A Panel for Sound Suppression

Abstract

A panel (10) for sound suppression consists of a multiplicity of rigid elements (12) that extend parallel to each other, with gaps between adjacent rigid elements. Within each gap a vortex chamber (15) is defined to attenuate acoustic waves. The elements (12) may have curved edge portions (14), the edge portions (14) of adjacent elements (12) overlapping to define the vortex chamber (15), and also defining a first channel (16a) and a second channel (16b) communicating with the vortex chamber (15) at its periphery and aligned with a tangential component, such that if a fluid were to flow in through either channel (16a or 16b) the fluid would enter the vortex chamber (15) with a rotational sense relative to the vortex chamber (15), the rotational sense being the same for both the channels (16a, 16b). Such a sound-attenuating panel may for example be used as part of a wall of a loudspeaker housing (50).

Claims

1. A panel for sound suppression, the panel comprising a multiplicity of rigid elements that extend parallel to each other, with gaps between adjacent rigid elements, and within each gap a vortex chamber is defined to attenuate acoustic waves, wherein the rigid elements have curved edge portions, the edge portions of adjacent elements overlapping each other, the overlapping edge portions of adjacent elements defining between them the vortex chamber, and also defining a first channel and a second channel communicating with the vortex chamber at the periphery of the vortex chamber and aligned with a tangential component relative to the vortex chamber, such that if a fluid were to flow in through the first channel or in through the second channel the fluid would enter the vortex chamber with a rotational sense relative to the vortex chamber, the rotational sense being the same for the first channel and the second channel.

2. (canceled)

3. A panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the width of the vortex chamber is at least twice the width of the first channel and at least twice the width of the second channel.

4. A panel as claimed in claim 1 also comprising linking elements to interconnect the rigid elements and to hold the rigid elements together with a desired width of the gaps.

5. A panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein each rigid element also defines at least one pair of projecting curved ribs at different intermediate positions between the edge portions, the pair consisting of a shorter curved rib and a longer curved rib, arranged such that when the edge portions of adjacent elements overlap each other, a shorter curved rib of one element extends within the longer curved rib of the adjacent element so as to define between them a secondary vortex chamber.

6. A panel as claimed in claim 5 wherein the rigid elements, when arranged with the edge portions of adjacent elements overlapping each other, also define a first secondary channel and a second secondary channel communicating with the secondary vortex chamber at the periphery of the secondary vortex chamber and aligned with a tangential component relative to the secondary vortex chamber, such that if a fluid were to flow in through the first secondary channel or in through the second secondary channel the fluid would enter the secondary vortex chamber with a rotational sense relative to the secondary vortex chamber, the rotational sense being the same for the first secondary channel and the second secondary channel, and wherein the first secondary channel communicates at a position remote from the secondary vortex chamber with either the first channel or the second channel.

7. A panel as claimed in claim 5 wherein the vortex chamber defined by the curved edge portions and the secondary vortex chamber defined by the pair of projecting curved ribs are of different radial dimensions.

8. A panel as claimed in claim 6 wherein the width of the secondary vortex chamber is at least twice the width of the first secondary channel and at least twice the width of the second secondary channel.

9. A panel as claimed in claim 1 comprising a plurality of sets of rigid elements that extend in a longitudinal direction parallel to each other, with gaps in each set between adjacent rigid elements, and with a vortex chamber defined within each gap, wherein the sets of rigid elements are arranged in succession in the longitudinal direction, and the panel also includes a plate between each successive set of rigid elements such that each plate defines an end to the vortex chambers defined by adjacent sets of rigid elements.

10. A panel as claimed in claim 9 wherein the rigid elements in successive sets are aligned with each other.

11. A rigid element for use in a panel as claimed in claim 1, the rigid element comprising means to define a vortex chamber when placed adjacent to another such rigid element.

12. A rigid element as claimed in claim 11 that has edge portions along opposed edges that are curved in opposite directions.

13. A rigid element as claimed in claim 12 that is of S-shaped cross-section.

14. A loudspeaker housing in which at least one wall of the housing comprises a panel as claimed in claim 1.

15. (canceled)

16. A panel as claimed in claim 1 in which a width of the gap between successive rigid elements in the panel is maintained by inserts, protrusions or ridges within the first and second channels.

17. A panel as claimed in claim 9 wherein an axial length of each rigid element is less than 30 mm.

18. A loudspeaker housing in which at least one wall of the housing comprises a panel as claimed in claim 5.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a panel of the invention;

[0019] FIG. 2 shows an end view of the panel of FIG. 1;

[0020] FIG. 3 shows an end view of a single element of the panel of FIG. 1;

[0021] FIG. 4 is a graphical view showing the variation with frequency of the transmission loss for normal incidence on a panel of the invention, with different sizes of vortex chamber;

[0022] FIGS. 5a and 5b show end views of modifications to the element of FIG. 3;

[0023] FIG. 6 shows an end view of an alternative modification to the element of FIG. 3;

[0024] FIG. 7 shows an end view of an alternative panel of the invention;

[0025] FIG. 8 shows an end view of an element of the panel of FIG. 7;

[0026] FIG. 9 shows an end view of another alternative panel of the invention;

[0027] FIG. 10 shows an end view of an element of the panel of FIG. 9;

[0028] FIG. 10a shows an end view of a modification to the element of FIG. 10;

[0029] FIG. 11 shows a side view of a loudspeaker housing incorporating a panel of the invention, and

[0030] FIG. 12 shows a side view of a modification to the loudspeaker housing of FIG. 11.

[0031] Referring now to FIG. 1, a panel 10 consists of multiple rigid elements 12 that are arranged so as to intermesh. The elements 12 may be of any desired length, and may for example be made of any rigid material that is suited to their application, such as plastic or metal (e.g. aluminium); they may for example be formed by extrusion. Alternatively the elements 12 may be formed by 3-D printing, for example by fast filament forming. The panel 10 may be of any desired width, determined only by the number of elements 12 used to make the panel 10.

[0032] Referring also to FIGS. 2 and 3 each element 12 is S-shaped in cross-section and end view. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 the elements 12 are arranged such that the edge portions 14 of adjacent elements 12 overlap so as to create a cylindrical vortex chamber 15 (indicated in part by broken lines) and two channels 16a and 16b communicating with opposite faces of the panel 10 and with the vortex chamber 15. Each such channel 16a and 16b communicates tangentially with the periphery of the vortex chamber 15, and both are oriented such that any air flowing in through each channel 16a and 16b would flow with the same rotational sense around the vortex chamber 15: in this example it would be anticlockwise for each channel 16a and 16b as shown. Each channel 16a and 16b is of substantially uniform width in the vicinity of the vortex chamber 15, and then widens out as it comes to the face of the panel 10. The vortex chamber 15 may be of width between 20 mm and 50 mm, for example of width between 25 mm and 35 mm. In one example the vortex chamber 15 is of width 31 mm, and the channels 16a and 16b are of width 5 mm or 6 mm.

[0033] Air can therefore flow through the panel 10. However the more rapidly the air tries to flow through the panel 10 the greater the extent to which it will tend to form a vortex within the vortex chambers 15. Whichever channel 16a or 16b the air flows into the vortex chamber 15 through, the vortex will be anticlockwise as indicated by the arrows 18, and the vortex will therefore inhibit the outflow of air because of the orientation of the other channel 16a or 16b. It has been found that similar phenomena occur with sound. If sound waves are incident on one face of the panel 10, much of the sound energy will pass along the channel 16a or 16b into the vortex chamber 15, and little sound energy is reflected.

[0034] The sound wave consists of regions of increased pressure and regions of decreased pressure, and these tend to cancel each other out within the vortex chamber 15. Consequently little sound energy is transmitted through the panel 10.

[0035] The spacing between the successive elements 12 may be maintained by inserts, protrusions or ridges within the channels 16a and 16b, as indicated by broken lines at 20 (in FIG. 2). Indeed, an insert may be a sheet cut into the shape (as shown) of the vortex chamber 15 and the connecting channels 16a and 16b, so that the cut out sheet holds the successive elements 12 in the required relative positions, and subdivides the vortex chamber 15 along its longitudinal axis. Alternatively or additionally the spacing may be ensured by attaching the elements 12 to support strips 22 by respective bolts or rivets 23, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the support strips 22 extending transversely across the panel 10 to hold the rigid elements 12 together. Such support strips 22 may be provided at one or both faces of the panel. The panel 10 may be flat, with corresponding parts of all the elements 12 lying in the same plane (so for example the longitudinal axes of all the vortex chambers 15 are coplanar), or alternatively the panel 10 may be curved.

[0036] Referring now to FIG. 4, this shows graphically the variation in the transmission loss (in decibels), for sound incident along the normal to one face of the panel 10, as observed in the vicinity of the opposite face of the panel 10, for a range of different frequencies f. The frequency f is on a logarithmic scale. The results are shown for vortex chambers 15 of different sizes, the solid line P indicating the results for a vortex chamber 15 of diameter 31 mm and the broken line Q indicating the results for a vortex chamber 15 of diameter half that size. It will be appreciated that for all frequencies above about 30 Hz the transmission loss generally increases with frequency, at least up to about 2000 Hz. It will also be observed that for the larger vortex chamber 15 (see line P) there is a localised reduction in the transmission loss at a frequency of about 700 Hz, while for the smaller vortex chamber 15 (see line Q) there is a similar localised reduction in the transmission loss at a frequency of about 1250 Hz. The transmission loss is indicative of the attenuation of sound passing through the panel 10.

[0037] Referring now to FIG. 5a there is shown an end view of an element 24 which is a modification to the element 12. The element 24 has edge portions 14 identical to those of the element 12, that is to say of the same shape and size, but the edge portions 14 are interconnected by a zigzag portion 25 so that each element 24 is somewhat wider. Elements 24 can be assembled into a panel in exactly the same way as described above for the elements 12. This enables a panel of a desired width to be formed with fewer elements 24 as compared to the elements 12, but such a panel would be somewhat less effective at sound absorption, because there would be fewer vortex chambers 15.

[0038] Referring now to FIG. 5b there is shown an end view of an element 26 which is an alternative modification to the element 12. The element 26 has edge portions 14 identical to those of the elements 12 and 24 in shape and size, but the edge portions 14 are interconnected by a thicker plate portion 27, so each element 26 is wider than the element 12. These elements 26 can be assembled into a panel as described above, but like the elements 24 such a panel would provide fewer vortex chambers 15 than are provided by the corresponding panel 10.

[0039] Referring now to FIG. 6 there is shown an end view of an element 28 which is another alternative modification to the element 12. In this case the element 28 has one edge portion 14a identical to the corresponding edge portion 14 of the element 12; and along the opposite edge has an edge portion 14b which is a mirror image to the edge portion 14a. The two curved edge portions 14a and 14b are joined by an oppositely curved central portion 29. Multiple elements 28 can be assembled together as described above, although in this case alternate elements 28 must be turned around, for example turning through 180 about a longitudinal axis, so that edge portions 14a of adjacent elements 28 overlap, and edge portions 14b of adjacent elements 28 overlap; the convex surfaces of the central portions 29 of adjacent elements 28 are consequently at opposite faces of the resulting panel.

[0040] Although the elements 24, 26 or 28 may be used to form a sound-suppressing panel, the spacing across the panel between successive gaps, that is to say between successive curved edge portions 14 and so between successive vortex chambers 15, is somewhat greater than with the elements 12. In each of the elements 24, 26 and 28 there is a central portionthe zigzag portion 25, the plate portion 27, and the curved central portion 29 respectivelywhich does not contribute to defining the vortex chambers 15 or the connecting channels 16, and which may reflect sound energy. Consequently for most purposes the S-shaped elements 12 are preferable. Nevertheless there may be contexts in which the elements 24, 26 or 28 may be advantageous; and in any event the elements 24, 26 or 28 may be used in combination with the elements 12, for example to obtain a panel of a predetermined width.

[0041] Benefits may arise by providing vortex chambers through which the sound must pass in series. Referring now to FIG. 7, an alternative panel 30 of the invention consists of multiple rigid elements 32 that are arranged so as to intermesh. The elements 32 may be of any desired length, and as mentioned above they may for example be made of plastic or metal (e.g. aluminium), and may for example be formed by extrusion or by 3-D printing. The panel 30 may be of any desired width, determined only by the number of elements 32 used to make the panel 30.

[0042] Referring also to FIG. 8 each element 32 has edge portions 14 that are identical to those of the elements 12, and as described above the edge portions 14 of adjacent elements 32 overlap so as to create a cylindrical vortex chamber 15 as described above and two channels 16a and 16b that communicate with the vortex chamber 15 as described above. The channel 16a communicates with one face of the panel 30.

[0043] Each element 32 also defines two curved ribs: a shorter curved rib 34 and a longer curved rib 37. As seen in FIG. 7, when the elements 32 are assembled into the panel 30 the shorter curved ribs 34 are within the longer curved ribs 37, and define between them a secondary vortex chamber 35 (indicated in broken lines); in addition a channel 36a is defined between the shorter curved rib 34 and part of the inner surface of the longer curved rib 37, and a channel 36b is defined between part of the outer surface of the longer curved rib 37 and the adjacent portion of the element 32. Each such channel 36a and 36b communicates tangentially with the periphery of the vortex chamber 35, and both are oriented such that any air flowing in through each channel 36a and 36b would flow with the same rotational sense around the vortex chamber 35: in this example it would be anticlockwise for each channel 36a and 36b as shown. Each channel 36a and 36b is of substantially uniform width in the vicinity of the vortex chamber 35; the channel 36a communicates with the channel 16b, gradually widening away from the secondary vortex chamber 35, whereas the channel 36b widens out as it comes to the face of the panel 30. In this example the width of the vortex chamber 35 is about four times greater than the width of the channel 36a or of the channel 36b.

[0044] It will thus be appreciated that the panel 30 defines through-channels from the front face to the rear face, and that each such channel includes two vortex chambers 15 and 35 which are in series as regards fluid flow. In this example the vortex chambers 15 and 35 have different radial dimensions, and can be expected to be complementary in their effect on attenuating sound transmission. As discussed above in relation to FIG. 4, the attenuation created by such a vortex may be affected to some extent by the radial dimensions of the vortex chamber. By providing two vortex chambers 15 and 35 of different radial dimensions it can be expected that any frequency that is only partially attenuated by one vortex chamber will be further attenuated by the other vortex chamber.

[0045] Greater attenuation of sound may be obtainable by providing a larger number of vortex chambers in series. Referring now to FIG. 9, an alternative panel 40 of the invention consists of multiple rigid elements 42 that are arranged so as to intermesh. The elements 42 may be of any desired length, and as mentioned above they may for example be made of plastic or metal (e.g. aluminium), and may for example be formed by extrusion or 3-D printing. The panel 40 may be of any desired width, determined only by the number of elements 42 used to make the panel 40.

[0046] Referring also to FIG. 10 each element 42 has edge portions 14 that are identical to those of the elements 12, and as described above the edge portions 14 of adjacent elements 42 overlap so as to create a cylindrical vortex chamber 15 as described above and two channels 16a and 16b that communicate with the vortex chamber 15 as described above. However, in this case neither of the channels 16a and 16b communicates with a face of the panel 40.

[0047] Each element 42 also defines two pairs of curved ribs, with one such pair of curved ribs on each side of the element 42. As described in relation to the panel 30, each such pair of curved ribs consists of a shorter curved rib 34 and a longer curved rib 37. As seen in FIG. 9, when the elements 42 are assembled into the panel 40 the shorter curved ribs 34 are within the longer curved ribs 37 on each side of the panel 40, and define between them a secondary vortex chamber 35 (indicated in broken lines); in addition a channel 36a is defined between the shorter curved rib 34 and part of the inner surface of the longer curved rib 37, and a channel 36b is defined between part of the outer surface of the longer curved rib 37 and the adjacent portion of the element 42. These features are substantially identical to those of the panel 30, the difference being that there are vortex chambers 35 at both faces of the panel 40.

[0048] It will thus be appreciated that the panel 40 defines through-channels from the front face to the rear face. For example, starting at the top of the panel 40 (as shown in FIG. 9), the through path consists of the tapering channel 36b, the vortex chamber 35, the channels 36a and 16a, the vortex chamber 15, the channels 16b and 36a, the vortex chamber 35, and the channel 36b that widens out to the bottom of the panel 40 (as shown). Thus each such through-channel includes three vortex chambers 15 and 35 which are in series as regards fluid flow and as regards the propagation of sound. This can therefore be expected to be even more effective at suppressing sound transmission.

[0049] Preferably each vortex chamber 15 and 35 has a diameter at least twice the width of each channel 16 or 36 that communicates with it. In the examples described above each vortex chamber 15 is five or six times wider than the connecting channels 16. Similarly each secondary vortex chamber 35 is about four times wider than the connecting channels 36.

[0050] Although the pairs of ribs 34 and 37 on opposite faces of each element 42 are shown as being of the same sizes, and so creating vortex chambers 35 of the same sizes, the pairs of ribs 34 and 37 on opposite faces may instead be of different sizes, so as to create vortex chambers 35 of different radial sizes. In a further modification the edges of the edge portions 14, and the edges of the projecting curved ribs 34 and 37, may taper to a sharp edge, which may help in vortex formation within the vortex chambers 15 and the secondary vortex chambers 35; this is illustrated in FIG. 10a, where the edge portions 14 have sharp edges 44, while the ribs 34 and 37 have sharp edges 45 and 46.

[0051] Referring now to FIG. 11 there is shown a loudspeaker housing 50, in which a loudspeaker driver 52 (shown in broken lines) may be mounted. The loudspeaker housing 50 consists of a front plate 54 defining an aperture 55 (indicated in broken lines) behind which the driver 52 is mounted; a rear plate 56; and a cylindrical side wall 60. The front plate 54 and the rear plate 56 are circular, of larger diameter than the side wall 60, and are held together by bolts 58 around the periphery (only two of which are shown).

[0052] In this example the side wall 60 is similar to the panel 10, as it consists of a plurality of rigid elements 12 as shown in FIG. 3 which overlap as described in relation to FIG. 2, but which define a cylindrical surface rather than a flat surface. In this example the rigid elements 12 are of extruded plastic; and the ends of the elements 12 locate in correspondingly-shaped recesses, i.e. roughly S-shaped grooves, defined in the front plate 54 and the rear plate 56, which ensures they are held in correct relative positions to define the vortex chambers 15 between them. The channels 16a open out to the outer surface of the side wall 60.

[0053] When the driver 52 oscillates it generates sound waves from both its front surface and its rear surface. The sound waves from the rear surface are within the chamber defined in part by the cylindrical sidewall 60. As described above, the propagation of sound waves through the gaps between the rigid elements 12 is suppressed by the vortex chambers 15, and consequently the sound from the rear surface of the driver 52 is attenuated rather than interfering with that from the front surface.

[0054] It will be appreciated that a loudspeaker housing may differ from that shown here, for example in having four flat panels 10 as shown in FIG. 1 to define a rectangular or square side wall, rather than the cylindrical sidewall 60 of the housing 50.

[0055] If further attenuation of the sound waves from the rear surface of the driver 52 is required, this may be achieved by providing an additional vortex chamber through which the sound must propagate. For example the cylindrical wall might be made of rigid elements 32 as described above, so that there are two vortex chambers in series; or might be made of rigid elements 42 as described above, so that there are three vortex chambers in series. Alternatively the loudspeaker housing may have two side walls, one inside the other, each side wall consisting of a plurality of rigid elements that define vortex chambers 15 between them, for example having the shape of the elements 12, so that the vortex chambers 15 defined by the inner side wall are in series with the vortex chambers 15 defined by the outer side wall. The rigid elements 12 making up the inner side wall may be of a different geometrical size (in cross-section) to those that form the outer side wall, so that the corresponding vortex chambers 15 are of different radial dimensions.

[0056] In the loudspeaker housing 50 of FIG. 11, each rigid element 12 is of length equal to the separation between the front plate 54 and the rear plate 56 plus the depth of the recesses. The resultant vortex chambers 15 are therefore of length equal to the separation between the front plate 54 and the rear plate 56. In some cases it has been found to be advantageous to provide vortex chambers 15 that are shorter. This may be achieved by replacing each rigid element 12 with a plurality of shorter elements 12 placed end to end, successive shorter elements 12 being separated by a flat plate. In the loudspeaker housing 50, the side wall 60 is of cylindrical shape, so each such flat plate could be annular, its radial width being substantially equal to the radial width of each rigid element 12.

[0057] So, referring to FIG. 12, this shows a loudspeaker housing 70 that differs from the loudspeaker housing 50 only in that each rigid element 12 is replaced by three rigid elements 12 of length about one third that of the separation between the front plate 54 and the rear plate 56, separated by two flat annular plates 72. More generally there may be N rigid elements 12 of length about 1/N times the separation arranged end to end, and the N rigid elements 12 would be separated by (N1) such flat annular plates 72. This has the effect that each vortex chamber 15 is of length about 1/N times the separation between the front plate 54 and the rear plate 56. As with the front plate 54 and the rear plate 56, each flat annular plate 72 may define S-shaped grooves with which the ends of the rigid elements 12 mate.

[0058] In the loudspeaker 70 there are thus three sets of rigid elements 12, each set forming a generally cylindrical wall, and all the rigid elements 12 therefore extend parallel to each other in a longitudinal direction, and as shown the rigid elements 12 of one set are aligned with the rigid elements 12 of the adjacent set. In a further modification the rigid elements 12 of one set are not aligned with the rigid elements 12 of the adjacent set, that is to say one set is staggered relative to the adjacent set. Indeed the rigid elements 12 of one set may be of a different shape to those of the adjacent set, for example being of a different length.

[0059] The cylindrical wall of the loudspeaker 70 defines vortex chambers 15 whose axial length is about one third of the separation between the front plate 54 and the rear plate 56.

[0060] If a cylindrical wall of different height is required, this can be achieved either by changing the number, N, of rigid elements 12 that are arranged end to end, or by changing the length of the rigid elements 12. It has been found that in some applications the sound attenuation can be improved by using rigid elements 12 that define vortex chambers 15 whose axial length is less than 30 mm, more preferably less than 20 mm.

[0061] It will thus be appreciated that the present invention provides panels for sound suppression that may be used in a wide variety of applications, and may be formed in a variety of different sizes for different uses. In every case the panels provide gaps through which air can flow, while inhibiting sound transmission by attenuating the sound, and reducing sound reflection. By way of example a panel like the side wall 60 described above in the context of a loudspeaker housing would also be applicable in constructing a housing for a different source of sound such as a compressor, a motor, or a generator. A single panel may be used as a sound-suppressing ceiling tile or wall panel or room divider within a building, or to construct a sound-suppressing fence or barrier adjacent to a source of noise such as a factory or motorway. It will also be appreciated that the material of which the panel is made would be selected to suit its application. For example the panels might be made of a metal such as steel or aluminium, or a composite material such as fibre-reinforced plastic, or of plastic material. For some applications other materials such as concrete may be suitable.

[0062] Other variations and modifications will be apparent to the skilled person. Such variations and modifications may involve equivalent and other features that are already known and which may be used instead of, or in addition to, features described herein. Features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.

[0063] It should be noted that the term comprising does not exclude other elements or steps, the term a or an does not exclude a plurality, a single feature may fulfil the functions of several features recited in the claims and reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims. It should also be noted that the Figures are not necessarily to scale; emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the present invention.