INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH REDUCED EXHAUST TOXICITY AND WASTE

Abstract

An internal combustion engine generates a cleaner exhaust. A combustion chamber combusts a fuel and generates combustion products. A fuel inlet channel introduces the fuel into the combustion chamber. An air inlet channel introduces air into the combustion chamber. An outlet channel discharges the combustion products from the combustion chamber. A set of electrodes is arranged inside the internal combustion engine that generate an electric field in contact with the fuel, the air and/or the combustion products when a voltage is applied across the set of electrodes. A sensor is arranged inside the internal combustion engine that measures a combustion condition. A controller adapts the electric field based on the combustion condition. The engine generates exhaust with reduced toxicity and waste product relative to prior combustion engines by energizing a fluid mixture of fuel, air, and combustion products to improve a redox reaction causing a more complete combustion reaction.

Claims

1. Internal combustion engine comprising: a combustion chamber for combusting a fuel and thereby generating combustion products; a fuel inlet channel for introducing the fuel into the combustion chamber; an air inlet channel for introducing air into the combustion chamber; an outlet channel for discharging the combustion products from the combustion chamber; a set of electrodes arranged inside the internal combustion engine for generating an electric field in contact with the fuel, the air and/or the combustion products when a voltage is applied across the set of electrodes; a sensor arranged inside the internal combustion engine for measuring a combustion condition; and a controller for adapting the electric field based on the combustion condition.

2. Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the set of electrodes is arranged in the air inlet channel, the outlet channel, the fuel inlet channel or the combustion chamber.

3. Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the combustion generates a flame and the electric field is in contact with the flame.

4. Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is arranged to the air inlet channel, the outlet channel, the fuel inlet channel or the combustion chamber.

5. Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is arranged upstream or downstream of the set of electrodes.

6. Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is electrically coupled to the set of electrodes for measuring a combustion condition via the electrodes.

7. Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the set of electrodes is in contact with the fuel, the air and/or the combustion products.

8. Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, which the internal combustion engine comprises an engine block and a cylinder head both forming the combustion chamber, wherein the air inlet channel, the outlet channel and/or the fuel inlet channel are arranged inside the cylinder head.

9. Internal combustion engine according to claim 8, wherein the cylinder head comprises two cylinder head modules.

10. Internal combustion engine according to claim 8, comprising a gasket, wherein the gasket is arranged between the engine block and the cylinder head; and the gasket comprises electrical wires for electrically connecting the set of electrodes.

11. Internal combustion engine according to claim 9, comprising a gasket, wherein the gasket is arranged between the two cylinder head modules; and the gasket comprises electrical wires for electrically connecting the set of electrodes.

12. Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, comprising: a second set of electrodes arranged inside the internal combustion engine for generating a second electric field in contact with the fuel, the air and/or the combustion products; and/or a second sensor arranged inside the internal combustion engine for measuring a second combustion condition.

13. Motor-vehicle comprising an internal combustion engine according to claim 1.

14. Method for combusting a fuel inside an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps of: (a) introducing a fuel via the fuel inlet channel into the combustion chamber; (b) introducing air via the air inlet channel into the combustion chamber; (c) combusting the fuel inside the combustion chamber thereby generating combustion products; (d) discharging the combustion products from the combustion chamber via the outlet channel; (e) generating an electric field via the set of electrodes arranged inside the internal combustion engine, which electric field is in contact with the fuel, the air and/or the combustion products; (f) measuring a combustion condition via the sensor arranged inside the internal combustion engine; and (g) adapting the electric field based on the combustion condition.

15. Method according to claim 14, wherein in step (c) the combustion generates a flame and the electric field is in contact with the flame.

16. Computer program product for combusting a fuel inside an internal combustion engine, the computer program product comprising a computer readable medium having computer readable code embodied therein, the computer readable code being readable/executable by a computing device to cause the computing device to: (a) introduce a fuel via the fuel inlet channel into the combustion chamber; (b) introduce air via the air inlet channel into the combustion chamber; (c) combust the fuel inside the combustion chamber thereby generating combustion products; (d) discharge the combustion products from the combustion chamber via the outlet channel; (e) generate an electric field via the set of electrodes arranged inside the internal combustion engine, which electric field is in contact with the fuel, the air and/or the combustion products; (f) measure a combustion condition via the sensor arranged inside the internal combustion engine; and (g) adapt the electric field based on the combustion condition.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0084] The invention will be apparent from and elucidated further with reference to the embodiments described by way of example in the following description and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0085] FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross-section of an embodiment of an internal combustion engine according to the present invention;

[0086] FIG. 2A schematically shows an embodiment of a cylinder head gasket for an internal combustion engine according to the present invention;

[0087] FIG. 2B schematically shows a detail of FIG. 2A;

[0088] FIG. 3 schematically shows an embodiment of a method for an internal combustion engine according to the present invention;

[0089] FIG. 4 schematically shows an embodiment of an electrical wiring for electrodes and sensors according to the present invention;

[0090] FIG. 5A schematically shows an embodiment of an electrical circuit for generating a electric field according to the present invention;

[0091] FIG. 5B schematically shows an embodiment of a computer control unit and sensors;

[0092] FIG. 6A schematically shows an embodiment of a cylinder head with head gasket in exploded perspective view according to the present invention;

[0093] FIG. 6B schematically shows an exploded side view of an embodiment of an internal combustion engine according to the present invention; and

[0094] FIG. 7 shows schematically an embodiment of a computer program product.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0095] The figures are purely diagrammatic and not drawn to scale. In the Figures, elements which correspond to elements already described may have the same reference numerals provided below.

REFERENCE DESCRIPTION

[0096] 100 engine [0097] 104 engine block [0098] 105 cylinder head [0099] 106 top module, cylinder head [0100] 107 bottom module, cylinder head [0101] 110 combustion chamber [0102] 111 piston [0103] 120 air inlet channel [0104] 121 air inlet valve, open position [0105] 122 fuel direction [0106] 123 air direction [0107] 124 exhaust gas direction [0108] 130 fuel inlet channel [0109] 131 fuel inlet valve [0110] 140 outlet channel [0111] 141 outlet valve, open position [0112] 150 electric field positioned in the air inlet channel [0113] 151 fuel injection path [0114] 152 electric field positioned in the fuel injection path [0115] 170 electric field positioned in the exhaust channel [0116] 160 cylinder head gasket [0117] 201 first air inlet channel [0118] 202 second air inlet channel [0119] 203 first air inlet channel aperture [0120] 204 second air inlet channel aperture [0121] 205 first electrode of first air inlet channel aperture [0122] 206 second electrode of first air inlet channel aperture [0123] 207 third electrode of first air inlet channel aperture [0124] 208 fourth electrode of second air inlet channel aperture [0125] 209 fifth electrode of second air inlet channel aperture [0126] 210 sixth electrode of second air inlet channel aperture [0127] 221 first outlet channel [0128] 222 second outlet channel [0129] 223 first outlet channel aperture [0130] 224 second outlet channel aperture [0131] 225 first electrode of first outlet channel aperture [0132] 226 second electrode of first outlet channel aperture [0133] 227 third electrode of first outlet channel aperture [0134] 228 fourth electrode of second outlet channel aperture [0135] 229 fifth electrode of second outlet channel aperture [0136] 230 sixth electrode of second outlet channel aperture [0137] 240 injector aperture [0138] 242 set of injector electrodes [0139] 250 electrical connectors location [0140] 251 electrical connectors [0141] 300 method for internal combustion engine [0142] 310 introducing fuel [0143] 315 introducing air [0144] 320 combusting fuel [0145] 325 discharging [0146] 330 generating electric field [0147] 335 measuring combustion condition [0148] 340 adapting electric field [0149] 400 electrical wiring [0150] 410 first electrical connector [0151] 411 second electrical connector [0152] 412 third electrical connector [0153] 413 common wire [0154] 420 first electrical circuit [0155] 421 second electrical circuit [0156] 422 third electrical circuit [0157] 430 mesh [0158] 431 second electrical generator [0159] 500 electrical circuit [0160] 501 transformer [0161] 502 signal wire [0162] 510 positive voltage source connector [0163] 511 negative voltage source connector/ground [0164] 520 first capacitor [0165] 521 second capacitor [0166] 522 third capacitor [0167] 523 diode [0168] 524 resistor [0169] 531 transistor [0170] 532 signal input [0171] 533 signal to second electrical generator 431 [0172] 540 sensor [0173] 550 control unit [0174] 600 internal combustion engine [0175] 610 engine block [0176] 615 head gasket [0177] 620 cylinder head [0178] 630 cylinder top [0179] 635 circuit gasket [0180] 640 skull section [0181] 800 computer readable storage medium [0182] 810 writable part [0183] 820 computer program [0184] A direction reciprocating motion piston [0185] B signal [0186] B1 signal [0187] C viewing line in FIG. 6A [0188] D detail enlarged in FIG. 2B

[0189] FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross-section of an embodiment of an internal combustion engine 100 according to the present invention. The combustion engine 100 comprises a cylinder head 101 and an engine block 104. The combustion engine 100 further comprises a combustion chamber 110 defined by the cylinder head 105 and the engine block 104. The combustion engine 100 further comprises a piston 111 arranged inside the engine block 104. The piston 111 makes a reciprocating motion in a direction A during operation.

[0190] The combustion engine 100 further comprises an air inlet channel 120, a fuel inlet channel 130 and an outlet channel 140. The air inlet channel 120 provides air to the combustion chamber 110. The air inlet channel 120 guides the air predominantly in the air direction 123. An air inlet valve 121 may be positioned where the air inlet channel 120 connects to the combustion chamber 110. The air inlet valve 121 may be closed or opened (as depicted) to allow air into the combustion chamber only at predefined moments in time. For example, the air inlet valve 121 may be closed during combustion inside the combustion chamber 110 and discharge of the combustion chamber 110.

[0191] The fuel inlet channel 130 may comprise a fuel inlet valve 131 or fuel injector, which injects fuel into the combustion chamber 110 via a fuel injection path 151. Alternatively, the fuel inlet channel 130 may comprise a carburetor for allowing fuel into the combustion chamber 110. The fuel inlet valve 131 injects fuel only at predefined moments in time. The fuel inlet channel 130 guides the fuel predominantly in the fuel direction 122.

[0192] The outlet channel 140 receives an exhaust gas that is expelled from the combustion chamber 110. The outlet channel 140 guides the exhaust gas predominantly in the exhaust gas direction 124. An outlet valve 141 may be positioned where the outlet channel 140 connects to the combustion chamber 110. The outlet valve 140 may be closed or opened to allow exhaust gas out of the combustion chamber 110 only at predefined moments in time. For example, the outlet valve 141 may be in the open position (as depicted) during discharge of the combustion chamber 110.

[0193] The cylinder head 105 comprises a top module 106 and a bottom module 107. The top module 106 is arranged on top of the bottom module 107. The engine 100 further comprises a cylinder head gasket 160 disposed between the top module 106 and bottom module 107.

[0194] The cylinder head gasket 160 comprises electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 for generating an electric field 150, 152, 170. The electric field 170 may be positioned in the outlet channel 140 for allowing contact with combustion products when the combustion chamber 110 is discharged. During discharge combustion products mix with the electric field 150, 152, 170 providing ionized and/or charged exhaust gas. The ionized and/or charged exhaust gas will become highly reactive and will continue the redox reaction. Also when the ionized and/or charged fuel, air and incomplete reaction product come into contact with the flame, the flame will continue to exist. Hence the electric field sustains the redox reaction and/or the flame in time and/or space. The effects of prolonging and/or intensifying the redox reaction and/or the flame will be that the ionized and/or charged fuel, air and incomplete reaction product will further react to complete combustion products. The result of the further reaction will be that a cleaner exhaust gas will be discharged from the internal combustion engine 100.

[0195] The exhaust gas may be further treated in an exhaust pipe (not depicted) before being released into the outside air. The exhaust pipe is not considered part of the internal combustion engine 100.

[0196] Alternatively, the electric field 150 may be positioned in or in front of the fuel inlet channel 130 for allowing contact with fuel when or preceding the step that the combustion chamber 110 is loaded with fuel. Alternatively, the electric field 170 may be positioned in or in front of the air inlet channel 120 for allowing contact with air when or preceding the step that the combustion chamber 110 is loaded with air.

[0197] FIG. 2A schematically shows an embodiment of a cylinder head gasket 160 for an internal combustion engine 100 according to the present invention. The cylinder head gasket 160 depicted is for use in an internal combustion engine 100 having five cylinders. Although only the features of the cylinder head gasket 160 for the first cylinder are presented, it is to be understood that the features for other cylinders will be similar to the features of the first cylinder.

[0198] The internal combustion engine 100, according to this embodiment, comprises an air inlet channel 120 split in two channels: a first air inlet channel 201 and a second air inlet channel 202. The cylinder head gasket 160 provides a first air inlet channel aperture 203 for the first air inlet channel 201 and a second air inlet aperture 204 for the second air inlet channel 202. The cylinder head gasket 160 further comprises a first set of inlet electrodes arranged on the inside of the first air inlet aperture 203. The first set of inlet electrodes comprises a first 205, a second 206 and a third 207 air inlet electrode. The cylinder head gasket 160 further comprises a second set of air inlet electrodes arranged on the inside of the second air inlet aperture 204. The second set of air inlet electrodes comprises a fourth 208, a fifth 209 and a sixth 210 air inlet electrode.

[0199] The internal combustion engine 100 comprises an outlet channel 140 split in two channels: a first outlet channel 221 and a second outlet channel 222. The cylinder head gasket 160 provides a first outlet channel aperture 223 for the first outlet channel 221 and a second outlet aperture 224 for the second outlet channel 222. The cylinder head gasket 160 further comprises a first set of inlet electrodes arranged on the inside of the first outlet channel aperture 223. The first set of outlet electrodes comprises a first 205, a second 206 and a third 207 outlet electrode. The cylinder head gasket 160 further comprises a second set of outlet electrodes arranged on the inside of the second outlet channel aperture 224. The second set of outlet electrodes comprises a fourth 208, a fifth 209 and a sixth 210 inlet electrode.

[0200] FIG. 2B schematically shows a detail indicated by a dotted circle D in FIG. 2A. The cylinder head gasket 160 provides an injector aperture 240 for arranging the injector to the aperture. The cylinder head gasket 160 further comprises a set of injector electrodes 242 arranged on the inside of the first injector aperture 240. The set of injector electrodes 242 comprises three electrodes.

[0201] The different sets of electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 may be used to generate different electric fields and currents. The electric field affects a fluid, such as a gas and/or a liquid, passing through the electric field. For the injector electrodes this fluid will be fuel. For the air inlet electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 this fluid will be air. For the outlet electrodes 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230 this fluid will be at least combustion products.

[0202] The cylinder head gasket 160 comprises a set of injector electrodes 242 and/or air inlet electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 to initiate, prolong and/or intensify a combustion reaction such as a redox reaction. The cylinder head gasket 160 comprises a set of outlet electrodes 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230 to sustain the redox reaction in the combustion chamber 110 and/or the outlet channel 140. The cylinder head gasket 160 may comprise a set of outlet electrodes 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, and at least one of a set of injector electrodes 242, and a set of air inlet electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 combined with a sensor 540 for measuring a combustion conditions, and a controller 540 for controlling the sets of electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 based on the measurements from the sensor 540 to provide control of redox reactivity.

[0203] The cylinder head gasket 160 may further comprise an electrical connector location 250. The electrical connector location 250 comprises several electrical connections 251. Each electrical connection 251 is connected to one or more electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 by way of electrical wires (not depicted). The electrical wires may be embedded in the cylinder head gasket 160. Alternatively, the electrical wires may be attached to a surface of the cylinder head gasket 160. The electrical connector location 250 allows the electrical connections 251 to external electrical sources to be grouped, such as for example an electrical generator (not depicted).

[0204] The electrical connector location 250 increases the distance between the location where the fuel lines bring fuel to the engine 100 and the location where electrical energy is brought to the engine 100. This increase of distance provides an increase in safety as described above.

[0205] A cylinder head gasket 160 may be arranged to a part of the engine 100, wherein the cylinder head gasket 160 is not part of the combustion chamber 110. This arrangement of the cylinder head gasket 160 provides the advantage of increased tolerances. The cylinder head gasket 160 for the combustion chamber 110 is confined to tight tolerances, high temperatures and/or high pressures. The tight tolerances limit the cross section and amount of electrical wires added to the cylinder head gasket 160. The high pressures require a material which is able to withstand these, such as a rigid or hard material. The high temperatures also require a material which is able to withstand these, such as a temperature hard material.

[0206] Additionally, a high temperature has a negative influence on the conductance of the electrical wires contradicting the tight tolerances. Hence, arranging the cylinder head gasket 160 at another location than the combustion chamber 110 provides a simplified cylinder head gasket design. As an example, a cylinder head gasket 160 may advantageously be arranged between modules of a split cylinder head of a split cylinder head internal combustion engine 110, wherein the cylinder head gasket 160 is not part of the combustion chamber 110, but an internal part of the cylinder head 105.

[0207] FIG. 3 schematically shows an embodiment of a method 300 for an internal combustion engine 100 according to the present invention. The method 300 starts with the step of introducing 310 a fuel via the fuel inlet channel 130 into the combustion chamber 110. After the introducing step, the method continues with the step of introducing 315 air via the air inlet channel 120 into the combustion chamber 110. Alternatively, the introducing steps are swapped in sequence or are executed simultaneously. After the introducing steps 310, 315, the method 300 continues with the step of combusting 320 the fuel inside the combustion chamber 110 thereby generating combustion products. After the combusting step 320, the method 300 continues with the step of discharging 325 the combustion products from the combustion chamber 110 via the outlet channel 140. After the discharging step 325, the method 300 continues with the step of generating 330 an electric field 150, 152, 170 via the set of electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 arranged inside the internal combustion engine 100, which electric field 150, 152, 170 is in contact with the fuel, the air and/or the combustion products.

[0208] Alternatively, the generating step 330 is executed during one or more of the introducing steps 310, 315, combustion step 320 or discharging step 325. After the generating step 330, the method 300 continues with the step of measuring 335 a combustion condition via the sensor 540 arranged inside the internal combustion engine 100. Alternatively, the step of measuring 335 is done prior to or during the generating step 330. After the measuring step 335, the method 300 continues with the step of adapting 340 the electric field 150, 152, 170 based on the combustion condition. Alternatively, the step of adapting 340 is done prior to or during the measurement step 335, wherein the adapting is based on a previous measurement step 335. The skilled person will understand that this sequence of process steps can be continuously repeated.

[0209] FIG. 4 schematically shows an embodiment of an electrical wiring 400 for electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 according to the present invention. The electrical wiring comprises a first 410, a second 411 and a third 412 electrode connector for connecting to a first electrode, a second electrode and a third electrode respectively (any combination of the electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242). The first, second and third electrode may form a set of electrodes together.

[0210] The electrical wiring 400 further comprises a first 420, a second 421 and a third 422 electrical circuit for generating electrical energy for sourcing the respective electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 for generating an electric field 150, 152, 170. The electrical circuits may be connected to a first electrical generator for sourcing the electrical circuits with electrical energy. The electrical circuits 420, 421, 422 are connected to a common wire 413 to allow the electrical circuits to generate an electrical voltage difference between the respective electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242. This connection of the electrical circuits 420, 421, 422 may be seen as a star configuration. Alternatively, the electrical circuits 420, 421, 422 may be connected in a delta configuration. In the delta configuration the common wire 413 may be omitted.

[0211] Optionally, the electrical wiring 400 comprises a mesh 430 positioned downstream of the set of electrodes (any combination of the electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242). The electrical wiring 400 further comprises a second electrical generator 431 connecting the mesh 430 to the common wire 413. The second electrical generator may be a function generator. The second electrical generator may be a current source. The current source may generate a current flow having the shape of a DC current, square wave current, sinus current, triangle current, saw tooth current or pulse current in time. Alternatively, the second electrical generator may be a voltage source generating a voltage having a shape similar to the previously mentioned current shapes. The voltage difference between the mesh and the common wire 413 provides a directional force to the current between the electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242. The directional force increases the volume of the electric field 150, 152, 170 having the effect of improving the contact between the electric field 150, 152, 170 and a fluid, such as a gas and/or a liquid, which passes through the electric field 150, 152, 170.

[0212] FIG. 5A schematically shows an embodiment of an electrical circuit 500 for generating an electric field 150, 152, 170 according to the present invention. The electrical circuit comprises a transformer 501.

[0213] According to an embodiment of FIG. 5B, the control unit 550 controls the electric field 150, 152, 170 produced by circuit 500, by switching the electric field 150, 152, 170 on or off, according to sensor 540 and computer program 820. Other embodiments of the control unit 550 for controlling frequency and/or electric field strength of circuit 500 are envisioned for adapting the electric field for optimizing the redox reactivity. The control unit 550 also signals 533 the second electrical generator 431, to produce an electrical current at the output of the generator, according to the signal received from sensor 540 and computer program 820.

[0214] The transformer 501 comprises a high voltage winding having two high voltage outputs, which are connected to respectively the common wire 413 and the first 420, second 421, or third electrode 422 of an electrical wiring 400, for example the electrical wiring 400 of FIG. 4.

[0215] The transformer 501 comprises a low voltage winding having two low voltage outputs. One low voltage output is connected to a positive voltage source connector 510 for connecting to a positive side of a voltage source. The other low voltage output is connected to a signal wire 502.

[0216] The electrical circuit 500 further comprises a first capacitor 520 connected between the positive voltage source connector 510 and the signal wire 502. The electrical circuit 500 further comprises a second capacitor 521 connected between the positive voltage source connector 510 and a ground 511. The ground 511 may be a negative voltage source connector for connecting to a negative side of the voltage source. The electrical circuit 500 further comprises a third capacitor 522 and a diode 523 both connected in parallel between the ground 511 and the signal wire 502. The orientation of the diode 523 is such that the diode 523 is conductive when the voltage of the ground 511 is higher in reference to the signal wire 502. The electrical circuit 500 further comprises a transistor 531 and a resistor 524 connected in series from the signal wire 502 to the ground 511, wherein the transistor 531 collector and emitter or source and drain are connected in series. The electrical circuit 500 further comprises a signal input 532 connected to a base input or a gate input of the transistor 531. The signal input 532 may be connected to a square wave generator providing a signal B for controlling the voltage of the electrode connector for ultimately controlling the electric field 150, 152, 170. Either the signal input 532 directly or via a square wave generator is connected to the controller according to the invention for controlling the electric field 150, 152, 170 and thereby controlling redox reactivity.

[0217] The first capacitor 520 may have a capacitance of 47 nF, 0.1 f or 2.2 nF. The second capacitor 521 may have a capacitance of 4.7 nF, 2.2 nF, 0.1 F or 1.0 f. The third capacitor 522 may have a capacitance of 4.7 nF or 2.2 nF. The diode 523 may be a fast acting, high amperage diode. The resistor 524 may be a 0.2 ohm resistor. The transistor 531 may be a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET).

[0218] If the transistor 531 is in a non-conducting mode of operation, the voltage at the signal wire 502 will be equal to a positive voltage of the positive voltage source connector 510 and no current will flow through the low voltage windings of the transformer 501. As a consequence, no voltage difference will be present over the outputs of the high voltage side of the transformer 501.

[0219] If the transistor 531 switches from the non-conducting to a conducting mode of operation in combination with the resistor 524 having a low resistance, this will cause the signal wire 502 voltage to become close to ground 511. The voltage over the low voltage windings of the transformer 501 will cause a current to start flowing through the low voltage windings of the transformer 501. The transformer 501 will develop a counter acting voltage to counteract this current flow. This counter acting voltage will also be present between the high voltage outputs of the transformer 501 multiplied by the ratio of windings on the high voltage side and the windings on the low voltage side. Due to this ratio the counter acting voltage on the high voltage side will be much higher compared to the low voltage side. This counter acting voltage will fade away, for instance exponentially, due to resistive losses in the transformer 501. The switching of the transistor 531 will therefore cause a voltage spike of high voltage on the high voltage outputs. The electrical system will provide in a new balance wherein a constant current flows through the transformer 501 low voltage windings.

[0220] If the transistor 531 is subsequently switched from the conducting to the non-conducting mode of operation the flow of current through the transistor 531 will be switched off. The transformer 501 has the natural tendency to continue the current flow through the low voltage winding. For the current to continue to flow, the transformer 501 will generate a voltage over the low voltage windings to sustain this current flow. This voltage will cause the capacitors 520, 521, 522 to be drained of charge. This voltage is enlarged in the same way as previously described to a higher voltage on the high voltage outputs of the transformer 501.

[0221] The diode 523 may prevent a reverse voltage over the transistor 531. The system may start ringing if the effects of the high voltage spikes on the high voltage windings of the transformer 501 are taken into account. These high voltage spikes, taking into account the charged volume between the electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242, may cause the system to behave as a resonant tank circuit that starts ringing. An effect of this may be breakdown and/or discharge between electrodes causing a spark. Depending on frequency, voltage height and atmospheric circumstances between the electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242, the electric field 150, 152, 170 may behave differently. The purpose of the electric field 150, 152, 170 according to the invention is to control redox reactivity. In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, the creation of a spark caused by the breakdown and/or discharge between electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 can be utilized in spark ignited engines. Accordingly, the redox reactivity provided by the present invention can be utilized to replace the need of spark plugs in spark ignition internal combustion engines 100.

[0222] According to the embodiment of FIG. 5, the controller circuit 500 controls the electric field 150, 152, 170 by switching the electric field 150, 152, 170 on or off. Other embodiments of the controller circuit 500, controlling frequency and/or electric field strength are envisioned for adapting the electric field for optimizing the redox reactivity.

[0223] Control may include exposure time to the electric fields 150, 152, 170 based on the number of discharges per second of the set of electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242. Too many discharges may lead to too much ionization resulting in less clean exhaust emissions. Too much ionization of fuel may result in a loss of reactivity leading to a loss of power leading to less clean exhaust emissions; and, too much ionization of oxygen may result in too much oxygen species in the exhaust for less clean exhaust. Thus, the number of discharges is increased or decreased to increase or decrease the amount of ionized fuel and ionized oxygen respectively. Exposure time may be different for different engine types such as diesel, petrol, fuel injected, and carburetor type engines.

[0224] Control may include the amount of voltages needed to ionize fuel and oxygen, together or separately. The ionization of oxygen may have a different voltage than ionizing hydrocarbon fuel so that an increase or decrease in voltage may result in more oxygen than fuel being ionized and vice versa. Too much voltage may result in too much ionization of one or the other reactant resulting in less clean exhaust; Too much voltage may result in wasted electricity with no appreciable benefit to either reactant, or out of balanced stoichiometry (air pollution) or out of balanced oxidation and reduction reactivity (air pollution). Voltage may also need to be controlled differently for different engine and fuel types.

[0225] Control may include the amount of current that increases reduction reactivity. Reduction reactivity primarily occurs during the combustion reaction, therefore current may be delivered during combustion to increase reduction reactivity. Not enough current will lead to too little reduction reactivity compared to ionized fuel and oxygen. This may result in less oxygen consumed in the reaction and/or too much oxygen species expelled to the exhaust (air pollution). Current delivered beyond what improves reduction reactivity does not produce more reduction reactivity rather produces wasted current.

[0226] Control may include an ongoing balance of current and voltage that increases reduction reactivity in relationship to the ionization of the fuel and oxygen. The exposure to voltages that ionize in relationship to currents that reduce can be increased or decreased to maintain a balance resulting in the ongoing control of redox reactivity.

[0227] Control may include the balance in amounts fuel and oxygen, such as air supplied to the engine. In a typical internal combustion engine oxygen and fuel are delivered in amounts that are balanced according to optimal stoichiometry of the engine 100. This means an optimal amount of fuel mixing with the optimal amount of oxygen based on the combustion chamber 110 size and other mechanical determinants to produce the most amount of power and the cleanest exhaust possible, most oxygen any hydrocarbon consumed in the process. Voltage and current like oxygen and fuel are related in amounts delivered in a balanced way for optimal stoichiometry. Electronic control of redox may increase the consumption of oxygen in the hydrocarbon combustion reaction, reducing CO2, NOx, CO and other oxygen species in the exhaust.

[0228] FIG. 6A schematically shows an embodiment of a cylinder head 620 with head gasket 615 in exploded perspective view according to the present invention. The cylinder head 620 comprises a cylinder top 630, a skull section 640 and a circuit gasket 635 arranged between the cylinder top 630 and the skull section 640. The circuit gasket 635 may comprise electric wires and electrodes, such as described in FIG. 2. The skull section 640 of a cylinder head 620 contains the fuel, air, and exhaust ports, and seats the valves. The presented cylinder head 620 may be defined as a split cylinder head.

[0229] FIG. 6B schematically shows an exploded side view of an embodiment of an internal combustion engine 600 according to the present invention. The side view is from dotted line C shown in FIG. 6A in the direction of the arrows. The internal combustion engine 600 comprises an engine block 610, a cylinder head 620 and a head gasket 615 arranged between the engine block 610 and the cylinder head 620.

[0230] In operation, the best method for electronically increasing redox reactivity in modern internal combustion engines (e.g., engine 100) begins in front of the fuel injector (e.g., fuel inlet valve 131) and directly at the exhaust outlet of the combustion chamber (e.g., combustion chamber 110). Increasing redox reactivity can continue downstream, using redox gaskets (e.g., cylinder head gasket 160) between the cylinder head (e.g., cylinder head 105) and the exhaust manifold, and at the exhaust manifold outlet before any exhaust after-treatment. It is ideal to increase redox reactivity in as many stages as needed or possible within an engine. Given the way internal combustion engines are made, the best access to redox locations is through a split-head design. As would be appreciated by one skilled in the art, placement of the electrodes (e.g., electrodes 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242) is the same for all engine designs (e.g., in front of the fuel injector, at the exhaust outlet of the combustion chamber, and in as many stages as possible or needed downstream). For example, electronically increasing redox reactivity can also be applied to fuel-oil burners and other types of combustible fuel engines. With other combustible engine types the locations of the redox reactions and electrodes are also at the fuel injector in the combustion chamber and right at the exhaust outlet.

[0231] FIG. 7 shows schematically an embodiment of a computer program product, a computer readable medium or a non-transitory computer readable storage medium 800 having a writable part 810 including a computer program 820, the computer program including instructions for causing a processor system to perform steps according to a method of an embodiment of the invention.

[0232] In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific examples of embodiments of the present invention. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. For example, the connections may be any type of connection suitable to transfer signals from or to the respective modules, units or devices, for example via intermediate devices. Accordingly, unless implied or stated otherwise the connections may for example be direct connections or indirect connections.

[0233] Devices functionally forming separate devices may be integrated in a single physical device. Also, the units and circuits may be suitably combined in one or more semiconductor devices.

[0234] However, other modifications, variations and alternatives are also possible. The specifications and drawings are, accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than in a restrictive sense.

[0235] In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word comprising or including does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps than those listed in a claim. Furthermore, the terms a or an, as used herein, are defined as one or as more than one. Also, the use of introductory phrases such as at least one and one or more in the claims should not be construed to imply that the introduction of another claim element by the indefinite articles a or an limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim element to inventions containing only one such element, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases one or more or at least one and indefinite articles such as a or an. The same holds true for the use of definite articles. Unless stated otherwise, terms such as first and are used to arbitrarily distinguish between the elements such terms describe. Thus, these terms are not necessarily intended to indicate temporal or other prioritization of such elements. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.