 8 includes a pressurized gas cylinder serving as fluid chamber 9 and a regulator serving as valve 12.

(29) In other exemplary embodiments of the invention evaporative cooling unit 8 includes, a compressor which compresses N.sub.2 and/or O.sub.2 gas from a wall port in lieu of cooling fluid chamber 9. These embodiments of the invention may be convenient to implement in operating theaters equipped with N.sub.2 and/or O.sub.2 gas ports. Optionally, the compressor is electrically powered. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the compressor is connectable to a standard electrical wall outlet.

(30) FIG. 2 depicts an optional cooling coil 17 wrapped (e.g. spirally) around reservoir 1. An optional thermally conductive sleeve 16 is also depicted deployed between reservoir 1 and coil 17. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, cooling fluid 10 flows through line 11 into coil 17. Optionally, a rate of flow of fluid 10 is regulated by valve 12 and/or an inner diameter of tube segment 13. Optionally, sleeve 16 serves to increase an efficiency of heat transfer from an exothermic reaction mixture 3 in reservoir 1 to fluid flowing through coil 17.

(31) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, gas is employed for convection based cooling. In those exemplary embodiments of the invention which rely upon convection cooling, gas flows through a space between mixing chamber 1 and insulation chamber 5 without being routed through tube 17.

(32) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, maintaining a low rate of flow of cooling fluid 10 through line 11 can contribute to a more efficient heat exchange process and/or contribute to lower working pressures within insulation chamber 5. Low rates of flow are optionally 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 or 1000 ml/minute or lesser or intermediate or greater values. Actual flow rates employed may vary with system parameters including, but not limited to, type of gas, amount of cooling required and pressure.

(33) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention gas-evaporation cooling (gas expansion cooling if N2 is employed), the gas expand/evaporates as it enters insulation chamber 5 from narrow tube 13. The expansion/evaporation causes the gas to cool. Cooled gas escapes from opening 7. Optionally, valve 12 maintains a high pressure upstream and a low pressure downstream to insure that cooling occurs in insulation chamber 5.

(34) In evaporation or convection based cooling, cooling fluid 10 flows through connection line 11 and exits narrow section 13 into insulation chamber 5 where fluid 10 is dispersed in the space around reservoir 1 and warmed by heat emanating from walls of reservoir 1. Optionally, dispersal is via a planned flow course (not shown). Warmed cooling fluid 10 can then exit insulation chamber 5 through opening 7. Exit may optionally be due to pressure within chamber 5 caused by flow from line 11 and/or due to a tendency of warmer gases to rise.

(35) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, reservoir 1 serves also as a mixing chamber where components of reaction mixture 3 are mixed prior to and/or during cooling. According to these embodiments of the invention, a mixing mechanism (not pictured) can be introduced into reservoir 1, for example by removing cover 2. Optionally, cooling during mixing retards development of exothermic reaction conditions from an early stage and contributes to a long setting time.

(36) Cooling systems according to various exemplary embodiments of the invention (e.g. embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4) are capable of cooling a mixture and retarding reaction kinetics during mixing and/or after mixing and/or during injection.

(37) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, reservoir 1 is adapted for connection to a material delivery system. As depicted in FIG. 2, reservoir 1 optionally includes two openings: a first opening depicted closed by cover 2 and a second opening 4. Optionally, opening 4 can serve as a delivery port and is adapted for connection to a bone access needle and/or an injection tube/cannula. Optionally, the opening depicted closed by cover 2 is adapted for attachment to an actuator, e.g. a hydraulic actuator. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the actuator exerts sufficient force on reaction mixture 3 to drive the mixture out of reservoir 1 via opening 4 and a needle or cannula attached thereto.

(38) In the depicted embodiment, insulation chamber 5 includes an upper opening 15 so that reservoir 1 can receive a mixing element and/or connect to an actuator while seated in chamber 5. In the depicted embodiment, insulation chamber 5 includes a lower opening 6 so that opening 4 of reservoir 1 can be connected to a needle and/or cannula while seated in chamber 5. Optionally, opening 15 is elastic so it can change its diameter to fit various items mounted thereupon,

(39) Cooling systems according to various exemplary embodiments of the invention (e.g. embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4) are adapted to connect to mixers of the type described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/428,908 entitled Mixing Apparatus which is fully incorporated herein by reference.

(40) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, thermal insulation chamber 5 at least partially thermally isolates reservoir 1 from an ambient environment. In those exemplary embodiments of the invention which do not employ a cooling coil 17, there is optionally an empty space between an outer wall of reservoir 1 and an inner surface of insulation chamber 5. The empty space is filled by cooling fluid 10 during cooling.

(41) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, increasing a portion of an outer surface of reservoir 1 in contact with the space contributes to more efficient cooling of mixture 3 in reservoir 1. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% or intermediate or greater percentages of an outer surface of reservoir 1 is in contact with the space.

(42) Additionally or alternatively, decreasing a total volume of the space contributes to more efficient cooling of mixture 3 in reservoir 1. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the space has a volume of 5, 10, 20 or 50 ml or lesser or greater or intermediate volumes.

(43) According to various embodiments of the invention, insulation chamber 5 may be provided with openings adapted for different purposes. In FIG. 2, four optional openings in chamber 5 are depicted. Opening 14 facilitates entrance of cooling fluid line 11, opening 15 is adapted to accommodate cover 2, opening 7 serves as an exhaust port for warmed cooling gas and opening 6 provides access to exit port 4 of reservoir 1 so that a needle or cannula can be connected thereto. Optionally, larger or smaller numbers of openings are present in various exemplary embodiments of the invention.

(44) According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, cooling fluid chamber 9 is constructed of different materials, and with different geometries adapted to contain pressurized fluids and/or gases.

(45) Exemplary cooling fluids include, but are not limited to: He, H2, Ne, O2, F2, N.sub.2, NF.sub.3, CO, A, SiH.sub.4, CF.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.6, CH.sub.4, CF.sub.3Cl, C.sub.2H.sub.4, B.sub.2H.sub.6, NO, CHF.sub.3, CHF.sub.2Cl, C.sub.2F.sub.3Cl, Kr, CF.sub.2Cl.sub.2, C.sub.2F.sub.4, CHFCl, C.sub.2F.sub.2Cl.sub.2, SF.sub.4, HCl, Xe, CFCl.sub.3, Cl.sub.2, C.sub.2F.sub.6, CH.sub.3Cl, CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, CO.sub.2 [taken from Scot, B. R. (1963), Cryogenic Engineering, Met-Chem Research Inc., Colorado 80307; the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference].

(46) In those exemplary embodiments of the invention where an inert non-toxic cooling is employed, opening 7 is optionally vented to the operating theatre.

(47) In other exemplary embodiments of the invention, opening 7 is optionally vented to a trap or fume hood or to outside air.

(48) FIG. 3 is a lateral cross-sectional view of an additional exemplary cooling mechanism 202 including a thermoelectric cooling unit. Other portions of the system are similar to the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2. Optionally, sleeve 16 (not pictured) is included. As schematically illustrated, system 202 may include one or more Peltier Effect elements 20 (a single element 20 is pictured for clarity) comprising a cooling side 22 and a heating side 21 (n-type and p-type) connected to each other at two junctions (Peltier junctions). When a current is passed by wires 23, through the Peltier element the current drives a transfer of heat from one junction to the other: junction 22 cools off while junction 21 heats up. In the depicted embodiment, heat emanating from reaction mixture 3 is absorbed by cooling side 22, while the heat generated by heating side 21 is expelled through opening 14.

(49) The depicted configuration is configured to provide a modest degree of cooling. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, a degree of cooling supplied by Peltier cooling unit 20 is increased by one or more of the following: providing multiple Peltier units 20, placing cooling side 22 in direct contact with mixture 3, positioning heating side 21 outside of opening 14, configuring heating side 21 with a large surface area and cooling heating side 21 (e.g. with a fan). Optionally, an external cable 24 is provided to connect to an electric socket. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a portion, optionally all of, insulation chamber 5 is removed. Optionally, removal of some or all of chamber 5 permits heat from mixture 3 to dissipate through walls of reservoir 1.

(50) FIG. 4 is a lateral cross-sectional view of another additional exemplary cooling mechanism 204 which incorporates an outer thermoelectric cooling unit 30. Other portions of the system are similar to the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2. In the schematically depicted embodiment, cooling unit 30 includes a cooling element 31 (e.g., a Peltier Effect element; pictured here as a single unit for clarity). Optionally, cooling unit 30 includes fan 32. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, fan 32 is adapted to cool a heated side of cooling element 31. As schematically illustrated, heat exchanger 33 may be connected to tubing 36 which serves to transfer a fluid in a closed loop with insulation chamber 5, by using a pump 34. The cooling fluid is cooled down by heat exchanger 33 and then flowed into insulation chamber 5, where it absorbs the heat generated by reaction mixture 3. The heated fluid then flows through opening 7 back into tubing 36 where it is recycled to heat exchanger 33 for cooling.

(51) Although bone filler material mixtures typically polymerize in an exothermic reaction, principles of the invention can also be employed to generate heat. In particular, the Peltier elements of exemplary embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2 and 4 can be used for heating by reversing the current flow. Optionally, this heat generating capacity is used to moderate a general cooling effect, for example in response to feedback from sensor 170 and/or to speed up reaction kinetics, for example, to reduce waiting time until a desired minimum viscosity is achieved.

(52) Incorporation into an Exemplary Bone Filler Material Injection System

(53) FIG. 5 illustrates incorporation of an exemplary cooling system 200 according to an embodiment of the invention into an exemplary bone filler material injection system 500 of a type described in WO 2006/090379, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference. The depicted system, and the cooling systems described here, are well suited to use with bone cements characterized by a rapid transition to high viscosity after mixing as described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/461,072 entitled Bone Cement and Methods of Use Thereof which is fully incorporated herein by reference.

(54) Briefly, bone filler material injection system 500 comprises a hydraulic mechanism 510 which applies pressure to a hydraulic fluid in tube 530 in fluid communication with reaction mixture 3 contained in reservoir 1 of cooling system 200 shown schematically as a dotted region, in FIG. 5 an illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 2. Mixture 3 is forced out of cannula 520 (optionally any needle or tube) and into a desired injection site.

(55) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, cooling system 200 installed as part of injection system 500 continues to cool mixture 300 during the injection process.

(56) In other exemplary embodiments of the invention, cooling system 200 pre-cools mixture 300 and cooling does not continue during the injection process.

(57) Optionally, a degree of cooling is sufficient to counteract body heat applied to mixture 3 flowing through cannula 520 to a significant degree. Alternatively or additionally, the cement is injected at a temperature which is not sufficiently cold to cool surrounding tissue to any significant degree. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, injection of cooled cement prevents or retards heating of surrounding tissue as the reaction continues to completion inside the body.

(58) In the depicted embodiment of system 500, optional connectors 512 are visible connection portions of the system. Connectors 512 can be, for example threaded connectors, Luer lock connectors, snap to fit connectors or any other connectors which can withstand the pressure supplied by hydraulic mechanism 510. In the depicted embodiment, cannula 520 is fitted with a handle 522. Optionally, handle 522 contributes to ease of connection between cannula 520 and connector 512 of cooling system 200. Optionally, handle 522 provides insulation so that fingers are not chilled during attachment of cannula 520 to connector 512 of cooling system 200.

(59) In other exemplary embodiments of the invention, cooling systems 202 or 204 (or other types of cooling systems) are substituted for cooling system 200 in bone filler material injection system 500.

(60) Bone filler material injection system 500 is exemplary only and cooling systems according to various embodiments of the invention can be advantageously employed in any available injection system. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select an available injection system and adapt the shape of a cooling system according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention to conform to the selected injection system.

(61) Construction Considerations

(62) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, reservoirs 1 and/or 5 are constructed of lightweight plastics, optionally nylon. Optionally, materials with a high heat transfer capacity are selected. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, reservoirs 1 and/or 5 are re-usable. Optionally, re-usable parts are sterilize-able. Sterilization can be performed, for example, using steam pressure and/or UV irradiation.

(63) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, cooling fluid chamber 9 contains sufficient cooling fluid 10 to cool mixture 3 for 5, 10, 15 or 20 minutes or lesser or intermediate or greater times. Typically, mixture 3 will have a volume of 5 to 20 ml, optionally about 10 to 12 ml. In some cases, larger volumes of mixture 3 are prepared, for example when several vertebra are being repaired in a single procedure.

(64) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a portion of cooling fluid 10 is used to pre-cool sleeve 16. Pre-cooling can render sleeve 16 a thermal mass. Optionally, use of a thermal mass contributes to an increase in predictability.

(65) Optionally, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, or 1000 grams or lesser or intermediate or greater amounts of cooling fluid 10 are provided in chamber 9. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, chamber 9 is connected to chamber 5 by a flexible tubing 11. Optionally, chamber 9 can be installed at a distance from other portions of system 200. In those embodiments of the invention where chamber 9 is installed at a distance, fluid line 11 is elongated. Optionally, an elongated fluid line 11 can be insulated to prevent loss of cooling capacity en-route. An exact amount of cooling fluid 10 supplied in chamber 11 can vary with one or more of an amount of heat generated by mixture 3, a specific fluid 10 employed and a desired degree by which reaction kinetics are to be retarded. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, installation of chamber 9 at a distance contributes to a perceived weight reduction in the cooling system for a user. The phrase at a distance as used here refers to any distance which permits a user to manipulate other portions of system 200 without moving chamber 9. In various exemplary embodiments of the invention, at a distance can refer to 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 or 100 meters or lesser or greater or intermediate distances. Larger distance are typical of embodiments where a cooling gas is supplied from a wall valve connected to a gas distribution system with large gas cylinders stored in a central location. Gas distribution systems of this type are common in hospitals, especially for O.sub.2.

(66) In those exemplary embodiments of the invention which rely upon electric power for cooling (e.g. system 202 of FIG. 3 and system 204 of FIG. 4), power can be supplied by an external source (e.g. wall outlet) or internal source (e.g. battery). In those exemplary embodiments of the invention which employ an external power source, a step down transformer (e.g. 110V to 9V or 220V to 9V) can optionally be employed. In those exemplary embodiments of the invention which employ an internal power source, one or more standard batteries (e.g. watch battery; AAA cell; AA cell; C cell; D cell or 9V) can be employed to provide electric power. An exact amount of electric power consumed by the cooling system can vary with one or more of an amount of heat generated by mixture 3, an amount of time during which the system operates and a desired degree by which reaction kinetics are to be retarded.

(67) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, controller 160 relies upon execution of various commands and analysis and translation of various data inputs. Any of these commands, analyses or translations may be accomplished by software, hardware or firmware according to various embodiments of the invention. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, machine readable media contain instructions for a cooling program based upon a chosen setting time of a reaction mixture, optionally a polymerization reaction mixture, optionally an acrylic polymerization reaction mixture are provided. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, controller 160 executes instructions for a cooling program based upon a chosen setting time of a reaction mixture. Optionally, the instructions are subject to modification based upon feedback from a temperature and/or a viscosity sensor 170 in reaction mixture 3 and/or reservoir 1. In some embodiments of the invention, cooling is uniform (e.g. to a constant temperature or removing a fixed amount of energy per unit time). In other embodiments of the invention, the cooling program is non-uniform and provides greater energy removal when reaction kinetics cause the most heating.

(68) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, controller 160 receives input regarding a composition and/or volume of mixture 3 from machine readable data provided with components of the mixture (e.g. on labels or as part of packaging. The machine readable data can be provided, for example, as a bar code or on an RFID tag or on a smart chip. According to these embodiments of the invention, controller 160 is equipped with or connectable to a reader compatible with a format of the machine readable data. Optionally, controller sets all parameters except for the chosen time based upon the machine readable data.

(69) Factory Calibration

(70) In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, control of a setting time is less exact and/or in not apparent to a user. In some cases, it is sufficient to know that a setting time of a bone filler material mixture is extended by cooling. Optionally, a cooling system (e.g. of a type depicted in one of FIG. 2, 3 or 4) adapted for use with a mixer and/or injection system 500 is supplied with no apparent calibration indicator.

(71) In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the cooling system is manufactured with a cooling capacity which is sufficient for an intended amount of filler material of a specific type. From the standpoint of the user, only an ON/OFF switch is apparent. However the cooling capacity of the cooling system is sufficient to extend a setting time of a typical reaction mixture to a time determined by the manufacturer. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, components of the filler material mixture are provided together with the cooling system and/or a mixer and/or injection system 500 as a kit.

(72) For example, a kit may be supplied with components of a mixture 3 with a nominal setting time of 10 minutes when prepared without cooling. Use of a cooling system provided as part of the kit can extend the setting time to 20 minutes. Optionally, the kit itself is labeled as 20 minute assured working time cement kit.

(73) The present invention has been described using detailed descriptions of embodiments thereof that are provided by way of example and are not intended to necessarily limit the scope of the invention. In particular, numerical values may be higher or lower than ranges of numbers set forth above and still be within the scope of the invention. The described embodiments comprise different features, not all of which are required in all embodiments of the invention. Some embodiments of the invention utilize only some of the features or possible combinations of the features. Alternatively or additionally, portions of the invention described/depicted as a single unit may reside in two or more separate physical entities which act in concert to perform the described/depicted function. Alternatively or additionally, portions of the invention described/depicted as two or more separate physical entities may be integrated into a single physical entity to perform the described/depicted function. Variations of embodiments of the present invention that are described and embodiments of the present invention comprising different combinations of features noted in the described embodiments can be combined in all possible combinations including, but not limited to use of features described in the context of one embodiment in the context of any other embodiment. The scope of the invention is limited only by the following claims.

(74) In the description and claims of the present application, each of the verbs comprise, include and have as well as any conjugates thereof, are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily a complete listing of members, components, elements or parts of the subject or subjects of the verb.

(75) All publications and/or patents and/or product descriptions cited in this document are fully incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each had been individually incorporated herein by reference.