Space-filling intragastric implants with fluid flow

Abstract

A variety of passive intragastric implant devices for obesity treatment are disclosed. Such passive devices do not autonomously change shape, but instead react within the stomach to induce satiety. The devices may take up volume within the stomach, thus reducing the intake capacity. Additionally, the devices may contact areas within the stomach, such as the cardia surrounding the esophageal sphincter, to stimulate satiety-inducing nerves. Also, certain devices slow gastric emptying by blocking or otherwise impeding flow through the pyloric sphincter. A number of devices combine two or more of these satiety-inducing features. Methods of implant are disclosed including compressing the devices within a delivery tube and transorally advancing the devices through the esophagus to be deployed within the stomach. Removal of the devices occurs in the reverse.

Claims

1. A passive intragastric obesity treatment implant for placement within a stomach, comprising: a foam body, forming a portion of an outer surface of the implant, having a sufficient outer diameter so as to contact interior walls of the stomach upon contraction thereof, the foam body having an inner diameter defining a central throughbore of the foam body: a radially expandable and compressible stent lining the central throughbore, the stent having a tubular wall and struts across a proximal end to filter larger food particles, the implant being formed of a material which permits it to be compressed into a substantially linear delivery configuration and that will resist degradation over a period of at least six months within the stomach, wherein the central throughbore has a diameter between about 2-4 cm and the foam body has a thickness, measured between the outer diameter and the inner diameter, between about 6-18 cm.

2. The implant of claim 1, wherein the foam body has an outer diameter of between about 10-20 cm.

3. The implant of claim 1, wherein the struts extend inwardly and proximally at an angle from respective bases at the tubular wall to respective proximal ends at the proximal end of the stent, and further comprising a ring at the proximal end of the stent joining the proximal ends of the struts together, wherein the bases of the struts are connected to the tubular wall but are not connected directly together by a ring.

4. A passive intragastric obesity treatment implant for placement within the stomach, the implant consisting of: a radially expandable and collapsible tubular stent, the stent having a latticework tubular wall and interconnected struts that cross a proximal end of the stent and that permit radial compression and expansion and providing a filtered pathway that slows passage of food therethrough wherein the struts extend inwardly and proximally at an angle from respective bases at the tubular wall to respective proximal ends at the proximal end of the stent; and an annular foam body, forming a portion an outer surface of the implant, surrounding the stent and having a radial size to fill a space across the stomach, and an axial size that does not extend a full length of the stomach, the implant being formed of materials which permit it to be compressed into a substantially linear delivery configuration and that will resist degradation over a period of at least six months within the stomach wherein the foam body has a thickness that is greater than or equal to a diameter of the central throughbore.

5. The implant of claim 4, wherein the foam body has an outer diameter of between about 10-20 cm.

6. The implant of claim 5, wherein the foam body defines an inner bore in which the stent is received, the inner bore having a diameter between about 2-4 cm.

7. The implant of claim 6, wherein the foam body is annular and has a thickness between 6-18 cm.

8. The implant of claim 4, wherein the foam body has an axial dimension of between about 10-20 cm.

9. The implant of claim 4, wherein the stent is made from one of a rubber, fluorosilicone, fluoroelastomer, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic, thermoset, metal, or any combination of the foregoing.

10. The implant of claim 4, wherein the foam body is an open cell foam.

11. The implant of claim 4, wherein the foam body is a closed cell foam.

12. The implant of claim 4, wherein the foam body in a relaxed, uncompressed configuration has a cylindrical outer surface, and a cylindrical inner bore that closely receives the stent.

13. The implant of claim 12, wherein the foam body has outwardly-projecting conical end surfaces.

14. The implant of claim 4, wherein the foam body is made from one of a rubber, fluorosilicone, fluoroelastomer, thermoplastic elastomer, or any combination of the foregoing.

15. The implant of claim 4, wherein the foam body defines an inner bore in which the stent is received, the inner bore having a diameter between about 2-4 cm.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Features and advantages of the present invention will become appreciated as the same become better understood with reference to the specification, claims, and appended drawings wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates an intragastric obesity device that substantially fills the stomach cavity and includes a flow-through channel therein, and

(3) FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view thereof illustrating fluid flow and peristaltic action with arrows;

(4) FIG. 3 is a perspective of the device of FIG. 1 prior to implant;

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates the device of FIG. 1 being removed from the stomach cavity;

(6) FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an alternative stomach-filling intragastric device having a foam body and a flow-through channel, and FIG. 5A is a longitudinal sectional view therethrough;

(7) FIG. 6 is a perspective sectional view of the device of FIG. 5 compressed within a delivery tube;

(8) FIGS. 7A and 7B are expanded and contracted perspective views of a stent that lines the flow-through channel of the device of FIG. 5;

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates the device of FIG. 5 implanted within a stomach cavity, and FIG. 8A shows the shape of the device as it looks in the stomach cavity;

(10) FIG. 9 shows a still further intragastric obesity treatment device within the stomach having an upper bowl-shaped member with an artificial stoma, and FIG. 9A is a perspective view of the device;

(11) FIG. 10 is an alternative device having an artificial stoma similar to that in FIG. 9 implanted in the stomach, and FIG. 10A is a perspective view of the alternative device;

(12) FIG. 11 shows an intragastric device including a series of tethered elements within the stomach cavity that support a detention tray just below the esophageal sphincter;

(13) FIGS. 12A-12C are isolated perspective and longitudinal sectional views of the device of FIG. 11;

(14) FIG. 13 is a variation of the intragastric device of FIG. 11 having a detention tray below the esophagus, and with an enlarged positioning balloon:

(15) FIGS. 14A-14B are isolated perspective and longitudinal sectional views of the device of FIG. 13;

(16) FIG. 15 is still further variation of the intragastric device of FIG. 11 with a detention tray below the esophagus, without a positioning balloon;

(17) FIGS. 16A-16C are perspective and sectional views of an exemplary fill valve and tube for use with the devices of FIGS. 11, 13 and 15;

(18) FIGS. 17A-17B illustrate a still further intragastric implant in a contracted, delivery configuration;

(19) FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate the intragastric implant of FIGS. 17A-17B in an expanded, deployed configuration; and

(20) FIGS. 19-21 illustrate intragastric devices that provide additional stomach cavity stimulation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(21) The present invention is directed to a variety of different intragastric devices that passively treat obesity by taking up space within the stomach or contact areas in and around the stomach to induce feelings of satiety. Furthermore, some devices described herein affect the rate of stomach emptying. It should be understood that a number of the disclosed devices provide more than one of these passive aspects, and also that any disclosed structure could be combined with another disclosed structure unless physically impossible. As such, combinations of the passive satiety-inducing features disclosed herein, even if not explicitly stated, are contemplated. The term passive refers primarily to a lack of any moving parts within the devices, but in general to the inert nature of the various devices. A passive device as defined herein, however, is not one that cannot affect change or stimulate the stomach, but rather one that may do so without any physical or chemical changes to its basic makeup.

(22) FIG. 1 illustrates a first space-occupying device 160, but also illustrates the anatomy of the human stomach, which will be described first. The major function of the stomach is to temporarily store food and release it slowly into the duodenum. The esophagus extending downward from the mouth connects to the stomach via esophageal sphincter, which regulates flow food into the stomach cavity. The cardia surrounds the superior opening of the stomach. The rounded portion superior to the body and adjacent the cardia is the fundus. Inferior to the fundus is the large central portion of the stomach, called the body, that is lined with muscles that contract and relax repetitively to churn the food therein. The stomach processes the food to a semi-solid chyme, which enables better contact with the mucous membrane of the intestines, thereby facilitating absorption of nutrients. In addition, the stomach is an important site of enzyme production.

(23) Lower down in the stomach the antrum connects the body to the pyloris, which leads into the duodenum. Below the stomach, the duodenum leads into the upper part of the small intestine (not shown); the jejunum makes up about one-third of the small intestine. The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum is the pylorus. The pylorus communicates with the duodenum of the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter (valve). This valve regulates the passage of chyme from stomach to duodenum and it prevents backflow of chyme from duodenum to stomach.

(24) Certain devices disclosed herein have flow-through channels and entirely or almost-entirely fill the stomach. For instance, a stomach-in-stomach device 160 shown in FIGS. 1-3 includes an inflated soft body 161 that conforms to the stomach and is generally convex. The device 160 has a rounded superior end 162 that abuts the cardia, an annular recess 163 adjacent thereto, and a gradually tapered and curved inferior portion that conforms to the greater curvature of the stomach and terminates in a scalloped inferior end 164. The inflated body 161 seen in longitudinal section within the stomach in FIG. 2 comprises a series of chambers 166 fluidly connected so as to be capable of simultaneous inflation and deflation. Besides a chamber 166 at the superior end 162, the body 161 has three annular chambers 166 delimited by exterior circumferential grooves 167 and surrounding an inner generally longitudinal flow channel 168. The three chambers 166 gradually decrease in diameter from the superior to the inferior end of the device 160. The flow channel 168 extends from the annular recess 163 to the inferior end 164. A series of apertures 169 open the inner channel 168 to the annular recess 163 near the superior end 162. Radial passages 170 extend between the circumferential grooves 167 and the inner flow channel 168.

(25) The device 160 is a saline-filled, soft, balloon-like structure shown in a pre-implant state in FIG. 3, which occupies and conforms to the entire stomach cavity. Once implanted and inflated, the device 160 assumes an arcuate path as it conforms to the stomach cavity, as in FIGS. 1 and 2. Due to the device size, available stomach volume is drastically reduced, so volume in which food mass may reside is far less than normal, and a feeling of satiety will occur sooner. As seen by the dashed-line arrow in FIG. 2, solid and liquid matter enters the annular recess 163 from the esophagus and passes inward to the inner channel 168 through the apertures 169. The inner flow channel 168 through the center connects the upper stomach to the lower, without obstruction of the pylorus and subsequent delayed gastric emptying. The flow channel 168 has a star-like cross sectional shape such that peristaltic action of the stomach walls (inward arrows shown in FIG. 2) will transfer through to the sharp-walled center channel, via hydraulic compression, and the mechanical action upon the food will be improved as compared to a round channel. The central flow channel 168 acts as a smaller than normal stomach, so food intake cannot be as great as before device placement.

(26) Although the primary food pathway is forced through the central flow channel 168, some leakage around the device 160 will likely occur, which is acceptable. The grooves 167 in the outside walls of the device 160 help channel small solids and liquids to the smaller passages 170 that radiate toward the larger, central channel 168. Smaller particles and some liquids may pass directly into the pylorus through the scalloped atrium end 164 of the channel 168.

(27) Additionally, the rounded superior end 162 of the device 160 presses against cardia, thereby triggering release of satiety-inducing hormones, signaling the body to stop eating. The inflated device substantially fills the stomach cavity which maintains contact with the cardia. However, during food intake, the churning of the stomach walls will naturally squeeze the device 160, such that the superior end 162 will pressurize and apply greater force to the cardia.

(28) For device insertion, a lubricated, Teflon or similar material, thin-walled tube would be inserted down the esophagus, and partially into the stomach, with the device compressed and pre-loaded inside the tube. Then the device would be maintained in its location by using a foot-ended wire or similar obturator, to bear on the compressed mass, and the delivery tube would be pulled back up the esophagus, and extracted through the mouth, leaving the device in place. While the tube is removed, the resiliency of the material causes the device to spring open to its original/non-compressed shape. A valve (not shown) near the superior end may be provided for saline filling the body 161.

(29) For device removal, as seen in FIG. 4, a lubricated tube 172 extends down through the esophageal sphincter and into proximity with the superior end 162. A wire or other device is used to deflate the body 161, and the saline simply drains into the stomach. A grabber 174 passed down the removal tube 172 then grabs the superior end of the body 161 and pulls the device 160 into the tube. Because of the extremely soft and flexible material used, such as certain fluoroelastomers, the device 160 collapses easily into the tube 172.

(30) Another device 180 that has a flow-through channel and almost-entirely fills the stomach is shown in FIGS. 5-8. This device 180 occupies volume within the stomach; however, its main mode of action is the ability to exert pressure on the stomach walls in order to induce feelings of fullness.

(31) The device 180 consists of a collapsible tubular stent 182 surrounded by a generally annular foam body 184, and is seen pre-implant in FIGS. 5 and 5A. The stent 182 provides a filtered pathway for food in the stomach to pass, which should limit the likelihood of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). While providing some rigid structure to the device 180, the stent 182 is also compliant enough in the radial direction to both facilitate implantation/explantation and accommodate stomach contractions.

(32) The stent 182 is normally expanded, but can be compressed to a size that allows for insertion and removal through a tube 185 passed through the esophagus, as seen in FIG. 6. A proximal end of the stent 182 is equipped with a ring 186 as seen in FIGS. 7A/7B that allows for either a custom or standard endoscopic tool to pull the stent into a sheath which collapses the structure. The stent 182 has a tubular wall 188 formed of a latticework of interconnected struts that permit radially compression and expansion. A web of angled struts 190 on the proximal end extend inward from the wall 188 and are joined together by the ring 186. The angled struts 190 act as a filter for larger solid particles which helps slow stomach emptying and may encourage a feeling of satiety if the proximal end of the device 180 is positioned close to the cardia. In contrast to some other prior intragastric implants, the continually open passageway through the device 180 helps prevent GERD. The stent 182 may be made from materials including (but not limited to) rubbers, fluorosilicones, fluoroelastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastics, thermosets, metals, or any combinations thereof.

(33) The sponge like, foam body 184 (open or closed cell) surrounding the stent 182 fills the space across the stomach cavity, though does not extend the full length of the stomach, as seen in FIG. 8. In a preferred embodiment, the axial dimension of the foam body 184 is between about 10-20 cm. The foam body 184 in its relaxed, uncompressed configuration as seen in FIG. 5 has a cylindrical outer surface 192, a cylindrical inner bore 194 that closely receives the stent 182, and outwardly-projecting conical end surfaces 196. The foam body 184 conforms to the shape of the stomach cavity when implanted, as seen in FIG. 8A. The foam material is durable enough to withstand the gastric environment and may be manufactured from materials including (but not limited to) rubbers, fluorosilicones, fluoroelastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, or any combinations thereof. The foam body 184 acts as a spring within the stomach, continually placing pressure on the gastric walls, independent of changes in the stomach shape and size. Because the stomach is an ever changing organ (in shape and size) both in the long term (remodeling of the stomach after sustained changes in its environment) and short term (stomach contractions, various body positions), it is difficult to create a single device which can maintain pressure on the gastric walls over a long period of time consistently. The diameter of the foam body 184 needs to be sufficiently large such that even in a large stomach, the foam exerts pressure on the gastric walls. In an exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the foam body 184 is between about 10-20 cm.

(34) The foam can be compressed and held in place during implantation and explantation as in FIG. 6. Once implanted, the foam body 184 expands to conform to the approximate shape of the stomach. This pressure on the stomach walls encourages a feeling of fullness, without inhibiting normal passage of food through the GI system. The absolute and relative sizes of the foam body 184 outer surface and inner bore diameters may be adjusted for different patients, with the bore diameter affecting the rate of flow of solid and liquid matter therethrough. In one embodiment, the inner bore diameter of the foam body 184 is between about 2-4 cm.

(35) A still further device 200 that provides a flow-through space is shown in FIGS. 9 and 9A, and comprises an implantable ear-horn-shaped body 202 with a large bowl-shaped proximal end 204 tapering down in a distal direction along a hollow leg 206 to a hollow spherical pyloric member 208. The hollow leg 206 and pyloric member 208 are both interrupted by a plurality of apertures 210 that permit fluid communication between the inside and the outside of the hollow structures. Although hollow, the device 200 is not an inflated balloon. Rather, the material used provides sufficient stiffness to maintain the ear-horn shape as shown.

(36) The device 200 is formed of a flexible material that allows it to be compressed and pre-loading into a delivery tube (not shown) for esophageal insertion into the stomach. Deployment of the device 200 within the stomach cavity permits expansion of the device into the position shown in FIG. 9, with the bowl-shaped proximal end 204 facing the esophagus and the pyloric member 208 located within the pylorus. Device removal is accomplished using a standard grabber down a similar tube which has been inserted down the esophagus, so the entire device can be pulled back into the tube and removed therewith.

(37) The diameter and concavity of the bowl-shaped proximal end 204 allows it to contact the stomach cavity walls and intercept food and liquid entering through the esophageal sphincter. The proximal end 204 acts as a detention tray positioned just inside the stomach from the esophageal sphincter that presents a barrier to incoming food bound for the stomach, but which eventually overflows its contents into the stomach. A small drain hole 212 acts as an artificial stoma and permits a limited amount of food and liquid past the proximal end 204 and into the cavity of the body 202. From there, gastric juices mixed with the food particles and begin the process of breaking them down into chyme. The body 202 is sufficiently flexible so that contractions of the stomach muscles are transmitted therethrough. The diameter of the spherical pyloric member 208 is sufficiently large that it cannot pass through the pyloric sphincter.

(38) Because of the length of the body 202, and the curved shape of the device 200, the proximal end 204 contacts the walls around the esophageal junction, and against the cardia. In addition, the hollow leg 206 serves as an anti-rotational feature to help hold the device in place, and allow it to return to a normal position as shown, after peristaltic waves in the stomach.

(39) In a second embodiment seen in FIGS. 10 and 10A, an ear-horn-shaped device 200 is configured the same as and works essentially like the device 200 of FIG. 9, except the device is a thinner-walled (hollow) balloon, intended to be saline-filled once inside the stomach. As such, like features will be given the same element numbers.

(40) The second embodiment 200 has a tube 214 that extends between the drain hole 212 and an opposite surface of the body 202, on the convex side thereof. In this embodiment, food that passes through the drain hole 212 does not enter the interior of the inflated body 202, but instead passes to the opposite side. The tube 214 tethers the bowl-shaped proximal end 204 to the opposite surface of the balloon, so when saline-filled, the concave bowl shape is retained. As in the first embodiment, the amount of food caught by and contained in the concave bowl 204 is far less than can be held in an empty stomach. In both embodiments, when food enters the bowl 204 it accumulates and applies pressure to the cardia, thereby stimulating release of satiety-inducing hormones.

(41) Deployment of the device 200 within the stomach cavity is similar to the earlier embodiment, but once deployed in the cavity the user inflates the body 202 through a fill valve 216 provided in the concave proximal end 204. Removal of the inflated device 200 is accomplished by inserting a tube down the esophagus, and clippers down the tube. The device 200 can then be clipped to evacuate the saline, and a standard grabber can then be employed to pull the deflated balloon back into the tube for removal therewith. In the second embodiment, size adjustability is possible by removing or adding saline, whereas the first embodiment may be supplied in a few different sizes.

(42) Some food will normally leak out into the stomach, around the upper rim of the bowl 204, where it contacts the stomach lining. The remaining food passes through the centrally-located small stoma 212, and into the stomach. The inflated embodiment 200 is thought to have a more compliant stoma than the non-inflated version 200, so food passage can be somewhat easier.

(43) FIGS. 11-16 illustrate additional intragastric devices that effect cardial stimulation to signal the brain to release the satiety-inducing hormones, which eventually slows eating, resulting in weight loss. These devices feature a detention tray positioned just inside the stomach from the esophageal sphincter that presents a barrier to incoming food bound for the stomach, but which eventually overflows its contents into the stomach. Much as prior art gastric bands restrict the free flow of boluses of food into the stomach, the detention trays cause a temporary backup of food at the esophageal/stomach junction, which inevitably contacts the surrounding cardial walls and stimulates satiety.

(44) As with earlier devices, those shown in FIGS. 11-16 are intended to be transorally placed, without the need for laparoscopic or other surgical assist, and without the need for piercing of tissues to physically anchor the device. Further, these devices are intended to maintain their position without the need for stent-anchoring within the esophagus. Without some type of permanent positioning method, however, migration of a stomach-implanted device can occur, with limited chance of the device ever returning to its intended position. Instead, these devices achieve their anchoring by loosely maintaining their position and springing back whenever moved. This is achieved by way of a hollow tether with a springy/stiff consistency and a length spanning the length of the stomach from the pylorus to the cardia, so as to loosely hold the device in position. The springy stiffness is due to either the use of a fairly stiff material for the tether itself, such a polypropylene, or via a co-extruded spring of various materials (e.g., Nitinol), molded within the lumen walls. The advantageous features of these devices will be clear after reading the detailed description below.

(45) FIG. 11 shows an intragastric device 300 including a series of elements spaced apart (daisy-chained) within the stomach cavity and connected by a tether 302 that supports a detention tray 304 just below the esophageal sphincter. The device 300 has a length sufficient to extend substantially the entire length of the stomach cavity from the pyloris to the esophageal/stomach junction and for a distance into the esophagus. The device 300 includes a saline-filled proximal positioning balloon 306, a plurality of intermediate balloons 308, and a pyloric balloon 310, together which support/hold the tether 302 between the lesser and greater curvatures of the stomach. That is, the tether 302 remains spaced from the stomach walls, and is curved to fit the anatomy, generally tracking the greater curvature of the stomach. The balloons 306, 308, 310 can be provided in various configurations, as will be seen with the proximal positioning balloon 306. In addition to helping hold the device 300 in place as stomach movement occurs, the volume of the balloons, and the positioning balloon 306 in particular, are also space-occupying, similar to prior art spherical bioenteric balloons such as the Orbera System from Allergan Medical of Irvine, Calif. For instance, the aggregate volume of the balloons 306, 308, 310 may occupy approximately the same volume (400 ml) as the aforementioned Orbera System, which is proven sufficient to facilitate weight loss.

(46) With reference again to FIG. 11, and also to FIGS. 12A-12C, the detention tray 304 is a pliable, shallow conical or bowl-shaped structure with a concave proximal side toward the esophagus. The flexible tether 302 loosely holds the detention tray 304 in place at the proximal end thereof so as to be positioned just below the junction of the esophagus and stomach. That is, the tray 304 is positioned on the tether 302 relative to the pyloric balloon 310 so as to be located adjacent the cardia. The detention tray 304 is preferably not inflatable. The tether 302 projects both distally towards its distal termination at the pyloric balloon 310 and proximally from the tray 304. The proximal end of the tether 304 extends into the lower portion of the esophagus and preferably features a fill valve 312 at its proximal terminus. As the stomach and esophagus undergo normal peristaltic actions, it is expected that the entire device 300 will migrate around to some degree, but most of the time the device is anticipated to return to its normal position as shown, with the tray loosely sealed in place against the cardia adjacent the gastro-esophageal junction.

(47) The fill valve 312 at the proximal terminus of the tether 302 allows saline to be added though a detachable fill tube (not shown) inserted down the esophagus, and includes a self-closing slit to hold the saline inside the device 300. Details of an exemplary fill valve 312 will be provided below with reference to FIGS. 16A-16C. The length of the tether 302 runs through the tray 304 and though the hollow balloons 306 and 308 to terminate at the pyloric balloon 310. The distal end of the tether 302 is attached, open-ended inside the annular- or donut-shaped pyloric balloon 310 for filling it with saline. Small side holes (not shown) through the side wall of the tether 302 within the proximal positioning balloon 306 and the intermediate balloons 308 provide for their filling also. The entire series of balloons 306, 308, 310 can therefore be filled after placement within the stomach via the proximal fill valve 312. The proximal end of the tether 302 extending into the esophagus is also intended to help maintain the centered position of the detention tray 304 against the cardia, pressed upwards from the pylorus. During stomach movement the proximal end of the tether 302 may in fact travel downward, loosening the tray intermittently, but the tether shall be of sufficient length to prevent its migration completely out of the esophagus at any time. In one embodiment, the total length of the device 300 from the fill valve 312 to the pyloric balloon 310 is between about 35-40 cm when the tether 302 is measured in a straight line.

(48) Now with particular reference to FIGS. 12A-12C, characteristics of the exemplary balloons 306, 308, 310 will be described. First of all, the intermediate balloons 308 are desirably spherical and identical, but they may also be provided with exterior features (e.g. bumps) such as described below, and they may be dissimilar. The twin spherical intermediate balloons 308 are intended to cushion the tether 302 from directly/sharply touching the greater curvature of the stomach.

(49) The largest balloon, the proximal positioning balloon 306, features an arcuate, generally semi-circular outer section 320 connected at either end to radial spoke sections 322 that meet in the middle along an axis of the structure through which the tether 302 passes. A shorter radial spoke section 324 extends between the outer section 320 and the convergence of the larger spoke sections 322 in the middle of the balloon 320, and generally extends along a plane that bisects the balloon into two symmetric halves. Two apertures 325 formed between the outer section 320 and the spoke sections 322, 324 permit passage of food therethrough such that the positioning balloon 306 does not present a solid barrier to churning movement of food within the stomach. As seen best in FIG. 11, the positioning balloon 306 as viewed from the side has a gradual taper such that its axial thickness, or height, is greater toward the middle of the balloon where the tether 302 passes than at the outer section 320.

(50) Finally, the pyloric balloon 310 has a generally spherical outer shape with a lumen 326 extending axially through the middle to create a donut shape. The lumen 326 through the center of the pyloric balloon permits normal egress of food from the stomach into the duodenum. The inflated pyloric balloon 310 cushions against the pylorus without making a tight seal, but intermittently sealing nonetheless. This tends to delay gastric emptying. As seen best in FIG. 12B, the tether 302 terminates within one side of the axi-symmetric balloon 310 and a cavity formed therein extends around 360 so the balloon may be evenly filled via the tether.

(51) FIG. 13 is a variation of an intragastric device 330 similar to that shown in FIG. 11. The device 330 includes an elongated curved tether 332 that positions a detention tray 334 below the esophagus, and includes an enlarged positioning balloon 336, a pair of intermediate balloons 338, and a pyloric balloon 340. FIGS. 14A-14B show details of the device 330 of FIG. 13. In particular, the enlarged positioning balloon 336 features a complete outer circular section 342 having a pair of diametric perpendicular spokes 344 defining food passages therebetween and extending across a middle portion through which the tether 332 passes. The complete circular section 342 of the positioning balloon 336 may provide improved anchoring of the device 330 within the stomach. In other respects the intragastric device 330 is the same as the above-described intragastric device 300.

(52) FIG. 15 is still further variation of an intragastric device 350 like that of FIG. 11, with a detention tray 352 below the esophagus on a tether 354, but without a proximal positioning balloon. The device 350 still has a pair of intermediate balloons 356 and a distal pyloric balloon 358.

(53) An exemplary fill valve 312 for use with the device 300 of FIG. 11 (and also the devices of FIGS. 13 and 15) is shown in FIGS. 16A-16C. The valve 312 includes an enlarged proximal end 360 which steps down in diameter to a distal insert section 362 that fits tightly within a lumen 364 of the hollow tether 302. A generally inwardly-conical lead-in mouth 370 opens into a retention chamber 372 within the proximal end 360. At the bottom of the retention chamber 372, a slit passage 374 extends through to the distal end of the insert section 362. A fill tube (not shown) has a barbed nipple or other feature that may be forced through the lead-in mouth 370 and captured within the retention chamber 372. Saline under pressure can then be forced through the slit passage 374 and into the lumen 364 of the tether 302. After removal of the fill tube, the slit passage 374 closes up, thus sealing the saline within the device 300 and its daisy-chained balloons.

(54) FIGS. 17A-17B illustrate a still further flow-through intragastric implant 400 in a contracted, delivery configuration, while FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate the implant 400 in an expanded, deployed configuration. The implant 400 is in the shape of an inflated tube, with an outer tubular wall 402 joined to an inner tubular wall 404 at circular ends 406. A flow-through lumen 408 extends from end to end. The implant 400 may be delivered in a relatively small tube as seen in FIGS. 17A-17B and then inflated within the stomach to the larger tubular shape of FIGS. 18A-18B. A fill valve (not shown may be provided in the outer wall 402 or at one of the ends 406. The inflated shape in FIG. 18A is relatively short axially and wide in diameter so that it may rotate within the stomach. In a preferred embodiment, the axial dimension is between about 5-10 cm, while the outer diameter is between about 4-8 cm, with the low bound of each range coinciding with the low bound of the other range, and vice versa. Uneven exterior surface features such as described below may be added to further provide stimulation. Additionally, the volume of the implant 400 may occupy approximately the same volume (400 ml) as the aforementioned Orbera System, which is proven sufficient to facilitate weight loss

(55) While not shown, the outer surface of the intragastric devices disclosed herein may further include additional uneven surface features such as small rounded bumps or protrusions, quill-like extensions, dimples or recesses, and the like. These features, upon contact with the inner stomach wall of the patient may further trigger hormone release or otherwise aid the patient in feeling full. Such features may be particularly effective for those embodiments which stimulate the cardia. The examples in FIGS. 19-21 may be applied to any of the various devices and surfaces disclosed herein.

(56) For instance, FIG. 19 illustrates a spherical intragastric device 510 having numerous external protrusions or bumps 512 projecting outward therefrom. These bumps 512 separately contact the inner walls of the stomach, potentially increasing the stimulation to the surrounding satiety-sensing nerves. As shown, a plurality of bumps 512 may be equally spaced apart on the outer surface and interspersed with flat portions. In one embodiment, the bumps 512 may be of equal heights and diameters, or they may be configured to have different heights and/or diameters. For example, having bumps 512 with different heights and/or diameters may be advantageous for preventing the stomach from adjusting to the bumps. The bumps 512 separately contact the inner walls of the stomach, potentially increasing the stimulation to the surrounding satiety-sensing nerves.

(57) Another example of exterior stimulation features is seen in FIG. 20, where an intragastric device 520 formed as a sphere features a multitude of small flagella or quill-like extensions 522 extending outward therefrom. As shown, a plurality of extensions 522 may be equally spaced apart. In one embodiment, the extensions 522 may be of equal heights and diameters, or they may be configured to have different heights and/or diameters. In one embodiment, the extensions 522 may be extremely flexible and may bend when a pressure is exerted on them from the inner stomach wall of the patient. Alternatively, the extensions 522 may be stiffer and might not bend as much when a pressure is exerted on them from the inner stomach wall of the patient. In another embodiment, some of the extensions 522 may have a first flexibility while some of the extensions may have a second flexibility.

(58) FIG. 21 illustrates another example of uneven surface features on an intragastric device 550. As shown, the intragastric device 550 is a substantially spherical object with recesses or dimples 555 extending inward from the surface of the intragastric device 550. In one embodiment, the intragastric device 550 may be considered to have a surface comprised of recesses 555 and flat portions 560. As shown, a plurality of recesses 555 may be equally spaced apart on the outer surface. As shown, recesses 555 do not contact each other, and may be of equal heights and diameters. In addition to being depressed, the recesses 555 may employ a thinner wall. For example, if the flat portions 560 have a wall thickness of 20 millimeters, the recesses 555 may have a wall thickness of 10 millimeters. With a thinner wall, the recesses 555 may be more susceptible to larger strains. The intragastric device 550 is effectively triggered in the patient's stomach by stomach contractions. These stomach contractions increase the pressure in the intragastric device 550. If one recess 555 is not in contact with the stomach wall, it will deform outward until it comes into contact with the stomach wall.

(59) It should be noted that the embodiments shown in FIGS. 19-21 rotate freely within the stomach, and that the bumps 512, quill-like extensions 522, or recesses 555 may be provided in a non-uniform distribution so as to take advantage of the benefits of the rotational variation described above. That is, a regular array of such exterior features may stimulate the stomach wall more than a smooth surface, but also providing a non-uniform distribution will create different sensations on a constantly changing basis.

(60) It should also be stated that any of the embodiments described herein may utilize materials that improve the efficacy of the device. For example, a number of elastomeric materials may be used including, but not limited to, rubbers, fluorosilicones, fluoroelastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, or any combinations thereof. The materials are desirably selected so as to increase the durability of the device and facilitate implantation of at least six months, and preferably more than 1 year.

(61) Material selection may also improve the safety of the device. Some of the materials suggested herein, for example, may allow for a thinner wall thickness and have a lower coefficient of friction than the current device which may aid in the natural passage of the balloon through the GI tract should the device spontaneously deflate.

(62) The implantable devices described herein will be subjected to clinical testing in humans. The devices are intended to treat obesity, which is variously defined by different medical authorities. In general, the terms overweight and obese are labels for ranges of weight that are greater than what is generally considered healthy for a given height. The terms also identify ranges of weight that have been shown to increase the likelihood of certain diseases and other health problems. Applicants propose implanting the devices as described herein into a clinical survey group of obese patients in order to monitor weight loss.

(63) The clinical studies will utilize the devices described above in conjunction with the following parameters.

(64) Materials:

(65) a. Silicone materials used include 3206 silicone for any shells, inflatable structures, or otherwise flexible hollow structures. Any fill valves will be made from 4850 silicone with 6% BaSo.sub.4. Tubular structures or other flexible conduits will be made from silicone rubber as defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21 Section 177.2600.

(66) Purposes:

(67) a. the devices are for human implant,

(68) b. the devices are intended to occupy gastric space while also applying intermittent pressure to various and continually changing areas of the stomach;

(69) c. the devices are intended to stimulate feelings of satiety, thereby functioning as a treatment for obesity.

(70) General Implant Procedures:

(71) a. The device is intended to be implanted transorally via endoscope into the corpus of the stomach.

(72) b. Implantation of the medical devices will occur via endoscopy.

(73) c. Nasal/Respiratory administration of oxygen and isoflurane to be used during surgical procedures to maintain anesthesia as necessary.

(74) One exemplary implant procedure is listed below.

(75) a. Perform preliminary endoscopy on the patient to examine the GI tract and determine if there are any anatomical anomalies which may affect the procedure and/or outcome of the study.

(76) b. Insert and introducer into the over-tube.

(77) c. Insert a gastroscope through the introducer inlet until the flexible portion of the gastroscope is fully exited the distal end of the introducer.

(78) d. Leading under endoscopic vision, gently navigate the gastroscope, followed by the introducer/over-tube, into the stomach.

(79) e. Remove gastroscope and introducer while keeping the over-tube in place.

(80) f. OPTIONAL: Place the insufflation cap on the over-tubes inlet, insert the gastroscope, and navigate back to the stomach cavity.

(81) g. OPTIONAL: Insufflate the stomach with air/inert gas to provide greater endoscopic visual working volume.

(82) h. Collapse the gastric implant and insert the lubricated implant into the over-tube, with inflation catheter following if required.

(83) i. Under endoscopic vision, push the gastric implant down the over-tube with gastroscope until visual confirmation of deployment of the device into the stomach can be determined.

(84) j. Remove the guide-wire from the inflation catheter is used.

(85) k. If inflated: Inflate the implant using a standard BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon System (BIB System) Fill kit.

(86) l. Using 50-60 cc increments, inflate the volume to the desired fill volume.

(87) m. Remove the inflation catheter via over-tube.

(88) n. Inspect the gastric implant under endoscopic vision for valve leakage, and any other potential anomalies. Record all observations.

(89) o. Remove the gastroscope from over-tube.

(90) p. Remove the over-tube from the patient.

(91) End Point Criteria:

(92) Weight Loss

(93) Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

(94) HbA1C

(95) Lipid Panel

(96) Tissue Samples/Response

(97) Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term about. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

(98) Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

(99) The terms a, an, the and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., such as) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

(100) Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

(101) Certain embodiments are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

(102) Furthermore, references may have been made to patents and printed publications in this specification. Each of the above-cited references and printed publications are individually incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

(103) Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or consisting essentially of language. When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the transition term consisting of excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claims. The transition term consisting essentially of limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s). Embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein.

(104) In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described.