PHOTOVOLTAIC YARN AND A PRODUCTION METHOD

Abstract

The present invention relates to a photovoltaic yarn and production method wherein electrical conduction is enabled by the photovoltaic yarn comprising a texturized yarn (2) with a cathode layer (4), an active layer (6) and an anode layer (8) coating thereon, the photovoltaic yarn can generate electricity utilizing the solar light, and which is developed especially to be used in textile industry.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic yarn, comprising: at least one texturized yarn, at least one intermediate layer covering the texturized yarn to increase the adhesion strength of the yarn, at least one cathode layer comprising a gallium-indium alloy coats on the yarn by means of the intermediate layer, at least one active layer comprising an electron donor material selected from a group consisting of p-type poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly [N-9-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)](PCDTBT), poly Poly [2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-enzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT), poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3 -fluoro-2-[2-ethylhexyl) carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7) and semi conductive polymers and an electron acceptor material selected from a group consisting of n-type carbon-60 derived [6,6]-phenyl-C.sub.61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM); (6,6)-phenyl C.sub.71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC.sub.71BM), 1,1,4,4-Tetrahydro-di[1,4]methanonaphthaleno[1,2:2,3,56,60:2,3][5,6]fullerene-C60, C60 derivative, indene-C60 bisadduct (ICBA) and semi conductive polymers, at least one anode layer, wherein the anode layer is a mixture of polymers comprising poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythyophene) (PEDOT), polystyrenesulphonate (PSS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and triton X-100.

2. The photovoltaic yarn according to claim 1, wherein the anode layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythyophene)(PEDOT) and polysturenesulphonate (PSS), wherein the anode layer further comprises a 5% DMSO and 0.1% Triton X-100, by mass percentage.

3. The photovoltaic yarn according to claim 1, wherein an electron transmission layer is located between the cathode layer and the active layer.

4. The photovoltaic yarn according to claim 1, wherein a hole transmission layer (electron prevention layer) in photovoltaic structure is located between the active layer and the anode layer.

5. A photovoltaic yarn production method wherein photovoltaic yarn comprises at least one texturized yarn, at least one intermediate layer, at least one cathode layer, at least one active layer and at least one anode layer, the method comprises the following sequential steps; forming the intermediate layer by surface treatment of the yarn or coating the texturized yarn surface, forming the cathode layer on the intermediate layer by coating the intermediate layer with the gallium-indium alloy at atmospheric conditions, coating the cathode layer with the active layer after dissolving and mixing the electron acceptor and electron donor organic materials in a solvent, coating the anode layer on the cathode layer.

6. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 5, wherein the step of forming cathode layer on the intermediate layer with gallium-indium alloy (GaIn) in liquid form is conducted at atmospheric conditions via a brush without needing any vacuum system.

7. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 5, wherein the step of forming electron transmission layer is conducted by applying ZnO and/or TiO.sub.2 solution on the cathode layer with dripping, dipping or spraying, and applying heat treatment.

8. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 5, wherein in the step of coating the electron acceptor and electron donor organic materials as active layer after dissolved and mixed in solvent, the active layer is coated on the cathode layer.

9. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 7, wherein in the step of coating the electron acceptor and electron donor organic materials as active layer after dissolved and mixed in solvent, the active layer is coated on the electron transmission layer.

10. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 5, wherein in the step of forming the hole transmission layer is conducted by coating the solution prepared by dissolving vanadium pentoxide (V.sub.2O.sub.g), molybdenum oxide (MoO.sub.3), tungsten trioxide (WO.sub.3) or nickel oxide (NiO) in a solvent on the active layer via dripping, sipping, or spraying and applying heat treatment.

11. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 5, wherein in the step of preparing solution enabling optic permeability and electrical transmission and coating as the anode layer, the anode layer is coated on the active layer.

12. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 10, wherein in the step of preparing solution enabling optic permeability and electrical transmission and coating as the anode layer, the anode layer is coated on the hole transmission layer.

13. The photovoltaic yarn according to claim 2, wherein a hole transmission layer (electron prevention layer) in photovoltaic structure is located between the active layer and the anode layer, wherein the anode layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythyophene)(PEDOT) and polysturenesulphonate (PSS), wherein the anode layer further comprises a 5% DMSO and 0.1% Triton X-100, by mass percentage.

14. The photovoltaic yarn according to claim 3, wherein a hole transmission layer (electron prevention layer) in photovoltaic structure is located between the active layer and the anode layer, Wherein an electron transmission layer is located between the cathode layer and the active layer.

15. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 6, wherein in the step of forming the hole transmission layer is conducted by coating the solution prepared by dissolving vanadium pentoxide (V.sub.2O.sub.5), molybdenum oxide (MoO.sub.3), tungsten trioxide (WO.sub.3) or nickel oxide (NiO) in a solvent on the active layer via dripping, sipping, or spraying and applying heat treatment.

16. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 8, wherein in the step of forming the hole transmission layer is conducted by coating the solution prepared by dissolving vanadium pentoxide (V.sub.2O.sub.5), molybdenum oxide (MoO.sub.3), tungsten trioxide (WO.sub.3) or nickel oxide (NiO) in a solvent on the active layer via dripping, sipping, or spraying and applying heat treatment.

17. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 9, wherein in the step of forming the hole transmission layer is conducted by coating the solution prepared by dissolving vanadium pentoxide (V.sub.2O.sub.5), molybdenum oxide (MoO.sub.3), tungsten trioxide (W0.sub.3) or nickel oxide (NiO) in a solvent on the active layer via dripping, sipping, or spraying and applying heat treatment.

18. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 8, wherein in the step of preparing solution enabling optic permeability and electrical transmission and coating as the anode layer, the anode layer is coated on the active layer.

19. The photovoltaic yarn production method according to claim 9, wherein in the step of preparing solution enabling optic permeability and electrical transmission and coating as the anode layer, the anode layer is coated on the active layer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] A photovoltaic yarn and production method developed to fulfill the objective of the present invention is illustrated in the accompanying figures wherein,

[0020] FIG. 1 is the perspective view of one embodiment of the inventive photovoltaic yarn wherein the layers can be observed.

[0021] FIG. 2 is the cross sectional view of another embodiment of the inventive photovoltaic yarn wherein the layers can be observed.

[0022] FIG. 3 is the cross sectional view of a further embodiment of the inventive photovoltaic yarn wherein the layers can be observed.

[0023] FIG. 4 is the flow chart of the inventive photovoltaic yarn production method.

[0024] The elements in the figures belonging to the photovoltaic yarn have ben numerated as follows: [0025] 1. Photovoltaic yarn [0026] 2. Yarn [0027] 3. Intermediate layer [0028] 4. Cathode layer [0029] 5. Electron transmission layer (Hole prevention layer) (ETL) [0030] 6. Active layer [0031] 7. Hole transmission layer (Electron prevention layer) (HTL) [0032] 8. Optic permeable and conductive layer (Anode layer) [0033] A. Light

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0034] The inventive photovoltaic yarn (1) essentially comprises [0035] at least one a texturized yarn (2), [0036] at least one an intermediate layer covering the yarn (2) and increase the adhesion strength of the yarn (2), [0037] at least one a cathode layer (4) which is coated by attaching on the yarn (2) by means of the intermediate layer (3) and which has a photovoltaic structure, [0038] at least one an active layer (6) which is located on the cathode layer (4), comprises electron acceptor and electron donor materials, and which has a photovoltaic structure, [0039] at least one an anode layer (8) which enables the light (A) coming from any light source to be transferred to other layers by means of its optic permeable structure, and perform electrical conduction by interacting with the cathode layer (4).

[0040] In one embodiment of the invention, there is at least one the electron transmission layer (5) between the cathode layer (4) and the active layer (6). In this embodiment of the invention, the electron transmission layer (5) prevents the recombination of charge carriers on the intermediate surface of the cathode layer (4) and the active layer (6), and allows only the electrons to pass among the charge carriers. Furthermore, this layer (5) increases the charge collecting efficiency by forming an intermediate energy step in order to eliminate energy barrier between the electrode and the organic semi-conductive. This layer (5) also increases the stability of the photovoltaic structure depending on the features of the materials used therein.

[0041] In one embodiment of the invention, there is a hole transmission layer (HTL) (electron prevention layer) between the active layer (6) and the anode layer (8).

[0042] The hole transmission layer (7) allows only the holes to pass to the anode layer (8) from the active layer (6), and prevents the recombination with the electrons. Furthermore, this layer (7) increases the charge collecting efficiency by forming an intermediate energy step in order to eliminate energy barrier between the electrode and the organic semi-conductive. Depending on the features of the material used inside the HTL (7), it also strengthens the attachment of the anode layer (8) on the active layer (6) as well as increasing the stability of the photovoltaic structure.

[0043] The inventive photovoltaic yarn (1) is essentially comprised of an active layer (6) placed between a cathode layer (4) and an anode layer (8) (cathode/active layer/anode). In order to increase stability and efficiency, it can be formed only by placing the electron transmission layer (5) between the cathode layer (4) and the active layer (6) (cathode/ETL/active layer/anode), as well as it can be formed by placing only the hole transmission layer (7) between the active layer (6) and the anode layer (8) (cathode/active layer/HTL/anode). The inventive photovoltaic yarn (1) can also be formed by using both the electron transmission layer (5) and the hole transmission layer (7) (cathode/ET/active layer/HTL/anode).

[0044] The production method (100) of the inventive photovoltaic yarn (1) is performed in atmospheric or inert gas medium, and comprises the steps of [0045] cleaning the yarn (2) (101), [0046] forming the intermediate layer (3) by applying surface process on the yarn (2) or coating the yarn (2) surface (103), [0047] forming the cathode layer (4) on the intermediate layer (103), [0048] coating as the active layer (6) after dissolving the electron acceptor and electron donor organic materials in a solvent and mixing them (104), [0049] preparing the solution enabling optic permeability and electrical conduction and coating as the anode layer (8) (105).

[0050] The yarn (2) forming the inner structure of the inventive photovoltaic yarn (1) is cleaned by passing through methanol, isopropanol, and distilled water processes respectively before it is coated (101). In one embodiment of the invention, surface process is applied in order to enhance attachment force between the yarn (2) and the cathode layer (4) with mechanical or chemical wearing and ultraviolet ozonisation before the yarn (2) is coated (102). In another embodiment, polymer based solutions such as polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are coated on the cleaned yarn (2) and heat treatment is applied, therefore the intermediate layer (3) is formed on the yarn (2) (102). The intermediate layer (3) or surface process applications are used for increasing the holding force between the yarn (2) and the cathode layer (4).

[0051] The cathode layer (4) formed on the intermediate layer (3) is gallium-indium (GaIn) alloy in photovoltaic structure, and it is coated in room conditions (103). GaIn alloy can function as cathode as it is compatible with LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level of all electron acceptor materials. Furthermore, since it is in liquid form in room conditions, it can be coated on desired surfaces without requiring any vacuum system. In one embodiment of the invention, the cathode layer (4) is coated on the intermediate layer (3) by spreading with a brush (103). The cathode layer (4) enables the transmission of electrons generated in the active layer.

[0052] In one embodiment of the invention, the electron transmission layer (5) is coated on the cathode layer (4). For this purpose, after solution based materials such as titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2), zinc oxide (ZnO) or cesium carbonate (Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3) are coated as electron transmission layer (5) in atmosphere medium with dripping, dipping or spraying, heat treatment is performed in order to remove the solvent.

[0053] The active layer (6) coated on the cathode layer (4) in one embodiment of the invention, and on the electron transmission layer (5) in another embodiment is a volume hetero joint layer which comprises both electron acceptor and electron donor organic materials in its structure. The layer (6) absorbs the light coming from the sun, and it is the layer wherein the electron and hole pairs (excitons) are formed and the free charged are generated by separating on the intermediate surface. In order to obtain the material forming the active layer (6), p-type poli(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly[N-9-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carb azole-alt-5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), Poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT), Poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy] benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl) carbonyl] thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7) and such semi conductive polymers as electron donors; n-type carbon-60 derived [6,6]-phenyl-C.sub.61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM); (6,6)-phenyl C.sub.71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC.sub.71BM), 1,1,4,4-Tetrahydro-di[1,4]methanonaphthaleno[1,2:2,3,56,60:2,3][5,6]fullerene-C60, C60 derivative, indene-C60 bisadduct (ICBA) and such semi conductive polymers as electron acceptors are dissolved in organic solvents such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and chloroform in certain amounts and a homogenous mixture is prepared. The said mixture which is prepared is coated as the active layer (6) in atmosphere or inert gas medium with methods such as dripping, dipping and spraying, and then heat treatment is applied in order to remove the solvent (104).

[0054] In one embodiment of the invention, the optic permeable hole transmission layer (7) is coated on the active layer (6). With this purpose, the solution prepared by dissolving vanadium pentoxide (V.sub.2O.sub.5), molybdenum oxide (MoO.sub.3), tungsten trioxide (WO.sub.3) or nickel oxide (NiO) in suitable solutions is coated in atmosphere medium with dripping, dipping or spraying, and then heat treatment is applied in order to remove the solvent. The hole transmission layer (7) increases the attachment of the anode layer (8) on the surface as well as it has a photovoltaic structure.

[0055] Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythyophene): polysturenesulphonate (PEDOT:PSS) and derivatives with high conductivity and optic permeability and large work function are used as the anode layer (8) Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added in order to increase the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS, and triton X-100 is added in order to decrease the surface tension and increase the wettability. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, PEDOT:PSS mixture comprises 5% DMSO, 0.1% Triton X-100 by mass. This mixture which is prepared is coated in atmosphere medium with methods such as dripping, dipping and spraying, and then heat treatment is applied in order to remove the solvent (105). In another embodiment of the invention, indium tin oxide (ITO), graphene or carbon nanotube can also be used as the anode layer (8).

[0056] The anode layer (8) is coated on the active layer (6) in one embodiment of the invention, and it is coated on the hole transmission layer (7) in another embodiment of the invention (105). The anode layer (8) enables the transmission of holes generated in the active layer (6).

[0057] If the organic materials are not protected against oxygen and humidity, they corrode in very short time. However, most of technological applications require operation in environmental conditions. For this reason, encapsulation process is performed after production in order to elongate the life of polymer solar cells.

[0058] Converting light into electric current in organic solar cells is essentially realized in five steps.

[0059] 1. Realizing a stimulated state after the light coming from the sun, in other words, photon, is absorbed and the electron-hole pair (exciton) being formed

[0060] 2. The exciton passing (diffusion) to the donor-acceptor intermediate surface where the charge separation will be realized. The exciton charge separation being realized on the donor-acceptor intermediate surface

[0061] 4. The diffusion of the separated free charge carriers, in other words the holes, to the anode and the electrons to the cathode

[0062] 5. Finally collecting the charges in suitable electrodes, in other words the holes in the anode and the electrons in the cathode in order to obtain direct current

[0063] In case the energy of the photon coming from the sun is bigger than the forbidden band width energy of the organic semiconductor, the photon is absorbed by the semiconductor material and the electron leaves a hole behind and goes LUMO (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) level from HOMO (the highest occupied molecular orbital) level, and it is formed inside the electron-hole pair active layer (6) connected to each other and named as exciton. Excitons move towards the donor-acceptor intermediate surface; and if the excitons cannot reach the intermediate surface during their life time, the electron and the hole recombine and this energy emerges in form of heat or light. For this reason, the thickness of the two layer structure is limited with the length of the exciton diffusion. Exciton diffusion length is about 5-10 nm in polymers and organic semiconductors. These electron and hole which are formed are connected to each other with Coulomb interaction, and the exciton connection energy in organic semiconductors is higher relative to inorganic semiconductors. For this reason, photo stimulations in room temperature do not form free charge carrier in organic semiconductors. Excitons require strong electric fields so that they can become free charge carrier. These strong electric fields are possible with sudden potential energy changes in an intermediate surface (E=-gradU). Among the free charge carriers that are formed, holes move toward the anode layer (8), and the electrons move toward the cathode layer (4). In case there is an electron transmission layer (5), it allows only the electrons passing to the related electrode, and similarly in case there is a hole transmission layer (7) it allows only the holes passing to the related electrode, and prevents reverse charge transfers. In order to obtain a useful power output in solar cells, the free charge carrier is required to be transferred to the suitable electrodes. Among the free charge carriers that are formed, the electrons are collected in the low work function the cathode layer (4), and the holes are collected in the high work function the anode layer (8). In order that the photons coming from the sun reach the active layer (6), the layers on the side where the light comes from should have high optic permeability. In the inventive photovoltaic yarn, the hole transmission layer (7) and/or the anode layer (8) should have high optic permeability and conduction.