Composite arc shields for vacuum interrupters and methods for forming same

Abstract

The disclosed concept pertains to vacuum interrupters and arc-resistant shields. The arc-resistant shields are positioned in between a ceramic insulator. Each end of the arc-resistant shield is hermetically sealed to the ceramic insulator. The arc-resistant shield includes an outer surface and an inner surface. The inner surface includes an arc-resistant material. Disposed within the arc-resistant shield is a pair of electrode assemblies which are separable to establish arcing. In certain embodiments, the arc-resistant material is copper-chromium alloy.

Claims

1. A vacuum interrupter, comprising: a first ceramic insulating portion having a first end; a second ceramic insulating portion having a second end; an arc-resistant shield having one end and an opposite other end, positioned between the first and second ceramic insulating portions, the shield constructed of a composite material, comprising: a metal surface having an interior surface; and an arc-resistant material on the interior surface of the metal surface, comprising: a copper-chromium alloy, wherein the copper-chromium alloy comprises copper selected from the group consisting of pure copper and copper alloy, and chromium alloy comprising ferrochrome, which comprises 70% by weight chromium and 30% by weight iron, and wherein the arc-resistant shield forms an outer surface of the vacuum interrupter; a first hermetic seal positioned on the one end of the shield between the metal surface and the first end of the first ceramic insulating portion; a second hermetic seal positioned on the opposite other end of the shield between the metal surface and the second end of the second ceramic insulating portion; an inner cavity formed by the arc-resistant shield; and first and second electrode assemblies disposed in said cavity and being separable to establish arcing.

2. The vacuum interrupter of claim 1, wherein the first and second ceramic insulating portions and the arc-resistant shield are cylindrically shaped to form a tubular structure.

3. The vacuum interrupter of claim 1, wherein the vacuum interrupter further comprises a first end seal connected to the first ceramic insulating portion and a second end seal connected to the second ceramic insulating portion.

4. The vacuum interrupter of claim 1, wherein the copper-chromium alloy comprises about 10 to about 60 weight percent chromium and balance copper based on total weight of the alloy.

5. The vacuum interrupter of claim 1, wherein the metal surface is composed of a material selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, copper, steel, nickel-iron, cupronickel and mixtures thereof.

6. The vacuum interrupter of claim 1, wherein the arc-resistant material is co-formed within the metal surface.

7. The vacuum interrupter of claim 1, wherein the arc-resistant material is in a coating form and is deposited on the interior surface of the metal surface to form a layer thereon.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) A full understanding of the disclosed concept can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a vacuum interrupter including an arc-resistant shield structure, in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed concept; and

(3) FIG. 2 is a sectional view of an arc-resistant shield structure, in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed concept.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(4) The disclosed concept includes arc-resistant shields, methods for preparing the shields and vacuum interrupters which contain the shields. Vacuum interrupters are key internal components of vacuum switchgear, such as vacuum circuit breakers. Vacuum interrupters generally include a highly-evacuated envelope formed by a casing of suitable insulating material, and a pair of metallic end caps for closing off the ends of the casing. Located within the envelope is a pair of relatively movable contacts, or electrodes. When the contacts are separated there is an arcing gap located therebetween. An arc is established across the gap between the electrodes as the electrodes are opened, and also when they are closed. The arc vaporizes some of the contact material and the vapor is dispersed from the arcing gap towards the envelope. Arc-resistant shields are traditionally positioned within vacuum interrupters and act to intercept and to condense the arc-generated vapor.

(5) Various designs of vacuum interrupters are known in the art. For ease of description, the disclosed concept is described for use with a design commonly referred to as a belly band. The term belly band refers to vacuum interrupters that have a casing formed of ceramic insulating material, an arc-resistant shield, and end caps. The ceramic insulating material can include two ceramic portions separated by an arc-resistant shield. That is, the arc-resistant shield is positioned between a first ceramic portion and a second ceramic portion. The shield and ceramic portions are hermetically sealed. In this design, the arc-resistant shield is not positioned inside the envelope of the vacuum interrupter. Instead, the arc-resistant shield forms a portion of the casing or outer surface of the vacuum interrupter. The belly band interrupter is typically a tubular structure having cylindrical ceramic tube portions and a cylindrical arc-resistant shield tube. It is understood, however, that the disclosed concept is not limited to this type of vacuum interrupter design.

(6) The ceramic insulating material is composed of ceramic or ceramic-containing material such as alumina, zirconia or other oxide ceramics, but may also be glass.

(7) The arc-resistant shield includes a shield structure and an arc-resistant material. The shield structure can be composed of a material or a combination of materials known in the art for use in constructing shield structures for vacuum interrupters, and capable of forming a hermetic seal with the ceramic insulator material. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, stainless steel, copper, steel, nickel-iron, cupronickel and mixtures thereof. It is preferable, but not required, that the shield structure is in the form of a single continuous sheet.

(8) The arc-resistant material includes a compound or a combination of compounds that are known in the art for use in forming arc-resistant materials. In general, the arc-resistant material is an alloy composition which is capable of demonstrating resistance to arc damage and holding off high voltages after arcing. Copper-chromium alloys are known materials for use with highest fault current ratings because of their resistance to heavy arcing and their ability to preserve the high voltage withstand of the interrupter after arcing has occurred. Preferred copper-chromium alloys include from about 10 to about 60 weight percent chromium or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent chromium and the balance copper based on total weight of the alloy composition. Pure chromium is an expensive element and therefore, it may be preferred that its presence in an alloy composition is as minimal as feasible compared to the presence of copper in the alloy composition to reduce cost. Suitable arc-resistant materials for use in the disclosed concept include, but are not limited to copper, copper-chromium alloy, copper-iron alloy, copper-ferrochrome alloy and mixtures thereof.

(9) In certain embodiments, the arc-resistant material includes copper, e.g., in the form of pure copper and/or copper alloy, and a chromium alloy wherein the chromium alloy is ferrochrome. The amount of each of these components can vary. The ferrochrome may constitute from about 5 to about 60 weight percent based on total weight of the composition. The copper may constitute the balance. The ferrochrome component is a chromium-iron alloy wherein the amount of each of the chromium and iron can vary. The chromium may constitute about 70 weight percent and the iron may constitute about 30 weight percent based on total weight of the ferrochrome component.

(10) In certain embodiments, the arc-resistant material is copper-chromium alloy including about 25 weight percent chromium and the balance copper based on total weight of the alloy composition. Various forms of copper-chromium alloy and processes for manufacturing copper-chromium alloy are known in the art. The form of the copper-chromium alloy and the process employed to manufacture the alloy is not critical to the invention and therefore, suitable copper-chromium alloys for use in the invention may be selected from those that are known in the art and commercially available. For example, Eaton Corporation uses a powder metal process to produce copper-chromium alloy. Other known copper-chromium alloys include those in a cylindrical shape manufactured by processes including vacuum induction melting, extrusion, vacuum induction melting and extrusion, infiltration, infiltration and extrusion, usually with final machining to shape. Other processes may include binder-assisted powder metal extrusion.

(11) In certain embodiments, the arc-resistant material is incorporated into, e.g., co-formed with, the shield structure to form a composite and in other embodiments, the arc-resistant material is applied to or deposited on the surface of the shield structure to form a layer or coating, e.g., thin film, thereon. Non limiting examples of forming the arc-resistant shield include the following: Co-forming the arc-resistant material and shield structure against a mandrel by use of an isostatic press; Co-forming the arc-resistant material and shield structure against a mandrel using an uniaxial press with a laterally acting die; Expanding the arc-resistant material to fit the shield structure by compressing elastomer or expansion hydroforming inside the arc-resistant material and forcing it to conform to the shape of the shield structure; Forming a powder metal mixture of arc-resistant material including a suitable binder and applying the mixture to a surface of the shield structure and simultaneously sintering the arc-resistant material and sinterbonding the arc-resistant material to the shield structure, wherein the step of applying can be performed by (i) spreading the mixture onto the surface or (ii) forming a tape and applying the tape onto the surface; Preparing the arc-resistant material, forming the shield structure in two pieces, and attaching the arc-resistant material to a surface of the shield structure and hermetically sealing the two shield portions together, for example, by brazing; and Preparing the arc-resistant material, placing it on a mandrel, then forming the shield structure around the arc-resistant material by metal spinning.

(12) FIG. 1 shows a vacuum interrupter 10 having a first cylindrical ceramic insulating tube 12a, a second cylindrical ceramic insulating tube 12b, and a cylindrical arc-resistant shield 40 positioned therebetween. The shield 40 includes a metal surface 41 and an arc-resistant material 42 which is formed on the interior surface of the metal surface 41. The metal surface 41 is hermetically sealed to the first and second ceramic insulating tubes 12a,12b. That is, on one end of the shield 40 the metal surface 41 is hermetically sealed to one end of the first ceramic insulating tube 12a and on an opposite end of the shield 40, the metal surface 41 is hermetically sealed to one end of the second ceramic insulating tube 12b. The hermetic seal can be provide using a variety of conventional apparatus and techniques known in the art. For example, the hermetic seal can be provided by welding or brazing. Each of the first and second ceramic insulating tubes 12a,12b are coupled to end seals 51 and 52, respectively. That is, each end of the first and second ceramic insulating tubes 12a,12b which is not sealed to the shield 40 is coupled to end seals 51 and 52, respectively. A vacuum envelope 50 is formed within the cavity of the vacuum interrupter 10.

(13) In alternate embodiments, the arc-resistant material 42 may or may not extend over the entire surface of the metal surface 41. That is, for example, a portion of the metal surface 41 which is in contact with the first and second ceramic insulating tubes 12a,12b for the purpose of hermitically sealing, may not include the presence of the arc-resistant material 42, as shown in FIG. 1. In other embodiments, the arc-resistant material 42 may be present over the entire surface of the metal surface 41.

(14) A first electrode assembly 20 and a second electrode assembly 22 are longitudinally aligned within the interior tubular cavity formed by shield 40. The first and second electrode assemblies 20,22 have opposing contact surfaces and are axially movable with respect to each other for opening and closing the AC circuit. The contact surfaces abut one another in a closed circuit position and are separated to open the circuit. An arc is formed between the contact surfaces when the contacts are moved apart to the open circuit position. The arcing continues until the current is interrupted.

(15) Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that since the shield 40 extends to the exterior surface of the vacuum interrupter 10 (and is not formed within the cavity of the vacuum interrupter, as is traditional in other designs), there is a larger insulating area formed by the shield 40 which can accommodate larger electrode assemblies 20,22.

(16) The first electrode assembly 20 is connected to a generally cylindrical first terminal post 31 extending out of the vacuum envelope 50 through a hole in the end seal 51 which connects to an AC circuit (not shown). Further, the first electrode assembly 20 includes a bellows 28 mounted thereto which seals the interior of the vacuum envelope 50, while permitting movement of the first electrode assembly 20 from a closed position as shown in FIG. 1 to an open circuit position (not shown). A first vapor condensing shield 32 is mounted on the first terminal post 31.

(17) A second electrode assembly 22 is connected to a generally cylindrical second terminal post 35 extending through an end seal 52. A second vapor condensing shield 36 is mounted on the second terminal post 35. The second terminal post 35 is rigidly and hermetically sealed to the end seal 52 by means such as, but not limited to, welding or brazing.

(18) Metal from the contact surfaces of the first and second electrode assemblies 20,22 that is vaporized by the arc forms a neutral plasma during arcing and condenses back onto the contacts surfaces of the first and second electrode assemblies 20,22 and also onto each of the first and second vapor condensing shields 32 and 36, respectively.

(19) While the vacuum envelope 50 shown in FIG. 1 is part of the vacuum interrupter 10, it is to be understood that the term vacuum envelope as used herein is intended to include any sealed component having a ceramic to metal seal which forms a substantially gas-tight enclosure. Such sealed enclosures may be maintained at sub-atmospheric, atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressures during operation.

(20) An arc-resistant shield in accordance with the disclosed concept can be formed using various known processes, such as but not limited to, powder metallurgy, extrusion, forging and casting processes. Traditional powder metallurgy techniques include but are not limited to pressing and sintering, extrusion, e.g., binder-assisted extrusion, powder injection molding and powder forging. Extrusion includes hot or cold extrusion and forging includes hot forging or cold forming. Casting includes vacuum induction melting, sand casting, and other conventional casting methods.

(21) In accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed concept, a shield structure is obtained and an arc-resistant material is incorporated into the composition of the shield structure or is applied to a surface of the shield structure.

(22) In certain embodiments, the arc-resistant material includes a copper-chromium alloy. The copper and chromium components may be in dry form, e.g., powder. The copper and chromium powders are mixed together to form an alloy mixture. In certain embodiments, the chromium powder can be ferrochrome powder which constitutes a pre-alloyed chromium-iron powder. The copper and chromium powders may be atomized, chemically reduced, electrolytically formed, ground or formed by any other known powder production process. The powder morphology may be spherical, acicular, or irregular. The copper-chromium powder mixture is pressed to shape and sintered. The shaping and sintering can be conducted in accordance with conventional shaping and sintering apparatus and processes known in the art. The shaped, sintered article forms an arc-resistant shield. Optionally, machining of the shaped, sintered article may be necessary to finalize the form of the shield.

EXAMPLES

(23) The following non-limiting examples of the fabrication and use of an arc-resistant shield in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed concept are provided.

Example 1

(24) 1. A copper-chromium shield sleeve was formed by a powder metal process. 2. The copper-chromium shield sleeve was assembled on a rigid mandrel, tightly fitted, where the mandrel was shaped to the final geometry of the composite arc-resistant shield. 3. Metal tubing was placed around the mandrel and copper-chromium shield sleeve. 4. The assembly was enclosed in a rubber bag. 5. The bagged assembly was placed into an isostatic press and 16,000 psi of pressure was applied to force the metal tubing into shape and lock the copper-chromium shield to the shield. 6. The bagged assembly was removed from the press and the formed shield was removed from the mandrel. 7. The ends of the formed composite arc-resistant shield were machined to a final shape. 8. The vacuum interrupter was assembled by brazing the hermetic outer shield to the insulating ceramics of a vacuum interrupter.

Example 2

(25) 1. A copper-chromium shield sleeve was formed by a powder metal process. 2. The copper-chromium shield sleeve was assembled on a rigid mandrel, tightly fitted, where the mandrel was shaped to the final geometry of the composite arc-resistant shield. 3. Metal tubing was placed around the mandrel and copper-chromium shield sleeve. 4. The assembly of mandrel, copper-chromium shield sleeve, and metal tubing were placed inside a press die with laterally acting components that shaped the tubing into the final shield geometry and locked the copper-chromium sleeve in place. 5. The composite shield was formed in the die on a uniaxial press. 6. The composite shield was ejected separate from mandrel, and the ends of the formed shield were machined to a final shape. 7. The vacuum interrupter was assembled by brazing the hermetic outer shield to the insulating ceramics of a vacuum interrupter.

Example 3

(26) 1. A cylindrical copper-chromium shield sleeve was formed by a powder metal process. 2. The copper-chromium shield sleeve was assembled inside a metal tube that was to form the outer hermetic shield component. 3. A uniaxial press acting on an internally placed elastomeric plug was used to force the copper-chromium sleeve to expand into the outer hermetic shield component. 4. The ends of the hermetic outer shield were pressed, formed and machined into the final geometry. 5. The vacuum interrupter was assembled by brazing the hermetic outer shield to the insulating ceramics of a vacuum interrupter.

Example 4

(27) 1. The outer hermetic shield component was formed by traditional means from oxygen-free copper tubing. 2. A dry powder mixture of 75% copper and 25% chromium metal powder by weight was formed, wherein the copper and chromium powders were both 140 mesh in size, and mixed until homogeneous. 3. Water, poly vinyl alcohol (PVAC)-based adhesive, and methyl alcohol were added to the powder mixture in the proportions of approximately 86% metal powder, 10% water, 2% PVAC, and 2% methyl alcohol by weight, and mixed until a homogeneous paste was formed. 4. The copper-chromium paste was applied as a coating to the inner diameter of the copper shield component and dried until hardened. 5. The outer shield/inner coating assembly was debinded and presintered in a 75%/25% hydrogen/nitrogen atmosphere at 600 C. for 30 minutes. 6. The outer shield/inner coating assembly was vacuum sintered at 1000 C. for 6 hours at a maximum pressure of 3E-4 torr to simultaneously sinter the copper-chromium coating and bond the coating to the outer hermetic shield. 7. The inner copper chromium coating and ends of the copper outer shield were machined to final geometry. 8. The vacuum interrupter was assembled by brazing the hermetic outer shield to the insulating ceramics of a vacuum interrupter.

Example 5

(28) 1. A powder metal process was used to form a copper-chromium arc-resistant material 42, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. 2. In accordance with FIG. 2, an endcap 43 and an endcap 44 were formed with mating end features such that the two pieces fit together and formed a joint 45. 3. The endcaps 43,44 were assembled around the copper-chromium arc-resistant material 42. 4. A brazing or welding process was used to permanently join and hermetically seal the endcaps 43,44 at the joint 45, thus locking the copper-chromium shield within the assembled cylinder and forming the arc-resistant shield 40, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. 5. A vacuum interrupter (not shown) was assembled by brazing the hermetic outer shield to the insulating ceramics of a vacuum interrupter.

Example 6

(29) 1. A copper-chromium shield sleeve was formed by a powder metal process. 2. The copper-chromium shield sleeve was assembled on a rigid mandrel, tightly fitted, wherein the mandrel was shaped to the final geometry of the composite arc-resistant shield. 3. Metal tubing was placed around the mandrel and copper-chromium shield sleeve. 4. The mandrel, copper-chromium sleeve, and metal tubing were placed onto a lathe suitable for metal spinning 5. Spinning tools were used to form the outer hermetic shield to the final geometry and the copper-chromium shield was locked against the hermetic outer metal shield. 6. The shaped shield assembly was removed from the mandrel. 7. The vacuum interrupter was assembled by brazing the hermetic outer shield to the insulating ceramics of a vacuum interrupter

(30) While example systems, methods, and the like have been illustrated by describing examples, and while the examples have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the systems, methods, and so on described herein. Therefore, the disclosed concept is not limited to the specific details, the representative apparatus, and illustrative examples shown and described. Thus, this application is intended to embrace alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims.