Truss setting bracket and method for use
09920542 ยท 2018-03-20
Inventors
Cpc classification
Y10S269/91
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
E04G21/26
FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
E04G21/1883
FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
E04C3/17
FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
B25B5/068
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
E04G21/1891
FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
Y10S269/904
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
E04B7/022
FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
International classification
B25B5/16
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
E04G21/26
FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
Abstract
A truss setting bracket and a method relating to setting a truss using the truss setting bracket are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the truss setting bracket includes an elongated body member having a first cradle, a second cradle, an elongated catch guide, and a locking arm. In other embodiments, the truss setting bracket includes an elongated body member having a first cradle, a bracket, an elongated catch guide, and a locking arm. In yet other embodiments, the method of setting the truss may include sliding the truss setting bracket over a member of a first truss, lifting the first truss towards a second truss, and removably locking the truss setting bracket to a member of the second truss.
Claims
1. A truss setting bracket, comprising: an elongated body member having a first end, a second end, a first side, a second side, and an axis of elongation; a first cradle located at said first end of said elongated body member and depending downwardly from said second side, wherein said first cradle has a first finger and a second finger creating a first cradle surface disposed between said first finger and said second finger; a brace located at said second end of said elongated body member and depending downwardly from said second side, said brace having a leg and a first ramp, said first ramp located between said first cradle and said leg, wherein said leg further comprises a second ramp at a terminal end thereof and a leg surface; an elongated catch guide pivotally connected to said first ramp for guiding said truss setting bracket toward a member of a truss, wherein said elongated catch guide is pivotable between at least a first position and a second position; and a locking arm connected to said leg, wherein said locking arm removably retains the member of the truss.
2. The truss setting bracket of claim 1, further comprising an aperture disposed on at least one of said first finger or said second finger of said first cradle.
3. The truss setting bracket of claim 1, further comprising an elongated body recess disposed parallel to said axis of elongation.
4. The truss setting bracket of claim 3, wherein said first cradle and said brace are retainable within said elongated body recess.
5. The truss setting bracket of claim 1, wherein said first cradle and said brace are slidable along said axis of elongation.
6. The truss setting bracket of claim 5, wherein each of said first cradle and said brace has a locking mechanism for releasably locking each of said first cradle and said brace at multiple locations along said axis of elongation.
7. The truss setting bracket of claim 1, wherein said elongated body member further comprises markings indicating interval measurements along said elongated body member.
8. The truss setting bracket of claim 1, wherein in said first position, said elongated catch guide is substantially parallel to said elongated body member.
9. The truss setting bracket of claim 1, wherein in said second position, said elongated catch guide is substantially perpendicular to said elongated body member.
10. The truss setting bracket of claim 9, wherein said elongated catch guide and said leg surface of said brace create a channel for receiving a portion of the member of the truss.
11. The truss setting bracket of claim 10, wherein said first cradle surface and said channel are substantially U-shaped.
12. The truss setting bracket of claim 11, wherein said first cradle surface is defined by a first surface generally perpendicular to said elongated body member, a second surface generally perpendicular to said elongated body member, and a third surface generally parallel to said elongated body member.
13. The truss setting bracket of claim 1, wherein said locking arm is connected to said leg by a removable locking mechanism.
14. The truss setting bracket of claim 13, wherein said locking arm is pivotable between at least a first position and a second position.
15. The truss setting bracket of claim 14, wherein in said first position, said locking arm removably retains a portion of the member of the truss and in said second position said locking arm releases the portion of the member of the truss.
16. The truss setting bracket of claim 1, wherein said first ramp includes a coupling mechanism and said elongated catch guide includes a locking mechanism, and wherein in said second position, said locking mechanism of said elongated catch guide is removably retained by said coupling mechanism of said first ramp.
17. A truss setting bracket, comprising: an elongated body member having a first end, a second end, a first side, and a second side; said first end having: a first cradle depending downwardly from said second side, said first cradle slidable over a member of a first truss; and said second end having: a brace depending downwardly from said second side, said brace having a leg and a first ramp, wherein said leg further comprises a second ramp at a terminal end thereof and a leg surface, an elongated catch guide pivotally connected to said first ramp for guiding said truss setting bracket toward a member of a second truss, said elongated catch guide is pivotable between at least a first position and a second position, and a locking arm connected to said leg, wherein said locking arm removably retains the member of the second truss.
18. The truss setting bracket of claim 17, wherein in said second position, said elongated catch guide and said leg surface create a channel for receiving the member of the second truss.
19. A method for setting a truss comprising: providing a truss setting bracket having a first cradle, a brace having a leg and a leg surface, an elongated catch guide, and a locking arm; sliding said first cradle of said truss setting bracket over a member of a first truss; securing said first cradle of said truss setting bracket to the member of the first truss; pivoting said elongated catch guide of said truss setting bracket from a first position to a second position to create a channel; lifting the first truss toward a second truss; guiding said elongated catch guide of said truss setting bracket into engagement with a member of the second truss, such that said brace of said truss setting bracket receives the member of the second truss; and securing said truss setting bracket onto the member of the second truss such that said locking arm of said truss setting bracket removably retains said truss setting bracket on the second truss.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the method further comprises: installing a plurality of structural support members; and removing said truss setting bracket.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being generally placed upon illustrating the principles of the embodiments depicted.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(13) It is to be understood that the embodiments are not limited in their application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Other embodiments are possible and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of including, comprising, or having and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless limited otherwise, the terms connected and coupled and variations thereof herein are used broadly and encompass direct and indirect connections and couplings. In addition, the terms connected and coupled and variations thereof are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings.
(14) Referring initially to
(15) With reference to
(16) In some embodiments, the first cradle 20 may include a first finger 21 and a second finger 22, which may create a first cradle surface 24 disposed between the first finger 21 and the second finger 22. In some embodiments, the second cradle 30 may include a first finger 31 and a second finger 32, which may create a second cradle surface 34 disposed between the first finger 31 and the second finger 32. In some embodiments, each of the first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30 may include a locking mechanism 25, 35, respectively, along the axis of elongation A-A. This may allow adjustment of the distance between the first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30 to achieve a desired spacing between successive trusses. The first cradle surface 24 may removably retain a member of a first truss T1 by an aperture 40 and the second cradle surface 34 may removably retain a member of a second truss T2 by the locking arm 60.
(17) In some embodiments, the elongated catch guide 50 may be connected to the second cradle 30 and pivotable between at least a first position and a second position and the locking arm 60 may also be connected to the second cradle 30. The locking arm 60 may further include a spring mechanism 62 that enables the locking arm 60 to move between a first position and a second position.
(18) The method for using the truss setting bracket 10 may begin with the step of sliding the first cradle 20 of the truss setting bracket 10 over the member of the first truss T1. The first cradle 20 may be secured to the member of the first truss through the aperture 40 using various types of removable securing devices, for example nails. The elongated catch guide 50 may be pivoted from the first position to the second position and connected to the second cradle 30 by a coupling mechanism 51. The first truss T1 may be lifted by a crane C towards the member of the second truss T2 and guided by at least one construction worker using the elongated catch guide 50. The construction worker may guide the first truss T1, such that the elongated catch guide 50 enables the second cradle 30 to engage at the member of the second truss. The second cradle 30 may removably retain, automatically or manually, the member of the second truss by the locking arm 60.
(19) An exemplary truss setting bracket 10 and an exemplary method for using the truss setting bracket 10 are depicted in
(20) Referring now to
(21) The first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30 are retainable within the elongated body recess 18 by a locking mechanism 25, 35, respectively, and slidable along the access of elongation A-A. Markings indicating interval measurements may be disposed proximate the first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30, such that the distance between the first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30 may be adjusted. If, for example, the elongated body member 12 is three feet long, then the distance between the first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30 may be adjusted to two feet to achieve a two foot spacing by sliding each of the first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30 within the elongated body recess 18. For example, if the desired spacing between successive trusses is five feet, then the truss setting bracket 10 may have an elongated body member 12 that is, for example, six feet long and each of the first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30 may be located approximately six inches toward the center of the elongated body member 12 from the first end 14 and the second end 16. Each of the first cradle 20 and the second cradle 30 may then be secured in place using each respective locking mechanism 25, 35.
(22) The first cradle 20 may further include a first finger 21 and a second finger 22. An aperture 40 may be disposed on either the first finger 21, the second finger 22, or both, but is depicted as being disposed on the second finger 22 in
(23) The second cradle 30 may further include a first finger 31 and a second finger 32. The arrangement of the first finger 31 and the second finger 32 creates a second cradle surface 34 disposed therebetween. Like the first cradle surface 24, the second cradle surface 34 may be substantially U-shaped and may include a first surface 34a generally perpendicular to the elongated body member 12, a second surface 34b generally perpendicular to the elongated body member 12, and a third surface 34c generally parallel to the elongated body member 12 (
(24) Referring now to
(25) Referring now to
(26) In the depicted embodiment of
(27) Referring now to
(28) In the second position, the elongated catch guide 50 may aide in maintaining the desired spacing between successive trusses. Once the first truss T1 is lifted and guided towards the member of the second truss T2, the first truss T1 may be lowered towards the second truss T2. The second cradle 30 may slide over the second truss T2 between the first finger 31 and the second finger 32, such that the second truss T2 may be substantially flush with the first surface 34a, the second surface 34b, and the third surface 34c of the second cradle surface 34. In addition to the elongated catch guide 50, the shape of the first foot 38 and the second foot 39 may aide in guiding the truss setting bracket 10 toward the member of the second truss T2 and into the second cradle surface 34. As the first truss T1 is lowered toward the second truss T2 and the attached truss setting bracket 10 is lowered toward the member of to the second truss T2, the locking arm 60 begins to move from the second position to the first position to retain the second truss T2.
(29) Referring now to
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(31) By utilizing a crane C, the first truss T1 may be lifted and guided towards the second truss T2. A construction worker on the wall, roof, or support structure of a residential building, commercial building, etc. may guide the first truss T1, with the truss setting bracket 10 secured, towards the second truss T2. The construction worker may bump the elongated catch guide 50 along the second truss T2, such that the truss setting bracket 10 is guided towards the member of the second truss T2 while maintaining the desired spacing between the first truss T1 and the second truss T2. The first foot 38 and the second foot 39 may also aide the construction worker in guiding the second cradle 30 of the truss setting bracket 10 onto a member of the second truss T2. As the first truss T1 is guided toward the second truss T2 and the attached truss setting bracket 10 is guided towards the member of the second truss T2, the locking arm 60 begins to rotate counter-clockwise from the second position to the first position to removably retain the member of the second truss T2.
(32) As the first truss T1 is lowered toward the second truss T2 and the attached truss setting bracket 10 is lowered toward the member of to the second truss T2, the locking arm 60 begins to move from the second position to the first position to retain the second truss T2. The locking arm 60 may be in the first position and abut against the second truss T2, such that the second truss T2 may not slip. The second cradle 30 may slide over the second truss T2 between the first finger 31 and the second finger 32, such that a portion of the second truss T2 may contact the first surface 34a, the second surface 34b, and/or the third surface 34c of the second cradle surface 34. The truss setting bracket 10 may keep the first truss T1 and the second truss T2 in place.
(33) This method may be repeated utilizing at least one truss setting bracket 10, until a desired number of successive trusses are set for the framing. Once a truss is set, a plurality of structural support members may be installed atop the set trusses for further support. The plurality of structural support members may be plywood, oriented strand board, or any other material used in the art. As the plurality of structural support members are installed, the at least one truss setting bracket 10 may be removed. To remove the truss setting bracket 10, the aperture 40 is disengaged by removing the nail, rope, rod, etc. The locking arm 60 is disengaged by pressing a terminal end of the locking arm 60, such that the locking arm 60 rotates further counter-clockwise. Once the second cradle 30 is cleared, the locking arm 60 may automatically rotate clockwise about the springing mechanism 62 and return to the second position. The truss setting bracket 10 may be used to set subsequent trusses.
(34) The aforementioned method may be performed in a matter of minutes and utilize fewer workers than any other methods known in the art. Additionally, utilizing the truss setting bracket 10 provides a more stable frame than any methods known in the art. Therefore, utilizing the exemplary truss setting bracket 10 in the method disclosed herein may save both time and money on construction projects, while minimizing potential safety hazards at a construction site.
(35) The truss setting bracket 10 may be, but is not limited to being made of solid, lightweight, and/or rigid materials. In some embodiments, the truss setting bracket 10 may be made of solid aluminum. In other embodiments, the truss setting bracket 10 may be made of solid steel. In other embodiments, the truss setting bracket 10 may be made of hard wood. But most preferably, the truss setting bracket 10 is made of solid aluminum. In some embodiments, the truss setting bracket 10 may be coated with an oxide layer to prevent rust. The combination of aluminum coated with an oxide layer provides a lightweight, yet strong, durable body that may withstand a strong force without slipping. For example, if the truss setting bracket 10 is made of solid aluminum and the truss is set with the truss setting bracket 10, then the truss may be able to withstand a force up to 4,000 pounds without slipping. Therefore, the truss setting bracket 10 provides more strength and stabilization between successive trusses throughout the framing stage of construction.
(36) Referring now to
(37) The first cradle 20 and the brace 138 are removably retainable within the elongated body recess 18 by locking mechanism 25, 35, respectively, and slidable along the axis of elongation A-A. Markings indicating interval measurements may be disposed proximate the first cradle 20 and the brace 138 such that the distance between the first cradle 20 and the brace 138 may be adjusted. If, for example, the elongated body member 12 is three feet long, then the distance between the first cradle 20 and the brace 138 may be adjusted to two feet to achieve a two-foot spacing by sliding each of the first cradle 20 and the brace 138 within the elongated body recess 18. For example, if the desired spacing between successive trusses is five feet, then the truss setting bracket 10 may have an elongated body member 12 that is, for example, six feet long and each of the first cradle 20 and the brace 138 may be located approximately six inches toward the center of the elongated body member 12 from the first end 14 and the second end 16. Each of the first cradle 20 and the brace 138 may then be secured in place using each respective locking mechanism 25, 35.
(38) The first cradle 20 may further include a first finger 21 and a second finger 22. An aperture 40 may be disposed on either the first finger 21, the second finger 22, or both, but is depicted as being disposed on the second finger 22 in
(39) The brace 138 may further include a leg 132 and a first ramp 131, each depending therefrom. The leg 132 may further include a second ramp 139 and a leg surface 133. The second ramp 139 may be disposed at terminal end of the leg 132. The first ramp 131 may be located between the first cradle 20 and the leg 132. Further, the first ramp 131 may include a coupling mechanism. In some embodiments, the coupling mechanism may be a separate element connected to a terminal end of the first ramp 131, such as a magnet, a recess, a foot (
(40) In
(41) Referring now to
(42) The leg 132 may further include a locking arm 60 to removably retain a member of a truss. The locking arm 60 may be connected to the leg 132 by a removable locking mechanism. The locking arm 60 is pivotable between at least a first position and a second position. In the first position, the locking arm 60 may removably retain a portion of the member of the truss, and in the second position, the locking arm 60 may release the portion of the member of the truss. In the depicted embodiment of
(43) Referring now to
(44) Further, in the second position, the elongated catch guide 50 and the leg surface 133 may create a channel 134 for receiving a portion of a member of a truss. The channel 134 may be substantially U-shaped and may exist when the elongated catch guide 50 is in the second position. Even further, in the second position, the elongated catch guide 50 may aide in maintaining a desired amount of spacing between successive trusses. For example, if the truss setting bracket 10 is secured to a first truss T1 and the first truss T1 is lifted and guided towards a member of a second truss T2, then the first truss T1 may lowered towards the second truss T2. The brace 138 may receive the member of the second truss T2 by the channel 134, such that the member of the second truss T2 may be substantially flush with the leg surface 133 of the brace 138 and the elongated catch guide 50.
(45) A method for setting a truss using the truss setting bracket 10 is also provided. Several steps may be completed before lifting and guiding the truss setting bracket 10 attached to the first truss T1 and locking the truss setting bracket 10 to a desired location next to the second truss T2. Each truss may be assembled, or pre-fabricated, prior to arriving at the construction site, or may be assembled at the construction site. The first cradle 20 may slide over a member of a first truss T1 between the first finger 21 and the second finger 22, such that the first truss T1 may be substantially flush with the first surface 24a, the second surface 24b, and the third surface 24c of the first cradle surface 24 (
(46) By utilizing a crane C, the first truss T1 may be lifted and guided towards the second truss T2. A construction worker on the wall, roof, or support structure of a residential building, commercial building, etc. may guide the first truss T1, with the truss setting bracket 10 secured, towards the second truss T2. The construction worker may bump the elongated catch guide 50 along the second truss T2, such that the truss setting bracket 10 is guided towards the member of the second truss T2 while maintaining the desired spacing between the first truss T1 and the second truss T2. The second ramp 139 may also aide the construction worker in guiding the channel 134 of the truss setting bracket 10 onto a member of the second truss T2, such that the brace 138 receives the member of the second truss T2. As the first truss T1 is guided toward the second truss T2 and the attached truss setting bracket 10 is guided towards the member of the second truss T2, the locking arm 60 begins to rotate counter-clockwise from the second position to the first position to removably retain the member of the second truss T2.
(47) As the first truss T1 is lowered toward the second truss T2 and the attached truss setting bracket 10 is lowered toward the member of to the second truss T2, the locking arm 60 begins to move from the second position to the first position to retain the second truss T2. The locking arm 60 may be in the first position and abut against the second truss T2, such that the second truss T2 may not slip. The brace 138 may receive the member of the second truss T2 by way of the channel 134, such that a portion of the second truss T2 may contact the leg surface 133 and the elongated catch guide 50. The truss setting bracket 10 may keep the first truss T1 and the second truss T2 in place.
(48) This method may be repeated utilizing at least one truss setting bracket 10, until a desired number of successive trusses are set for the framing. Once a truss is set, a plurality of structural support members may be installed atop the set trusses for further support. The plurality of structural support members may be plywood, oriented strand board, or any other material used in the art. As the plurality of structural support members are installed, the at least one truss setting bracket 10 may be removed. To remove the truss setting bracket 10, the aperture 40 is disengaged by removing the nail, rope, rod, etc. The locking arm 60 is disengaged by pressing a terminal end of the locking arm 60, such that the locking arm 60 rotates further counter-clockwise. Once the brace 138 is cleared, the locking arm 60 may automatically rotate clockwise and return to the second position. The truss setting bracket 10 may be used to set subsequent trusses. For example, once a truss is set, a plurality of structural support members may be installed atop the set trusses for further support and the truss setting bracket 10 may be removed and used on each successive truss to be set. As another example, a plurality of truss setting brackets 10 may be provided, each successive truss may set, and then the plurality of structural support members may be installed atop the set trusses after each successive truss is set. In this example, the number of truss setting brackets 10 may depend on the number of trusses to be set.
(49) The truss setting bracket 10 may be, but is not limited to being made of solid, lightweight, and/or rigid materials including, for example, metal, metal alloys, plastics, wood, composite materials, and the like. In some embodiments, the truss setting bracket 10 may be made of solid aluminum. In other embodiments, the truss setting bracket 10 may be made of solid steel. But most preferably, the truss setting bracket 10 is made of solid aluminum. In some embodiments, the truss setting bracket 10 may be coated with an oxide layer to prevent rust. The combination of aluminum coated with an oxide layer provides a lightweight, yet strong, durable body that may withstand a strong force without slipping. For example, if the truss setting bracket 10 is made of solid aluminum and the truss is set with the truss setting bracket 10, then the truss may be able to withstand a force up to 4,000 pounds without slipping. Therefore, the truss setting bracket 10 provides more strength and stabilization between successive trusses throughout the framing stage of construction.
(50) While several embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present disclosure.
(51) It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited.
(52) All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms. The indefinite articles a and an, as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean at least one. The phrase and/or, as used herein in the specification should be understood to mean either or both of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases.
(53) Multiple elements listed with and/or should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., one or more of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the and/or clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to A and/or B, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as comprising can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
(54) As used herein in the specification and in the claims, or should be understood to have the same meaning as and/or as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, or or and/or shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as only one of or exactly one of, or, when used in the claims, consisting of, will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term or as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. one or other but not both) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as either, one of, only one of, or exactly one of. Consisting essentially of, when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.
(55) As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase at least one, in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase at least one refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, at least of A and B (or, equivalently, at least one of A or B, or equivalently, at least one of A and/or B) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
(56) In the claims, as well as the specification above, all transitional phrases such as comprising, including, carrying, having, containing, involving, holding, composed of, and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases consisting of and consisting essentially of shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.
(57) The foregoing description of several methods and embodiments have been presented for purposes of illustration. It is intended to be exhaustive or to limit the precise steps and/or forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope and all equivalents be defined by the claims appended hereto.