Generation of broadly-specific, virus-immune cells targeting multiple HIV antigens for preventive and therapeutic use

Abstract

Compositions for T cell-based immunotherapy of HIV, HIV-associated malignancies, HIV-associated viral infections, or other HIV-related complications. Modified T cells that are resistant to invasion or infection with HIV, such as T-cells modified to decrease or eliminate expression of mannosyl-oligosacharide glucosidase enzyme (MOGS). Methods for producing such compositions by expanding HIV-specific T cells from different sources to recognize multiple HIV antigens.

Claims

1. A composition comprising HIV-antigen specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells produced by a method comprising: (a) separating T-cells or T-cell precursors from dendritic cells or dendritic cell precursors in a hematopoietic cell sample, (b) producing blasts by contacting a portion of a hematopoietic cell sample, or a portion of said separated T-cells or T-cell precursors, with PHA or another mitogen, or by CD3/CD28 stimulation, and, optionally, treating the blasts with radiation or another agent to inhibit their outgrowth; (c) contacting the dendritic cells or dendritic precursor cells separated in (a) with cytokine(s) or other agent(s) that generate and mature dendritic cells and with at least one HIV peptide antigen to produce HIV-antigen-presenting dendritic cells that present at least one HIV-peptide antigen, and, optionally, treating said HIV-antigen-presenting dendritic cells with radiation or another agent sufficient to inhibit their outgrowth; (d) contacting the T-cells or T-cell precursors from (a) with the dendritic antigen-presenting cells produced in (c) in the presence of IL-7, IL-12 and/or IL-15 to produce CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ HIV-antigen-specific T-cells that recognize the at least one HIV-peptide antigen; (e) contacting HIV-antigen-specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells produced by (d) with the blasts of (b) in the presence of the at least one HIV-peptide antigen, optionally, in the presence of K562 cells or other accessory cells in the presence of IL-2 and/or IL-15; (f) optionally, repeating (e) one or more times to restimulate and/or expand the HIV-antigen specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells; and (g) recovering HIV-antigen-specific T-cells that recognize the at least one HIV-peptide antigen; wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by contacting, maintaining or culturing the T-cells, precursor T-cells or HIV-antigen specific T-cells in a medium in vitro or ex vivo containing at least one drug that inhibits or inactivates MOGS; or wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by genetically modifying the T-cell, T-cell precursor, or HIV-antigen specific T cell to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression; or by modifying the T-cell, T-cell precursor, or HIV-antigen specific T-cell using RNAi or by expression of intrabodies to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hematopoietic cell sample is a cord blood sample or other sample containing naive immune cells.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hematopoietic cell sample is obtained from a peripheral blood sample from a donor who is HIV-negative.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hematopoietic cell sample is obtained from a peripheral blood sample from a donor who is HIV-positive.

5. The composition of claim wherein in (b) the blasts are produced using PHA, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, or another mitogen.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (b) the blasts are CD3/CD28 blasts produced by stimulating CD3/CD28.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (b) the blasts are irradiated or chemically treated to prevent their outgrowth.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (c) the separated dendritic cells or dendritic cell precursors are cultured in a dendritic cell medium containing IL-4 and GM-CSF, and then subsequently matured in a dendritic cell medium containing a mixture of IL-4, GM-CSF, IL-1B, IL-4, IL-6, PGE2, and/or TNF-?.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (c) the dendritic cells are further contacted with HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptides or HIV Gag. Pol, Nef and/or Env peptide libraries.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (c) the dendritic cells are further contacted with HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and Env peptides or HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and Env peptide libraries.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (d) the T-cells or T-cell precursors from (a) are contacted with the dendritic antigen-presenting cells produced in (c) in the presence of IL-7, IL-12 and IL-15 to produce HIV-antigen-specific T-cells that recognize the at least one HIV-peptide antigen.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (e) the HIV-antigen-specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells from (d) are maintained in a medium containing IL-2.

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (e) the HIV-antigen-specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells from (d) are maintained in a medium containing IL-15.

14. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (e) the HIV-antigen-specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells from (d) are contacted with blasts that have been pulsed with HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptides or HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptide libraries.

15. The composition of claim 1, wherein in (e) the HIV-antigen-specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells from (d) are contacted and restimulated with blasts that have been pulsed with HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptides or HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptide libraries at least three times every 5-8 days.

16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hematopoietic cell sample has been obtained from an HIV-positive subject and steps (d) and/or (e) are performed in a medium containing amprenavir or another drug or agent that inhibits HIV replication.

17. The composition of claim 1, wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by contacting, maintaining or culturing the T-cells, precursor T-cells or HIV-antigen specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells in a medium containing at least one drug that inhibits or inactivates MOGS.

18. The composition of claim 1, wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by genetically modifying the T-cell, T-cell precursor, or HIV-antigen specific T-cell to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression; or by modifying the T-cell, T-cell precursor, or HIV-antigen specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cell using RNAi or by expression of intrabodies to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression.

19. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said HIV-antigen specific CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T-cells resistant to infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) recognize two, three, four or more different HIV antigens.

20. A method comprising administering to a subject infected with HIV the composition according to claim 1.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising administering to the subject a drug or agent that attenuates or knocks out MOGS expression.

22. The composition of claim 1, wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by contacting, maintaining or culturing the T-cells, precursor T-cells or HIV-antigen specific T-cells in a medium in vitro or ex vivo containing at least one drug that inhibits or inactivates MOGS.

23. The composition of claim 1, wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by genetically modifying the T-cell, T-cell precursor, or HIV-antigen specific T cell to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression.

24. The composition of claim 1, wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by modifying the T-cell, T-cell precursor, or HIV-antigen specific T-cell using RNAi or by expression of intrabodies to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1. Schematic of method for generating HIV-specific T cells. The method of expanding HIV-specific T cells is presented, using overlapping peptides spanning the HIV proteins Gag, Pol, Nef, and Env presented by dendritic cells and autologous PHA blasts or CD3/28 blasts. T cells are grown in the presence of indicated cytokines and feeder cells at each stimulation. Peptides are also presented by dendritic cells and autologous PHA blasts or CD3/28 blasts. T cells are grown in the presence of indicated cytokines and feeder cells at each stimulation. MOGS expression or activity in the HIV-antigen specific T-cells recovered by this method has been or is knocked down, attenuated, or knocked out by genetic modification of the T-cells, T-cell precursors, or HIV-antigen specific T-cells or by contacting these cells with one or more drugs or agents that inhibit or block MOGS expression or activity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(2) Accessory cell or Feeder cell is a cell, such as a K562 cell, that provides costimulation for recognition of peptide antigens by T-cells or that otherwise assists a T-cell recognize, become primed or expand in the presence of a peptide antigen.

(3) An antigen includes molecules, such as polypeptides, peptides, or glyco- or lipo-peptides that are recognized by the immune system, such as by the cellular or humoral arms of the human immune system. The term antigen includes antigenic determinants, such as peptides with lengths of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or more amino acid residues that bind to MHC molecules, form parts of MHC Class I or II complexes, or that are recognized when complexed with such molecules. Examples of antigens include peptides or peptide fragments encoded by HIV gag, pol, nef, and env genes and viral and tumor antigens associated with HIV-associated disease.

(4) An antigen presenting cell (APC) refers to a class of cells capable of presenting one or more antigens in the form of peptide-MHC complex recognizable by specific effector cells of the immune system, and thereby inducing an effective cellular immune response against the antigen or antigens being presented. Examples of professional APCs are dendritic cells and macrophages, though any cell expressing MHC Class I or II molecules can potentially present a peptide antigen.

(5) A control is a reference sample or subject used for purposes of comparison with a test sample or test subject. Positive controls measure an expected response and negative controls provide reference points for samples where no response is expected.

(6) The term cytokine has its normal meaning in the art. Examples of cytokines used in the invention include IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15.

(7) The term dendritic cell or DC describes a diverse population of morphologically similar cell types found in a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues[18]. One embodiment of the invention involves dendritic cells and dendritic cell precursors derived from the blood of an HIV-negative or HIV-positive donor.

(8) The term effector cell describes a cell that can bind to or otherwise recognize an antigen and mediate an immune response. Antigen-specific T-cells are effector cells.

(9) The term isolated means separated from components in which a material is ordinarily associated with, for example, an isolated cord blood mononuclear cell can be separated from red blood cells, plasma, and other components of blood.

(10) The term MOGS refers to the enzyme mannosyl-oligosacharide glucosidase, preferably, human variants of this enzyme. A representative sequence for MOGS is given by SEQ ID NO: 1. MOGS analogs or homologs, such as allelic variants or mammalian homologs to human MOGS, may have 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87.5%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and up to 100% sequence identity or sequence similarity with SEQ ID NO: 1. BLASTP may be used to identify an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87.5%, 90%, 92.5%, 95%, 97.5%, 98%, 99% sequence similarity to a reference amino acid sequence, such as that of SEQ ID NO: 1, using a similarity matrix such as BLOSUM45, BLOSUM62 or BLOSUM80. Unless otherwise indicated a similarity score will be based on use of BLOSUM62. When BLASTP is used, the percent similarity is based on the BLASTP positives score and the percent sequence identity is based on the BLASTP identities score. BLASTP Identities shows the number and fraction of total residues in the high scoring sequence pairs which are identical; and BLASTP Positives shows the number and fraction of residues for which the alignment scores have positive values and which are similar to each other. Amino acid sequences having these degrees of identity or similarity or any intermediate degree of identity or similarity to the amino acid sequences disclosed herein are contemplated and encompassed by this disclosure.

(11) Nucleic acids encoding MOGS are described by reference to the MOGS amino acid sequences described herein and the genetic code. Such nucleic acids may be produced by chemical synthesis, by molecular biological, or by recombinant methods well known in the art. Such polynucleotides may be incorporated into vectors or DNA constructs and used to knock out or modify the expression of MOGS in a cell. Such MOGS sequences may have 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87.5%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and up to 100% sequence identity with the MOGS sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Polynucleotide fragments of such sequences useful for modifying or knocking out cellular MOGS expression also contemplated. Such sequences may be designed to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression or to replace all or part of a MOGS sequence in a cell. The degree of identity between two nucleic acid sequences can be determined using the BLASTn program for nucleic acid sequences, which is available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://_www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi?PAGE=Nucleotides) (last accessed Jun. 9, 2015). The percent identity of two nucleotide sequences may be made using the BLASTn preset search for short and near exact matches using a word size of 7 with the filter off, an expect value of 1,000 and match/mismatch of 2/-3, gap costs existence 5, extension 2; or standard nucleotide BLAST using a word size of 11, filter setting on (dust) and expect value of 10.

(12) A naive T-cell or other immune effector cell is one that has not been exposed to an antigen or to an antigen-presenting cell presenting a peptide antigen capable of activating that cell.

(13) A peptide library or overlapping peptide library within the meaning of the application is a complex mixture of peptides which in the aggregate covers the partial or complete sequence of a protein antigen, especially those of opportunistic viruses. Successive peptides within the mixture overlap each other, for example, a peptide library may be constituted of peptides 15 amino acids in length which overlapping adjacent peptides in the library by 11 amino acid residues and which span the entire length of a protein antigen. Peptide libraries are commercially available and may be custom-made for particular antigens. Methods for contacting, pulsing or loading antigen-presenting cells are well known and incorporated by reference to Ngo, et al.[19].

(14) The term precursor cell refers to a cell which can differentiate or otherwise be transformed into a particular kind of cell. For example, a T-cell precursor cell can differentiate or mature into a T-cell and a dendritic precursor cell can differentiate or mature into a dendritic cell.

(15) A subject is a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. Mammals include, but are not limited to humans, simians, equines, bovines, porcines, canines, felines, murines, farm animals, livestock, sport animals, or pets. Subjects include those in need of antigen-specific T-cells resistant to invasion by HIV, such as those infected by HIV or having AIDS or AIDS-associated opportunistic infections or malignancies.

EMBODIMENTS

(16) Nonlimiting embodiments of the invention include the following.

(17) 1. A method for producing HIV-antigen-specific T cell(s) resistant to infection by HIV comprising:

(18) (a) separating T-cells or T-cell precursors (e.g., CD3+ cells or cells that do not adhere to plastic) and dendritic cells or dendritic cell precursors (e.g., CD11C+ cells, CD14+ cells, or cells that do adhere to plastic) in a hematopoietic cell sample,

(19) (b) producing blasts by contacting a portion of a hematopoietic cell sample or a portion of said separated T-cells or T-cell precursors with PHA or another mitogen, or by CD3/CD28 stimulation, and, optionally, treating the blasts with radiation or another agent to inhibit their outgrowth;

(20) (c) contacting the dendritic cells or dendritic precursor cells separated in (a) with cytokine(s) or other agent(s) that generate and mature dendritic cells and with at least one HIV peptide antigen to produce HIV-antigen-presenting dendritic cells that present at least one HIV-peptide antigen, and, optionally, treating said HIV-antigen-presenting dendritic cells with radiation or another agent sufficient to inhibit their outgrowth;

(21) (d) contacting the T-cells or T-cell precursors from (a) with the dendritic antigen-presenting cells produced in (c) in the presence of IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, and/or IL-21, preferably in the presence of IL-7, IL-12 and/or IL-15 to produce HIV-antigen-specific T-cells that recognize the at least one HIV-peptide antigen;

(22) (e) contacting HIV-antigen-specific T-cells produced by (d) with the blasts of (b) in the presence of the at least one HIV-peptide antigen, optionally, in the presence of K562 cells, which may express costimulatory molecules, or other accessory or feeder cells and in the presence of IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, and/or IL-21, and preferably in the presence of IL-2 and/or IL-15;

(23) (f) optionally, repeating (e) one or more times to restimulate and/or expand the HIV-antigen specific T-cells; and

(24) (g) recovering HIV-antigen-specific T-cells that recognize the at least one HIV-peptide antigen;

(25) wherein the expression of mannosyl-oligosacharide glucosidase (MOGS) in said T-cells, T-cell precursors, or HIV-antigen specific T-cells has been knocked down compared to MOGS expression in otherwise identical cells which has not been knocked down.

(26) 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the hematopoietic cell sample is a cord blood sample or other sample containing na?ve immune cells.

(27) 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the hematopoietic cell sample is obtained from a peripheral blood sample from a donor who is HIV-negative.

(28) 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the hematopoietic cell sample is obtained from a peripheral blood sample from a donor who is HIV-positive, who has AIDS, or who has an HIV-associated infection or malignancy.

(29) 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (b) the blasts are produced using PHA, conconavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, or another mitogen.

(30) 6. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (b) the blasts are CD3/CD28 blasts produced by stimulating CD3/CD28.

(31) 7. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (b) the blasts are irradiated or chemically treated to prevent their outgrowth.

(32) 8. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (c) the separated dendritic cells or dendritic cell precursors are cultured in a dendritic cell medium containing IL-4 and GM-CSF, and then subsequently matured in a dendritic cell medium containing a mixture of IL-4, GM-CSF, IL-1B, IL-4, IL-6, PGE2, and/or TNF-?.

(33) 9. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (c) the dendritic cells are contacted with HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptides or HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptide libraries. For example, the dendritic cells or their precursors may be contacted with overlapping peptides spanning the HIV proteins encoded by gag, pol, and nef as sources of antigen presented by dendritic cells in the first stimulation.

(34) 10. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (c) the dendritic cells are further contacted with HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and Env peptides or HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and Env peptide libraries.

(35) 11. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (d) the T-cells or T-cell precursors from (a) are contacted with the dendritic antigen-presenting cells produced in (c) in the presence of IL-7, IL-12 and IL-15 to produce HIV-antigen-specific T-cells that recognize the at least one HIV-peptide antigen.

(36) 12. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (e) the HIV-antigen-specific T-cells from (d) are maintained in a medium containing IL-2.

(37) 13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (e) the HIV-antigen-specific T-cells from (d) are maintained in a medium containing IL-15.

(38) 14. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (e) the HIV-antigen-specific T-cells from (d) are contacted with blasts that have been pulsed with HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptides or HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptide libraries.

(39) 15. The method of embodiment 1, wherein in (e) the HIV-antigen-specific T-cells from (d) are contacted and restimulated with blasts that have been pulsed with HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptides or HIV Gag, Pol, Nef and/or Env peptide libraries at least three times every 5-8 days.

(40) 16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the hematopoietic cell sample has been obtained from an HIV-positive subject and steps (d) and/or (e) are performed in a medium containing amprenavir or another drug or agent that inhibits HIV replication.

(41) 17. The method of embodiment 1, wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by contacting, maintaining or culturing the T-cells, precursor T-cells or HIV-antigen specific T-cells in a medium containing a drug that inhibits or inactivates MOGS. Examples of such drugs include castanospermine, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, and deoxynojirimycin.

(42) 18. The method of embodiment 1, wherein MOGS expression has been knocked down by genetically modifying the T-cell, T-cell precursor, or HIV-antigen specific T-cell to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression; or by modifying the T-cell, T-cell precursor, or HIV-antigen specific T-cell using RNAi or by expression of intrabodies to attenuate or knock out MOGS expression.

(43) 19. A composition comprising HIV-antigen specific T-cells which recognize two, three, four or more different HIV antigens. This composition may be a cell product, derived from a healthy HIV-seronegative donor, or from an HIV-positive subject or patient with AIDS, expanded ex vivo to allow specific recognition of the HIV antigens encoded by the gag, pol, nef, and env genes, or by any combination of the four. This composition may conveniently be made according to the methods described herein, such as the method of embodiment 1.

(44) The composition may comprise T-cells or T-cell precursors that recognize antigens other than, or in addition to, HIV antigens, such as antigens from viruses or pathogens associated with HIV infection, such opportunistic pathogens, tumor antigens including HIV-associated tumors, neoplasms or malignancies, or other antigens that can be recognized by T-cells.

(45) Examples of tumor antigens include cancer testis antigens (survivin, MAGEA4, SSX2, PRAME, NYESO1), pluripotency factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog) and tumor protein p53 and MYCN tumor-associated antigen.

(46) Examples of viral antigens include cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens pp65, IE1, UL40, UL103, UL151, UL153, UL28, UL32, UL36, UL55, UL40, UL48, UL82, UL94, UL99, us24, us32; herpes simplex antigens (HSV) glycoprotein G; Epstein Barr Virus antigens BARF1, BMLF1, BMRF1, BZLF1, EBNALP, EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3B, EBNA3C, gp350/340, LMP1, and LMP2; Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8, which is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma) antigens LNA-1, LANA-1, viral cyclin D, vFLIP, RTA; Human Papilloma Virus 16 (HPV16) antigens E6, E7, and L1 and Human Papilloma Virus 18 (HPV16) antigens E6 and E7.

(47) The cells in the composition may be rendered resistant to HIV infection by knockdown of MOGS. MOGS knockdown may be brought about by recognition of relevant mRNA, such as mRNA encoding MOGS or enzymes necessary for MOG activity, by a complementary RNA molecule, and mediated by RNA interference. For example, molecules encoding interfering RNA (RNAi) may be introduced into a T-cell or T-cell precursor by a suitable vector, such as a lentiviral or retroviral vector.

(48) Knockdown or disruption of functional expression of MOGS may be brought about by guide DNA recognizing the MOGS gene, packaged with a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat cas9 or a modified cas9 gene.

(49) It may be accomplished by introducing into a T-cell or T-cell precursor TALENS, CRISPR or zinc-finger nuclease products that disrupt a gene encoding MOGS or a gene necessary for its activity, for example, by transformation or transfection with a lentivirus or retrovirus vector encoding these products.

(50) Knockdown or disruption of functional expression of MOGS may be brought about by guide DNA recognizing the MOGS gene, packaged with a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat cas9 or a modified cas9 gene fused with a transcriptional repressor such as KRAB.

(51) Knockdown or disruption of functional expression of MOGS may be brought about by guide DNA recognizing the MOGS gene, packaged with a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat dcas9 or a modified dcas9 gene.

(52) Knockdown or disruption of functional expression of MOGS may also brought about by recognition genomic DNA by engineered transcription activator-like effectors recognizing the MOGS gene.

(53) Knockdown or disruption of functional expression of MOGS can be brought about by introduction of transgenes coding for MOGS-specific intrabodies, for example, by introduction into a T-cell or T-cell precursor a lentivirus or retrovirus vector encoding an intrabody that disrupts MOGS expression or activity.

(54) Alternatively, a T-cell, T-cell precursor, or antigen-specific T-cell may be co-cultured with a drug that inhibits, blocks or attenuates MOGS expression or activity, such as the drugs castanospermine, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, or deoxynojirimycin.

(55) 20. A method for inhibiting HIV invasion and replication in a subject or for treating a subject infected by HIV comprising administering the composition according to embodiment 19, optionally in combination with a drug or agent that attenuates or knocks out MOGS expression, to a subject in need thereof. This method may be used to prevent or treat HIV infections or HIV-associated conditions. A subject may be selected from those who are HIV-negative, but at risk for acquiring an HIV infection, an HIV-positive subject, a patient with AIDS or an HIV-associated malignancy, HIV-associated infection, and a complication of HIV.

(56) HIV-antigen specific T-cells, such as those produced by the method according to embodiment 1 may be infused into a subject, for example, by intravenous infusion. A single or multiple infusions may be made. Prior to infusion, a subject or patient may be lymphodepleted, for example, by the administration of a drug such as cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, alemtusumab, by other lymphodepleting drugs, or by radiation. Immunomodulatory drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, anti-inflammatory drugs, or epigenetic-modifying drugs, may be administered to a subject or patient before, during or after an infusion of antigen-specific T-cells. Examples of epigenetic modifying drugs include the classes of histone deacetylase inhibitors and histone demethylase inhibitors.

(57) Other cellular products may be coadministered with the antigen-specific T-cells according to the invention, such as adipose-derived, bone marrow derived, or dental pulp derived mesenchymal stem cells. Drugs that knockdown MOGS expression, such as castanospermine, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin or deoxynojirimycin may be administered before, during or after administration of antigen-specific T-cells according to the invention.

EXAMPLE

Generation of Virus-Resistant HIV-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells

(58) Donors

(59) Blood is collected from HIV-negative and HIV-positive human subjects. Umbilical cord blood is also obtained which is often used as a stem cell source for patients eligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Blood is generally collected in 60 to 100 ml heparinized tubes or EDTA-containing tubes.

(60) Isolation of Mononuclear Cells

(61) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from the blood of HIV-negative and HIV-positive subjects by density gradient centrifugation. The buffy coat containing PBMCs is removed from sedimented red blood cells and other plasma components and used to produce HIV-antigen specific T-cells. The isolated PBMCs may be preserved for later use by suspension in a cryopreservation medium such as a medium containing fetal bovine serum and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) by procedures known in the art.

(62) Generation of Antigen Presenting Cells

(63) PBMC were plated on 6 well plates and incubated for 2 hours in dendritic cell media (CellGenix DC media; CellGenix) supplemented with 2 mmol/L GlutaMax (Invitrogen). Nonadherent cells were harvested and cryopreserved. Adherent cells were cultured in dendritic cell media in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4 (1,000 U/mL) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 800 U/mL; both R&D). On day 5, immature dendritic cells were matured in dendritic cell media with a cytokine cocktail consisting of IL-4 (1,000 U/mL), GM-CSF (800 U/mL), IL-6 (100 ng/mL), TNF-? (10 ng/mL), IL-1? (10 ng/mL; all R&D), and PGE2 (1 ?g/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), and were harvested after 24-48 hours of maturation for use as APC. To generate PHA-blasts, PBMC were stimulated with the mitogen PHA-P (5 ?g/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) in presence of IL-2 to promote blast formation (PHA-blasts). PHA-blasts were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% human serum (Valley Medical), 2 mmol/L GlutaMax, and IL-2 (100 U/mL; R&D). To prevent possible viral outgrowth when cells were grown from HIV+individuals, PHA blasts were cultured in presence of 0.5 ng/mL of amprenavir.

(64) Generation of HIV-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells (HXTC)

(65) Matured dendritic cells were harvested and used as APC and simultaneously peptide-pulsed with gag, pol, nef and/or env peptide libraries (PepMix; JPT Peptide Technologies). Dendritic cells were used at a stimulator-to-effector ratio of 1:10. T cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 40% Clicks media (Irvine Scientific), 10% human AB serum, and 2 mmol/L GlutaMax. For initial stimulation, a cytokine mix containing IL-7 (10 ng/mL), IL-12 (10 ng/mL), IL-15 (5 ng/mL) (all R&D) was added. T cells were restimulated with peptide-pulsed autologous irradiated (30 Gy) PHA-blasts at a ratio of 1:4 on day 10 to 12 and cultures were maintained in IL-15 (5 ng/mL)-supplemented media or IL-2 (50 U/mL)-supplemented media and restimulated every 7 days as described previously for 3 stimulation cycles. HXTCs derived from HIV+patients were also expanded in presence of 0.5 ng/mL of amprenavir.

(66) Generation of HIV-Specific and Tumor/Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells (HXTC-T and HXTC-V)

(67) Similar to the method above, matured dendritic cells were harvested and used as APC and simultaneously peptide-pulsed with gag, pol, nef and/or env and any combination of the following tumor antigens (survivin, MAGEA4, SSX2, PRAME, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, p53, MYCN, and NYESO1 peptide libraries) or viral antigens (pp65, IE1, IE1, UL40, UL103, UL151, UL153, UL28, UL32, UL36, UL55, UL40, UL48, UL82, UL94, UL99, us24, us32, us32, HSV-1 glycoprotein G, BARF1, BMLF1, BMRF1, BZLF1, EBNALP, EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3B, EBNA3C, gp350/340, LMP1, LMP2, LNA-1, LANA-1, viral cyclin D, vFLIP, RTA, E6, E7, and L1 peptide libraries) (PepMix; JPT Peptide Technologies). Dendritic cells are used at a stimulator-to-effector ratio of 1:10. T cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 40% Clicks media (Irvine Scientific), 10% human AB serum, and 2 mmol/L GlutaMax. For initial stimulation, a cytokine mix containing IL-7 (10 ng/mL), IL-12 (10 ng/mL), IL-15 (5 ng/mL) (all R&D) was added. T cells are restimulated with peptide-pulsed autologous irradiated (30 Gy) PHA-blasts at a ratio of 1:4 on day 10 to 12 and cultures are maintained in IL-15 (5 ng/mL)-supplemented media or IL-2(50 U/mL)-supplemented media and restimulated every 7 days as described previously for 3 stimulation cycles. HXTCs derived from HIV+ patients are also expanded in presence of 0.5 ng/mL of amprenavir.

(68) Generation of Virus-Resistant HIV-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells (HXTC-R, HXTC-TR, and HXTC-VR)

(69) T cells expanded according to the methods (HXTC, HXTC-T, and HXTC-V) above are subjected to disruption of MOGS expression, using any or a combination of the following procedures: RNAi, CRISPR, TALENS, expression of intrabodies, and co-administration of drugs that targets MOGS (castanospermine, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, or deoxynojirimycin).

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