Solar electricity generation system

Abstract

A solar electricity generator including an array of photovoltaic power generating elements, and a single continuous smooth solar reflecting surface, the surface being arranged to reflect light from the sun onto the array of photovoltaic power generating elements, wherein the flux per area at a point of minimum flux per area on the array is approximately 75% of the flux per area at a point of maximum flux per area, the intercept factor of the array is at least 70%, and the optical fill factor of the array is at least 60%.

Claims

1. A solar electricity generator including: an array of photovoltaic power generating elements; and a solar reflecting surface comprising a plurality of continuous, concave solar reflecting surface segments, each of said surface segments being arranged to reflect mutually overlapping fluxes of solar radiation from the sun onto said array of photovoltaic power generating elements.

2. A solar electricity generator according to claim 1 and wherein: said plurality of surface segments comprises four continuous, concave solar reflecting surface segments, and wherein said array of photovoltaic power generating elements and said solar reflecting surface are configured such that: a flux per area at a point of minimum flux per area on said array is 90% of the flux per area at a point of maximum flux per area; an intercept factor of said array is at least 75%; and an optical fill factor of said array is at least 70%.

3. A solar electricity generator according to claim 1 and wherein said solar electricity generator also includes a solar tracking system, said solar tracking system being operative to rotate and position said reflecting surface opposite the sun throughout the day.

4. A solar electricity generator according to claim 1 and wherein said solar electricity generator provides a solar radiation concentration ratio of 500-1000.

5. A solar electricity generator according to claim 1 and wherein: said solar reflecting surface defines a vertex located at a center of said reflecting surface; and said reflecting surface is arranged generally perpendicularly to an axis defined by said vertex and a center of said array.

6. A solar electricity generator according to claim 5 and wherein said array is arranged in a plane which is perpendicular to said axis and is located opposite said solar reflecting surface.

7. A solar electricity generator according to claim 5 and wherein an imaginary plane is defined as perpendicularly intersecting said axis at said vertex, and is tangent to said solar reflecting surface.

8. A solar electricity generator according to claim 1 and wherein said solar reflecting surface segments are symmetric.

9. A solar electricity generator according to claim 5 and wherein said solar reflecting surface segments are symmetrically arranged about said axis.

10. A solar electricity generator according to claim 2 and wherein a 4:1 mapping of reflected solar radiation exists between said four continuous, concave solar reflecting surface segments and said array.

11. A solar electricity generator according to claim 7 and wherein the shape of said reflecting surface is described by a mathematical function z=f(x,y) wherein: z is the distance between a set of coordinates x,y on said imaginary plane and said reflecting surface; x and y are the respective latitudinal and longitudinal distances from coordinates x,y to said vertex on said imaginary plane; and f(x,y) is obtained numerically via the differential equations: $\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{x}=\frac{x-g\left(x\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}}$ $\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{y}=\frac{y-h\left(y\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}};$ $\mathrm{wherein}\text{:}$ $g\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{R}_x\left(\frac{2x}{L_x}-\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left(0,L_x/2\right]\\ R_x\left(\frac{2x}{L_x}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left[-L_x/2,0\right)\end{array};h\left(y\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{R}_y\left(\frac{2y}{L_y}-\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left(0,L_y/2\right]\\ R_y\left(\frac{2y}{L_y}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left[-L_y/2,0\right)\end{array};$ d is the distance between said vertex and the intersection of said axis with said array; Rx is the latitudinal length of said array with an addition of a 2 cm margin; Ry is the longitudinal length of said array with an addition of a 2 cm margin; Lx is the projected latitudinal length of said reflecting surface on said imaginary plane; and Ly is the projected longitudinal length of said reflecting surface on said imaginary plane.

12. A solar electricity generator including: an array of photovoltaic power generating elements; and a solar reflecting surface comprising a plurality of solar reflecting surface segments arranged symmetrically about a center of said reflecting surface, each of said surface segments comprising a plurality of continuous, concave solar reflecting surface sub segments, each of said surface sub segments being arranged to reflect mutually overlapping fluxes of solar radiation from the sun onto said array of photovoltaic power generating elements.

13. A solar electricity generator according to claim 12 and wherein: said plurality of surface segments comprises four solar reflecting surface segments, each of said surface segments comprising four continuous, concave solar reflecting surface sub segments, and wherein said array of photovoltaic power generating elements and said solar reflecting surface are configured such that: a flux per area at a point of minimum flux per area on said array is 60% of the flux per area at a point of maximum flux per area; an intercept factor of said array is at least 80%; and an optical fill factor of said array is at least 60%.

14. A solar electricity generator according to claim 13 and wherein a 16:1 mapping of reflected solar radiation exists between said reflecting surface sub segments and said array.

15. A solar electricity generator according to claim 12 and wherein: said plurality of surface segments comprises four solar reflecting surface segments, each of said surface segments comprising eighty-one continuous, concave solar reflecting surface sub segments, and wherein said array of photovoltaic power generating elements and said solar reflecting surface are configured such that: a flux per area at a point of minimum flux per area on said array is 60% of the flux per area at a point of maximum flux per area; an intercept factor of said array is at least 80%; and an optical fill factor of said array is at least 60%.

16. A solar electricity generator according to claim 15 and wherein a 81:1 mapping of reflected solar radiation exists between said reflecting surface sub segments and said array.

17. A solar electricity generator according to claim 12 and wherein said solar electricity generator also includes a solar tracking system, said solar tracking system being operative to rotate and position said reflecting surface opposite the sun throughout the day.

18. A solar electricity generator according to claim 12 and wherein said solar electricity generator provides a solar radiation concentration ratio of 500-1000.

19. A solar electricity generator according to claim 12 and wherein: said solar reflecting surface defines a vertex located at a center of said reflecting surface; and said reflecting surface is arranged generally perpendicularly to an axis defined by said vertex and a center of said array.

20. A solar electricity generator according to claim 19 and wherein said array is arranged in a plane which is perpendicular to said axis and is located opposite said solar reflecting surface.

21. A solar electricity generator according to claim 19 and wherein an imaginary plane is defined as perpendicularly intersecting said axis at said vertex, and is tangent to said solar reflecting surface.

22. A solar electricity generator according to claim 12 and wherein said solar reflecting surface segments are symmetric.

23. A solar electricity generator according to claim 21 and wherein for a matrix of n by m surface sub segments of a surface segment, wherein the coordinates of an individual surface sub segment are denoted as k,j, where k is the order of said individual surface sub segment between 1 and n and j is the order of said individual surface sub segment between 1 and m, the shape of the individual surface sub segment at coordinates k,j is described by a mathematical function z=f(x,y) wherein: z is the distance between a set of coordinates x,y on said imaginary plane and said reflecting surface; x and y are the respective latitudinal and longitudinal distances from coordinates x,y to said vertex on said imaginary plane; and f(x,y) is obtained numerically via the differential equations: $\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{x}=\frac{x-g\left(x\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}}$ $\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{y}=\frac{y-h\left(y\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}};$ $\mathrm{wherein}\text{:}$ $g\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{\left(-1\right)}^k{R}_x\left(k-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{2\mathrm{nx}}{L_x}\right)\mathrm{for}x.Math.\frac{\left(k-1\right)L}{2n},\frac{{\mathrm{kL}}_x}{2n}.Math.,k=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.}n\\ {\left(-1\right)}^k{R}_x\left(\frac{1}{2}-k-\frac{2\mathrm{nx}}{L_x}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left[-\frac{{\mathrm{kL}}_x}{2n},-\frac{\left(k-1\right)L_x}{2n}\right),k=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.}n\end{array};h\left(y\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{\left(-1\right)}^j{R}_y\left(j-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{2\mathrm{my}}{L_y}\right)\mathrm{for}y.Math.\frac{\left(j-1\right)L_y}{2m},\frac{{\mathrm{jL}}_y}{2m}.Math.,j=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.}m\\ {\left(-1\right)}^j{R}_y\left(\frac{1}{2}-j-\frac{2\mathrm{my}}{L_y}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left[-\frac{{\mathrm{jL}}_y}{2m},-\frac{\left(j-1\right)L_y}{2m}\right),\\ j=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.}m\end{array};$ d is the distance between said vertex and the intersection of said axis with said array; Rx is the latitudinal length of said array with an addition of a 2 cm margin; Ry is the longitudinal length of said array with an addition of a 2 cm margin; Lx is the projected latitudinal length of said reflecting surface on said imaginary plane; and Ly is the projected longitudinal length of said reflecting surface on said imaginary plane.

24. The solar electricity generator of claim 1, wherein each of said surface segments is larger than the array of photovoltaic power generating elements.

25. A solar electricity generator comprising: an array of photovoltaic power generating elements; and a solar reflecting surface comprising a plurality of continuous, concave solar reflecting surface segments, wherein each of the surface segments is configured to reflect solar radiation onto the array of photovoltaic power generating elements to produce a flux pattern that is uniform in intensity across the array.

26. The solar electricity generator of claim 25, wherein the plurality of surface segments comprises four continuous, concave solar reflecting surface segments, and wherein the array of photovoltaic power generating elements and the solar reflecting surface are configured such that: a flux per area at a point of minimum flux per area on said array is 90% of the flux per area at a point of maximum flux per area; an intercept factor of said array is at least 75%; and an optical fill factor of said array is at least 70%.

27. The solar electricity generator of claim 25, wherein the solar reflecting surface segments are symmetric.

28. The solar electricity generator of claim 25, wherein the solar reflecting surface defines a vertex located at a center of said reflecting surface, and wherein the reflecting surface is arranged generally perpendicularly to an axis defined by the vertex and a center of the array.

29. The solar electricity generator of claim 28, wherein the solar reflecting surface segments are symmetrically arranged about the axis.

30. The solar electricity generator of claim 25, wherein each of said surface segments is larger than the array of photovoltaic power generating elements.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1A is a simplified pictorial illustration of a photovoltaic solar generator constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention;

(3) FIG. 1B is a simplified pictorial illustration of a smooth generally concave reflecting surface which is part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 1A;

(4) FIG. 1C is a simplified sectional illustration of the smooth generally concave reflecting surface of FIG. 1B;

(5) FIGS. 1D and 1E are together an example of a sequence of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate part of the shape of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 1A-1C;

(6) FIGS. 1F & 1G are together an example of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate the optical fill factor of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 1A-1E;

(7) FIG. 1H is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIGS. 1A-1G;

(8) FIG. 2A is a simplified pictorial illustration of a photovoltaic solar generator constructed and operative in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention;

(9) FIG. 2B is a simplified pictorial illustration of a smooth generally concave reflecting surface which is part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 2A;

(10) FIG. 2C is a simplified sectional illustration of the smooth generally concave reflecting surface of FIG. 2B;

(11) FIGS. 2D and 2E are together an example of a sequence of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate part of the shape of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 2A-2C;

(12) FIGS. 2F & 2G are together an example of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate the optical fill factor of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 2A-2E;

(13) FIG. 2H is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIGS. 2A-2G;

(14) FIG. 3A is a simplified pictorial illustration of a photovoltaic solar generator constructed and operative in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the invention;

(15) FIG. 3B is a simplified pictorial illustration of a smooth generally concave reflecting surface which is part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 3A;

(16) FIG. 3C is a simplified sectional illustration of the smooth generally concave reflecting surface of FIG. 3B;

(17) FIG. 3D is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by a part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 3A;

(18) FIG. 3E is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by another part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 3A;

(19) FIGS. 3F and 3G are together an example of a sequence of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate part of the shape of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 3A-3E;

(20) FIGS. 3H & 3I are together an example of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate the optical fill factor of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 3A-3G;

(21) FIG. 3J is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIGS. 3A-3I;

(22) FIG. 4A is a simplified illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by a part of a photovoltaic solar generator constructed and operative in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the invention;

(23) FIG. 4B is a simplified illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 4A;

(24) FIGS. 4C and 4D are together an example of a sequence of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate part of the shape of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 4A and 4B;

(25) FIGS. 4E & 4F are together an example of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate the optical fill factor of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 4A-4D; and

(26) FIG. 4G is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 4A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(27) Reference is now made to FIG. 1A, which is a simplified pictorial illustration of a photovoltaic solar generator constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, and to FIGS. 1B and 1C, which are simplified respective pictorial and sectional illustrations of a smooth generally concave reflecting surface which is part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 1A.

(28) As known to persons skilled in the art, the overall electric current produced by an array of photovoltaic cells connected in series is limited by the photovoltaic cell which generates the weakest current. Therefore, it is desirable that all cells generate a generally equal electric current. It is appreciated that the current generated by an individual photovoltaic cell is generally proportional to the amount of absorbed solar radiation, hence it is desirable that all cells in the array absorb a generally equal amount of solar radiation.

(29) As is also known to persons skilled in the art, a non-uniform flux of incident radiation on an individual photovoltaic cell causes a reduction in the power generating efficiency of the photovoltaic cell. Thus, it is desirable to achieve a uniform flux of radiation over each of the individual photovoltaic cells as well as over the entire array.

(30) As seen in FIG. 1A, there is provided a photovoltaic solar generator 100 having a single continuous smooth generally concave reflecting surface 102 mounted upon a solar tracking system 104 such as a PESOS SFC 30 Tracking System, commercially available from PAIRAN Elektronik GmbH of Gttingen, Germany. The photovoltaic solar generator 100 also includes a flat photovoltaic module 106 including a multiplicity of photovoltaic cells such as SPECTROLAB CDO-100-C3MJ Concentrator Solar Cells, commercially available from SPECTROLAB Inc. of Sylmar, Calif., located opposite the reflecting surface 102. The reflecting surface 102 reflects a generally uniform flux of solar radiation onto the flat photovoltaic module 106 located opposite the reflecting surface 102, preferably defining a concentration ratio of 500-1000, whereby the optimal distance between the reflecting surface 102 and the photovoltaic module 106 is determined by the shape of the reflecting surface 102, as will be explained hereinbelow.

(31) The uniformity of the flux of radiation impinging on the array of photovoltaic cells can be measured by the optical fill factor of the system. It is therefore an objective of the present invention to achieve a maximum optical fill factor of the system.

(32) Throughout, the term optical fill factor of an array of photovoltaic cells is defined to mean the ratio between the amount of radiation that would impinge upon an array had the flux of impinging radiation been uniform at a level matching the level of impinging radiation at the points on the array receiving the lowest level of impinging radiation, and the total amount of radiation actually impinging upon the array. This ratio is shown in FIG. 1A as the ratio between area A and the combination of areas A and B.

(33) In addition to achieving maximum uniformity of the flux of radiation impinging on the array of photovoltaic cells, it is an objective of the present invention to maximize the intercept factor of the system. Throughout, the term intercept factor is defined to mean the fraction of radiation reflected by the surface that impinges on the absorbing surface of the receiver.

(34) As also seen in FIG. 1A, a first curved axis 108 of surface 102 perpendicularly intersects a second curved axis 110 of surface 102 at a vertex 116 located at the center of surface 102.

(35) As seen in FIGS. 1B and 1C and as mentioned hereinabove, the reflecting surface 102 reflects a generally uniform flux of solar radiation onto the flat photovoltaic module 106. As also seen in FIG. 1C, the reflecting surface 102 is arranged generally perpendicularly to an axis 118 defined by the vertex 116 and the photovoltaic module 106, whereby the photovoltaic module 106 is symmetrically arranged about axis 118 in a plane perpendicular thereto. The solar tracking system 104 is operative to rotate and position the reflecting surface 102 opposite the sun throughout the day, thereby aligning axis 118 with the sun. A plane 120 is defined as perpendicularly intersecting axis 118 at vertex 116.

(36) It is a particular feature of this embodiment of the present invention that the single continuous smooth generally concave reflecting surface 102 is shaped so that a unique 1:1 mapping of solar rays exists between the reflecting surface 102 and the photovoltaic module 106.

(37) The shape of the reflecting surface 102 can be described by a mathematical function z=f(x,y) where z is the distance between a set of coordinates x,y on plane 120 and the reflecting surface 102, and where coordinates x and y are the distances relative to vertex 116 on a projection of axis 108 and 110 onto plane 120.

(38) Reference is now made to FIGS. 1D and 1E, which are together an example of a sequence of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate part of the shape of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 1A-1C, and to FIGS. 1F & 1G, which are together an example of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate the optical fill factor of the generator of FIGS. 1A-1E.

(39) f(x,y) can be obtained via the following differential equations:

(40) $\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{x}=\frac{x-g\left(x\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}}$$\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{y}=\frac{y-h\left(y\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}};$$\mathrm{where}\text{:}$$g\left(x\right)=\frac{R_x}{L_x}x\mathrm{for}x\left[-\frac{L_x}{2},\frac{L_x}{2}\right];$$h\left(y\right)=\frac{R_y}{L_y}y\mathrm{for}y\left[-\frac{L_y}{2},\frac{L_y}{2}\right];$

(41) d is the distance between the vertex 116 and the intersection of axis 118 with flat photovoltaic module 106;

(42) R.sub.x is the latitudinal length of photovoltaic module 106 with an addition of a 2 cm margin;

(43) R.sub.y is the longitudinal length of photovoltaic module 106 with an addition of a 2 cm margin;

(44) L.sub.x is the projected length of axis 108 onto plane 120; and

(45) L.sub.y is the projected length of axis 110 onto plane 120.

(46) Using the sequence of MATLAB instructions shown in FIGS. 1D and 1E, f(x,y) for one quarter of the reflecting surface 102 can be obtained numerically via the above equations. Due to the symmetry of reflecting surface 102, f(x,y) for the remaining quarters of surface 102 can be extrapolated using the above calculation for a single quarter.

(47) For example, for a single continuous smooth generally concave reflecting surface 102 where L.sub.x=L.sub.y=3.46 meters, the distance d is 2 meters and the dimensions of the photovoltaic module 106 are 1010 centimeters, the value of z is calculated to vary between 0 at vertex 116 and 73.5 centimeters at each of the corners of reflecting surface 102. The total flux of solar radiation impinging upon the photovoltaic module 106 is calculated to be approximately 833 suns, whereby the flux per area at a point on the photovoltaic module 106 of minimum flux per area is approximately 75% of the flux per area at a point on the photovoltaic module 106 of maximum flux per area. The intercept factor of the photovoltaic module 106 is calculated to be no less than 70%, and the optical fill factor is calculated to be no less than 60%.

(48) The optical fill factor is calculated using the sequence of MATLAB instructions shown in FIGS. 1F & 1G, which utilizes the calculation of f(x,y) shown in FIGS. 1D & 1E.

(49) It is appreciated that although FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate reflecting surface 102 as being a unitary reflecting surface, for considerations relating for example to manufacturing and shipping, alternative embodiments of the present invention may include a plurality of surface segments assembled to form reflecting surface 102.

(50) FIG. 1H is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIGS. 1A-1G on the flat photovoltaic module 106. As seen in FIG. 1H, the reflected radiation flux pattern produced on the flat photovoltaic module 106 is generally uniform in intensity over the entirety of photovoltaic module 106, and tapers off steeply at the edges thereof.

(51) Reference is now made to FIG. 2A, which is a simplified pictorial illustration of a photovoltaic solar generator constructed and operative in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, and to FIGS. 2B and 2C, which are simplified respective pictorial and sectional illustrations of a smooth generally concave reflecting surface which is part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 2A.

(52) As seen in FIG. 2A, there is provided a photovoltaic solar generator 200 having a smooth generally concave reflecting surface 202 mounted upon a solar tracking system 204 such as a PESOS SFC 30 Tracking System, commercially available from PAIRAN Elektronik GmbH of Gttingen, Germany. The photovoltaic solar generator 200 also includes a flat photovoltaic module 206 including a multiplicity of photovoltaic cells such as SPECTROLAB CDO-100-C3MJ Concentrator Solar Cells, commercially available from SPECTROLAB Inc. of Sylmar, Calif., located opposite the reflecting surface 202. The reflecting surface 202 reflects a generally uniform flux of solar radiation onto the flat photovoltaic module 206 located opposite the reflecting surface 202, preferably defining a concentration ratio of 500-1000, whereby the optimal distance between the reflecting surface 202 and the photovoltaic module 206 is determined by the shape of the reflecting surface 202, as will be explained hereinbelow.

(53) As also seen in FIG. 2A, a first curved axis 208 of surface 202 perpendicularly intersects a second curved axis 210 of surface 202. Axis 208 and axis 210 divide the reflecting surface 202 into four planar symmetric and continuous smooth generally concave reflecting surface segments 212. A vertex 216 is defined by the intersection of axis 208 and 210.

(54) As seen in FIGS. 2B and 2C and as mentioned hereinabove, the reflecting surface 202 reflects a generally uniform flux of solar radiation onto the flat photovoltaic module 206. As also seen in FIG. 2C, the reflecting surface 202 is arranged generally perpendicularly to an axis 218 defined by the vertex 216 and the photovoltaic module 206, whereby the photovoltaic module 206 is symmetrically arranged about axis 218 in a plane perpendicular thereto. The solar tracking system 204 is operative to rotate and position the reflecting surface 202 opposite the sun throughout the day, thereby aligning axis 218 with the sun. A plane 220 is defined as perpendicularly intersecting axis 218 at vertex 216.

(55) It is a particular feature of this embodiment of the present invention that the reflecting surface 202 is shaped so that a 4:1 mapping of solar rays exists between the four continuous smooth generally concave reflecting surface segments 212 and the photovoltaic module 206. This arrangement, whereby the photovoltaic module 206 receives four overlapping and generally evenly distributed fluxes of solar radiation, provides for a generally uniform flux of solar radiation on the photovoltaic module 206 even in the case of damage to a limited region of one of the reflecting surface segments 212.

(56) The shape of the reflecting surface 202 can be described by a mathematical function z=f(x,y) where z is the distance between a set of coordinates x,y on plane 220 and the reflecting surface 202, and where coordinates x and y are the distances relative to vertex 216 on a projection of axis 208 and 210 onto plane 220.

(57) Reference is now made to FIGS. 2D and 2E, which are together an example of a sequence of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate part of the shape of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 2A-2C, and to FIGS. 2F & 2G, which are together an example of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate the optical fill factor of the generator of FIGS. 2A-2E.

(58) f(x,y) can be obtained via the following differential equations:

(59) $\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{x}=\frac{x-g\left(x\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}}$$\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{y}=\frac{y-h\left(y\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}};$$\mathrm{where}\text{:}$$g\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{R}_x\left(\frac{2x}{L_x}-\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left(0,L_x/2\right]\\ R_x\left(\frac{2x}{L_x}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left[-L_x/2,0\right)\end{array};h\left(y\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{R}_y\left(\frac{2y}{L_y}-\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left(0,L_y/2\right]\\ R_y\left(\frac{2y}{L_y}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left[-L_y/2,0\right)\end{array};$

(60) d is the distance between vertex 216 and the intersection of axis 218 with flat photovoltaic module 206;

(61) R.sub.x is the latitudinal length of photovoltaic module 206 with an addition of a 2 cm margin;

(62) R.sub.y is the longitudinal length of photovoltaic module 206 with an addition of a 2 cm margin;

(63) L.sub.x is the projected length of axis 208 onto plane 220; and

(64) L.sub.y is the projected length of axis 210 onto plane 220.

(65) Using the sequence of MATLAB instructions shown in FIGS. 2D and 2E, f(x,y) for one quarter of the reflecting surface 202 can be obtained numerically via the above equations. Due to the symmetry of reflecting surface 202, f(x,y) for the remaining quarters of surface 202 can be extrapolated using the above calculation for a single quarter.

(66) For example, for a reflecting surface 202 where L.sub.x=L.sub.y=3.46 meters, the distance d is 2 meters and the dimensions of the photovoltaic module 206 are 1010 centimeters, the value of z is calculated to vary between 0 at vertex 216 and 76.5 centimeters at each of the corners of reflecting surface 202. The total flux of solar radiation impinging upon the photovoltaic module 206 is calculated to be approximately 833 suns, whereby the flux per area at a point on the photovoltaic module 206 of minimum flux per area is approximately 90% of the flux per area at a point on the photovoltaic module 206 of maximum flux per area. The intercept factor of the photovoltaic module 206 is calculated to be no less than 75%, and the optical fill factor is calculated to be no less than 70%.

(67) The optical fill factor is calculated using the sequence of MATLAB instructions shown in FIGS. 2F & 2G, which utilizes the calculation of f(x,y) shown in FIGS. 2D & 2E.

(68) FIG. 2H is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIGS. 2A-2G on the flat photovoltaic module 206. As seen in FIG. 2H, the reflected radiation flux pattern produced on the flat photovoltaic module 206 is generally uniform in intensity over the entirety of photovoltaic module 206, and tapers off steeply at the edges thereof.

(69) Reference is now made to FIG. 3A, which is a simplified pictorial illustration of a photovoltaic solar generator constructed and operative in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the invention, and to FIGS. 3B and 3C, which are simplified respective pictorial and sectional illustrations of a smooth generally concave reflecting surface which is part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 3A.

(70) As seen in FIG. 3A, there is provided a photovoltaic solar generator 300 having a smooth generally concave reflecting surface 302 mounted upon a solar tracking system 304 such as a PESOS SFC 30 Tracking System, commercially available from PAIRAN Elektronik GmbH of Gttingen, Germany. The photovoltaic solar generator 300 also includes a flat photovoltaic module 306 including a multiplicity of photovoltaic cells such as SPECTROLAB CDO-100-C3MJ Concentrator Solar Cells, commercially available from SPECTROLAB Inc. of Sylmar, Calif., located opposite the reflecting surface 302. The reflecting surface 302 reflects a generally uniform flux of solar radiation onto the flat photovoltaic module 306 located opposite the reflecting surface 302, preferably defining a concentration ratio of 500-1000, whereby the optimal distance between the reflecting surface 302 and the photovoltaic module 306 is determined by the shape of the reflecting surface 302, as will be explained hereinbelow.

(71) As also seen in FIG. 3A, a first curved axis 308 of surface 302 perpendicularly intersects a second curved axis 310 of surface 302. Axis 308 and axis 310 divide the reflecting surface 302 into four planar symmetric and generally concave reflecting surface segments 312. Each of the four reflecting surface segments 312 is further divided into four generally equally sized reflecting surface sub segments 314. A vertex 316 is defined by the intersection of axis 308 and 310.

(72) As seen in FIGS. 3B and 3C and as mentioned hereinabove, the reflecting surface 302 reflects a generally uniform flux of solar radiation onto the flat photovoltaic module 306. As also seen in FIG. 3C, the reflecting surface 302 is arranged generally perpendicularly to an axis 318 defined by the vertex 316 and the photovoltaic module 306, whereby the photovoltaic module 306 is symmetrically arranged about axis 318 in a plane perpendicular thereto. The solar tracking system 304 is operative to rotate and position the reflecting surface 302 opposite the sun throughout the day, thereby aligning axis 318 with the sun. A plane 320 is defined as perpendicularly intersecting axis 318 at vertex 316.

(73) It is a particular feature of this embodiment of the present invention that the reflecting surface 302 is shaped so that a 4:1 mapping of solar rays exists between the four reflecting surface sub segments 314 adjacent to vertex 316 and the photovoltaic module 306, whereby each of the four reflecting surface sub segments 314 adjacent to vertex 316 reflects a generally equal amount of solar radiation onto the photovoltaic module 306, thereby producing a generally uniform flux of solar radiation on the photovoltaic module 306. This arrangement, whereby the photovoltaic module 306 receives four overlapping and generally evenly distributed fluxes of solar radiation, provides for a generally uniform flux of solar radiation on the photovoltaic module 306 even in the case of damage to a limited region of one of the four reflecting surface sub segments 314 adjacent to vertex 316.

(74) Reference is now made to FIG. 3D, which is a simplified pictorial illustration of reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by one of the four reflecting surface sub segments 314 adjacent to vertex 316 on the photovoltaic module 306, and is a part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 3A, and to FIG. 3E which is a simplified pictorial illustration of reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by one of the twelve reflecting surface sub segments 314 which are not adjacent to vertex 316 on the photovoltaic module 306, and is a part of the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 3A.

(75) In addition to the aforementioned 4:1 mapping between the four reflecting surface sub segments 314 adjacent to vertex 316 and the flat photovoltaic module 306, the shape of reflecting surface 302 also provides for a mapping between each of the twelve reflecting surface sub segments 314 which are not adjacent to vertex 316 and the flat photovoltaic module 306. Each of the twelve reflecting surface sub segments 314 which are not adjacent to vertex 316 reflects a generally equal and overlapping flux of solar radiation onto the flat photovoltaic module 306, thereby producing an additional generally uniform flux of solar radiation on the flat photovoltaic module 306 which is superimposed over the generally uniform flux of solar radiation reflected by the four reflecting surface sub segments 314 adjacent to vertex 316. However, as seen in FIGS. 3D and 3E, the radiation flux distribution pattern produced by one of the twelve reflecting surface sub segments 314 which are not adjacent to vertex 316 is not entirely superimposed over the radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the four reflecting surface sub segments 314 adjacent to vertex 316.

(76) The shape of the reflecting surface 302 can be described by a mathematical function z=f(x,y) where z is the distance between a set of coordinates x,y on plane 320 and the reflecting surface 302, and where coordinates x and y are the distances relative to vertex 316 on a projection of axis 308 and 310 onto plane 320.

(77) Reference is now made to FIGS. 3F and 3G, which are together an example of a sequence of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate part of the shape of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 3A-3E, and to FIGS. 3H & 3I, which are together an example of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate the optical fill factor of the generator of FIGS. 3A-3G.

(78) f(x,y) can be obtained via the following differential equations:

(79) $\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{x}=\frac{x-g\left(x\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}}$$\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{y}=\frac{y-h\left(y\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}};$$\mathrm{where}\text{:}$$g\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{R}_x\left(\frac{4x}{L_x}-\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left(0,L_x/4\right]\\ R_x\left(-\frac{4x}{L_x}+\frac{3}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left[L_x/4,L_x/2\right]\\ R_x\left(\frac{4x}{L_x}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left[-L_x/4,0\right)\\ R_x\left(-\frac{4x}{L_x}-\frac{3}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left[-L_x/2,-L_x/4\right]\end{array};h\left(y\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{R}_y\left(\frac{4y}{L_y}-\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left(0,L_y/4\right]\\ R_y\left(-\frac{4y}{L_y}+\frac{3}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left[L_y/4,L_y/2\right]\\ R_y\left(\frac{4y}{L_y}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left[-L_y/4,0\right)\\ R_y\left(-\frac{4y}{L_y}-\frac{3}{2}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left[-L_y/2,-L_y/4\right]\end{array};$

(80) d is the distance between vertex 316 and the intersection of axis 318 with flat photovoltaic module 306;

(81) R.sub.x is the latitudinal length of photovoltaic module 306 with an addition of a 2 cm margin;

(82) R.sub.y is the longitudinal length of photovoltaic module 306 with an addition of a 2 cm margin;

(83) L.sub.x is the projected length of axis 308 onto plane 320; and

(84) L.sub.y is the projected length of axis 310 onto plane 320.

(85) Using the sequence of MATLAB instructions shown in FIGS. 3F and 3G, f(x,y) for one quarter of the reflecting surface 302 can be obtained numerically via the above equations. Due to the symmetry of reflecting surface 302, f(x,y) for the remaining quarters of surface 302 can be extrapolated using the above calculation for a single quarter.

(86) For example, for a reflecting surface 302 where L.sub.x=L.sub.y=3.46 meters, the distance d is 2 meters and the dimensions of the photovoltaic module 306 are 1010 centimeters, the value of z is calculated to vary between 0 at vertex 316 and 75.5 centimeters at each of the corners of reflecting surface 302. The flux of solar radiation impinging upon the photovoltaic module 306 is calculated to be approximately 833 suns, whereby the flux per area at a point on the photovoltaic module 306 of minimum flux per area is approximately 60% of the flux per area at a point on the photovoltaic module 306 of maximum flux per area. The intercept factor of the photovoltaic module 306 is calculated to be no less than 80%, and the optical fill factor is calculated to be no less than 60%.

(87) The optical fill factor is calculated using the sequence of MATLAB instructions shown in FIGS. 3H & 3I, which utilizes the calculation of f(x,y) shown in FIGS. 3F & 3G.

(88) FIG. 3J is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIGS. 3A-3I on the flat photovoltaic module 306. As seen in FIG. 3J, the reflected radiation flux pattern produced on the flat photovoltaic module 306 is generally uniform in intensity over the entirety of photovoltaic module 306, and tapers off steeply at the edges thereof.

(89) It is appreciated that in alternative embodiments of the present invention, reflecting surface segments 312 may be divided into any number of generally equally sized reflecting surface sub segments, creating a matrix of surface sub segments, wherein each of the surface sub segments is larger than the flat photovoltaic module 306, and whereby each of the surface sub segments reflects a generally equal and overlapping generally uniform flux of solar radiation onto the photovoltaic module 306. It is noted that while the surface sub segments adjacent to vertex 316 reflect generally equal and overlapping fluxes of solar radiation onto the entirety of photovoltaic module 306, surface sub segments which are not adjacent to vertex 316 reflect fluxes of solar radiation which are not entirely overlapping and that do not cover the entirety of photovoltaic module 306.

(90) For a matrix of n by m surface sub segments, where n is the number of sub segments from vertex 316 to the edge of the surface segment 312 along axis 308, m is the number of surface sub segments from vertex 316 to the edge of the surface segment 312 along axis 310 and

(91) $\frac{R_x}{\left(L_x/n\right)}=\frac{R_y}{\left(L_y/m\right)}$
the coordinates of an individual surface sub segment are denoted as k,j, where k is the order of the individual surface sub segment on axis 308 between 1 and n, and j is the order of the individual surface sub segment on axis 310 between 1 and m.

(92) The shape of the individual surface sub segment at coordinates k,j can be described by a mathematical function z.sub.k,j=f (x,y) where z.sub.k,j is the distance between a set of coordinates x,y on plane 320 and the reflecting surface 302, and where coordinates x and y are the distances relative to vertex 316 on a projection of axis 308 and 310 onto plane 320.

(93) f(x,y) can be obtained numerically by using the following derivatives:

(94) $\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{x}=\frac{x-g\left(x\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}}$$\frac{f\left(x,y\right)}{y}=\frac{y-h\left(y\right)}{d-f\left(x,y\right)+\sqrt{{\left(x-g\left(x\right)\right)}^2+{\left(y-h\left(y\right)\right)}^2+{\left(d-f\left(x,y\right)\right)}^2}}$$\mathrm{where}\text{:}$$g\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{\left(-1\right)}^k{R}_x\left(k-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{2\mathrm{nx}}{L_x}\right)\mathrm{for}x.Math.\frac{\left(k-1\right)L}{2n},\frac{{\mathrm{kL}}_x}{2n}.Math.,k=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.}n\\ {\left(-1\right)}^k{R}_x\left(\frac{1}{2}-k-\frac{2\mathrm{nx}}{L_x}\right)\mathrm{for}x\left[-\frac{{\mathrm{kL}}_x}{2n},-\frac{\left(k-1\right)L_x}{2n}\right),k=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.}n\end{array};h\left(y\right)=\{\begin{array}{c}{\left(-1\right)}^j{R}_y\left(j-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{2\mathrm{my}}{L_y}\right)\mathrm{for}y.Math.\frac{\left(j-1\right)L_y}{2m},\frac{{\mathrm{jL}}_y}{2m}.Math.,j=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.}m\\ {\left(-1\right)}^j{R}_y\left(\frac{1}{2}-j-\frac{2\mathrm{my}}{L_y}\right)\mathrm{for}y\left[-\frac{{\mathrm{jL}}_y}{2m},-\frac{\left(j-1\right)L_y}{2m}\right),\\ j=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.}m\end{array};$

(95) d is the distance between vertex 316 and the intersection of axis 318 with flat photovoltaic module 306;

(96) R.sub.x is the latitudinal length of photovoltaic module 306 with an addition of a 2 cm margin;

(97) R.sub.y is the longitudinal length of photovoltaic module 306 with an addition of a 2 cm margin;

(98) L.sub.x is the projected length of axis 308 onto plane 320; and

(99) L.sub.y is the projected length of axis 310 onto plane 320.

(100) For example, for an embodiment including a reflecting surface 302 where L.sub.x=L.sub.y=3.46 meters, the distance d is 2 meters, the dimensions of the photovoltaic module 306 are 1010 centimeters and each of the four reflecting surface segments 312 is further divided into a matrix of 99 generally equally sized reflecting surface sub segments, the value of z is calculated to vary between 0 at vertex 316 and 75.6 centimeters at each of the corners of reflecting surface 302. The flux of solar radiation impinging upon the photovoltaic module 306 is calculated to be approximately 833 suns, whereby the flux per area at a point on the photovoltaic module 306 of minimum flux per area is approximately 60% of the flux per area at a point on the photovoltaic module 306 of maximum flux per area. The intercept factor of the photovoltaic module 306 is calculated to be no less than 80%, and the optical fill factor is calculated to be no less than 60%. This embodiment is further described hereinbelow in conjunction with FIGS. 4A-4C.

(101) Reference is now made to FIG. 4A, which is a simplified illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by a part of a photovoltaic solar generator constructed and operative in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the invention, and to FIG. 4B, which is a simplified illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIG. 4A.

(102) In the embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4B, two perpendicularly intersecting curved axis of a smooth generally concave reflecting surface divide the reflecting surface into four planar symmetric and generally concave reflecting surface segments. Each of the four reflecting surface segments is further divided into a 99 matrix of eighty one generally equally sized reflecting surface sub segments.

(103) FIG. 4A illustrates the reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by one of the four reflecting surface segments on a photovoltaic module which is part of the solar generator. As seen in FIG. 4A, the reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by one of the four reflecting surface segments is generally, but not entirely, uniform over the photovoltaic module. The radiation flux distribution is provided by the eighty one generally overlapping fluxes of radiation produced by the eighty one generally equally sized reflecting surface sub segments of one of the four reflecting surface segments. This arrangement, whereby the photovoltaic module receives eighty one overlapping and generally evenly distributed fluxes of solar radiation, provides for a generally uniform flux of solar radiation on the photovoltaic module even in the case of damage to a limited region of one of the eighty one sub segments.

(104) FIG. 4B illustrates the reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the entire reflecting surface on a photovoltaic module which is part of the solar generator. As seen in FIG. 4B, the reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the entire reflecting surface is generally uniform over the photovoltaic module. This arrangement, whereby the photovoltaic module receives four overlapping and generally evenly distributed fluxes of solar radiation provided by the four reflecting surface segments, provides for a generally uniform flux of solar radiation on the photovoltaic module even in the case of damage to a limited region of one of the four reflecting surface segments.

(105) Reference is now made to FIGS. 4C and 4D, which are together an example of a sequence of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate part of the shape of the reflecting surface of the generator of FIGS. 4A and 4B, and to FIGS. 4E & 4F, which are together an example of MATLAB instructions operative to calculate the optical fill factor of the generator of FIGS. 4A-4D.

(106) Using the sequence of MATLAB instructions shown in FIGS. 4C and 4D, z.sub.k,j can be obtained via the differential equations which describe z.sub.k,j=f (x,y) as shown hereinabove. The optical fill factor is calculated using the sequence of MATLAB instructions shown in FIGS. 4E & 4F, which utilizes the calculation off(x,y) shown in FIGS. 4C & 4D.

(107) FIG. 4G is a simplified pictorial illustration of a reflected radiation flux distribution pattern produced by the photovoltaic solar generator of FIGS. 4A-4F on a flat photovoltaic module. As seen in FIG. 4G, the reflected radiation flux pattern produced on the flat photovoltaic module is generally uniform in intensity over the entirety of photovoltaic module, and tapers off steeply at the edges thereof.

(108) It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as variations and modifications thereof which are not in the prior art.