CLAYS WITH LOW PACKING DENSITY

Abstract

A modified clay is disclosed which is characterized by an average shape factor less than 60, a sediment void volume greater than 48%, and containing less than 30% by mass of particles less than 1 micron in diameter. The modified clay may be used in products including coatings, paints, and other products where clays and pigments are used.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: an amount of clay particles having an average shape factor below 60, a sediment void volume greater than 48%, and less than 30% by mass of particles less than 1 micron in size as measured by Sedigraph.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 50%.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 52%.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 55%.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 50%, and less than 25% by mass of particles are less than 1 micron in size as measured by Sedigraph.

6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 52%.

7. The composition of claim 5, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 55%.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 50%, and less than 20% by mass of particles are less than 1 micron in size as measured by Sedigraph.

9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 52%.

10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 55%.

11. A composition comprising: an amount of clay particles having an average shape factor below 60, a sediment void volume greater than 52%, and less than 18% by mass of particles less than 1 micron in size as measured by Sedigraph.

12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the sediment void volume is greater than 55%.

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sediment void volume is measured as follows: dispersing the clay in water to form a slurry at 50% by weight solids; centrifuging a 70 g sample of the slurry at 8000 g for 90 minutes; pouring the supernatant water off the settled clay and weighing the supernatant water X; determining the weight of remaining water in the settled clay as Y=70/2X (g); determining the volume of the remaining water as Vw=Y/1 g/cc; determining the volume of the clay Vc as 70/2/Z, where Z is a known density of the clay in g/cc; and determining the void volume percent as Vw/(Vw+Vc)*100%.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] FIG. 1 is a graph for four standard clays showing cumulative mass percent vs. particle diameter recorded by a first measurement method (Sedigraph);

[0006] FIG. 2 is a graph for the same clays showing cumulative mass percent vs. particle diameter recorded by a second measurement method (Digisizer);

[0007] FIG. 3 is a graph for the clays after modification, showing cumulative mass percent vs. particle diameter recorded by the first measurement method;

[0008] FIG. 4 is a graph for the clays after modification, showing cumulative mass percent vs. particle diameter recorded by the second measurement method;

[0009] FIG. 5 is a graph for the standard clays showing frequency distribution of particle diameter recorded by the first measurement method (Sedigraph);

[0010] FIG. 6 is a graph for the standard clays showing frequency distribution vs. particle diameter recorded by the second measurement method (Digisizer);

[0011] FIG. 7 is a graph for the modified clays showing frequency distribution vs. particle diameter recorded by the first measurement method;

[0012] FIG. 8 is a graph for the modified clays showing cumulative mass percent vs. particle diameter recorded by the second measurement method;

[0013] FIG. 9 is a bar chart comparing sediment void volumes of the four standard clays and their modified counterparts;

[0014] FIG. 10 is a graph for the four clays, showing sediment void volume vs. amount of standard clay;

[0015] FIG. 11 is a graph for the four clays, showing sediment void volume vs. amount of particles below one micron diameter;

[0016] FIG. 12 is a graph for a particular one of the four clays, showing cumulative mass percent vs. particle diameter, for mixtures of the standard and modified versions of the particular clay;

[0017] FIG. 13 is a graph of sediment void volume for blends of the standard and modified clays with varying amounts of coarse calcium carbonate; and

[0018] FIG. 14 is a graph for the modified clays, showing shape factor vs. cumulative mass percent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] Pigment materials such as clays, including kaolin clays, may usually be characterized by a distribution of particle sizes. The particle size distribution often plays a significant role in determining the usefulness of a pigment for various applications. Broad particle size distributions may tend to pack more closely and provide a denser structure that may be advantageous in certain application. Narrower particle size distributions, or particles with plate-like shapes, may tend to pack more loosely and provide a less dense structure that may be advantageous in other applications.

[0020] FIG. 1 provides a graphical representation of the cumulative mass distribution vs particle diameter for four commercially available kaolin clays. These particular clays were chosen to represent the breadth of clays available commercially, and are reported to have shape factors significantly less than 60 (shape factor will be further described below). Each of the four clays represents a class of clay that is available from multiple suppliers. One key distinction between these clays is the average particle size, measured as the diameter at 50% on the cumulative mass curve. All four pigments contain particles of similar sizes, but have average particles sizes ranging from about 0.25 to 2 due to different proportions of the sizes present. The clays were: [0021] #1 Clay (HYDRAFINE from Kamin) #1 is a relatively fine clay, but still has larger particles. #1 clays generally have about 85% particles below 1 micron, and 95%<2 microns. [0022] #2 Clay (KAOBRITE from Thiele) #2 clay is coarser and has about 75% particles<1 micron, and 85%<2 microns. [0023] Delaminated Clay (ASTRA-PLATE from Imerys)Delaminated clays are reported to have a higher shape factor than standard clays. Roughly, they have a reported shape factor of about 30 while standard clays have a shape factor of about 15. Delaminated clays have size distributions similar to a #2 clay. [0024] Coarse Delaminated clay (Nusurf from BASF)This is a coarser pigment with a shape factor of about 30. It has about 35% particles<1 micron, and 50%<2 microns

[0025] In this description, the four clays described above are termed standard clays, meaning that they have not been altered yet by the modification to be described below. As used herein, the particle size of a pigment refers to the distribution of equivalent spherical diameter of the pigment, which may be measured using a particle size analyzer regardless of whether the particles are spherical (or near spherical) or non-spherical. The cumulative size distribution data presented in FIG. 1 were collected using a SEDIGRAPH 5120 particle size analyzer, which is commercially available from Micromeritics Instrument Corporation of Norcross, Ga. This instrument measures the particle size distribution based on settling rate (Stokes Law) and reports distribution as a cumulative mass percent finer than a given equivalent spherical diameter. For the first three clays, particles below 0.2 microns (the lower end of the data) make up from 20-40% of the clay; and for the last clay, about 10% of the clay. For the first three clays, there are essentially no particles above 8 microns, and for the coarse delaminated clay, essentially no particles above about 15 microns.

[0026] Another method of measuring particle diameter was used to generate the data in FIG. 2, taken by a DIGISIZER Instrument made by Micromeritics. This method measures the occluded area of particles using a laser light scattering technique. This method is not dependent on settling rate although somewhat similar results may be obtained. The Digisizer (FIG. 2) light scattering results indicate generally larger particles than shown by the Sedigraph (FIG. 1) particle settling data.

[0027] These standard clays are commercial clays, and have therefore already experienced refinement and processing. One common step in refining crude clays into the commercial products is centrifugal separation. Centrifugation greatly increases gravity effects to segregate particles based on size. This process is often used to make multiple products using the same crude clay source. The clays were next modified using a lab technique that also uses gravity forces to separate particles by size. Instead of dynamic centrifugation, we used a static process. The clays were diluted in water to 10% solids by weight and allowed to settle for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the liquid portion was poured off leaving a sediment in the bottom of the container. This sediment contained the coarse portion of the size distribution, while the finest particles remained suspended in the liquid. The sediment was re-suspended and dispersed and will be described herein as a modified clay. Each of the four standard clays listed above was modified using this method, and the cumulative particle size distributions are shown in FIG. 3 (Sedigraph method) and FIG. 4 (Digisizer method). The cumulative particle size distributions in FIGS. 3 and 4 show somewhat S-shaped curves (especially FIG. 3) as are characteristic of a fairly unimodal distribution. The percentage of particles below 1 micron is greatly reduced, these fine particles having been removed in the supernatant from the settling step.

[0028] The cumulative particle size distributions in FIGS. 1-4 may be compared with corresponding frequency distributions in FIGS. 5-8. The standard clays as seen in FIGS. 5-6 generally have multimodal distributions, while the modified clays as seen in FIGS. 7-8 have more uniform distributions, especially in FIG. 7 where the Sedigraph data for each of the four modified clays exhibit a unimodal and nearly normal (Gaussian) frequency distribution. Commercial clays are intentionally made with broad particle size distributions because this gives them good fluid flow properties and lower viscosity.

[0029] The original and the modified versions of the clays from example 1 were tested for packing density as measured by sediment void volume. Sediment void volume is reported as sediment void volume percentage and is measured as follows: The clay is diluted with water to 50% by weight solids. A 70 g sample of the resulting slurry is centrifuged at 8000 g for 90 minutes using a Fisher Scientific accuSpin 400 centrifuge. The supernatant water is poured off and weighed, from which the weight of water held by voids within the sediment is known. The weight of the clay is also known. From the density of water and the clay particle density, the percent volume of the voids can be calculated.

[0030] FIG. 9 is a bar chart shows the marked increase of sediment void volume for the modified clays. The sediment void volume of the standard clays ranges from about 40 to 47%, while the sediment void volume of the modified clays is significantly greater and ranges from 51 to 57%.

[0031] FIG. 10 shows sediment void volumes for mixtures of each standard clay with its respective modified clay, ranging from the left side of the graph (all modified clay=no standard clay) to the right side of the graph (all standard clay=no modified clay). This simulates the sequential removal of fines from the standard clay. The sediment void volume is a somewhat smooth and monotonic function of the modified clay percent in the mixture.

[0032] In FIG. 11, the data of FIG. 10 is replotted with a different x axis, namely, the percent of the clay weight corresponding to particles of less than 1 micron diameter. This shows the clear relationship between the level of fine particles and pigment packing. The fewer small particles in the clay, the higher the sediment void volume. This figure also shows that the performance of the four pigments is very similar even though they differ in terms of average particle size and size distributions.

[0033] FIG. 12 is an example of the particle size distributions resulting from the blends shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. It shows calculated Sedigraph data of cumulative particle size distributions for various mixtures of the #1 clay standard and modified versions. These distributions were calculated by proportionally averaging the distribution values from standard and modified #1 clay measurements. The data for the standard clay was taken from FIG. 1, and the data for the modified clay was taken from FIG. 3. Similar curves were generated for the #2, delaminated and coarse delaminated clays.

[0034] Modified clay can be used in conjunction with other pigments. Both the standard and modified clays were blended with HYDROCARB 60, a coarse ground calcium carbonate from Omya. FIG. 13 shows the sediment void volume of the blends. The curves clearly show that the modified clays give higher sediment void volume than the standard clays, even when blended with ground calcium carbonate. The maximum difference between standard and modified clays are shown for carbonate levels of 20-30%, but clear differences are seen for carbonate levels as high 60% carbonate.

[0035] Another way that clays are characterized is by their shape factor. Clays have a plate-like shape. The shape factor is ratio of plate diameter to plate thickness. There are several ways to characterize the shape factor. The method used here is published by Pabst et al. (Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 24 (2007) 458-463). It may be useful to characterize the modified clays with a single number, such as a shape factor value. Diameter values from Sedigraph (D.sub.S) and Digisizer (D.sub.D) are used to calculate a shape factor or aspect ratio, as outlined in Pabst et al.

Shape factor=3/2(D.sub.D/D.sub.S).sup.2

[0036] The calculation requires a specific diameter value from each measurement method. There being many different sized particles in any of the clays here, choosing representative particle sizes from the standard clay multimodal particle size distributions seems arbitrary. Furthermore, the shape factor is recognized as varying throughout the size range of any given clay. However, the generally unimodal data of the modified clays provides a logical single-point representative diameter. For example, the Sedigraph and Digisizer data may be matched at the median (midpoint) diameter of the cumulative distribution, or at the mode (highest) diameter of the frequency distributions.

[0037] The results based on median and modal diameter are shown in the first two columns of data in Table 1. Either of these methods can be considered valid, but as the table shows, the two methods may give quite different values.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Shape Factors of Modified Clays Shape Factor Shape Factor Avg Shape from from Factor from Median Diameter Modal Diameter Tables 2-5 #1 Clay 41.8 39.5 53.7 #2 Clay 33.2 33.3 33.7 Delaminated Clay 29.5 38.2 43.2 Coarse 23.5 38.4 33.5 Delaminated Clay

[0038] The shape factor values for the modified #1 and #2 clays are larger than the value of 15 that is generally accepted for these materials. However, all are well below the value of 60 which is typically viewed as the lower threshold shape factor of hyperplaty clays.

[0039] Because the two methods above for measuring shape factor give differing values, a third method was used here that represents an average over the entire size distribution. By taking the particle size values from the cumulative size distributions at increments of 5%, shape factor distributions were calculated that correspond to the size distributions. To further explore the shape factor across a range of particle diameters, the shape factor was calculated from the Sedigraph and Digisizer diameter measurements at 5% increments across the cumulative particle size distributions. This produced a distribution of shape factors for the entire spectrum of particle size. Data for each of the four modified clays is shown in Tables 2-5. These distributions are shown graphically in FIG. 14. The graph shows that shape factor is not uniform, but instead varies significantly depending on particle size. Because of this, we choose to characterize each pigment by its average shape factor. We calculate this as the arithmetic average of the shape factor values is Tables 1-4. The average shape factors for the modified clays ranged from 33.5 for the coarse delaminated clay to 53.7 for the #1 clay, so all are well below the value of 70 which is the lower threshold of hyperplaty clays.

[0040] The novel modified clays are thus seen to have shape factors less than 60, sediment void volumes generally greater than about 48, and percent fines below 1 micron of about 30% or less. The modified clays may provide beneficial effects alone or in mixtures with other clays. The modified clays may be useful in paper coatings, particularly in base coatings; in paints, and in other industrial materials.

[0041] The fines content of the modified clay may be relatively low. In one expression, at most about 30 percent by weight of the clay particles may have a particle size less than 1 micrometer as measured by Sedigraph. In another expression, at most about 25 percent by weight of the clay particles may have a particle size less than 1 micrometer as measured by Sedigraph. In another expression, at most about 20 percent by weight of the clay particles may have a particle size less than 1 micrometer as measured by Sedigraph.

[0042] The sediment void volume of the modified clays may be relatively high. Sediment void volumes may generally range from about 48 to 60%; or from about 50 to 60%, or from about 52 to 60%, or from about 55 to 60%.

[0043] The average shape factor of the modified clays will be less than 60.

[0044] Pigments other than clay may be modified in a similar way. Examples of other pigments include, but are not limited to, precipitated calcium carbonate, ground calcium carbonate, and talc.

[0045] Although various embodiments of the disclosed modified clays have been shown and described, modifications may occur to those skilled in the art upon reading the specification. The present patent application includes such modifications and is limited only by the scope of the claims.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Calculated shape factor for (modified) #1 clay Cumulative Sedigraph Digisizer Shape Percent Diameter Diameter Factor 5 0.27 1.41 133.4 10 0.49 2.04 81.1 15 0.69 2.53 63.8 20 0.88 2.97 53.7 25 1.08 3.39 46.9 30 1.27 3.83 42.5 35 1.47 4.28 40.0 40 1.66 4.77 38.9 45 1.85 5.31 38.8 50 2.04 5.89 39.2 55 2.25 6.54 39.8 60 2.47 7.26 40.7 65 2.72 8.10 41.8 70 3.01 9.12 43.3 75 3.36 10.46 45.7 80 3.80 12.27 49.0 85 4.40 14.89 53.9 90 5.26 19.26 63.2 95 6.68 24.80 64.8 Average Shape Factor 53.7

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Calculated shape factor for (modified) #2 clay Cumulative Sedigraph Digisizer Shape Percent Diameter Diameter Factor 5 0.35 1.38 75.1 10 0.73 2.08 38.0 15 1.03 2.61 30.0 20 1.30 3.08 26.4 25 1.54 3.53 24.7 30 1.73 4.00 25.0 35 1.94 4.49 25.1 40 2.18 5.02 25.1 45 2.31 5.60 27.6 50 2.59 6.23 27.3 55 2.75 6.93 30.0 60 3.08 7.73 29.7 65 3.45 8.68 29.9 70 3.66 9.88 34.3 75 4.10 11.39 36.3 80 4.87 13.30 35.1 85 5.47 15.96 40.1 90 6.88 20.54 42.0 95 9.17 26.12 38.2 Average Shape Factor 33.7

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Calculated shape factor for (modified) delaminated clay Cumulative Sedigraph Digisizer Shape Percent Diameter Diameter Factor 5 0.75 1.86 29.0 10 1.10 2.62 26.9 15 1.36 3.22 26.6 20 1.58 3.77 26.9 25 1.77 4.32 27.9 30 1.96 4.88 29.2 35 2.14 5.47 30.8 40 2.32 6.09 32.4 45 2.51 6.74 33.9 50 2.71 7.42 35.3 55 2.92 8.18 36.9 60 3.15 9.08 39.2 65 3.40 10.21 42.5 70 3.68 11.62 46.9 75 4.01 13.32 51.9 80 4.41 15.41 57.4 85 4.92 18.70 68.0 90 5.64 24.39 88.2 95 6.79 29.69 90.1 Average Shape Factor 43.2

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Calculated shape factor for (modified) coarse delaminated clay Cumulative Sedigraph Digisizer Shape Percent Diameter Diameter Factor 5 0.98 2.05 20.6 10 1.26 2.88 24.5 15 1.50 3.58 26.9 20 1.72 4.26 28.7 25 1.95 4.92 30.1 30 2.18 5.62 31.2 35 2.43 6.33 32.0 40 2.69 7.04 32.4 45 2.96 7.79 32.6 50 3.25 8.60 32.9 55 3.57 9.52 33.5 60 3.91 10.58 34.5 65 4.29 11.80 35.5 70 4.73 13.18 36.5 75 5.25 14.76 37.3 80 5.87 16.72 38.1 85 6.69 19.45 39.9 90 7.85 23.90 43.6 95 9.97 31.20 46.1 Average Shape Factor 33.5