Genetically engineered yeast

Abstract

A genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae including an active fermentation pathway producing 3-HP expresses an exogenous gene expressing the aminotransferase YhxA from Bacillus cereus AH1272 catalyzing a transamination reaction between beta-alanine and pyruvate to produce malonate semialdehyde. The yeast may also express a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (HIBADH) and a 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase (3-HPDH) and aspartate 1-decarboxylase. Additionally the yeast may express pyruvate carboxylase and aspartate aminotransferase.

Claims

1. A genetically modified yeast cell comprising an enhanced-fermentation pathway for producing 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3HP), wherein the fermentation pathway includes an enzyme having at least 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1, and catalysing a transamination reaction between beta-alanine and pyruvate to produce malonate semialdehyde, and wherein said enzyme is the expression product of an exogenous gene that is expressed by the genetically modified yeast cell.

2. A genetically modified yeast cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein said enzyme is the aminotransferase YhxA from Bacillus cereus AH1272.

3. A genetically modified yeast cell as claimed in claim 1, expressing a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (HIBADH).

4. A genetically modified yeast cell as claimed in claim 3, wherein said HIBADH is from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. putida, Bacillus cereus, or Candida albicans.

5. A genetically modified yeast cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the yeast is S. cerevisiae.

6. A method for the production of 3HP comprising culturing the modified yeast cell according to claim 1 and recovering 3HP from the culture.

7. A method as claimed in claim 6, comprising supplying said culture with beta-alanine and/or L-aspartate.

8. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein at least 100 mg of 3HP per liter of culture medium is produced or is recovered from said culture medium.

Description

(1) Results obtained in the following Examples are in part given in the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a metabolic pathway leading from pyruvate to 3-HP via aspartate and beta-alanine and malonic semialdehyde.

(3) FIG. 2 shows NMR results obtained in Example 2.

(4) FIG. 3 shows the influence of integrating multiple copies of genes and of overexpression of precursor supply genes on 3HP titer. The concentration of 3HP in the culture broth was determined by HPLC method and is given in g L.sup.1. -single copy of gene is integrated into the genome, -multiple copies of gene are integrated into the genome (Example 6).

(5) FIG. 4 shows growth and metabolite concentrations in glucose-limited fed-batch cultivation of SCE-R2-200 at pH5. Representative graph of one cultivation out of three (Example 7).

(6) As illustrated in FIG. 1, apartate can be converted to beta-alanine by the enzyme PanD, aspartate 1-decarboxylase. -alanine is convertible to malonic semialdehyde by either BAPAT or GabT, and malonic semialdehyde is convertible to 3-HP by HIBADH/HPDH. The present invention uses the route via BAPAT.

EXAMPLE 1. CLONING OF HETEROLOGOUS BETA-ALANINE-PYRUVATE AMINOTRANSFERASE, 3-HYDROXYISOBUTYRATE DEHYDROGENASE, AND 3-HYDROXYPROPANOATE DEHYDROGENASE AND OVEREXPRESSION OF HETEROLOGOUS AND NATIVE GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE IN S. CEREVISIAE

(7) Genes encoding a putative B. cereus aminotransferase yhxA (SEQ ID NO1), Pseudomonas putida beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase (SEQ ID NO3), P. aeruginosa 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (SEQ ID NO5), Candida albicans 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (SEQ ID NO7), P. putida 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (SEQ ID NO9), Bacillus cereus 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (SEQ ID NO11), Metallosphaera sedula 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase (SEQ ID NO13), Sulfolobus tokadaii 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase (SEQ ID NO15), and Clostridium acetobutylicum gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase (SEQ ID NO17) were synthesized by GeneArt (Life Technologies) in versions codon-optimized for yeast S. cerevisiae (corresponding SEQ ID NO2, SEQ ID NO4, SEQ ID NO6, SEQ ID NO8, SEQ ID NO10, SEQ ID NO12, SEQ ID NO14, SEQ ID NO16, SEQ ID NO18).

(8) The ordered gene constructs had a general structure: GGTACCAAAACAATGNN . . . NNTGAGTCGAC (SEQ ID NO67), where GGTACC is a KpnI restriction site, AAAACA is the Kozak sequence, ATG is the start codon, NN . . . NN represents the protein coding sequence without start and stop codons, TGA is the stop codon, GTCGAC is a SalI restriction site.

(9) The synthetic genes were excised from the plasmids using KpnI and SalI, gel-purified and ligated into plasmid pE1 (SEQ ID 81) or pE2 (SEQ ID82), which were digested with the same enzyme pair. The resulting ligation mix was transformed into chemically competent E. coli DH5alpha using heat shock and the cells were selected on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar medium with 100 g/ml amplicillin.

(10) The clones with correct inserts were identified by colony PCR, inoculated in liquid LB medium with 100 g/ml ampicillin and the plasmids were isolated (Table 2). The resulting plasmids were confirmed by sequencing.

(11) The gene fragments carrying the genes and correct overhangs for USER-cloning were generated by PCR amplification using primers and templates as indicated in Table 3. The PCR mix contained: 28 l water, 10 l high fidelity Phusion polymerase buffer (5), 5 l 2 mM dNTP, 1 l Phusion polymerase, 2.5 l forward primer at 10 M concentration, 2.5 l reverse primer at 10 M concentration, and 1 l DNA template. The cycling program was: 95 C. for 2 min, 30 cycles of [95 C. for 10 sec, 50 C. for 20 sec, 68 C. for 2 min], 68 C. for 5 min, pause at 10 C. The gene fragments were resolved on 1% agarose gel containing SYBR-SAFE (Invitrogen) and purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel). The promoter fragments were also generated by PCR followed by gene purification (Table 3). The terminators were already present on the expression plasmids.

(12) The parent plasmids pESC-Ura-USER (SEQ ID NO 85), pESC-His-USER (SEQ ID NO 83) and pESC-Leu-USER (SEQ ID NO 84) were linearized with FastDigest AsiSI (Fermentas) for 1 hour at 37 C. and nicked with Nb.BsmI for 1 hour at 37 C. The resulting linearized nicked DNA was purified from the solution and eluted in 5 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0.

(13) The expression plasmids were created by USER-cloning using the following protocol. 1 l of linearized and nicked parent plasmid was mixed with 1 l of promoter fragment, 2 l of gene fragment, 0.5 l Taq polymerase buffer, 0.5 l USER enzyme (NEB). The mix was incubated at 37 C. for 25 min, at 25 C. for 25 min and transformed into chemically competent E. coli DH5alpha. The clones with correct inserts were identified by colony PCR and the plasmids were isolated from overnight E. coli cultures and confirmed by sequencing. The expression plasmids are listed in Table 4.

(14) The expression plasmids were transformed into S. cerevisiae cells using the lithium acetate transformation protocol. The cells were selected on synthetic complete (SC) agar medium without uracil, histidine and leucine. The resulting strains are listed in Table 5.

EXAMPLE 2. PRODUCTION OF 3-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID IN S. CEREVISIAE CULTIVATED ON -ALANINE

(15) At least four independent yeast transformants were streak-purified on SC ura-his-leu-agar plates. Four single colonies originating from independent transformants were inoculated in 0.5 ml SC ura-his-leu- in a 96-deep well microtiter plate with air-penetrable lid (EnzyScreen). The plates were incubated at 30 C. with 250 rpm agitation at 5 cm orbit cast overnight. 50 l of the overnight cultures were used to inoculate 0.5 ml minimal mineral (Delft) medium with 10 g/L -alanine in a 96-deep well plate.

(16) The composition of the of Delft medium was as following: 7.5 g (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4, 14.4 g KH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 0.5 g MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O, 22 g dextrose, 2 mL trace metals solution, and 1 mL vitamins. pH of the medium was adjusted to 6. The trace metals solution contained per liter: 4.5 g CaCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2O, 4.5 g ZnSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O, 3 g FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O, 1 g H.sub.3BO.sub.3, 1 g MnCl.sub.2.4H.sub.2O, 0.4 g Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4.2H.sub.2O, 0.3 g CoCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O, 0.1 g CuSO.sub.4.5H.sub.2O, 0.1 g KI, 15 g EDTA. The trace metals solution was prepared by dissolving all the components except EDTA in 900 mL ultra-pure water at pH 6 followed by gentle heating and addition of EDTA. Finally the trace metal solution pH was adjusted to 4, and the solution volume was adjusted to 1 L and autoclaved (121 C. in 20 min). Trace metals solution was stored at +4 C. The vitamins solution contained per liter: 50 mg biotin, 200 mg p-aminobenzoic acid, 1 g nicotinic acid, 1 g Ca-pantotenate, 1 g pyridoxine-HCl, 1 g thiamine-HCl, 25 g myo-inositol. Biotin was dissolved in 20 mL 0.1 M NaOH and 900 mL water is added. pH was adjusted to 6.5 with HCl and the rest of the vitamins was added. pH was re-adjusted to 6.5 just before and after adding m-inositol. The final volume of the vitamin solution was adjusted to 1 l and sterile-filtered before storage at +4 C.

(17) Fermentation was carried out for 72 hours at the same conditions as above.

(18) At the end of the cultivation the OD.sub.600 was measured. 10 l of the sample was mixed with 190 l water and absorbance was measured at 600 nm wave length in spectrophotometer (BioTek).

(19) The culture broth was spun down and the supernatant analyzed for 3-hydroxypropionic acid concentration using enzymatic assay (Table 5). No 3HP production was obtained when P. putida beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase or C. acetobutylicum gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase were used in combination with 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase or 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase. However 3HP production from beta-alanine was observed when putative B. cereus aminotransferase YhxA or S. cerevisiae gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase were combined with 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase or 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase (Table 5: strains 133-147). The best enzyme combination under the conditions tested was strain 147 expressing B. cereus aminotransferase YhxA and E. coli 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase YdfG, where 2,14589 mg/L 3HP was obtained.

(20) Enzymatic assay was carried out as follows. 20 l of standards (3HP at concentrations from 0.03 to 1 g/L in Delft medium) and samples were added to a 96-well flat bottom transparent plate (Greiner). 180 l of mix (14.8 ml water, 2 ml buffer (1 mM Tris, 25 mM MgCl.sub.2, pH 8.8), 1 ml NADP+ solution (50 mg/ml), and 0.2 ml purified YdfG enzyme in PBS buffer (1500 g/ml)) was added per well using multichannel pipet. The start absorbance at 340 nm was measured, the plate was sealed and incubated at 30 C. for 1.5 hours. After that the end absorbance at 340 nm was measured again. The difference between the end and the start values corrected for the background were in linear correlation with 3HP concentrations. The concentration of 3HP in the samples was calculated from the standard curve.

(21) The identity of 3-hydroxypropionic acid in the best sample was confirmed by NMR analysis (FIG. 2). The concentration measured by NMR correlated well with the value found by enzymatic assay.

EXAMPLE 3. CLONING OF ASPARTATE-1-DECARBOXYLASE OR GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE IN S. CEREVISIAE

(22) Genes encoding E. coli aspartate 1-decarboxylase (SEQ ID NO50) and C. glutamicum aspartate 1-decarboxylase (SEQ ID NO52) were synthesized as gBLOCKs by Integrated DNA Technologies (in versions codon-optimized for yeast S. cerevisiae corresponding SEQ ID NO51 and SEQ ID NO53).

(23) Gene encoding glutamate decarboxylase from Rattus norvegicus (SEQ ID NO58) was synthesized by GeneArt (Life Technologies) in version codon-optimized for yeast S. cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO59).

(24) The ordered gene constructs had a general structure: GGTACCAAAACAATGNN . . . NNTGAGTCGAC (SEQ ID NO67), where GGTACC is a KpnI restriction site, AAAACA is the Kozak sequence, ATG is the start codon, NN . . . NN represents the protein coding sequence without start and stop codons, TGA is the stop codon, GTCGAC is a SalI restriction site.

(25) The gene fragments carrying the genes and correct overhangs for USER-cloning were generated by PCR amplification using primers and templates as indicated in Table 3. The PCR mix contained: 28 l water, 10 l high fidelity Phusion polymerase buffer (5), 5 l 2 mM dNTP, 1 l Phusion polymerase, 2.5 l forward primer at 10 M concentration, 2.5 l reverse primer at 10 M concentration, and 1 l DNA template. The cycling program was: 95 C. for 2 min, 30 cycles of [95 C. for 10 sec, 50 C. for 20 sec, 68 C. for 2 min], 68 C. for 5 min, pause at 10 C. The gene fragments were resolved on 1% agarose gel containing SYBR-SAFE (Invitrogen) and purified using NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel). The promoter fragments were also generated by PCR followed by gene purification (Table 3). The terminators were already present on the expression plasmids.

(26) The parent plasmids pESC-Ura-USER, pESC-His-USER and pESC-Leu-USER were linearized with FastDigest AsiSI (Fermentas) for 1 hour at 37 C. and nicked with Nb.BsmI for 1 hour at 37 C. The resulting linearized nicked DNA was purified from the solution and eluted in 5 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0.

(27) The expression plasmids were created by USER-cloning using the following protocol. 1 l of linearized and nicked parent plasmid was mixed with 1 l of promoter fragment, 2 l of gene fragment, 0.5 l Taq polymerase buffer, 0.5 l USER enzyme (NEB). The mix was incubated at 37 C. for 25 min, at 25 C. for 25 min and transformed into chemically competent E. coli DH5alpha. The clones with correct inserts were identified by colony PCR and the plasmids were isolated from overnight E. coli cultures and confirmed by sequencing. The expression plasmids are listed in Table 4.

(28) The expression plasmids were transformed into S. cerevisiae cells using the lithium acetate transformation protocol. The cells were selected on synthetic complete (SC) agar medium without uracil, histidine and leucine. The resulting strains are listed in Table 6.

EXAMPLE 4. PRODUCTION OF 3-HYDROXYPROPIONATE IN S. CEREVISIAE CULTIVATED ON L-ASPARTATE

(29) At least four independent yeast transformants were streak-purified on SC ura-his-leu-agar plates. Four single colonies originating from independent transformants were inoculated in 0.5 ml SC ura-his-leu- in a 96-deep well microtiter plate with air-penetrable lid (EnzyScreen). The plates were incubated at 30 C. with 250 rpm agitation at 5 cm orbit cast overnight. 50 l of the overnight cultures were used to inoculate 0.5 ml Delft medium with 10 g/L L-aspartate in a 96-deep well plate. Fermentation was carried out for 72 hours at the same conditions as above.

(30) The culture broth was spun down and the supernatant analyzed for 3-hydroxypropionic acid concentration using enzymatic assay as described in Example 2 (Table 6).

(31) 3HP production from L-aspartate was observed only when aspartate 1-decarboxylase from C. glutamicum was expressed in combination with enzymes converting beta-alanine into 3HP (putative B. cereus aminoransferase YhxA and E. coli 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase YdfG or Metallosphaera sedula 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase). The best combination was aspartate 1-decarboxylase from C. glutamicum, putative B. cereus aminoransferase YhxA and E. coli 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase YdfG, which resulted in 26953 mg/L 3HP.

(32) In this specification, unless expressly otherwise indicated, the word or is used in the sense of an operator that returns a true value when either or both of the stated conditions is met, as opposed to the operator exclusive or which requires that only one of the conditions is met. The word comprising is used in the sense of including rather than in to mean consisting of. All prior teachings acknowledged above are hereby incorporated by reference. No acknowledgement of any prior published document herein should be taken to be an admission or representation that the teaching thereof was common general knowledge in Australia or elsewhere at the date hereof.

EXAMPLE 5. EXPRESSION OF ASPARTATE-1-DECARBOXYLASE FROM RED FLOUR BEETLE IN S. CEREVISIAE AND PRODUCTION OF 3HP FROM GLUCOSE

(33) The gene encoding Tribolium castaneum aspartate 1-decarboxylase TcPanD (SEQ ID 68) was synthesized in version codon-optimized for S. cerevisiae (SEQ ID 69) by GeneArt (LifeTech Sciences).

(34) The TcPanD gene was amplified using PCR in order to generate USER-cloning compatible overhangs as described in Example 1 using primers TcPanD_U1_fw and Tc_PanD_rv (Table 3). The resulting DNA fragment TcPanD was cloned into expression plasmid pESC-HIS-USER along with TEF1 promoter to result in plasmid pESC-HIS-TcPanD (Table 4). Correct insertion of TcPanD gene and the promoter was confirmed by sequencing.

(35) The plasmids were transformed into S. cerevisiae strain using the lithium acetate transformation protocol; the resulting strains are shown in Table 7.

(36) At least three independent yeast transformants were inoculated in 0.5 ml SC ura-his-leu- in a 96-deep well microtiter plate with air-penetrable lid (EnzyScreen). The plates were incubated at 30 C. with 250 rpm agitation at 5 cm orbit cast overnight. 50 l of the overnight cultures were used to inoculate 0.5 ml minimal mineral (Delft) medium or 0.5 ml Feed-in-time medium (FIT) for S. cerevisiae (M2P Labs, Germany) in 96-deep well plates.

(37) Fermentation was carried out for 72 hours at the same conditions as inoculum preparation. The culture broth was spun down and the supernatant was analyzed for 3-hydroxypropionic acid concentration using HPLC (Table 7).

(38) HPLC analysis was performed on Dionex UltiMate 3000 system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with Aminex HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) operating at 60 C. The injection volume was 20 l. The mobile phase was 1 mM H.sub.2SO.sub.4 at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. 3HP was detected on DAD-3000 Diode Array Detector (Dionex) using the read at 210 nm. The calibration curve was made using 3-hydroxypropionic acid purchased from TCI. The identity of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid was additionally verified by comparison of the spectrum with the standard.

(39) Aspartate 1-decarboxylase from T. castaneum resulted in almost 3-fold higher 3HP titer on Delft and 2-fold higher 3HP titer on FIT medium than aspartate 1-decarboxylase from C. glutamicum. Thus we have confirmed that if the strain capable of producing 3HP from -alanine is supplemented with aspartate 1-decarboxylase enzyme from C. glutamicum or better from T. castaneum then it can produce 3HP directly from glucose.

EXAMPLE 6. IMPROVEMENT OF 3HP PRODUCTION BY OVEREXPRESSION OF PRECURSOR

(40) Once the biosynthesis of 3HP from glucose via beta-alanine has been established in yeast, the next goal was to improve the expression of the biosynthetic genes and to increase the flux towards L-aspartate. As this would require stable simultaneous overexpression of several genes, we used EasyClone integrative vectors for yeast. We tested the effect of overexpressing native cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase Aat2p, pyruvate carboxylases Pyc1p and Pyc2p and of the combination thereof. We also investigated the effect of multiple chromosomal integration of the key biosynthetic genes leading from aspartate to 3HP.

(41) The genes encoding aspartate aminotransferase AAT2 and pyruvate carboxylases PYC1 and PYC2 were amplified from gDNA of S. cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D using primers as in Table 3 and PCR conditions as in Example 1. The resulting DNA fragments were purified and cloned into EasyClone expression vectors as described in Example 1 (see Table 4).

(42) Strain ST724 (PYC1^, PYC2^, ura-his-) was created by transforming S. cerevisiae CEN.PK102-5B (ura-his-leu-) with plasmid pXI-1-LoxP-KlLEU2-PYC1PTEF1-PPGK1.fwdarw.PYC2, selecting the transformants on SC drop-out medium without leucine and confirming the correct integration of the plasmid by PCR on genomic DNA of the transformant. Strain ST724 was used to create strain ST738 (PYC1^, PYC2^, ura-his-leu-) by looping out the KlLEU2 selection marker using LoxP-Cre-mediated recombination.

(43) The yeast strains were transformed with expression plasmids according to Table 8 and transformants were selected on SC drop-out medium without uracil, histidine and leucine. The strains were cultivated and 3HP concentrations were analyzed as described in Example 5. The results are shown in FIG. 3.

(44) Increasing copy number of BcBAPAT/EcYdfG or of TcPanD lead to improvement of 3HP titer for all the four background strains tested (reference, overexpressing AAT2, overexpressing PYC1&PYC2 and overexpressing AAT2&PYC1&PYC2). The effect of multiple integrations of TcPanD was larger than that of multiple copies of BcBAPAT/EcYdfG.

(45) The increased precursor supply (via overexpression of PYC1/PYC2 and/or AAT2) had a positive effect on 3HP production in strains with multiple copies of TcPanD or BcBAPAT/EcYdfG genes, but not in the strains that had only single copies of the latter genes. The positive effect of overexpressing pyruvate carboxylase genes was only observed on feed-in-time medium, which simulates fed-batch conditions. The highest titers were obtained for the strain SCE-R2-200 (AAT2PYC1PYC2BcBAPATEcYdfGTcPanD): 1.270.28 g/L and 8.511.05 g/L on mineral and feed-in-time media correspondingly.

EXAMPLE 7. PRODUCTION OF 3HP BY YEAST IN FED-BATCH CULTIVATION AT PH5

(46) The best isolate of strain SCE-R2-200 described above was cultivated in aerobic fed-batch cultivation with glucose-limited feed at pH5 in triplicates.

(47) SCE-R2-200 glycerol stock (0.3 ml) was inoculated in 150 ml Delft medium in 500-ml baffled shake flask and propagated at 30 C. with 250 rpm agitation for about 24 hours. The culture was concentrated down to 50 ml by centrifugation at 4,000g for 2 min and used to inoculate 0.5 L medium in 1L-Sartorius reactor. The final medium in the reactors contained per liter: 15 g (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4, 6 g KH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 1 g MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O, 4 ml trace metals solution, 2 ml vitamins solution, 0.4 ml antifoam A (Sigma-Aldrich), and 44 g dextrose. Dextrose was autoclaved separately, vitamins solution was sterile filtered and added to the medium after autoclavation. The trace metal and vitamins solutions are the same as described in Example 2. The agitation rate was 800 rpm, the temperature was 30 C., aeration was 1 L min.sup.1 air and pH was maintained at 5.0 by automatic addition of 2N NaOH. Carbon dioxide concentration in the off-gas was monitored by acoustic gas analyzer (model number 1311, Brul & Kjr). Once the glucose was exhausted, which was observed from decline in CO.sub.2 production and was also confirmed by residual glucose detection using glucose strips Glucose MQuant (Merck Millipore), the feed was started at 5 g h.sup.1. The feed contained per liter: 45 g (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4, 18 g KH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 3 g MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O, 12 ml trace metals solution, 6 ml vitamins solution, 0.6 ml antifoam A, and 176 g dextrose. Dextrose was autoclaved separately, vitamins solution was sterile filtered and added to the feed after autoclavation.

(48) 24 hours after the feed start the feed rate was ramped up to 10 g h.sup.1 and 48 hours after the feed start it was further increased to 15 g h.sup.1. The reactors were sampled twice a day to measure biomass dry weight and metabolites. For metabolites analysis the sample was immediately centrifuged and the supernatant was stored at 20 C. until HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis of glucose, succinate, acetate, 3HP, glycerol, ethanol, and pyruvate was carried out at described in Example 5. Glucose, glycerol and ethanol were detected using RI-101 Refractive Index Detector (Dionex). 3HP, pyruvate, succinate and acetate were detected with DAD-3000 Diode Array Detector at 210 nm (Dionex).

(49) The strain produced 3-hydroxypropionic acid at 13.70.3 g.Math.L-1 titer, 140% C-mol.Math.C-mol-1 glucose yield and 0.240.0 g.Math.L-1.Math.h-1 productivity. No significant amounts of by-products as acetate, ethanol or glycerol were detected at the end of the fermentation. Results are shown in FIG. 4.

(50) In this specification, unless expressly otherwise indicated, the word or is used in the sense of an operator that returns a true value when either or both of the stated conditions is met, as opposed to the operator exclusive or which requires that only one of the conditions is met. The word comprising is used in the sense of including rather than in to mean consisting of. All prior teachings acknowledged above are hereby incorporated by reference. No acknowledgement of any prior published document herein should be taken to be an admission or representation that the teaching thereof was common general knowledge in Australia or elsewhere at the date hereof. The content of the sequence listing filed herewith forms part of the description of the invention.