Ethylene polymer blends and oriented articles with improved shrink resistance

Abstract

The invention provides an oriented article, for example, a yarn, tape or filaments made from a three component polymer blend.

Claims

1. An oriented monofilament that is fabricated from a polymeric blend comprising, based on 100 parts of total polymer: (a) 20 to 50 parts of a first component (A) comprising a homogeneous ethylene polymer having a density between 0.85 and 0.90 gm/cm.sup.3, and a Mw/Mn less than 3, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.5 and 5 gm/10 minutes; and (b) 30 to 80 parts of a second component (B) comprising a heterogeneous branched ethylene polymer having a density between 0.91 and 0.945 gm/cm.sup.3, and a Mw/Mn greater than 3.5, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.5 and 10 gm/10 minutes; and (c) 2 to 25 parts of a third component (C) comprising an ethylene polymer having a density greater than 0.945 gm/cm.sup.3, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.01 and 10 gm/10 minutes.

2. The article of claim 1 wherein the polymeric blend has a relationship between stiffness, in cN/tex/mm, and density, in g/cm.sup.3, such that stiffness 4.8364(density)4.3324.

3. The article of claim 1, wherein the monofilament is used in artificial turf.

4. The article of claim 1 in which the homogeneous ethylene polymer of the first component is a substantially linear ethylene copolymer.

5. The article of claim 1 in which the homogeneous ethylene polymer of the first component is a linear ethylene copolymer.

6. A process for forming the oriented article of claim 1 in which: (a) the first and second components are blended in situ during the formation of such components in one or more polymerization reactors, to thereby form a blend component (AB), and (b) the third component (C) is formed in separate polymerization reactor(s), and (c) the third component is blended ex situ with the partial blend (AB) to form the polymeric blend of claim 1, and (d) the polymeric blend is then processed to form the oriented article.

7. A process for forming the oriented article of claim 1 in which: (a) the first and third components are blended in situ during the formation of such components in one or more polymerization reactors, to thereby form a blend component (AC), and (b) the second component (B) is formed in separate polymerization reactor(s), and (c) the second component (B) is blended ex situ with the partial blend (AC) to form the polymeric blend of claim 1, and (d) the polymeric blend is then processed to form the oriented article.

8. A process for forming the oriented article of claim 1 in which: (a) the second and third components are blended in situ during the formation of such components in one or more polymerization reactors, to thereby form a blend component (BC), and (b) the first component (A) is formed in separate polymerization reactor(s), and (c) the first component (A) is blended ex situ with the partial blend (BC) to form the polymeric blend of claim 1, and (d) the polymeric blend is then processed to form the oriented article.

9. The article of claim 1 in which the ethylene polymer of the third component is a homogeneous linear or substantially linear ethylene polymer having an Mw/Mn less than 3.

10. The article of claim 1 in which the ethylene polymer of the third component is a heterogeneous polymer having an Mw/Mn greater than 3.5.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) None

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(2) Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all parts and percents are based on weight. For purposes of United States patent practice, the contents of any patent, patent application, or publication referenced herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety (or the equivalent US version thereof is so incorporated by reference) especially with respect to the disclosure of polymerization and/or article-fabrication techniques, definitions (to the extent not inconsistent with any definitions provided herein) and general knowledge in the art.

(3) As discussed above, the invention provides an oriented article that is fabricated from a polymeric blend comprising: (a) 20 to 50 parts of a first component (A) comprising a homogeneous ethylene polymer having a density between 0.85 and 0.90 gm/cm.sup.3, and a Mw/Mn less than 3, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.5 and 5 gm/10 minutes; and (b) 30 to 80 parts of a second component (B) comprising a heterogeneous branched ethylene polymer having a density between 0.91 and 0.945 gm/cm.sup.3, and a Mw/Mn greater than 3.5, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.5 and 10 gm/10 minutes; and (c) 2 to 25 parts of a third component (C) comprising an ethylene polymer having a density greater than 0.945 gm/cm.sup.3, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.01 and 10 gm/10 minutes.

(4) In one embodiment, the polymeric blend has a relationship between stiffness, in cN/tex/mm, and density, in g/cm.sup.3, such that stiffness4.8364(density)4.3324, preferably such that stiffness1.2151(density)1.0225.

(5) In one embodiment, the article is in the form of a woven or cross-laid composite sheet.

(6) In one embodiment, the article is in the form of monofilaments.

(7) In one embodiment, the article is in the form of artificial turf.

(8) In one embodiment, the article is in the form of a bi-axially oriented film.

(9) In one embodiment, the article is in the form of a stretch film.

(10) In one embodiment, the homogeneous ethylene polymer of the first component is a substantially linear ethylene copolymer.

(11) In one embodiment, the homogeneous ethylene polymer of the first component is a linear ethylene copolymer.

(12) In one embodiment, the ethylene polymer of the third component is a homogeneous linear or substantially linear ethylene polymer having an Mw/Mn less than 3.

(13) In one embodiment, the ethylene polymer of the third component is a heterogeneous polymer having an Mw/Mn greater than 3.5.

(14) The invention also provides a process for forming an inventive oriented article, in which: (a) the first and second components are blended in situ during the formation of such components in one or more polymerization reactors, to thereby form a blend component (AB), and (b) the third component (C) is formed in separate polymerization reactor(s), and (c) the third component is blended ex situ with the partial blend (AB) to form the polymeric blend as discussed above, and (d) the polymeric blend is then processed to form the oriented article.

(15) The invention also provides a process for forming an inventive oriented article, in which: (a) the first and third components are blended in situ during the formation of such components in one or more polymerization reactors, to thereby form a blend component (AC), and (b) the second component (B) is formed in separate polymerization reactor(s), and (c) the second component (B) is blended ex situ with the partial blend (AC) to form the polymeric blend as discussed above, and (d) the polymeric blend is then processed to form the oriented article.

(16) The invention also provides a process for forming an inventive oriented article, in which: (a) the second and third components are blended in situ during the formation of such components in one or more polymerization reactors, to thereby form a blend component (BC), and (b) the first component (A) is formed in separate polymerization reactor(s), and (c) the first component (A) is blended ex situ with the partial blend (BC) to form the polymeric blend as discussed above, and (d) the polymeric blend is then processed to form the oriented article.

(17) The invention also provides an oriented article that is fabricated from a polymeric blend, wherein the blend comprises at least two DSC melting peaks A and B, wherein one peak A occurs at 120 C., or higher, and wherein peak A is at least 15 C. higher than peak B. In a further embodiment, the blend comprises: (a) 20 to 50 parts of a first component (A) comprising a homogeneous ethylene polymer having a density between 0.85 and 0.90 gm/cm.sup.3, and a Mw/Mn less than 3, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.5 and 5 gm/10 minutes; and (b) 30 to 80 parts of a second component (B) comprising a heterogeneous branched ethylene polymer having a density between 0.91 and 0.945 gm/cm.sup.3, and a Mw/Mn greater than 3.5, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.5 and 10 gm/10 minutes; and (c) 2 to 25 parts of a third component (C) comprising an ethylene polymer having a density greater than 0.945 gm/cm.sup.3, and a melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.01 and 10 gm/10 minutes.

(18) An inventive article may comprise any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.

(19) An inventive article may comprise two or more embodiments disclosed herein.

(20) An inventive process may comprise any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.

(21) An inventive process may comprise two or more embodiments disclosed herein.

(22) An inventive polymeric blend may comprise any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.

(23) An inventive polymer blend may comprise two or more embodiments disclosed herein.

(24) Definitions

(25) The term comprising and derivatives thereof is not intended to exclude the presence of any additional component, step or procedure, whether or not the same is disclosed herein. All compositions claimed herein through use of the term comprising may include any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound whether polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast, the term consisting essentially of excludes from the scope of any succeeding recitation any other component, step or procedure, excepting those that are not essential to operability. The term consisting of excludes any component, step or procedure not specifically delineated or listed. The term or, unless stated otherwise, refers to the listed members individually as well as in any combination.

(26) The terms blend, polymeric blend, or polymer blend generally mean a mixture of two or more polymers. A blend may or may not be miscible (not phase separated at molecular level). A blend may or may not be phase separated. A blend may or may not contain one or more domain configurations, as determined from transmission electron spectroscopy, light scattering, x-ray scattering, and other methods known in the art.

(27) The term comparable means similar or like.

(28) The term composition includes a mixture of materials (such as a blend) which comprise the composition as well as reaction products and decomposition products formed from interaction and reaction between the materials of the composition.

(29) The term polymer refers to a compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type of monomer. The generic term polymer embraces the terms homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer as well as interpolymer.

(30) The terms ethylene-based polymer, ethylene polymer, and like terms, refer to a polymer that contains more than 50 mole percent polymerized ethylene monomer (based on the total amount of polymerizable monomers), and, optionally, may contain at least one comonomer. A homopolymer of ethylene is an ethylene-based polymer.

(31) The term ethylene/-olefin interpolymer refers to an interpolymer that contains at least 50 mole percent polymerized ethylene monomer (based on the total amount of polymerizable monomers), and at least one -olefin having 3 or more carbon atoms.

(32) The term homopolymer is a polymer that contains only a single type of monomer.

(33) The term interpolymer refers to polymers prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The generic term interpolymer includes the term copolymer (which is usually employed to refer to a polymer prepared from two different monomers) as well as the term terpolymer (which is usually employed to refer to a polymer prepared from three different types of monomers). It also encompasses polymers made by polymerizing four or more types of monomers.

(34) The term oriented article refers to, for example, an extruded film, slit film, tape, yarn, fiber, or filament, each of which, after cooling from the melt into a solid state, is transported via a first roller (roll), operating at a velocity v0, to, optionally, one or more subsequent rollers (rolls), stretching units (e.g. hot air oven(s)) and/or further rollers (rolls) after stretching unit(s), to a final roller (roll) that runs at a velocity v1, which is at least two times faster than v0, fulfilling following equation: v1/v0>2. Rollers between v0 and v1 can have higher or lower velocities than v1, as long the relation v1/v0>2 is met.

(35) Inventive Blends

(36) The polymeric compositions of this invention (or inventive blends) comprise blends of at least one ethylene polymer from each of the categories of polymers described below as Components A, B, and C. The inventive blends may be made from components that have been manufactured separately and then blended, or the inventive blends can be made from components, some of which have been blended in situ during the polymerization of one or more of the component polymers. For example, but not by way of limitation, an inventive blend can be made by blending an in-situ-manufactured blend of Components A and B (such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,045 (Kolthammer et al.) or U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,549 (Chum et al.)) with a separately manufactured Component C. Suitable in situ blends of ethylene polymers useful as Components A and B of the inventive blends include the ethylene polymers marketed by The Dow Chemical Company under the tradename ELITE.

(37) The inventive blends comprise from 20 to 50 parts of Component A, from 30 to 80 parts of Component B, and from 2 to 25 parts of Component C. In some embodiments, the inventive blends comprise from 25 to 45 parts of Component A, from 35 to 70 parts of Component B, and from 5 to 20 parts of Component C. In other embodiments, the inventive blends comprise from 30 to 50 parts of Component A, from 30 to 50 parts of Component B, and from 5 to 20 parts of Component C. In still other embodiments, the inventive blends comprise from 35 to 45 parts of Component A, from 35 to 45 parts of Component B, and from 5 to 20 parts of Component C. In other preferred embodiments, the inventive blends comprise from 25 to 35 parts of Component A, from 50 to 70 parts of Component B, and from 10 to 20 parts of Component C.

(38) The overall density of the inventive blends should be between 0.89 and 0.925 gm/cm.sup.3, preferably between 0.90 and 0.925 gm/cm.sup.3, more preferably between 0.905 and 0.925 gm/cm.sup.3, and especially between 0.91 and 0.925 gm/cm.sup.3.

(39) The overall melt index (I.sub.2) of the inventive blends should be between 0.5 and 10 gm/10 minutes; preferably between 1 and 8 gm/10 minutes, more preferably between 1.5 and 6 gm/10 minutes, and especially between 2 and 5 gm/10 minutes.

(40) Component A

(41) Component A comprises one or more homogeneous ethylene polymers having densities between 0.85 and 0.91 gm/cm3, molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) less than 3, and melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.5 and 5 gm/10 min. The density of Component A is preferably between 0.86 and 0.91 gm/cm.sup.3, more preferably between 0.87 and 0.91 gm/cm.sup.3, and especially between 0.89 and 0.91 gm/cm.sup.3. The melt index (I.sub.2) of Component A is preferably between 0.5 and 4 gm/10 minutes, more preferably between 0.5 and 3 gm/10 minutes, and especially between 1 and 3 gm/10 minutes.

(42) Component A may be one or more homogeneously branched linear ethylene/-olefin interpolymers, such as the linear low density polyethylene polymers made using uniform (i.e., homogeneous) branching distribution polymerization processes and catalysts (such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,992 (Elston)) in which the comonomer is randomly distributed within a given interpolymer molecule and wherein substantially all of the interpolymer molecules have the same ethylene/comonomer ratio within that interpolymer, but that interpolymer has essentially no long chain branches. These interpolymers comprise ethylene with at least one C3-C20 -olefin and/or C4-C18 diolefin. Preferred comonomers include propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, and 1-decene, more preferably propene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. Copolymers of ethylene and 1-octene are especially preferred.

(43) Alternatively or in addition, Component A may be one or more homogeneously branched substantially linear ethylene/-olefin interpolymers having long chain branches, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,236 (Lai et al.) and/or U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,272 (Lai et al.).

(44) Suitable ethylene polymers for Component A include the substantially linear ethylene/-olefin interpolymers marketed by The Dow Chemical Company under the tradename ENGAGE. These interpolymers comprise ethylene with at least one C3-C20 -olefin and/or C4-C18 diolefin. Preferred comonomers include propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, and 1-decene, more preferably propene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. Copolymers of ethylene and 1-octene are especially preferred.

(45) The homogeneously branched substantially linear ethylene/-olefin interpolymers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,272,236; 5,278,272; 6,054,544; 6,335,410 and 6,723,810; each incorporated herein by reference. The substantially linear ethylene/-olefin interpolymers have long chain branching. The long chain branches have the same comonomer distribution as the polymer backbone, and can have about the same length as the length of the polymer backbone. Substantially linear, typically, is in reference to a polymer that is substituted, on average, with 0.01 long chain branches per 1000 carbons to 3 long chain branches per 1000 carbons. The length of a long chain branch is longer than the carbon length of a short chain branch, formed from the incorporation of one comonomer into the polymer backbone.

(46) The homogeneously branched substantially linear ethylene/-olefin interpolymers form a unique class of homogeneously branched ethylene polymers. They differ substantially from the homogeneously branched linear ethylene/-olefin interpolymers, as discussed above, and, moreover, they are not in the same class as heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst polymerized linear ethylene polymers (for example, ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE), made, for example, using the technique disclosed by Anderson et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,698); nor are they in the same class as high pressure, free-radical initiated, highly branched polyethylenes, such as, for example, low density polyethylene (LDPE), ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers.

(47) The homogeneously branched, substantially linear ethylene/-olefin interpolymers have excellent processability, even though they have a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution. Surprisingly, the melt flow ratio (I10/I2), according to ASTM D 1238, of the substantially linear ethylene interpolymers can be varied widely, and essentially independently of the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn or MWD). This surprising behavior is contrary to homogeneously branched linear ethylene interpolymers, such as those described, for example, by Elston in U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,992, and heterogeneously branched, Ziegler-Natta polymerized, linear polyethylene interpolymers, such as those described, for example, by Anderson et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,698. Unlike substantially linear ethylene interpolymers, linear ethylene interpolymers (whether homogeneously or heterogeneously branched) have rheological properties, such that, as the molecular weight distribution increases, the I10/I2 value also increases.

(48) Long chain branching can be determined by using 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and can be quantified using the method of Randall (Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., C29 (2 &3), 1989, p. 285-297), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Two other methods are Gel Permeation Chromatography, couple with a Low Angle Laser Light Scattering detector (GPCLALLS), and Gel Permeation Chromatography, coupled with a Differential Viscometer detector (GPC-DV). The use of these techniques for long chain branch detection, and the underlying theories, have been well documented in the literature. See, for example, Zimm, B. H. and Stockmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys., 17, 1301 (1949) and Rudin, A., Modern Methods of Polymer Characterization, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991) pp. 103-112.

(49) In contrast to substantially linear ethylene polymer, linear ethylene polymer means that the polymer lacks measurable or demonstrable long chain branches, that is, the polymer is substituted with an average of less than 0.01 long chain branch per 1000 carbons.

(50) Component A may also be or include one or more olefin block copolymers, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,355,089.

(51) Suitable block ethylene polymers for Component A include the olefin block copolymers marketed by The Dow Chemical Company under the tradename INFUSE.

(52) Component B

(53) Component B comprises one or more heterogeneous branched ethylene polymers having densities between 0.91 and 0.945 gm/cm.sup.3, molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) greater than 3.5, and melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.5 and 10 gm/10 minutes. The density of Component B is preferably between 0.91 and 0.96 gm/cm.sup.3, more preferably between 0.91 and 0.95 gm/cm.sup.3, and especially between 0.91 and 0.94 gm/cm.sup.3. The melt index (I.sub.2) of Component B is preferably between 0.5 and 8 gm/10 minutes, more preferably between 0.8 and 6 gm/10 minutes, and especially between 1 and 6 gm/10 minutes.

(54) Suitable ethylene polymers for Component B include the LLDPE polymers marketed by The Dow Chemical Company under the tradename DOWLEX, the LDPE ethylene/-olefin interpolymers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,698, and the LLDPE ethylene polymer marketed by Union Carbide Corporation under the tradename FLEXOMER.

(55) These interpolymers comprise ethylene with at least one C3-C20 -olefin and/or C4-C18 diolefin. Preferred comonomers include propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, and 1-decene, more preferably propene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene.

(56) Heterogeneously branched ethylene interpolymers can be prepared using Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems. Both the molecular weight distribution, and the short chain branching distribution, each arising from -olefin (or comonomer) copolymerization, are relatively broad compared to homogeneously branched linear and homogeneously branched linear substantially linear ethylene interpolymers. Heterogeneously branched linear ethylene interpolymers can be made in a solution, slurry, or gas phase process using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,339,507, which is fully incorporated herein by reference.

(57) Heterogeneously branched linear ethylene-based interpolymers differ from the homogeneously branched ethylene-based interpolymers, primarily in their comonomer branching distribution. For example, heterogeneously branched interpolymers have a branching distribution, in which the polymer molecules do not have the same ethylene-to-comonomer ratio. For example, heterogeneously branched LLDPE polymers have a distribution of branching, including a highly branched portion (similar to a very low density polyethylene), a medium branched portion (similar to a medium branched polyethylene) and an essentially linear portion (similar to linear homopolymer polyethylene).

(58) As discussed above, heterogeneously branched ethylene-based interpolymers are typically prepared with a Ziegler/Natta catalyst system. These linear interpolymers lack long chain branching, or measureable amounts of long chain branching, as discussed above.

(59) Heterogeneously branched ethylene-based interpolymers include, but are not limited to, linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), and ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE). Commercial polymers include DOWLEX Polyethylene Resins, ATTANE Polyethylene Resins, TUFLIN Polyethylene Resins, and FLEXOMER Polyethylene Resins (all from The DOW Chemical Company), and ESCORENE LLDPE polymers (from Exxon Mobil).

(60) Component C

(61) Component C comprises one or more ethylene polymers having densities greater than 0.945 gm/cm.sup.3, and melt index (I.sub.2) between 0.01 and 10 gm/10 minutes. The density of Component C is preferably between 0.945 and 0.965 gm/cm.sup.3, more preferably between 0.95 and 0.965 gm/cm.sup.3, and especially between 0.952 and 0.96 gm/cm.sup.3. The melt index (I.sub.2) of Component C is preferably between 0.1 and 8 gm/10 minutes, more preferably between 0.5 and 5 gm/10 minutes, and especially between 0.8 and 4 gm/10 minutes.

(62) Component C may be one or more high density homogeneous branched linear or substantially linear ethylene homopolymers or interpolymers (such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,272,236 or 5,2787,272), which have a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) less than 3, or one or more heterogeneous branched ethylene homopolymers or interpolymers (such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,698, which have a Mw/Mn greater than 3.5, or some combination of those polymers.

(63) Suitable ethylene polymers for Component C include the high density ethylene/-olefin interpolymers disclosed in EP 898586 (Jacobson et al.), and the high density ethylene polymer marketed by Borealis under the designation VL5580.

(64) Manufacture of Components and Inventive Blends

(65) The inventive blends may be prepared by mixing or kneading the respective components at a temperature around or above the melt point temperature of one or more of the components. For most components, this temperature may be above 150 C., most generally above 180 C., and most preferably above 200 C. Typical polymer mixing or kneading equipment that is capable of reaching the desired temperatures and melt plastifying the mixture may be employed. These include mills, kneaders, extruders (both single screw and twin-screw), Banbury mixers, calendars, and the like. The sequence of mixing and method may depend on the final composition. A combination of Banbury batch mixers and continuous mixers may also be employed, such as a Banbury mixer followed by a mill mixer followed by an extruder.

(66) Additives and Other Optional Components

(67) Additives and adjuvants may be included in the inventive compositions. Suitable additives include fillers, such as organic or inorganic particles, including clays, talc, titanium dioxide, zeolites, powdered metals, organic or inorganic fibers, including carbon fibers, silicon nitride fibers, steel wire or mesh, and nylon or polyester cording, nano-sized particles, clays, and so forth; tackifiers, oil extenders, including paraffinic or napthelenic oils; and other natural and synthetic polymers, including other polymers according to embodiments of the invention, provided such additives and adjuvants do not interfere with the desired properties of the inventive blends.

(68) The inventive compositions may also contain processing oils, plasticizers, and processing aids. Rubber processing oils having a certain ASTM designation and paraffinic, naphthenic or aromatic process oils are all suitable for use. Generally from 0 to 150 parts, more preferably 0 to 100 parts, and most preferably from 0 to 50 parts of oil per 100 parts of total polymer are employed. Higher amounts of oil may tend to improve the processing of the resulting product at the expense of some physical properties. Additional processing aids include conventional waxes, fatty acid salts, such as calcium stearate or zinc stearate, (poly)alcohols including glycols, (poly)alcohol ethers, including glycol ethers, (poly)esters, including (poly)glycol esters, and metal salt-, especially Group 1 or 2 metal or zinc-, salt derivatives thereof.

(69) The inventive compositions may also contain anti-ozonants or anti-oxidants that are known to a polymer chemist of ordinary skill. The anti-ozonants may be physical protectants such as waxy materials that come to the surface and protect the part from oxygen or ozone or they may be chemical protectors that react with oxygen or ozone. Suitable chemical protectors include styrenated phenols, butylated octylated phenol, butylated di(dimethylbenzyl) phenol, p-phenylenediamines, butylated reaction products of p-cresol and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), polyphenolic antioxidants, hydroquinone derivatives, quinoline, diphenylene antioxidants, thioester antioxidants, and blends thereof. In some applications, the anti-oxidants and anti-ozonants used will preferably be non-staining and non-migratory.

(70) For providing additional stability against UV radiation, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and UV absorbers may be also used. A Lewis acid may be additionally included with a HALS compound in order to achieve superior surface quality, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,681.

(71) In some embodiments, additional mixing process(es) may be employed to pre-disperse the anti-oxidants, anti-ozonants, carbon black, UV absorbers, light stabilizers and/or other additives or adjuvants to form a masterbatch, and subsequently to form the inventive compositions.

(72) Where the inventive compositions will be used to produce artificial turf yarn, the additives may contain pigments (such as green, blue, white, and/or yellow pigments), a UV stabilizer (such as HALS), and processing aids (such as a fluoroelastomer). One or more of the desired additives may first be combined in a masterbatch, for example, a masterbatch which comprises 30 to 70 weight percent pigment, 10 to 60 weight percent of the UV stabilizer, and 10 to 50 weight percent of the processing aid. The masterbatch may then be blended with the other components of the inventive blends so as to result in the follow concentrations: pigment between 2 and 7 weight percent, UV stabilizer between 5000 and 15000 wppm, and processing aid between 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent. The additives may also be added separately.

(73) The inventive compositions may also be crosslinked by any known means, such as the use of peroxide, electron beam, silane, azide, or other cross-linking technique. The polymers can also be chemically modified, such as by grafting (for example by use of maleic anhydride (MAH), silanes, or other grafting agent), halogenation, amination, sulfonation, or other chemical modification.

(74) Fabricated Articles and End-Uses

(75) Fibers: Fibers that may be prepared from the inventive blends include staple fibers, tow, multicomponent, sheath/core, twisted, and monofilament. Suitable fiber forming processes include spunbonded, and melt blown techniques, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,430,563; 4,663,220; 4,668,566; and 4,322,027; gel spun fibers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,110; woven and nonwoven fabrics, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,485,706; or structures made from such fibers, including blends with other fibers, such as polyester, nylon or cotton.

(76) The following oriented articles can also be made from the compositions taught herein: tapes, monofilaments, artificial turf, woven sheets, cross-laid composite sheets, and oriented films.

(77) The inventive blends are also useful in sheet extrusion for vacuum forming operations, and forming molded articles, including the use of injection molding, blow molding process, or rotomolding processes. Compositions comprising the olefin polymers can also be formed into fabricated articles, such as those previously mentioned, using conventional polyolefin processing techniques, which are well known to those skilled in the art of polyolefin processing.

(78) Test Methods

(79) Linear Weight: The linear weight (in dtex) of a monofilament is equal to the weight of weighing 50 meters of the monofilament.

(80) Shrinkage: The shrinkage of a monofilament (expressed as the percentage reduction in length of a 1 meter sample of the monofilament) is measured by immersing the monofilament for 20 seconds in a bath of silicon oil maintained at 90 C.

(81) Tenacity and Residual Elongation: Tenacity and residual elongation of a monofilament are determined using a Zwick tensile tester, operating on a 260 mm length of the monofilament, and using an extension speed of 250 mm/minute until the filament breaks. The tenacity (in cN/dtex) is the tensile stress (in cN) at break divided by the linear weight (in dtex). Residual elongation (as a percentage of the original length) is percentage extension of the original length at break of the filament.

(82) Density: Samples for density measurement are prepared according to ASTM D 1928. Measurements are made within one hour of sample pressing, using ASTM D792, Method B.

(83) Melt Index: Melt index, or I.sub.2, is measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238, Condition 190 C./2.16 kg. The I.sub.10 is measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238, Condition 190 C./10 kg.

(84) Differential Scanning Calorimetry

(85) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) can be used to measure the melting and crystallization behavior of a polymer over a wide range of temperature. For example, the TA Instruments Q1000 DSC, equipped with an RCS (refrigerated cooling system) and an autosampler is used to perform this analysis. During testing, a nitrogen purge gas flow of 50 ml/min is used. Each sample is melt pressed into a thin film at about 175 C.; the melted sample is then air-cooled to room temperature (25 C.). A 3-10 mg, 6 mm diameter specimen is extracted from the cooled polymer, weighed, placed in a light aluminum pan (ca 50 mg), and crimped shut. Analysis is then performed to determine its thermal properties.

(86) The thermal behavior of the sample is determined by ramping the sample temperature up and down to create a heat flow versus temperature profile. First, the sample is rapidly heated to 180 C., and held isothermal for 3 minutes in order to remove its thermal history. Next, the sample is cooled to 40 C., at a 10 C./minute cooling rate, and held isothermal at 40 C. for 3 minutes. The sample is then heated to 150 C. (this is the second heat ramp) at a 10 C./minute heating rate. The cooling and second heating curves are recorded.

(87) The cool curve is analyzed by setting baseline endpoints from the beginning of crystallization to 20 C. The heat curve is analyzed by setting baseline endpoints from 20 C. to the end of melt. The values determined are peak melting temperature (T.sub.m), peak crystallization temperature (T.sub.c), heat of fusion (H.sub.f) (in Joules per gram), and the calculated % crystallinity for polyethylene samples using Equation (1):
% Crystallinity=((H.sub.f)/(292 J/g))100(Eq. 1)
The heat of fusion (H.sub.f) and the peak melting temperature are reported from the second heat curve. Peak crystallization temperature is determined from the cooling curve.
Conventional GPC M.sub.w-gpc Determination

(88) To obtain M.sub.w-gpc values, the chromatographic system consist of either a Polymer Laboratories Model PL-210 or a Polymer Laboratories Model PL-220. The column and carousel compartments are operated at 140 C. Three Polymer Laboratories 10 m Mixed-B columns are used with a solvent of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The samples are prepared at a concentration of 0.1 g of polymer in 50 mL of solvent. The solvent used to prepare the samples contain 200 ppm of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Samples are prepared by agitating lightly for 4 hours at 160 C. The injection volume used is 100 microliters, and the flow rate is 1.0 mL/min Calibration of the GPC column set is performed with twenty one narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene standards purchased from Polymer Laboratories. The polystyrene standard peak molecular weights are converted to polyethylene molecular weights using Equation 2:
M.sub.polyethylene=A(M.sub.polystyrene).sup.B(Eq. 2)

(89) where M is the molecular weight, A has a value of 0.4316 and B is equal to 1.0. A third order polynomial is determined to build the logarithmic molecular weight calibration as a function of elution volume. Polyethylene equivalent molecular weight calculations are performed using Viscotek TriSEC software Version 3.0. The precision of the weight-average molecular weight M.sub.w is excellent at <2.6%.

EXAMPLES

(90) The following examples are provided to illustrate the manufacture of the inventive blends and fabricated articles. Certain comparative examples are made with some existing polymers. The examples are presented to exemplify embodiments of the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments set forth. Unless indicated to the contrary, all parts and percentages are by weight. All numerical values are approximate. When numerical ranges are given, it should be understood that embodiments outside the stated ranges may still fall within the scope of the invention. Specific details described in each example should not be construed as necessary features of the invention.

Examples 1-2 and Comparative Examples 1-3

(91) Two inventive blends and three comparative ethylene polymers are prepared from one or more of the following components, and then are processed into monofilaments or yarns for evaluation in artificial turf applications. The components are listed in Table 1:

(92) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Components for Examples 1-2, and Comparative Examples 1-3 Polymer Ethylene polymer Density I.sub.2 Code component Polymer Type (gm/cm.sup.3) (gm/10 min.) X DOWLEX LLDPE 0.917 2.3 SC2107G Y SABIC 318B LLDPE 0.918 2.8 AB ELITE 5230G SLEP-LLDPE 0.916 4 C Borealis VL5580 HDPE 0.958 0.95 DOWLEX and ELITE are trademarks of The Dow Chemical Company.

(93) The DOWLEX and SABIC polymers are conventional Ziegler-Natta catalyzed copolymers of ethylene-octene and ethylene-butene, respectively, which are commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company and SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation), respectively. The ELITE polymer is an in situ composition of a single-site-catalyzed, homogeneous, long chain branched, substantially linear ethylene-octene copolymer (which is suitable as Component A of the inventive blends), and of a Ziegler-Natta-catalyzed, heterogeneous branched linear low density ethylene-octene copolymer (which is suitable as Component B of the inventive blends), and the split is about 50 wt % homogeneous/50 wt % heterogeneous, based on the amount of this polymer and which is commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company. The Borealis polymer (which is suitable as Component C of the inventive blends) is a Ziegler-Natta-catalyzed, heterogeneous branched, high density ethylene polymer which is commercially available from BOREALIS.

(94) Various components or combinations are blended with a green-pigmented masterbatch and a processing aid, such as fluoroelastomer, such that the oriented articles contain about 4 weight percent of the pigment and about 0.5 weight percent of the processing aid, and then are extruded on a single-screw monofilament extruder, equipped with a melt pump, a circular die with 160 rectangular spinnerets of 4 mm length and 0.5 mm width. The temperature settings of the extruder zones are set forth in Table 2.

(95) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Temperature Settings in Extruder Zones Zone Z1 Z2 Z3-Z5 flange filters Adapter Melt pump Defl dies C. 180 220 230 230 230 230 230 230 230

(96) The extrudates from the extruder are immersed in a waterbath, located 30 mm from the extruder dies, then are dried, and preheated on hot rolls (rollers), each at a velocity v0=30 meters/minute. Then, the extrudates are passed through a first hot air oven maintained at 96 C., and are stretched at ratios from 4 to 6, and passed to rollers at velocities from 120 meters/minute to 180 meters/minute, corresponding to the stretch ratios from 4 to 6, respectively (as shown in Table 3, a stretching ratio of 5.36 results in a velocity of 160.8 meters/minute). In a second hot air oven maintained at 97 C., the stretched extrudates are annealed (i.e., relaxed) at ratios from 0.7 to 0.9, and passed to rollers at velocities (v1) from 84 meters/minute to 162 meters/minute, corresponding to the annealed ratios from 0.7 to 0.9, respectively. This results in velocity ratios for v1/v0 from 2.8 to 5.4, depending on the stretching and relaxation ratios used. Velocity v1 will at least be 2 times v0 for the inventive purpose. The linear weight of the extrudates or monofilaments is about 1300 dtex.

(97) Table 3 identifies the polymer compositions, the stretch ratios, the tenacity, the residual elongation, and the shrinkage for the monofilaments made from the inventive blends of Examples 1 and 2, and also of the polymer compositions in Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 3.

(98) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Blend Compositions and Performance of Monofilaments Residual Shrink- Example or Stretch Tenacity Elongation age Comparative Components ratio (cN/dtex) (%) (%) Ex. 1 90 parts AB + 5.36 11.80 89.80 7.5 10 parts C Ex. 2 80 parts AB + 5.36 11.80 89.50 4.5 20 parts C Comp Ex 1 100 parts Y 5.20 9.15 87.18 10.0 Comp Ex 2 100 parts X 5.36 10.46 53.40 10.2 Comp Ex 3 100 parts AB 5.36 10.50 74.60 9.6

(99) The data in Table 3 demonstrate that the monofilaments made from the inventive blends of Examples 1 and 2 have significantly lower shrinkage than those monofilaments made from either the conventional Ziegler-Natta-catalyzes heterogeneous branched linear low density ethylene polymers of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, or the in situ blend of components A and B (but not component C) in Comparative Example 3. Surprisingly, this improvement in shrinkage is not achieved at the expense of the important properties of tenacity or residual elongation. Rather, both the tenacity and the residual elongation performance of the monofilaments made from the inventive blends are surprisingly superior to that of the Comparative Examples 1-3.

(100) While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, the specific features of one embodiment should not be attributed to other embodiments of the invention. No single embodiment is representative of all aspects of the invention. In some embodiments, the compositions or articles may include numerous additional components not mentioned herein. In other embodiments, the compositions or articles do not include, or are substantially free of, any components not enumerated herein. Variations and modifications from the described embodiments exist. Finally, any number disclosed herein should be construed to mean approximate, regardless of whether the word about or approximately is used in describing the number. The appended claims intend to cover all those modifications and variations as falling within the scope of the invention.